Technical Drawing Y1 PDF

Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Education

PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
Unit of Competency: Prepare Freehand Drawing
Module No.: 1 Module Title: Preparing freehand Drawing

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Copyright Department of Education 2008
First Published JUNE 2008
This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning

Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel,
Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of
the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008.
This learning instrument was developed by the following

personnel:
Technology Teachers:
Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D.

Tagum National Trade School
Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI
Roy S. Luneta
Bauan Technical High School
Bauan, Batangas
Ariel F. Maglalang
Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino
Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III
Juanito Bugaoisan
Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology
San Fernando, La Union
Arlene V. Tobias
Mabalacat Technical High School
Mabalacat, Pampanga
Facilitator:
Aida T. Galura
Angeles City National Trade School
Sunset Valley, Angeles City
Encoders:
Mel Contapay
Office of Legal Affairs
Department of Education
Meralco Ave., Pasig City
Maria Riza Zamora

DepED Budget Division
The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based

Curriculum and Competency-Based Learning Materials was done in
Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on April 13-18, 2009 through the
concerted effort of the following writers:
Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D.

Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region 11
Condrado C. Casulla
Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades
Lingayen, Pangasinan, Region 01
Nelson M. Arisga
Malvar National High School
Malvar, Batangas, Region 4A
Alexander M. Latoga
Manuel S. Enverga Memorial College of Arts and Trades
Mauban, Quezon, Region 4A
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro Relocation Center National High School
San Pedro, Laguna
Region 4A
Contextual Writer:
Marvin R. Viernes
Muntinlupa Business High School
Muntinlupa City, NCR
Encoder:
Lawrence D. Cruz
DepEd EID-TS
DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.
Quezon City
Jeffree O. Ponce
DepEd EID-TS
Quezon City
Facilitator:
Orlando E. Manuel PhD

Principal
Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades
Cabarroguis, Quirino
Region 02
This work was funded by the Department of Education.
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th

editon: 1960
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983
Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Perform Different Lettering Page

Styles &Techniques
How to Use this Module .. I

Introduction .. ii
Technical Terms . iii
Learning Outcome 1- Perform Different Lettering 1
Styles &Techniques ..
Learning Experiences/Activities . 2
Information Sheet 1.1 3
Self Check 1.1 10
Learning Outcome 2 Sketch Simple Objects 12

Learning Experiences/Activities .. 13
Self Check 2.1 17
Learning Outcome 3 Perform Freehand Sketches 18

Self Check 3.1 30
Operation Sheet 3.1 33
Self Check 3.2 35
Assessment Resources .. 36
Answer Key 38-41
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on

your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable
attitude you need in technical drawing.
A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

determine your learning level and need.
The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task.
This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.
When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a post-
assessment is given to check if the student is already competent with the
specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.
Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

understanding.
Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I
Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING
Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing
INTRODUCTION
People around the world speak with different languages but they come
up with common understanding on drawing. Thats the reason why drawing
becomes a universal language.
This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical
drawing for use as a classroom text and/or as a reference manual.
Performing freehand sketches, sketching simple object: and perform different
lettering styles and techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with
all the concepts, the student can then competently transmit the ideas
through a drawing.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:
LO1 Perform different lettering styles and techniques.
LO2 Sketch simple objects.
LO3 Perform sketches.
TECHNICAL TERMS
Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters.

Slant line is an inclined line.
Style is the manner of designing or shaping a drawing.
Sketching is a preliminary drafting.
Stroke is the technique of printing letters.
Uppercase Letters are the big letters of the alphabets.
Proportion refers to the quality standard of shape, figure, form of object or
drawing.
Freehand Drawing. is performed without the use of mechanical drawing
instruments. it is purely done by pencil rendering.
Learning Outcome 1 : Perform different lettering styles and

techniques
Assessment Criteria
1. Importance of lettering is properly explained

2. Each style of letter is performed on commercial standards.
3. Care and maintenance of lettering instruments are properly observed
and practiced.
4. Appropriate lettering instruments are correctly used.
5. Decorative letter styles are creatively done for a particular purpose.
References:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.
2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book

Company,10th editon: 1960
3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983
4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977
1
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 1: Perform different lettering styles and

techniques
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read information sheet no. 1
2. Answer self check no. 1.1 to Try to answer the self check.
test your knowledge about
lettering.
3. Review the information sheet if

some items were not properly
carried out.
2
INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1
Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing. He

must be exposed to the lettering activities to orient him on the quality
standard in printing letters.
Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing,

it adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the appearance of
the drawing once it is not done well.
The Four Group of Letters
1. Gothic Letters. They are the most simple and readable among the
four group of letters. It has a uniform stem. It should be applied
only for poster and advertisement purposes.
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo
Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
Two forms of gothic letters:
a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used
for advertisement purposes only.
b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for

engineering drawing purposes.
2. Roman Letters. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. they

have pointed stem which is called serif. They must be used for
books, magazine, newspapers, and text matters.
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
3
The Three Classics of Roman Letters:
a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout

form using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the
thin stem must be from the thickness of the heavy
stem.
b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke

using the speedball pen.
c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are

printed in single stroke using the speedball pen.
However, this style must be printed in the absence of
serif.
3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely

used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation
cards.
4. Text or Old English. This style is the most artistic among the four
groups of letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for
certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.
4
The Rule of Stability of letters
This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the

letters particularly on the following:
1. Upper Case letters. They are letters which are printed in capital form.
Three guidelines are cap line, waist line, and base line.
Example:
cap line
waist line
ABCDEFG base line
2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in small
letters printed with the use of four guidelines such as cap line, waist line,
base line, and dropped line.
Example:
cap line
waist line
abcdfgy base line
dropped line
The General Proportion of Letters
1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be

applied only when the space is limited. The letters are printed with
closer distance and its width is narrower than the normal size.
Example:
COMPRESSED
5
2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is a more space. The
width of the letter is wider than the height.
Example:
3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The

letter is printed in the normal size.
Example:
NORMAL
The Two Proportion of Thickness
1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem.
Example:
BOLDFACE
2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem.
Example:
6
Below are the suggested lettering tools and instruments and their uses:
1. Speed Ball - used in writing different various styles of

letters
2. Lettering Brush - used for sign painting
3. Felt Point Pen - used for sign painting
4. Letter Template - used as guide for letter transfer
5. Letter Transfer - used to direct letter transfer
6. Pencil - used for lettering and sketching
7. Technical Pen - used for Gothic letters
8. Leroy Lettering Pen - used for engineering and architectural

lettering
Order of Strokes in Lettering
The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H. These letters

are the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal.
You should practice making these letters according to the models.
The next group P, R, B, U and J requires close study because of the

introduction of the curved line aside from the three already given.
The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the

circle.
The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is

suggested therefore that its width should be greater than the other letters by
25 percent. The letter I is the thinnest letter.
7
Making Numerals
All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals, hence, they

should be studied closely. Notice that in the figures below are all 6 units and
5 units wide except 1. All figures are composed of the essential strokes
found in the letters which are straight and curved. See Figure 1.1
Single stroke vertical upper case letters and numerals

Figure 1.1
8
Single stroke vertical lower case letters
Figure 1.2
Single stroke inclined upper case lower case letters and numerals
Figure 1.3
9
Single stroke inclined lower case letters
Figure 1.4
10
SELF CHECK 1.1
LO1. Perform different letter styles and techniques
I. Multiple Choice. On the space provided before each item, write the
letter of the word or group of words that will make the statement
complete and correct.
________ 1. Which of the styles of letter is applicable for engineering
drawing?
a. Single stroke gothic letters
b. Commercial gothic letters
c. Modified roman letters
d. Modern roman letters
________ 2. This proportion of letters is only used when the space is
enough.
a. compressed
b. extended
c. normal
d. lightface
________ 3. Among the letters below, identify which of them has widest
width?
a. N and O
b. M and W
c. C and X
d. H and L
________ 4. Which of the statements below clearly define the meaning
of rule of stability?
a. This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing
the letters
b. This refers to the styles and methods of printing the letters.
c. This refers to the three forms of proportion of letters.
d. It is a standard guideline to be observed in using the
different lettering tools.
11
________ 5. Which of the proportion of letters below is applicable for
limited space?
a. compressed proportion
b. extended proportion
c. normal proportion
d. boldface proportion
II. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. Discuss the effect of the lettering on the drawing when it is not

properly printed.
2. How important is lettering in the drawing?
III. Direction : Illustrate the selected letters below in the form of

Gothic,
and Roman letters.
A, B, K, M, R, X, and Y
12
LO2. Sketch simple objects
Assessment Criteria
1. Principle of sketching objects is properly discussed.

