Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 1 9

www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr

An adaptive protection scheme for optimal coordination of

overcurrent relays
A.Y. Abdelaziz a,*, H.E.A. Talaat a, A.I. Nosseir a, Ammar A. Hajjar b
a
Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Uni6ersity, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
b
Electrical Power Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tishreen Uni6ersity, Latakia, Syria

Received 20 February 2001; received in revised form 15 May 2001; accepted 1 October 2001

Abstract

This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays (OCR) in interconnected
power networks with an improved formulation. The scheme adapts to system changes; new relays settings are implemented as
load, generation-level or system-topology changes. The software developed for this application is described. The developed scheme
is applied to the IEEE 30-bus test system. Results showed the importance and necessity of this scheme in maintaining the optimal
performance of the relays under all conditions. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Overcurrent relay coordination; Optimization; Adaptive protection; Interconnected power networks

1. Introduction The presently followed protection philosophy as-

Directional overcurrent relaying, which is simple and
economic, is commonly used in power system protec-
tion, as a primary protection in distribution and sub-
transmission systems and as a secondary protection in
transmission systems. The main problem that arises
with this type of protection, is the difficulty in perform-
ing the relays coordination, especially in the multi-loop,
multi-source networks [1]. Since 1960s, a great effort
has been devoted for solving this problem by computer.
The methods, which are used, for performing this task
(relay settings) can be classified into three classes: trial
and error method [2], topological analysis method [3,4],
and optimization method [5 8].
In the optimization method, some researchers used
nonlinear programming for determining the optimal
settings of the pickup current and a linear program-
ming for optimizing the time dial settings of the relays
subjected to the coordination constraints, and the limits
of the relay settings [5,6]. Other researchers [7] applied
the linear programming technique only to minimize
operating time while the pickup currents are selected
based on experience.
* Corresponding author.
sumes pre-determinism in its application. All the faults,
abnormal operating conditions and system contingen-
cies are predetermined in order to set and coordinate
protective relays in an electric power system. The relays
respond to these predetermined conditions in a satisfac-
tory manner. But if a condition arises which has not
been included in the analysis earlier, the response of the
relays would not be satisfactory and the security of the
power system, as far as the protection is concerned, is
jeopardized. Furthermore, it is not only difficult to
identify and analyze all the operating conditions of
concerns in advance, it is also impossible to determine
the relay settings, which would be optimal for all
abnormal and normal operating conditions.
The power system protection is improved and system
security is enhanced by following adaptive protection
philosophy. Adaptive protection is relatively a new
concept. It is defined as the ability of the protection
system to automatically alter its operating parameters
in response to changing power system conditions, to
provide reliable relaying decisions.
In recent years, a number of adaptive relaying con-
cepts have been proposed [911]. The Adaptive Protec-
tion and Control Working Group of IEEE Power
System Relaying Committee recently conducted a sur-

0378-7796/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 8 - 7 7 9 6 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 7 6 - 6
2 A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 19

vey [12] which reveals that while protection engineers

are satisfied with presently used systems, they consider
it desirable to take advantage of the improvements that
can be achieved using adaptive relaying concepts.
The idea of adaptive protection has been applied to
the problem of overcurrent relay coordination. The
relay coordination in an interconnected power system is
a tedious and a time-consuming task. To relieve the
protection engineer from this laborious task, it is pro-
posed to set and coordinate relays in an on-line man-
ner. In adaptive coordination, the relays should
respond to the changing system conditions and adapt
according to the new prevailing conditions. The chang-
ing system conditions could be operational or topo-
logical.
In this paper, the authors suggest an adaptive protec-
tion scheme for optimal coordination of overcurrent
relays in interconnected power networks by applying a
linear programming technique. Results showed the im-
portance and necessity of this scheme in maintaining
the optimal performance of the relays under all
conditions. Fig. 3. Flowchart of the proposed adaptive optimal coordination
algorithm.

2. Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays

The general relay coordination problem can be stated

Fig. 1. An illustrative diagram for basic definitions.
Fig. 2. A block diagram of the adaptive scheme for a sample
substation.
as a parametric optimization problem. The objective
function of operating times of the primary relays is
minimized subject to keeping the operation of the
backup relays coordinated. One possible approach to
achieve minimum shock to the system due to faults
would be to minimize a sum of the operating times of
all primary relays hoping that the operating times of
individual primary relays would be close to the mini-
mum individual operating times that might be possible.
The objective function is taken as the sum of the time
dial settings (TDS) of all primary relays irrespective of
the type and location of the fault. The constraints
considered here are based only on the maximum near-
end faults. The considerations of the weight factors and
far-end faults in the problem formulation do not have
any effect on the optimal solution [13]. So, the problem
dimensionality is reduced to a quarter in comparison
with Ref. [8]. Consequently, a faster algorithm, which is
more suitable for on-line application is obtained. In the
application reported in this paper, the overcurrent relay
is conformed to the following IEC characteristic [14]:
k1TDS
T= (1)
[M k2 1]
where M is a multiple of the pickup current, i.e. M=I/
Ipu, I is the relay current (overload and/or fault), Ipu is
the pickup current, k1 and k2 are constants which
depend on the relay characteristics.
 A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 19 3

Table 1
Loads, fault currents and TDS for IEEE 30-bus system

Relay Operating condition Load current (A) Near-end fault current (A) CT ratio Ipu (A) Optimal TDS (0.051)

1 MXLG-1 370 4607 400/5 7 0.0524

MNLG-1 177.2 4628 3.5 0.1500
MXLG-2 650.4 3962 12 0.0500
MNLG-2 308.4 3962 5.75 0.1303
2 MXLG-1 370 4607 400/5 7 0.0524
MNLG-1 177.2 4628 3.5 0.1500
MXLG-2
MNLG-2
3 MXLG-1 345 4958 400/5 6.5 0.0705
MNLG-1 168.4 4941 3.25 0.1964
MXLG-2 451.8 4590 8.5 0.0500
MNLG-2 217.8 4558 4 0.1574
4 MXLG-1 3835 200/5 1.5 0.1641
MNLG-1 3781 1.5 0.2498
MXLG-2 3026 1.5 0.1752
MNLG-2 2878 1.5 0.2683
5 MXLG-1 3835 200/5 1.5 0.1641
MNLG-1 3781 1.5 0.2498
MXLG-2 -
MNLG-2
6 MXLG-1 193 4378 300/5 4.75 0.1341
MNLG-1 96.6 4386 2.5 0.2795
MXLG-2 145.5 2826 3.75 0.1452
MNLG-2 73 3839 2 0.2683
7 MXLG-1 260 4350 300/5 6.5 0.1075
MNLG-1 129.2 4368 3.25 0.2511
MXLG-2 224.6 3816 5.75 0.1083
MNLG-2 111 3849 2.75 0.2425
8 MXLG-1 349 4434 400/5 6.5 0.1033
MNLG-1 171.9 4456 3.25 0.2283
MXLG-2 335.8 3929 6.5 0.0937
MNLG-2 163.3 3962 3 0.2155
9 MXLG-1 1575 100/5 1.5 0.2300
MNLG-1 1499 1.5 0.2989
MXLG-2 1573 1.5 0.2391
MNLG-2 1496 1.5 0.2933
10 MXLG-1 1772 100/5 1.5 0.3822
MNLG-1 1723 1.5 0.4851
MXLG-2 1725 1.5 0.3648
MNLG-2 1670 1.5 0.4397
13 MXLG-1 163 3198 200/5 6 0.1260
MNLG-1 82.2 3241 3.25 0.2174
MXLG-2 179.7 3125 6.75 0.1171
MNLG-2 90 3173 3.5 0.2049
14 MXLG-1 2899 200/5 1.5 0.1744
MNLG-1 2893 1.5 0.2325
MXLG-2 2875 1.5 0.1847
MNLG-2 2876 1.5 0.2369
15 MXLG-1 2452 200/5 1.5 0.3565
MNLG-1 2395 1.5 0.4924
MXLG-2 2392 1.5 0.3417
MNLG-2 2312 1.5 0.4397
16 MXLG-1 131 3305 200/5 5 0.2165
MNLG-1 108 3451 4 0.2558
MXLG-2 138.4 3190 5.25 0.2087
MNLG-2 98 3347 3.75 0.2552
4 A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 19

Table 1 (Continued)

Relay Operating condition Load current (A) Near-end fault current (A) CT ratio Ipu (A) Optimal TDS (0.051)