2. Different shapes of objects are correctly identified.
3. All principles of proportion in sketching simple objects based on
commercial standards are explained.
4. Procedure in sketching is correctly followed.
References:

Company: 1949.


1977
13
Learning Outcome # 2: Sketch Simple Object

3. Answer self check no. 2.1 for Try to answer the self check.
better understanding.
Try to follow the procedure

correctly.
14
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1
Sketching is a basic skill to be learned by the student before he will

be exposed to higher level of drawing activities.
Sketching is a preliminary layout or draft before making it into final

drawing. This can be done in a light line forms with the use of sketching
tools and materials.
Principles of Sketching Objects
Before doing sketching activities, it is important to know the basic

principles in sketching. The following are:
Analyze the proportions of the subject.
Mentally picture out the basic shape of subject.
Determine the small details on the subject.
Establish height and width of the subject to be sketched.
Use the appropriate sketching materials.
The Two Basic Proportions of Object
Height. It is the distance elevation from bottom to top. Height must

be proportioned to the width of the subject.
Width. It is the distance from front to rear. Likewise, it should be

proportioned to the height of the subject.
15
Basic Shapes of Objects
1. Rectangle - has its opposite sides equal and all its angles are
right angles.
2. Square - has four equal sides and angles
3. Hexagon is a polygon having six equal sides
16
4. Rhombus- is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles
which may not be right angles but are also equal.
5. Deltoid- is a quadrilateral with pairs of equal sides.
6. Scalene Triangle- is a triangle whose two sides and two angles are
equal.
7. Equilateral Triangle- is a triangle with all sides and angles are

equal.
17
8. Circle. A figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.
9. Oblong. An elliptical figure which shapes originates from the

circle.
18
SELF CHECK 2.1
LO2. Sketch simple object
Direction : A. Identify the terms referred in the following.
____________________1.The most important role in freehand sketching.

____________________2.A polygon with six equal sides.
_____________________3. A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four equal
right angles.
____________________4. A quadrilateral which opposite sides are equal and
whose angles are also right angles.
____________________5. A quadrilateral with two opposite side parallel.
____________________6. A triangle where all sides and angles are equal.
___________________ 7. A quadrilateral with pairs of sides are equal.
B. Enumerate what are being asked.

8-10 Give the three basic shapes of an object.
19
Learning outcome 3: Perform freehand sketches
Assessment Criteria
1. Drawing pencils are selected based on specific job requirements.

2. Proper care and manipulation of drawing tools, materials and
equipment are observed and practiced.
3. Techniques on line exercises are demonstrated according to standard
procedure.
4. Shading techniques are applied making use of appropriate standard
specification.
5. Pencil rendering techniques are applied according to appropriate
drawing materials.
6. Creativity on value scale in shading is applied.
References:

Company: 1949.


1977
20
LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome # 3: Perform Sketches

1. Read information sheet no. 3.
2. Answer self check no. 3.1 to Try to answer the self check.
test your understanding.
3. If not able to answer all items

correctly, review again the
information no. 3
4. Read operation sheet no. 3.1 Ask the teacher when some
Observe carefully the items are difficult to
teachers demonstration understand.
5. Read operation sheet no. 3.2,
analyze the given procedure.
6. Perform self check no. 3.2 to Ask your teacher for some
test your knowledge on clarifications.
freehand sketches.
21
INFORMATION SHEET 3.1
LO3. Perform freehand drawing
Drawing Principles Freehand and Sketching
Freehand sketches are of great assistance to the designers in

organizing their thought and recording their ideas. They are effective and
economical means of formulating various solutions to a given problem so
that a choice can be made between them at the outset. Often, much time
can be made between them at the outset. Much time can be lost if the
designer starts his scaled layout before adequate preliminary study with the
aid of sketches. Information concerning changes design, covering
replacement of broken parts or lost drawing, is usually conveyed through
sketches.
Drawing Tools, Equipment, and Materials
1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream,

light green and buff. It comes in different sizes of
various sheet thickness.
2. Ruler- is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring
purposes.
3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 7H
which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a
mixture graphite, clay and wax. The clay makes the lead
hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line is
produced.
22
4. Drawing Table may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or
in the home with convenient height that will make you comfortable while
working. Its main purpose is to provide you a place where you can fasten
your paper.
5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The

common size of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm.
6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also

supports the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.
23
7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45-
degree triangle and the 30-60-degree triangle.
8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started.

the drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing
board. The acceptable method of fastening is with the
use of tape.
9. Eraser has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum.
of the two kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to
use for it correct errors easily and removes unwanted lines.
24
10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic
and a half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside
scale which is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left
and the inside scale which is the opposite.
11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common
kinds of compass are the pencil compass and the drawing
compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the
pencil while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted
intone of its leg.
25
12. French curve is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than
arcs and circles.
12. Ruling Pen is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in

order to produce thickness and thickness of lines.
26
14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.
15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.
Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and Instruments
1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.

2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger.
keep your drawing tools and instruments in proper places before and
after using.
27
Basic consideration in freehand sketches
It is necessary to expose the learner in the different line exercises as

basic activities in freehand sketches. The following are the forms of lines:
1. Horizontal line. It is a line parallel to the horizon or a line that form 180
deg. It is drawn from left to right.
2. Vertical line. Is a line that can be obtained by suspending plumb and

this line form 90 degrees from the horizontal line. It is drawn from top to
bottom.
3. Inclined line. It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.
4. Curve line. A line produced by a circular movement.
28
Importance of Shading in freehand drawing and sketches
Shading is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object. It is

applied in a variety of tones or values.
The following are the tones or values of shading:
1. Light Values. This represents the surface which receives the

greatest amount of light.
2. The Medium Values. This represents the surface which receives

less amount of light.
3. Dark Values. This represents the surface very little amount of

light.
In shading application, the source of light is assumed to be coming

from the upper left-hand corner of the drawing paper and rays of light are
imagined to be inclining at an angle of 45 degrees.
Techniques in Shading Application
1. Apply the lightest shading on the part of a surface which receives

more light.
2. Shade the portion of a surface which receives less light with medium
values.
3. Shade the portion of a surface which receives little amount of light

with a heavy shade.
29
Methods of shading application
1. Line shading. A technique of showing the various shades of an object

by using lines.
2. Stippling. It is applied by dabbing the pencil point or pen to produce

dots on the surface of the object.
30
3. Mixed shading. It is called mixed because it applies both the line and
dotted shading. However, the lines and dotted
shading must not be applied to the same surface of
the object.
4. Continuous Tone Shading or Smudge Shading. This is applied by

using the powdered graphite or lead of a pencil.
Note:
Refer to Operation Sheet No. 3.2 and Self Check No. 3.2 for the
application of this activity.
31
SELF CHECK 3.1
LO3. Perform freehand sketches
Direction: A. Identification: Write the correct answer in each blank.
____________________1. An instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It

also supports the triangle for vertical and sloping line
drawing.
____________________2. It is an ordinary table found in a school shop or in
the home with a convenient height that will make you
comfortable while drawing.
____________________3. An instrument used for marking out distances as
well as measuring purposes.
____________________4. An instrument used for drawing irregular curves
other than arc s and circles.
____________________5. An instrument used for dividing lines or distances
into equal parts.
____________________6. A tool used to draw both vertical and oblique lines
B. Enumeration:
7-10 Four colors of drawing papers
32
OPERATION SHEET 3.1
LO3. Perform freehand sketches
Skill in line exercises is a basic requirement prior to exposing

the learner to higher drawing activities considering that all forms of
drawing emanates from a line, it might be horizontal, vertical,
inclined, and curve lines.
Procedures in sketching horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines
1. Sketch a rectangle at 120 mm x 160 mm.

2. Divide the rectangle into four equal parts.
3. Sketch horizontal lines on the first part of the rectangle, start
at the left going to the right. (Each line must have 5mm gap
distance).
4. Sketch vertical lines on the second part of the rectangle.
Start at the top down to the bottom. (Each line must have
5mm gap distance).
5. Sketch inclined lines on the third part of the rectangle with a
downward stroke. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance).
6. Sketch curve lines from left to right. (Each line must have
5mm gap distance).
(See figure 3.5)
33
Figure 3.5
34
OPERATION SHEET 3.2
LO3. Perform freehand drawing
Freehand drawing is executed without the use of mechanical

drawing instruments. It is purely done by means of sketching.
Procedure in making freehand drawing:
1. Prepare the model/object.
2. Imagine the basic shape from which the model originates and
sketch on the appropriate drawing paper.
35
3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).
WIDTH
4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.
5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.
6. Apply line shading.
36
SELF CHECK 3.2
DIRECTION: Sketch the given model below and apply continuous

tone shading.
37
ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria:
Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.
Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - The output is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.
Neatness
25 pts. - No errors made on the output.
20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.
15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.
38
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed.
10 pts. - Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
39
ANSWER KEY 1.1
TEST I.
1. a
2. c.
3. b
4. a
5. a
TEST II. ( Teachers check)
TEST III. ( Teachers check)
40
ANSWER KEY 2.1
1. Proportion
2. Hexagon
3. Rectangle
4. Square
5. Trapezoid
6. Equilateral triangle
7. Rhombus
8. Rectangle
9. Hexagon
10. Square
41
ANSWER KEY # 3.1
1. T-square
2. Drawing table
3. Scale
4. French curve
5. Divider
6. Triangle
7. White
8. Cream
9. Light and green
10. Buff
42
ANSWER KEY # 3.2
(Teachers Check)
ANSWER KEY 3.1
a. Octahedron
b. Tetrahedron
c. Hexahedron
d. Icosahedron
e. Dodecahedron
43
HIGH SCHOOLS
Unit of Competency: Construct Geometrical Figures
Module No.: 2 Module Title: Constructing Geometrical Figures

ACKNOWLEDGMENT


personnel:

Roy S. Luneta
Bauan, Batangas
Ariel F. Maglalang
Juanito Bugaoisan
Arlene V. Tobias
Mabalacat, Pampanga
Facilitator:
Aida T. Galura
Encoders:
Mel Contapay
Maria Riza Zamora



Condrado C. Casulla
Nelson M. Arisga
Alexander M. Latoga
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro, Laguna
Region 4A
Contextual Writer:
Marvin R. Viernes
Encoder:
Lawrence D. Cruz
DepEd EID-TS
Quezon City
Jeffree O. Ponce
DepEd EID-TS
Quezon City
Facilitator:

Principal
Region 02

Company: 1949.

editon: 1960

1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Introduction .. ii
Technical Terms . Iii
Learning Outcome 1 Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles & Angles .. 1

Operation sheet 1.1 .. 5
Self- Check Sheet 1.1 11
Self Check 1.2 .. 13
Learning Outcome 2 Draw Regular Polygons 15

Self Check 2.1 23
Learning Outcome 3 Draw Regular Solids . 24

Information Sheet 3.1 . 26
Self Check 3.2 29
Answer Key . 32-35



understanding.
Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE
Module Title : Constructing Geometrical Figures
INTRODUCTION
This module is designed for the student to familiarize with geometrical

figures and plane geometry and to be able to draw mechanically using
compass, triangle, dividers, pencils and erasers. The basic knowledge in
geometric construction which will be integrated or applied in any area of
specialization are discussed in this module.
Accuracy, proper practice in holding different materials and

instruments and safety measures are also included in this module.

LO1 Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles
LO2 Draw regular polygons
LO3 Draw regular solids
TECHNICAL TERMS
Bisect- means to divide in half.
Degree- is a unit of angular measurement.
Divider- is a device used to transfer measurements or to scribe arcs on hard
Surfaces.
Hexagon- is a polygon with six sides.
Octagon- is a polygon with eight sides.
Pentagon- is a polygon with five sides.
Radius- is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with
a point on the circumference of a circle.
Vertex- is a point in the intersection of two or more sides.
Inscribe- means a polygon is drawn inside a circle.
Circumscribe- means a polygon is drawn outside the circle.
Tetrahedron- is a solid with four triangles.
Hexahedron- is a cube.
Octahedron- is a solid with eight triangles.
Dodecahedron- is a solid with twelve pentagons.
Icosahedron- is a solid with twenty triangles.
Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon.
Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting
at a common point called vertex.
Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in
contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel.
Cone is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in
passing through a fix point.
Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.
Learning Outcome 1: Bisect lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles
Assessment Criteria
1. Drawing tools and instruments in bisecting lines, angles and arcs are
identified.
2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in bisecting lines,
arcs, circle and angle.
3. Geometric figures are accurately constructed.
4. Proper handling of drafting tools and equipment is observed.
5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of.
6. Safety work habits are manifested.
References:
Company: 1949.

editon: 1960

1977
1
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 1: Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles.


on bisecting lines, arcs,
circles, and angles.
Try to answer self-check no. 2.1.
2. Answer self check no. 1.1
3. Check your answers using the

answer key.
4. Read operation sheet no. 1.1

about the procedure in
bisecting lines, arcs, circles,
and angles. Try to perform the said
Activity.
5. Perform task on self check no. Consult your teacher on the
1.2. items which are difficult to
perform.
6. Review the steps in operation
sheet no. 1.1 if some steps
were not properly
demonstrated.
2
LO1 : Bisect lines, arcs, circles and angles
Geometric Construction
Constructing Geometric Forms with drawing instruments is always

observed in Technical Drawing. They are in the form of lines, angles, ellipses,
quadrilaterals, solids, circle and polygons.
Classifications of Drawing Tools
Scrubing
Measuring Dividing Inscribing Straight Edge
T-square Compass Compass T-square
Triangles Divider Divider Triangles
Triangular Scale Circular Templates Foot Rule

emplates
Foot Rule
Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools
Do not use compass or divider as pick.

Never use the edge of straight ledge in cutting with knife or cutter.
Use clean dump cloth in cleaning the T Square & Triangle.
Never use the triangular scale in drawing lines.
Always use a sharp pencil.
3
Proper Handling of Drafting Tools & Equipment
Use T-Square in drawing horizontal lines.

Use triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.
Hold the compass by the handle while making circular features.
Hold the pencil 60 angle while drawing.
Safety Reminders to Remember while Drawing
Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean.

Never sharpen pencil over your board while working.
Avoid eating sticky and wet food while drawing.
Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing
will be done.
Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be
able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the
given time frame.
4
Operation Sheet No. 1.1
LO1 : Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles
Steps in Bisecting Lines
A B
1. Given Line AB
A B
2. Strike arcs greater than the radius with points A and B as centers.
A O B
3. Through the intersections of the arcs at 1 and 2, draw a light vertical line.
This line will divide the given line AB at point O. Line AO equals line OB.
5
Steps in Bisecting Arc
A B
A B
1.Given an Arc AB connect the extremities of the arc with a straight line.
Use the same procedure as in bisecting a line.
6
O
A B
2. Strike arcs passing through the given arc. Connect the two intersections with a
line to reveal your bisected arc. Arc AO equals arc OB.
Steps in Bisecting Angle
A
B
7
1
A
B
1.Given an angle ABC, With B as center, strike an arc in any convenient

radius passing through the given angle and name the intersections
1 and 2
1
A
B
2. Now strike another arc using the intersections 1 and 2 as your centers.
1
A
B
C
3. Connect vertex of angle (B) to intersecting arcs (O) for angles
bisector. Angle ABO equals angle OBC.
8
Steps in Bisecting Circle
1.Given a circle strike an arc from the circumference greater than the
radius.
9
2. Repeat Step 2 at the opposite through approximation. Your arc this time
intersects the existing arcs.
3. Now connect the two intersecting arcs with each other with a line
tocomplete your bisected circle.
10
SELF CHECK 1.1
LO1. Bisect Lines, Arc, Circle and Angle

.
I. DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that

corresponds to your answer. Write the letter of the
correct answer on the space provided.
-------------1. A tool used for drawing circular features.

a. compass b. Triangle c. T-Square d. Protractor
-------------2. Which of the following is the primary use of the T-square?

a. Drawing vertical lines
b. Diagonal lines
c. Drawing horizontal lines
d. Scribing circular features
-------------3. This tool is used to measure out distances.
a. Triangular scale b. Protractor c. Compass d. Divider
-------------4 Dividing lines requires the use of____________________.
a. Circular template b. Protractor c. Divider d. French

curve
--------------5. The following are ways in handling drafting tools and

equipment properly EXCEPT:
a. Hold the pencil 60 angle while drawing.
b. Use T-square line drawing horizontal lines.
c. Always use a sharp pencil.
d. Use the triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.
11
II Enumeration:
Give 5 safety reminders to remember while drawing.