17 MXLG-1 77 3688 200/5 2.75 0.3099

MNLG-1 36 3724 1.5 0.4145
MXLG-2 77 3590 3 0.2974
MNLG-2 36.5 3630 1.5 0.4026
18 MXLG-1 938 50/5 1.5 0.4405
MNLG-1 811 1.5 0.5218
MXLG-2 953 1.5 0.4338
MNLG-2 817 1.5 0.4842
19 MXLG-1 2742 200/5 1.5 0.2378
MNLG-1 2717 1.5 0.2574
MXLG-2 2700 1.5 0.2361
MNLG-2 2673 1.5 0.2500
20 MXLG-1 13 2149 200/5 1.5 0.2369
MNLG-1 13 2197 1.5 0.2900
MXLG-2 16.3 2105 1.5 0.2292
MNLG-2 11 2157 1.5 0.2688
32 MXLG-1 2808 200/5 1.5 0.1232
MNLG-1 2803 1.5 0.1769
MXLG-2 2725 1.5 0.1635
MNLG-2 2688 1.5 0.2151
33 MXLG-1 2791 200/5 15 0.1651
MNLG-1 2819 15 0.2281
MXLG-2 2778 15 0.1694
MNLG-2 2820 15 0.2362
34 MXLG-1 309 2144 300/5 7.75 0.1251
MNLG-1 147.7 2214 3.75 0.2345
MXLG-2 365.9 2118 9.25 0.1032
MNLG-2 172.2 2199 4.5 0.2079
37 MXLG-1 205 3459 200/5 7.5 0.1908
MNLG-1 109.6 3478 4 0.4614
MXLG-2 208.2 3388 8 0.1746
MNLG-2 110.4 3414 4.25 0.3190
21 MXLG-1 127 3470 200/5 4.75 0.1813
MNLG-1 78 3489 3 0.2787
MXLG-2 125.8 3374 4.75 0.1772
MNLG-2 78.8 3389 3 0.2799
22 MXLG-1 71 3688 200/5 2.5 0.2337
MNLG-1 38.1 3705 1.5 0.4343
MXLG-2 69.6 3593 2.75 0.2145
MNLG-2 37.6 3613 1.5 0.3465
69 MXLG-1 71 2626 200/5 2 0.2366
MNLG-1 36 2629 1.5 0.2747
MXLG-2 70 2579 1.75 0.2343
MNLG-2 36 2583 1.5 0.2840

The problem formulation can be demonstrated with
the help of Fig. 1 and by assuming a network consisting
of n relays, the objective function J to be minimized can
be expressed as:
n
J= % Tii
i=1
where Tii is the operating time of the primary relay Ri
for a near-end fault i.
The operating time of the backup relay must be
greater than the sum of the operating times of its
primary relay and the coordination margin. This can be
expressed as:
Tji ] Tii + CTI (3)
(2) where: Tji is the operating time of the backup relay Rj
for the same near-end fault at i, and CTI is the coordi-
nation time interval.
From Eq. (1) one can see that the relation between
the operating time T of the time overcurrent unit, and
 A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 19 5

the multiple pickup current M, is nonlinear. Since the where

multiple pickup current of the relays can be predeter-
k1
mined, so for a fixed M, Eq. (1) becomes linear as a= (5)
follows: M k2 1
By substitution in Eq. (2), the objective function
T= aTDS (4) becomes:

Table 2
Samples of OCR operating times for IEEE 30-bus test system (MXLG-1)

Optimal coordination based on maximum near-end fault

Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no. Time (s) Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no Time (s)

8 0.8296 10 0.6296 70 0.6471 80 0.4442

7 0.8480 15 0.6480 4 0.4141 3 0.2141
34 0.7961 17 0.5961 4 0.4141 2 0.1703
20 0.9151 18 0.7151 32 0.3703 2 0.1703
16 0.6191 19 0.4191 5 0.4141 3 0.2141
37 1.1558 39 0.9558 17 0.7203 69 0.5203
5 0.4141 1 0.1703 32 0.3703 1 0.1703

Table 3
Samples of OCR operating times for IEEE 30-bus test system (MNLG-1)

Nonadaptive mode Adaptive mode

Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no. Time (s) Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no Time (s)

8 0.8219 10 0.6341 8 1.0049 10 0.8049

7 0.8492 15 0.6523 7 1.1010 15 0.9010
34 0.7867 17 0.5945 34 0.8743 17 0.6743
20 0.8817 18 0.7422 20 1.0792 18 0.8792
16 0.6062 19 0.4201 16 0.6547 19 0.4547
37 1.1515 39 0.9533 37 1.2765 39 1.0765
70 0.6233 20 0.4442 70 0.7437 20 0.5437
17 0.7179 69 0.5202 17 0.7910 69 0.5910