1.
2
3
4.
5.
12
SELF CHECK # 1.2
LO1. Bisect lines, arc, circle and angle
Procedure:
1. Prepare drawing instruments.

2. Perform bisecting line, arcs, circles and angle on the following
given figures.
Bisect lines
13
Bisect arcs.
Bisect an angle.
Bisect a circle.
14
Learning Outcome 2: Draw regular polygons
Assessment Criteria:
1. Regular polygons are correctly identified.

2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in drawing
regular polygons.
3. Tools and instrument in drawing regular polygons are identified.
4. Regular polygons are drawn according to standard specifications.
References:
Company: 1949.


1977
15
Learning Outcome # 2: Draw Regular Polygon

1. Read information sheet no. 2.

about the kinds of polygon.
2. Perform operation sheet no. Try to perform the said activity

2.1 with 80% level of accuracy.
3. If the 80% level of accuracy

was not achieved, go over
again with the activity.
Try to perform the job sheet for
4. Proceed to operation sheet no. self checking.
2.1.
5. If there are items not perfectly

done in the job sheet, repeat
the activity.
16
LO2. Draw regular polygons
Polygons
A polygon is a plane figure bounded by straight lines.
Regular Polygons
If a polygon has equal angles & equal sides, it can be inscribed in or

circumscribed around a circle
Inscribe Circumscribe
Common Regular Polygon
Triangle square pentagon hexagon octagon
17
OPERATION SHEET # 2.1
LO2. draw regular polygon
Procedures:
1. Draw a 4 cm. horizontal line (fig. 1)
FIGURE 1
2. Extend the line with its same length. (fig. 2)
FIGURE 2
18
3. Draw a semi circle, using the center of the combined line
which endpoints will be its diameter (fig. 3).
FIGURE 3
4. Now, divide the semi-circle into 6 equal parts as if you were

slicing a pizza. The 6 parts are the hexagons number of equal
sides. (Fig. 4).
FIGURE 4
19
5. Bisect the third line from your extended line (See fig. 5)
FIGURE 5
6. Now bisect your given line (See fig. 6).
FIGURE 6
20
7. Connect the two bisectors of your line to locate the
center of your circumscribed hexagon ( Fig. 7).
FIGURE 7
8. Draw a circle. The intersection from fig. 7 will be the

center of your circle and one of the endpoints of your
given line will serve as your radius (Fig. 8).
FIGURE 8
21
9. Extend your divided line to the circumference of your circle.
FIGURE 9
10. Connect intersections of the lines that were extended to other

intersection of your extended lines (fig. 10).
FIGURE 10
Note:
Teacher may use other methods.
22
SELF CHECK NO. 2.1
LO2. draw regular polygon
Direction: Referring to your operation sheet #2.1, draw a Circumscribed

pentagon.
Given: 4 cm line
23
Learning Outcome 3: Draw regular solids
1. Regular solids are correctly identified.

2. Tools and instruments in drawing regular solids are identified.
3. Regular solids are drawn according to exact shape.
Resources:
Company: 1949.


1977
24
Learning Outcome # 3: Draw regular solids


about the kinds of solid.
2. Perform self check no. 3.1. Try to perform the said activity for
self checking.
3. If the activity was not properly

accomplished, practice again to
achieve accuracy.
4. Answer self check no. 3.2
25
LO3. Draw regular solids
Drawing Regular Solids
Solids - are figures bounded by plane surfaces.
The five regular solids
Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron

(4 triangles) (cube) (8 triangles) (12 pentagons) (20 triangles)
Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon and three or more
lateral faces which are parallelogram.
Right Right Oblique

square rectangular rectangular
Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting
at a common point called vertex.
Right Right Square Oblique

Triangular pentagonal
26
Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in
contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel.
Right Oblique
Circular Circular
Cone is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curve line in

passing through a fix point.
Right circular Oblique circle Oblique

circle
(frustum)
(truncated)
Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.
27
SELF CHECK # 3.1
Procedure:
1. Draw regular solids and label them properly. ( Dimension is optional )
28
SELF CHECK # 3.2
Direction: Write the correct answer on the space provided before each
number.
___________________________1. It is a solid with eight triangles.

___________________________2. It is a regular solid with four triangles.
___________________________3. It is a cube solid.
___________________________4. A regular solid with twenty triangles.
___________________________5. A solid composed of twelve pentagon.
29
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Accuracy
Speed
Neatness
25 pts. - has no error
20 pts - has two to three erasures
15 pts - has four or more erasures
30
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All pieces of information are completely indicated and 12
legibly printed.
pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
10 pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing and misspelled.
8 pts. - Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are
misspelled.
31
ANSWER KEY 1.1
Test I.
1. a
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. a
Test II. Enumeration.
1. Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean.
2. Never sharpen pencil over your board while working.
3. Avoid eating and touching sticky and wet thing while drawing.
4. Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing
will be done?
5. Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be
able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the
given time frame.
2
ANSWER KEY 1.2
( Teachers check)
Self-Check 1.2
3
ANSWER KEY 2.1
( Teachers check)
Self-Check 2.1
4
ANSWER KEY 3.1
a. Octahedron
b. Tetrahedron
c. Hexahedron
d. Icosahedron
e. Dodecahedron
5
HIGH SCHOOLS
Unit of Competency: Construct Orthographic Projection
Module Title: Constructing Orthographic

Module No.: 3
Projection
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This draft was prepared at the Competency-Based Learning


personnel:

Roy S. Luneta
Bauan, Batangas
Ariel F. Maglalang
Juanito Bugaoisan
Arlene V. Tobias
Mabalacat, Pampanga
Facilitator:
Aida T. Galura
Encoders:
Mel Contapay
Maria Riza Zamora



Condrado C. Casulla
Nelson M. Arisga
Alexander M. Latoga
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro, Laguna
Region 4A
Contextual Writer:
Marvin R. Viernes
Encoder:
Lawrence D. Cruz
DepEd EID-TS
Quezon City
Jeffree O. Ponce
DepEd EID-TS
Quezon City
Facilitator:

Principal
Region 02
This work was produced with funding provided by the

Department of Education.

Company: 1949.

editon: 1960

1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Introduction .. ii
Learning Outcome 1 Construct Orthographic Views .. 1
Self - Check 1.2 29
Self -Check 1.3 30
Self -Check 1.4 .. 31
Operation Sheet 1.2 .. 34

Learning Outcome 2 Apply General Specific Dimensions 41
Self Check 2.1 45
Self Check 2.2 47
Answer Key .. 51-57


assessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified
learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.

understanding.
Program/ Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I
Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS
Module Title : Constructing Orthographic

Projections
INTRODUCTION
Orthographic Projection is the graphical representation of the different

views of an object to show the necessary information. Through this module,
a student can construct two forms of orthographic projection such as
orthographic views and pictorial views. Orthographic views represent front
view, top view, right side view, bottom view, rear view and left side view while
pictorial view represents a complete shape of an object.
Also, through this module, a student can apply general and specific
dimension: the height, width, and depth of an object.

LO1 Construct Orthographic Views
LO2 Apply general and specific dimensions
TECHNICAL TERMS
Orthographic - is a method of representing three dimensions.

Projection- is an object on a plane having only length and breadth.
Right Angle is an angle with a measure of 90 degrees.
Dimension is a radial or linear length (width, height, depth) labeled on a
technical drawing.
Measurement is the process or result of measuring anything.
Metric system of measurement is an international system of
measurement
English system of measurement- is an American standard system
of measurement
Metric pertains to the metric system of measurement.
Dimensioning is an act of measuring a drawing.

PROJECTIONS

Projections
LO1.Construct orthographic views

1. Principles of orthographic projection are clearly explained and
discussed.
2. Projection of principal views is clearly demonstrated.
3. Principal views are accurately constructed based on a given pictorial.
4. Supplying missing lines is accurately solved and illustrated.
5. Proper manipulation of drafting tools and equipment is performed.
6. Safety work habits are highly practiced.
References:

Company: 1949.
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

edition: 1960
Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishin
5
Learning Outcome # 1: Construct Orthographic Drawing

1. After reading the information
sheet no. 1 and 2, you are
required to answer the self
check 1.1.
2. Given the operation sheet no.
1.1, read and perform the
procedure in constructing
orthographic views on self
checks 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.
3. Proceed to operation sheet no.
1.2, read and analyze the
operating steps in
constructing pictorial view.
4. Perform the task on self Ask your teacher for further
checks no. 1.2, 1.3, 1.4. clarification on items not clear
to you.
When you are through with the
activity, review/ check your
work.
5
LO1. Construct orthographic drawing
Orthographic projection is a method of representing the exact shape

of the object by dropping two or more perpendicular to a plane generally at
right angle.
As basic requirement in performing drawing activities, the students

must have the basic knowledge on alphabet of lines.
The following are the basic alphabet of lines that are used in
orthographic drawing.
1. Visible lines Used to show visible edges or contours of an object

(NOTE: Visible lines are sometimes called object lines.)
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
2. Hidden lines Represented by a series of medium weight dashes used

to show the hidden or invisible edges of an object.
5
3. Center lines Used to show the centers of holes of circular object
or shape.
THIN
4. Section lines Used to show a surface that has been cut in a section
view. The surface indicated with section line is presumed to be solid
portion.
MEDIUM
5. Extension lines Indicates the limit of a dimension line.
THIN
5
6.Dimension lines Used to show the size (dimensions) of an object; spans
from one extension line to the next, has arrowhead at both ends, and is
broken in the middle fro the measurement number (dimension).
7.Leader lines Used to direct descriptive major information, notes, or

special dimensions to features on the drawing and done mechanically.
LEADER LINE
THIN
Both are
THICK cutting plane lines
8.Cutting-plane lines Used to show where a section has been taken;

arrows on the end show the direction in which the section was taken.
9.Break lines Used to show that part of the object has been removed or
broken away
a. Short break lines are for freehand, jagged lines and applicable
for small objects only.
MEDIUM
5
b. Long break lines are solid with a Z symbol inserted in several
places and done mechanically and applicable for big objects
only.
MEDIUM
10.Reference line an irregular fine curve line with an arrowhead at one

end used for indicating the measurement and name of a part.
THIN
Two Methods of Shape Representation
A. Orthographic Views
B. Pictorial Views (Refer to Operation Sheet #1.2)
Orthographic view-is a representation of two or more separate views. This

can be represented into six principal views and regular views
1. The Three Regular Views

Orthographic views can be represented by two or more separate views,
however, it is advisable to illustrate three views to show clear and detail
presentation of at least three principal views of the object. The following are:
1. Top View
2. Front View
3. Side View
5
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
Fig. 1. Three Regular Views
2. The Six Principal Views (see Fig. 2)
1. Top View. It is drawn above the front.

2. Front View. It is drawn vertically aligned and below
the top view
3. Right Side View. This located at the right side and aligned
with the front view.
4. Left Side View. The opposite of the right side view. It is located
at the left side and aligned with the front view.
5. Rear View. The opposite view of the front view. It is located
aligned after either at the right side view or left
side view.
6. Bottom View. The opposite view of the top view. This must be
drawn vertically aligned and below the front view.
5
TOP VIEW
LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW
REAR VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
Fig. 2 shows the six principal views. Further, it shows the

proper location of the top view, front view, right side view,
left side view, rear view, and bottom view
Plan View or Top View
This can be little more difficult to visualize because you have to imagine
yourself moving over the top of the object and looking vertically downward. The left-
hand and right-hand illustration on the next page show how the plan is placed
above the front. Again, sketch the light vertical construction lines to locate the plan
in its proper position. Draw these upward from each corner of the front view and
line-in the plan of the right.
5
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
Front View
Concentrate on the front view. If you look at it correctly the effect will
be seen below at the left, while the below right illustration shows what you
will actually see. Notice that in the left-hand drawing, you can only see the
dark-inked front face of the object. Notice also that you cannot see any of
the other sides of the object. This is because all those sides are going away
from you in your line of sight and are simply not visible from your view
point. They are still there, of course, but are hidden behind the outer edges
of the first face.
5
FRONT VIEW
CORRECT VIEWING OF THE THE FRONT VIEW AS SEEN

FRONT FACE
Right-Side View
Right-side view should be drawn at the right side of front view. Imagine
moving around the object to look directly at its right side. How you see it is
shown below-left and what you see is shown below-right. Again the faces you
actually see are heavily outlined.
FRONT VIEW RIGHT- SIDE VIEW
The right-side view drawn at the right of the front view
5
RIGHT- SIDE VIEW AS SEEN
CORRECT VIEWING OF THE
RIGHT-SIDE FACE
Pictorial View is a representation of a complete shape of the object.
Pictorial View of a Step Block
5
Identifying the vertical and horizontal view
The Space Dimension

This refers to the three dimension standards of the pictorial view such
as: height, width, and depth.
Height is the distance elevation from top to bottom.
Width is the distance from left side to the right side.
Depth is the distance from front to rear.
HEIGHT
WIDTH DEPTH
Fig. 3 shows the illustration of pictorial view 5

The ten principles to be considered in constructing orthographic
drawing/projection are:
1. Top view is directly above the front view.

2. Side views are horizontally aligned with the front view and rear
view.
3. The width of the top view is equal to the width of the side view.
4. When a line or edge is viewed perpendicularly to a plane or
surface, projection will appear as a point.
5. A line or edge parallel to a plane of projection will also appear as a
line or edge in its exact shape or true length.
6. A line or edge inclined to the plane of projection will appear shorter
or foreshortened.
7. A surface perpendicular to the plane will appear as a line or edge
equal in length to the nearest edge of the surface which in this
case is either its length or its width depending on its position.
8. A surface parallel to the plane of projection will be shown in its
exact or true shape and size.
9. A surface inclined to the plane of projection will also appear as a
surface but smaller in size and shape.
10. No line or edge of the object can be projected longer than its true
length.
5
LO1. Construct orthographic views
Condition or Situation for the Operation:

Given pictorial view with corresponding dimensions and draw the
three regular views.
Equipment, Tools and Materials:

T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical
template, drafting knife, butt paper and eraser
Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page)

To draw orthographic views of the given pictorial view, first determine
the number of views needed, then decide which surface will become the front
view. Establish the space needed between views for dimensioning and
calculate the center of the drawing, then proceed to the following steps.
PICTORIAL DRAWING
5
STEP 1. Draw the vertical and horizontal axis.
5
Space between top view and front view
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 2. Divide the axis by indicating marking lines

according to the given dimensions of the width of
the top view, height of the front view and space
between top view and front view.
5
Space between top view
and front view
FRONT VIEW
STEP 3. Construct the enclosing box of the top view and front view by
projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.
5
Space between top
view and front view
0
45
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 4. Construct diagonal line at 45 degrees angle using

45 deg. X 45 deg. Triangle from the upper right
corner of the enclosing box of the front view.
5
INTERSECTING POINT
0
45
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 5. Project down the two intersecting points to get the

width of the right side view and to form its
enclosing box.
5
INTERSECTING POINT
0
45
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 6. Divide proportioning distance of top view and

front view by indicating marking lines.
5
INTERSECTING POINT
0
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 7. Draw the details of top view front view and side
view by projecting the marking lines horizontally
and vertically.
5
INTERSECTING POINT
0
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 8. Darken the final edges of the top view, front view
and right side view
5
INTERSECTING POINT
0
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 9. Divide the provided space for dimensioning by

indicating marking lines.
5
INTERSECTING POINT
0
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 10. Sketch light lines for dimension lines and

extension lines by projecting the marking lines
horizontally and vertically.
5
5
INTERSECTING POINT
40
0
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 11. Draw final dimension lines and extension lines.

.
.
5
INTERSECTING POINT
10 10 30
40 10
0
45
16
40
12
FRONT VIEW
STEP 12. Indicate the measurements.

.
.
5
TOP VIEW
10 10 30
40 10
16
40
12
FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW
STEP 13. Label the top, front and right side views.
Finally, erase the construction lines.
.
.
Evaluation:
Teacher evaluates using the following criteria:
1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are
correctly followed.
2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements.
3. All drawing instruments used in the drawing are properly
manipulated according to the standards.
4. The drawing is neatly done.
5
SELF CHECK # 1.1
Direction: On the blank provided before each item, write the words that
make the sentence complete and correct.
_________1. Dimension line must be terminated by an _____________.
_________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________.
_________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on
the drawing to which the dimension refers.
_________4. It is a gap, and a distance of the extension line to the object.
_________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead.
_________6. The distance from front to rear.
_________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view.
_________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing.
_________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view.
________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension line.
5
SELF CHECK # 1.2
Direction: Given the pictorial view, construct the three orthographic views.
PICTORIAL VIEW
5
SELF CHECK # 1.3
DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three

Regular views
20
13
13
50
50
50
15
13
38 25
38
50
50
50
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CENTIMETER
5
SELF CHECK # 1.4
DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three

Regular views
20 25
13 50
50
45
60
50
15
13
15
38 25 20
50
50 40
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CENTIMETERS
5
Other suggested Activities:
Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the Orthographic
views below.
A B
5
Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the pictorial
drawings below.
5
LO1. Construct orthographic drawing
Condition or Situation for the Operation:

Given the three orthographic views with corresponding dimensions,
draw the orthographic drawing (pictorial view).
Pictorial View a drawing that represents the complete shape of an object.