Table 4
Samples of OCR operating times for IEEE 30-bus test system (MXLG-2)

Nonadaptive mode Adaptive mode

Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no. Time (s) Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no Time (s)

32 0.3341 1 0.1838 32 0.3978 1 0.1978

4 0.3558 3 0.2217 4 0.3677 3 0.1677
1 0.3441 6 0.3521 1 0.5487 6 0.3487
9 0.5280 6 0.3521 9 0.5487 6 0.3487
14 0.5180 6 0.3521 14 0.5487 6 0.3487
1 0.3441 7 0.3225 1 0.5487 7 0.3079
33 0.5045 7 0.3225 33 0.5178 7 0.3079
1 0.3441 8 0.3504 1 0.5487 8 0.3178
14 0.5180 8 0.3504 14 0.5487 8 0.3178
33 0.5045 8 0.3504 33 0.5178 8 0.3178
3 0.6878 34 0.5688 3 0.7320 34 0.5320
38 0.7623 34 0.5688 38 0.7320 34 0.5320
3 0.6878 37 0.5377 3 0.7320 37 0.5058
15 0.7364 37 0.5377 15 0.7058 37 0.5058
18 0.8382 15 0.6525 18 0.8254 15 0.6254
24 0.8502 15 0.6525 24 0.8254 15 0.6254
25 0.8497 15 0.6525 25 0.8254 15 0.6254
80 0.8395 15 0.6525 80 0.8254 15 0.6254
6 A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 19

Table 5
Samples of OCR operating times for IEEE-30 bus test system (MNLG-2)

Nonadaptive mode Adaptive mode

Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no. Time (s) Backup relay no. Time (s) Primary relay no Time (s)

32 0.3519 1 0.1838 32 0.6144 1 0.4144

4 0.3677 3 0.2225 4 0.6039 3 0.4039
1 0.3462 6 0.3517 1 0.7233 6 0.5233
14 0.5325 6 0.3517 14 0.7233 6 0.5233
1 0.3462 7 0.3215 1 0.7233 7 0.5224
9 0.5673 7 0.3215 9 0.7233 7 0.5224
33 0.5053 7 0.3215 33 0.7230 7 0.5224
1 0.3462 8 0.3489 1 0.7233 8 0.5230
14 0.5325 8 0.3489 14 0.7233 8 0.5230
33 0.5053 8 0.3489 33 0.7230 8 0.5230
3 0.7049 34 0.5549 3 0.9222 34 0.6794
3 0.7049 37 0.5360 3 0.9222 37 0.7222
34 0.7717 17 0.5990 34 0.8592 17 0.6592
20 0.8942 18 0.7410 20 1.0145 18 0.8145
16 0.6128 19 0.4220 16 0.6436 19 0.4436

n implement the new settings and send confirmation mes-

J= % ai TDSi (6) sages to the central computer via substation computers.
i=1
If the central computer decides not to change the
In Eq. (6), ai values do not have any effect on the settings, the decision will be communicated to the relays
optimal solution and can be assumed ones, they are for the purpose of sharing information and confirming
predetermined from Eq. (5) and substituted in Eq. (3); that communication facilities are working properly.
values of TDSi are determined by minimizing J (the
objective function) and satisfying the coordination be-
tween the primary and backup relays. Eq. (6) is opti-
4. Algorithm for adaptive coordination
mized using the Active Set Strategy two-phase method
subject to the condition that the operation of the
Fig. 3 illustrates the flowchart of the developed
backup relays remains properly coordinated.
MATLAB algorithm for the adaptive coordination of
the overcurrent relays. Each block of the flowchart is
explained as follows:
3. The adaptive relaying scheme