Below demonstrates how pictorial drawing is constructed.
TOP VIEW
10
24
16 18 24
34 10
26
10
5
Equipment, Tools and Materials:
T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical
template, drafting knife, butt paper, and eraser.
Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page)
Precaution:
Observe and practice the proper uses and care of the drawing
instruments.
Evaluation:
Teacher evaluates using the following criteria:
1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are
correctly followed.
2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements.
3. All drawing instruments used in the drawing are properly
manipulated according to the standards.
4. The drawing is neatly done.
STEP 1. Draw the axis (Use 30 x 60 triangle for

inclined axis).
5
STEP 2. Lay out the proportion of an object in the
enclosing box for the whole object or
principal portion of it.
STEP 3. Project measurements.
S
STEP 4. Sketch the enclosing box. T
E
P
4
.
D
i
v
i
d
e
o
n
5 e
a
x
i
s
STEP 5. Divide one axis for proportioning
distance and sketch the most
dominant detail of the object.
STEP 6. Complete the construction

details.
STEP 7. Darken the final edges and erase

the construction lines.
5
SELF CHECK # 1.5
Direction: Given the three orthographic views, construct a pictorial view.
TOP VIEW
50 30
15
35
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
5
SELF CHECK # 1.6
DIRECTION: Given the three orthographic views, draw the

Pictorial view.
TOP VIEW
. 10
27
12
60
10
20
50
10
FRONT VIEW R. SIDE VIEW
5
SELF CHECK # 1.7
DIRECTION: Given the orthographic views, draw the pictorial.
TOP VIEW
10
5
27
12
40
10 10
510
45
20
10
5

PROJECTIONS

Projections
LO2. Supply general and specific dimensions
1. Measurements are correctly converted from English to Metric.
2. Dimensioning is manually/CAI- supplied on orthographic and
isometric drawing in accordance with standard specifications.
3. All dimensions using notation on special features of object are
supplied accordingly.
References:
Company: 1949.

editon: 1960

1977
42
Learning Outcome # 2: Supply General and Specific Dimension

2. Read the information sheet no.

2 on conversion of
measurement.
3. Answer the self check no. 2.1. Try to answer the self check no.
Compare your answer to the 3.2 the best you can.
answer key.
4. Go back and review the

information if some items are
not correctly answered.
43
LO2. Supply general and specific dimension
Dimensioning
Dimensions are given in the form of linear distances, angles or notes
irrespective of the dimensioning units being used.
The following are the essential elements to be considered in

dimensioning technique:
1. character of lines
2. spacing of the dimensions
3. the arrow heads
4. the use of extension lines.
The arrow heads indicate the direction and extent of a dimension. It

should be uniformed in size as 3mm. length width.
Spacing of the dimension lines
The dimension nearest to the object being outlined should be spaced

at least 10 mm. away. All other dimension lines should be at least 6 mm.
apart. However, if more space is available, the spacing of dimensions line
should be uniformed throughout the drawing.
Extension line
A thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to
which a dimension refers. The dimension line meets the extension lines at
right except in special cases. A gap distance of at least 2 mm. from the object
outline should extend about 3 mm. (1/8) beyond the outermost arrowhead.
44
System of Measurements
There are two systems of measurement applied in drawing such as

English and metric.
1. English System
As used in drawing, specifically refers to inches and feet unit of

measurement
2. Metric System
It is an International System (IS) of measurement as applied in

drawing. This is based upon the meter or millimeter as a linear
unit of measurement
Metric Equivalent (Commonly used in drawing)
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 254 millimeters
1 foot = 30.5 centimeters = 305 millimeters
1 foot = .305 meter
How to Convert English System to Metric System?
Example 1:
To convert 18 inches to centimeters
18 in X 30.5 cm
12 in
= 18 X 30.5 cm
12
= 18 X 2.54 cm
= 45.7 cm
Example 2:
To convert 84 centimeters to inches
84 cm X 12 in
30.5 cm
= 84 X 12 in
30.5
= 31.6 inches
45
SELF CHECK # 2.1
LO2. Supply general and specific dimension
Direction:
A. Fill in the blanks.
_____________________1. A form of linear distances, angles, or notes

irrespective of the dimensioning units being used.
_____________________2. It is the length of the arrowheads.
_____________________3. It is a thin and solid line that extend from a point
on the drawing to which the dimension refers.
_____________________4. It is a gap distance between extension line and
object line.
_____________________5. It is the exact width of the arrowhead.
B. Enumeration
1. Identify the two systems of measurement.
a.
b.
2. Recognize the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning.
a.
b.
c.
d.
C. Problem Solving
1. Convert 32 inches to centimeter.
2. Convert 6 inches to centimeter.
46
D. Direction: Given the three orthographic views, supply the missing general
Dimensions of the top view, front view, and side view.
TOP VIEW
60 50
15 ? 15 40 ?
20
?
20
47
SELF CHECK # 2.2
Direction:
I. On the blank provided before each item, write the word or group of words
that will make the sentence complete and correct.
_________1. Dimension line must be terminated by a _____________.
_________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________.
_________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on
the drawing to which the dimension refers.
_________4. It is a gap and a distance of the extension line to the object.
_________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead.
_________6. The distance from front to rear
_________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view
_________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing
_________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view
________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension line
II. Enumeration:
1. Give the two systems of measurements
a.
b.
2. Identify the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning
a.
b.
c.
d.
48
3 Enumerate the six principal views according to their standard
placement.
a.
b.
c.
d
e
f.
4. Identify the two methods of shape representation.
a.
b.
5. Identify the three-space dimensions.
a.
b
c
III Essay type

1. Discuss briefly the following;
a. Pictorial View
b. Orthographic Projection
c. Dimensioning Technique
IV. Illustrate the steps in constructing orthographic drawing based on the

given pictorial view.
49
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Accuracy
Speed
Neatness
25 pts. - No errors made on the output.
20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.
15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.
50
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly

printed.
10 pts. - Pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
51
ANSWER KEY # 1.1
I.
1. arrow heads
2. 3mm
3. extension line
4. 2mm
5. 2mm
6. depth
7. bottom view
8. draw axis
9. rear view
10. 10 mm
52
ANSWER KEY 1.2
TOP VIEW
10
30
20
40 30
10 20 20 10
.
10
25
10
15
53
ANSWER KEY 1.3
PICTORIAL VIEW
54
ANSWER KEY 1.4
(Teachers Check)
Self-check 1.4
55
ANSWER KEY 1.5
(Teachers Check)
Self-check 1.5
56
ANSWER KEY 2.1
A.
1. Dimension
2. 3mm
3. Extension line
4. 2mm
5. 2mm
B.
1. a. English system
b. Metric system
2. a. Character of lines
b. Arrow heads
c. Extension line
d. Distance/ Spacing of dimensions
C.
1. 81.33 cm
2. 15 cm
D. (Teachers check)
57
ANSWER KEY # 2.2
I.
1. arrow heads
2. 3mm
3. extension line
4. 2mm
5. 2mm
6. depth
7. bottom view
8. draw axis
9. rear view
10. 10 mm
II.
1.
a. English System
b. Metric System
2.
a. Character lines
b. dimension line
c. extension line
d. spacing of the dimension line
3.
a. top view
b. front view
c. right side view
d. left side view
e. rear view
f. bottom view
4.
a. orthographic view
b. pictorial view
5.
a. height
b. width
c. depth
58
HIGH SCHOOLS
Unit of Competency: Constructing Pictorial Drawing
Module No.: 4 Module Title: Constructing Pictorial Drawing

ACKNOWLEDGMENT


personnel:

Roy S. Luneta
Bauan, Batangas
Ariel F. Maglalang
Juanito Bugaoisan
Arlene V. Tobias
Mabalacat, Pampanga
Facilitator:
Aida T. Galura
Encoders:
Mel Contapay
Maria Riza Zamora