Fig. 2 shows the functional block diagram of the
adaptive relaying scheme proposed for overcurrent pro-
tection of the power system. Similar configurations of
relays and computers are used at other substations. The
relays sample line currents via current transformers.
Each relay possesses quantized samples and calculates
voltage and current phasors. Under normal operating
conditions, each relay provides the measurements to the
substation control computer at regular intervals.
The SCADA system checks the status of local isola-
tors and circuit breakers and provides the information
to the substation computers. In addition to communi-
cating with the relays, the station computer pass on the
collected information to the central computer at prespe-
cified intervals (e.g. 1 h).
The central computer estimates the system state and
decides whether or not the relay settings should be
changed. If it decides to change the settings, it will
calculate the new settings and conveys them to the
relays via the substation control computers. The relays
4.1. Topology processor
The topology processor tracks the network topology
over the time. The circuit breaker status information is
the main input to this module. The topology processor
feeds the network information to the load flow program
and the fault analysis program.
4.2. Optimal coordination procedure
Just as described in Section 2 using a linear program-
ming technique (Active Set Strategy two-phase method)
as follows:
In phase I, a feasible solution is obtained and in
phase II, the optimal solution is found.
4.3. Transfer settings to the relays
In adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays, it is
assumed that all relays are of digital type and that there
 A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 19
is a communication channel between them and the
substation control computers (optic-fiber cables) as
shown in Fig. 2. Hence, once the relay settings are
calculated, these are communicated to the respective
relays.
4.4. Monitoring
The power system is continuously monitored, using
SCADA system, for any change operational or topo-
logical. If the change detected is an operational
change, the computer will restart the coordination
process from the load flow program and if the change
is due to a topological change, the procedure will be
restarted from the topology processor.
5. Application of the proposed methodology to the
IEEE 30-bus system
Considering the IEEE 30-bus test system shown in
Appendix A, it consists of two subsystems (subtrans-
mission system 132 kV and distribution system 33
kV). The conjunction substations have 132/33 kV
step-down transformers. Each line is equipped with a
circuit breaker at each end. Each breaker is equipped
with a directional overcurrent relay (with inverse
characteristics). Directional overcurrent relays are
used to protect the 33/132 kV transformers and load
circuit emanating from the substations. The system
data (loads and line parameters) are given in Ref.
[15].
To investigate the adequacy of the developed al-
gorithm and the necessity of adaptive scheme for
changing system conditions operational and/or topo-
logical, the following four operating states of the sys-
tem were considered:
State 1: Maximum system load and generation with
line L2 is in service (MXLG-1).
State 2: Minimum system load and generation with
line L2 is in service (MNLG-1).
State 3: Maximum system load and generation with
line L2 is open (MXLG-2).
State 4: Minimum system load and generation with
line L2 is open (MNLG-2).
Load flows under different operating conditions
were conducted and relay currents for faults at differ-
ent near-end locations in the system were calculated.
A coordination time interval of 0.2 s was adopted,
with a TDS in the range of 0.05 1. The current
transformer (CT) selection was achieved based on the
maximum load and fault currents in order to prevent
the miscoordination problem resulting from CTs sat-
uration. Table 1 shows the load and fault currents,
CT values and Ipu selections and the optimal TDS for
the four mentioned operating states for the 33 kV
7
distribution system of the IEEE-30 bus system. Full
results of the whole system are listed in Ref. [15].
Two modes of operation are assumed for the relay-
ing scheme: nonadaptive and adaptive modes. In the
nonadaptive mode, the relay settings are optimized
based on the concepts discussed in Section 2 corre-
sponding to the operating condition of state 1
(MXLG-1: maximum generation and load with line-2
is in service). Meanwhile, in the adaptive mode the
relay settings will be updated according to the signifi-
cant changes detected under the operating conditions
discussed in this section.
Tables 25 show samples of overcurrent relay op-
erating times for the four operating conditions in the
nonadaptive and adaptive modes.
From the previous four studied states, it is con-
cluded that:
In state-1, optimal solution is obtained without any
miscoordination case, because the optimal coordina-
tion is conformed with this state (maximum load and
generation and all lines are in service).
In state-2, when the maximum loads and generations
are reduced to minimum (operational change), there
is 26-miscoordination case in the nonadaptive mode,
but in the adaptive mode this problem is removed.
In state-3, when the system operates at the maximum
load and generation condition, but line-2 is removed
(topological change), there is 18-miscoordination case
in the nonadaptive mode but in the adaptive mode
this problem is also removed. It is worth mentioning
that only a local sub-system has been affected by the
disturbance.
In state-4, the system undergoes both topological and
operational changes (the maximum loads reduce to
minimum with line-2 outage). This case is the worst
because it resulted in 35-miscoordination case. These
miscoordination cases are removed by following the
adaptive protection scheme.
6. Conclusions
An adaptive protection scheme for optimal coordi-
nation of the directional overcurrent relays in inter-
connected power networks with an improved
formulation has been introduced. This algorithm is
applied to the IEEE 30-bus test system with system
condition changes, operational and/or topological.
The results showed that the proposed adaptive
scheme has exhibited optimal performance in the
studied cases without any miscoordination case.
Appendix A
Fig. 4
8 A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 61 (2002) 19

Fig. 4. IEEE 30-bus test system.

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