Condrado C. Casulla
Nelson M. Arisga
Alexander M. Latoga
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro, Laguna
Region 4A
Contextual Writer:
Marvin R. Viernes
Encoder:
Lawrence D. Cruz
DepEd EID-TS
Quezon City
Jeffree O. Ponce
DepEd EID-TS
Quezon City
Facilitator:

Principal
Region 02

Company: 1949.

editon: 1960

1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Introduction .. ii
Learning Outcome 1 Construct Isometric Drawing 1
Information Sheet no. 1.1 3
Operation Sheet no. 1.1 4
Operation Sheet no. 1.2 7
Self check no. 1.1 .. 10
Learning Outcome 2 Construct Oblique Drawings .. . 12

Learning Outcome 3 Construct Perspective Drawings 20

Assessment Resources .. 36-39



understanding.
Program/ Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING 1
Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL DRAWING
Module Title : Constructing Pictorial Drawing
INTRODUCTION
Pictorial Drawing is used to communicate ideas which cannot be

described easily in words. It is used by engineers, architects and all types of
designers and drafters to illustrate the size and shape of an object.
This module is intended to show the student that pictorial drawing is

easier to understand and interpret because it shows height, weight, length in
one drawing than orthographic multi view drawing which shows only one
face of an object of each view.
The different types of pictorial drawing discussed here are isometric,
oblique, and perspective.

LO1 Construct isometric drawings.
LO2 Construct oblique drawings.
LO3 Construct perspective drawing.
TECHNICAL TERMS
Angles refers to the space or opening between two straight lines that meet.
Oval is elliptical shapes that resembles an egg.
Symmetrical is a balanced arrangement between two sides.
Principles are guiding rules to follow.
Parallel is a perpendicular line equidistant from each other at all points.
Projection is a line or object that shows a distance.
Circle is a plane figure bounded by circumference which is equidistant
From a common point, the center.
Arc is a portion or a segment of a circumference of the circle.
Picture Plane- is a location wherein the top view must be drawn.
Horizon Line- a line wherein the vanishing point must be located.
Ground Line- a line wherein the front view must be drawn.
Vanishing Point- a point wherein the vanishing line must be projected.
Vanishing lines- these lines are used to project the horizontal edges of the
object in order to make the object foreshortened. These
these lines are also called receding lines
Station Point- This is an imaginary point of the observer or viewer of an
object.
Birds Eye View- The object is viewed above the eye level of the observer.
Eye level- The object is viewed within the eye level of the observer.
Ants View- The object is viewed below the eye level of the observer.
Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL DRAWING
Learning Outcome 1. Construct isometric drawing
Assessment Criteria
1. The three divisions of axonometric are identified and discussed.

2. All principles of isometric drawing are properly discussed.
3. Procedure in constructing isometric drawing is followed according
to standard specifications.
4. Ellipse figure is accurately drawn in the form of isometric view.
References:

Company: 1949.

editon: 1960
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman

Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
1
Learning Outcome # 1: Construct Isometric Drawing


about principles and
procedures of axonometric
drawing.
o Try to perform the operation for
2. Perform operation sheet no.1.1 self checking.
to test your understanding
about the principles and
procedures of axonometric
drawing.
3. If you were not able to get

some of the items, read again
the information sheet for o Try to perform the operation
review. sheet 1.2 to test your
understanding.
4. Perform operation sheet no.
1.2 about constructing ellipse
drawing.
5. If you were not able to get the

procedure, go over them until
you are able to master and
follow the said procedure.
2
LO1. Construct isometric drawing
Axonometric Drawing is a pictorial drawing which shows the front

side and top faces of an object in one view. The receding lines in isometric
are always parallel.
Three Divisions of Axnometric Drawing:

o Isometric
o Dimetric
o Trimetric drawing
Principles of Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric Drawing
o Isometric - All receding edges are 30.

o Dimetric - One receding edge is 15 and the other one is 45.
o Trimetric - All receding edges are 15.
Ellipse is a closed curve in the form of a symmetrical oval.
Principles of Ellipse Drawing:
1. Isometric circles are drawn by drawing first the isometric

square which surrounds the given circle.
2. The four center ellipse procedure is sufficient for isometric

circle.
3
Procedure:
1. Draw the three isometric axes. Be sure that the angle of the
cross axis is 30 from the lower edge of the paper .
30 degrees 30 0
2. Layout the principal measurements. Get the measurements

from the Orthographic drawing.
30 0
4
3. Draw the box or crate lines.
30 0
4. Draw the details of the object.
5
5. Trace the visible edges with heavier lines.
6. If required, show hidden lines.
7. Label the isometric drawing.
6
LO1. Construct Isometric drawing
Procedure in Constructing Ellipse Drawing
Circle or Ellipse in Isometric Drawing.
300 300
Orthographic Circle Isometric of Circles
Steps in drawing Isometric Circles or Ellipses drawing using four-center

approximation methods:
1. Using 30o x 60o triangle and the T-square, draw the isometric
square box in the desired position. Follow the given radius or
diameter.
7
Horizontal Position Left Vertical Position Right Vertical Position
2. Draw 600 crate or construction lines from points B and D to

determine mid-points of each sides of the isometric square.
Horizontal Position Left Vertical Position Right Vertical Position
D D
B
B
8
B
1 1
1 2 D D
2 2
B
D
B
3. Set compass from points 1, & 2 to draw arcs.
1 1
1 2 D D
2
B
B 2
D
4. Set compass from points B and D to complete the isometric

circles or ellipse.
B
1 D 1
1 2 D
2
B
B
2
D
5. Finalize the drawing.
9
SELF CHECK # 1.1
Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the isometric drawing.
TOP VIEW
10 10 30
40 10
16
40
12
10
SELF CHECK # 1.2
Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the isometric drawing.
TOP VIEW
15 30
50 12
32.5 20mm. dia.

18
50
16
11
Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT OBLIQUE DRAWING
Learning Outcome 2. Construct oblique drawing

Assesment Criteria
1. Principle of oblique drawing is thoroughly discussed.
2 Two types of oblique drawing are correctly identified.
3. Steps in constructing oblique drawing are demonstrated according to
standard specifications.
4. Each type of oblique drawing is constructed.
References:

Company: 1949.

editon: 1960

1977
12
Learning Outcome # 2: Construct Oblique Drawing


about principles of oblique
drawing.
o Try to perform the operation
2. Perform operation sheet no. for self checking.
2.1 about the steps in
constructing oblique drawing.
3. If you did not get some of the

items, repeat the procedure,
13
LO2. Construct oblique drawing
Oblique Drawing is a pictorial drawing in which the front plane is

parallel to the plane of projection.
Two Types of Oblique Drawing:
1. Cavalier oblique-. This type of oblique drawing is drawn in its actual

measurement
2. Cabinet oblique-. This is a type of oblique drawing wherein the width
of objects is reduced by half of its size.
Principles of Oblique Drawing:
1. The longest measurement should be placed in front

2. Irregular shapes of the object should be placed in front to
minimize distortion
3. Arcs and circles in objects should be placed in front to minimize
distortion.
14
OPERATION SHEET 2.1
LO 2. Construct oblique drawing
Procedure:
1. Draw the horizontal and vertical axes.
2. Determine the side or surface to be made parallel to the picture

plane.
15
3. Draw this surface in an orthographic form using the
horizontal and vertical axes as base lines. Get your
measurements from the given orthographic drawing.
4. Draw the cross-axis using 45o cross-axis for cavalier oblique

and 30o cross- axis for cabinet oblique.
450
16
5. Draw the construction box.
450
6. Layout the measurements along the cross-axis. In a cavalier oblique, the

measurement is the actual size from the orthographic drawing. In a
cabinet oblique, the thickness is reduced in half.
17
6. Draw all visible edges.
18
SELF CHECK # 2.1
LO 2. Construct oblique drawing
Direction: Given three orthographic views, draw the cabinet drawing at 300
depth axis.
TOP VIEW
15 30
50 9 12
30
50
16
19
Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
Learning Outcome 3: Construct perspective drawing
Assesment Criteria
1. Principles of perspective drawing are discussed.
2. Three types of perspective drawing are identified and differentiated.
3. Each type of perspective drawing is constructed according to
specifications.
References:

Company: 1949.
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

editon: 1960

1977
20
Learning Outcome # 3: Construct Perspective Drawing

1, Read the attached information

sheet no. 3 about perspective
drawing.
2. Do operation sheet no. 3.1 o Try to perform the operation

(One-Point Perspective sheet no. 3.1 and 3.2 for self
Drawing) 3.2.(Two- Point checking.
Perspective Drawing) and 3.3
(Mechanical method in
drawing angular or two-point o Try to answer the self check
perspective). within the least possible time
allotment.
3. Answer the self check no. 3.1.
then compare your answer
with the answer key.
21
LO3. Construct perspective drawing
Perspective Drawing is a pictorial drawing which contains receding

lines that converge at vanishing points on the horizon. This drawing is also
called as foreshortened drawing.
Principles of Perspective Drawing:
1. All receding lines converge on a vanishing points.

2. The farther the color, the lighter it appears.
3. The farther the object, lines, edges, the smaller it appears.
4. The object can be viewed in terms of birds eye view, eye level,
and ants view. (see figure 1, 2, 3).
5. The vanishing point can be located anywhere as long as the
object will not be distorted. For the two-point perspective, the
two vanishing points must be aligned to each other.
Fig.1. Birds Eye View Fig.2. Mans Eye View or Eye level View Fig.3. Ants Eye View or Worms Eye View
22
Types of Perspective Drawing
1. One-point or parallel perspective is a receding line that

converges on a single vanishing point.
2. Two-point or angular perspective is a receding line that
converges on two vanishing points.
3. Three-point perspective is a receding line that converges on
three vanishing points.
TECHNICAL TERMS:
Picture Plane (PP) . This is an imaginary vertical plane where the picture is
registered.
Ground Line (GL) .This is where the actual figure is laid.
Station Point (SP) . This is the fixed position where the object is actually
viewed.
Visual Rays. These are imaginary lines projecting from the observer to the
figure passing through the picture plane. They are sometimes called receding
lines.
Horizon (H) . This is the point where the figure appears horizontally at eye
level.
Vanishing Point (VP) . This is the point where all receding lines meet in a
perspective figure.
23
Procedure in Constructing One-Point Perspectives or Parallel Perspective.
1. Draw top and front view, picture plane, horizon line and
ground line
TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON LINE
FRONT VIEW GROUND LINE
24
2. Locate station point and project lines of visual rays from the
corners of the top view to station point.
TOP VIEW
HORIZON LINE
FRONT VIEW
STATION POINT
25
3. Project vertically from station point for single vanishing point.
TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON LINE VANISHING POINT
GROUND LINE
STATION POINT
26
4. Project corners to the vanishing point.
TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON LINE
VANISHING POINT
GROUND LINE
FRONT VIEW STATION POINT
27
5. Drop projectors at picture plane to determine depths and
completeness.
TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON VANISHING POINT
GROUND LINE
STATION POINT
PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE
28
Procedure in Constructing Two-Point Perspective or Angular Perspective
1. Estimate location of horizon, vanishing points and leading

corners of the objects.
2. Get the height of the object and project the upper and lower
vanishing lines to the vanishing points.
UPPER VANISHING LINES
LVP RVP
HEIGHT OF THE OBJECT
LOWER VANISHING LINES
29
3. Estimate the width and length.
INTERSECTING
POINTS
4. Complete the construction box by projecting the two

intersecting
points between vanishing lines and vertical lines.
LVP
RVP
5. Estimate position of features towards the vanishing points.
LVP
RVP
30
6. Connect intersecting lines.
7. Complete drawing. Add shading if desired and finally erase the

construction lines.
31
Mechanical procedures in drawing Angular or Two-Point Perspective:
PLAN
600 300 PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON
LVP RVP
SP
FRONT VIEW PERSPECTIVE RIGHT SIDE VIEW GROUND LINE
1. Using T-square, draw the picture plane (PP). From PP, draw the top
view of an object in oblique position at 300 and 600 (vice-versa) of its
sides using 30O x 600 triangle.
2. Draw a vertical line along center-edge of the top view to locate the
station point (SP) at a distance of not less than twice the scales length
of an object. From station point, project a line along all corners of the
top view. Mark a point as a piercing point on the picture plane.
3. From station point (SP), project a line right 300 cross axis and left 600
cross axis (vice-versa) touching the picture plane.
32
4. Establish a ground line. Draw the front and side views of the object at
the right or left side of the ground line.
5. Locate the horizon between the picture plane (PP) and ground line
(GL).
6. From Step-2 at piercing points on the picture plane, project vertical
lines along horizon line to establish the left and right vanishing
points.
7. From piercing points in the picture plane (PP), project vertical lines
along the ground line to create all measuring lines of width & depth.
8. Project horizontally all the heights of the front view and side view
along measuring lines of width and depth respectively.
9. Connect all corner horizontal heights to LVP and RVP to complete the
perspective drawing.
10. Finalize the drawing.
33
SELF CHECK # 3.1
Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the parallel perspective
drawing.
TOP VIEW
10
30
5
10 10
40
16
40
12
34
SELF CHECK # 3.2
Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the angular perspective
drawing.
TOP VIEW
10 10 30
40 10
16
40
12
35
Written Test
LO1. Construct Isometric Drawing

LO2. Construct Oblique Drawing
LO3. Construct Perspective Drawing
I. Identification. Write the correct answer on the blanks.
____________________________1. A type of drawing that shows the width,
and height of an object.
____________________________2. A pictorial drawing which shows the front,
side and top faces of an object in one view
the receding lines are always parallel.
____________________________3. A type of pictorial drawing wherein all
receding angles are 30 degrees.
receding angles are 15 degrees and the
other is 45 degrees.
receding
___________________________6. A pictorial drawing in which the front plane
is parallel to the plane of projection.
______________________________7. A type of oblique drawing which is prepared
to its actual measurement.
___________________________8. A type of oblique drawing in which the
the thickness of the object is reduced
by half.
___________________________9. A pictorial drawing which contains receding
lines that converge at a vanishing points
on the horizon.
___________________________10. A closed curve in the form of a symmetrical
oval.
Enumeration
Enumerate at least two principles for each of the following:
1. Isometric Drawing
2. Oblique Drawing
3. Perspective Drawing
36
ANSWER KEY
I. 1.Pictorial Drawing
3. Axonometric Drawing
4. Isometric Drawing
5. Dimetric Drawing
6. Trimetric Drawing
7. Oblique Drawing
8. Cavalier oblique
9. Cabinet Oblique
10. Perspective Drawing
11. Ellipse
II.
1. Principles of Axonometric Drawing
o The drawing shows all three faces of an object.
o The receding lines are always parallel.
2. Principles of Oblique Drawing
o The longest measurement should be placed in front.
o Irregular shapes of the object should be placed in front to
minimize distortion.
o Circles and circular arcs should be placed in front to minimize
distortion.
3. Principle of Perspective Drawing
o All receding lines converge on vanishing points.
o The farther the object, the smaller it appears.
o The farther the object, the lighter it appears.
37
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Accuracy
Speed
Neatness
25 pts. - has no error
20 pts - has two to three erasures
15 pts - has four or more erasures
38
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All pieces of information are completely indicated and
legibly printed.
missing.
missing and misspelled.
8 pts. - Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are
misspelled.
39

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Education

Unit of Competency: Prepare Freehand Drawing

Module No.: 1 Module Title: Preparing freehand Drawing

Copyright Department of Education 2008

First Published JUNE 2008

This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning

This learning instrument was developed by the following

Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D.

Maria Riza Zamora

The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based

Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D.

Orlando E. Manuel PhD

This work was funded by the Department of Education.

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

Perform Different Lettering Page

How to Use this Module .. I

Learning Outcome 2 Sketch Simple Objects 12

Learning Outcome 3 Perform Freehand Sketches 18

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on

A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters.

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

Learning Outcome 1 : Perform different lettering styles and

1. Importance of lettering is properly explained

1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

Learning Outcome # 1: Perform different lettering styles and

1. Read information sheet no. 1

3. Review the information sheet if

Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing. He

Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing,

The Four Group of Letters

b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for

2. Roman Letters. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. they

a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout

b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke

c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are

3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely

This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the

ABCDEFG base line

abcdfgy base line

The General Proportion of Letters

1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be

3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The

1. Speed Ball - used in writing different various styles of

2. Lettering Brush - used for sign painting

3. Felt Point Pen - used for sign painting

4. Letter Template - used as guide for letter transfer

5. Letter Transfer - used to direct letter transfer

6. Pencil - used for lettering and sketching

7. Technical Pen - used for Gothic letters