Financial Mathematics

Second Edition
A Practical Guide for Actuaries
and other Business Professionals
By Chris Ruckman, FSA & Joe Francis, FSA, CFA
Published by BPP Professional Education

Solutions
Solution 2.1 to practice questions Chapter 2
Since Tylers first deposit doesnt occur until his 23rd birthday, there are 65 23 + 1 = 43 deposits. The
accumulated value of these level deposits at time 43 years need to equal $1,000,000 on his 65th birthday:
Xs43 4% = 1, 000, 000
(1 + 0.04)43 1
X = 1, 000, 000
0.04

X(110.012382) = 1, 000, 000
X = $9, 089.89

Solution 2.2
Pauls present value is:

1 (1.05)5
1, 000 a5 5% = 1, 000
0.05

= 1, 000(4.329477)
= $4, 329.48
This is equal to Howards present value, so we set up the equation of value and solve for X :
4, 329.48 = Xa10 5%
1 (1.05)10
4, 329.48 = X
0.05

4, 329.48 = X(7.721735)
X = $560.69

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Financial Mathematics Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2

Solution 2.3
If we split the payments into two parts (a 3-year $10 annuity-due and a six-year $10 annuity-due), we get two
payment streams that can be valued at time 0:

10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 payment

0 1 2 3 4 5 time

The 3-year annuity-dues present value is:

1 (1.08)3
a3 8% = 10
10
0.08
1.08
= 10(2.783265)
= $27.83
The 6-year annuity-dues present value is:

1 (1.08)6
a6 8% = 10
10
0.08
1.08
= 10(4.992710)
= $49.93
Since the present value of each part is valued at time 0, we can add their present values together. Adding the two
pieces together, we have the present value of the entire cash flow stream:
27.83 + 49.93 = $77.76
An alternate expression that produces the same result is:

a3 8% v 3
a3 8% + 10
20

Solution 2.4
The 25 deposits are made at the beginning of each year starting today. The first deposit is at time 0 and the last
deposit occurs at time 24 years. The accumulated value of the 25-year annuity-due is valued at time 25 years:

(1.055)25 1
s25 5.5% = 10, 000
10, 000
0.055
1.055
= 10, 000(53.965981)
= $539, 659.81
This accumulated value at 25 years is accumulated for 5 years to time 30 years. The time 30 year accumulated
value is:

539, 659.81(1.055)5 = $705, 313.78

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Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2 Financial Mathematics

The accumulated value at 30 years is used to purchase a 25-year annuity-due. We solve for the unknown level
payment of X :
Xa25 5.5% = 705, 313.78
1 (1.055)25
X = 705, 313.78
0.055
1.055
X(14.151699) = 705, 313.78
X = $49, 839.51

Solution 2.5
There are 40 25 + 1 = 16 payments.

50 50 ... 50 payment

0 24 25 26 ... 40 time

The present value at time 24 years is:

50a16 12%

The present value at time 0 is:

(1 1.12 16 )
50 v 24 a16 12% = 50(1.12)24 = $22.97
0.12
Alternatively, we could use:

(1 1.12 16 )
a16 12% = 50(1.12)25
50 v 25  = $22.97
1 1.12 1

Solution 2.6
There are 10 5 + 1 = 6 payments.

300 300 . . . 300 payment

5 6 . . . 10 15 time

The accumulated value at time 10 years is:

300s6 3%

The accumulated value at time 15 years is:

(1.036 1)
300s6 3% (1 + i )5 = 300 (1.03)5 = $2, 249.60
0.03

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Financial Mathematics Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2

Solution 2.7
There are 10 5 + 1 = 6 payments.

50 50 . . . 50 payment

5 6 . . . 10 15 time

The accumulated value at time 11 years is:

50s6 16%

The accumulated value at time 15 years is:

1.166 1
s6 16% (1 + i )4 = 50
50 (1.16)4 = $942.79
1 1.16 1

Solution 2.8
There are 15 8 + 1 = 8 payments.

400 400 ... 400 payment

2 8 9 ... 15 time

The present value at time 8 years is:

400a8 9%

The present value at time 2 years is:

1 1.09 8
a8 9% v6 = 400
400 (1.09)6 = $1, 438.90
1 1.09 1
Alternatively, we could use:

1 1.09 8
400 a8 9% v 5 = 400 (1.09)5 = $1, 438.90
0.09

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Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2 Financial Mathematics

Solution 2.9
The period from time 5 years to time 6 years is the sixth year. The period of time from time 6 years to time 7 years
is the seventh year. The period of time from time 7 years to time 8 years is the eighth year. We have three years
of continuous payments from time 5 years to time 8 years. The continuous payment is $100 per year.
The accumulated value of this continuous annuity is valued at time 8 years:

(1.045)3 1
100 s3 4.5% = 100
ln(1.045)

= 100(3.207090)
= $320.71
But the question asks for the accumulated value at time 10 years, so we need to accumulate the time 8 year
accumulated value for another two years:

320.71(1.045)2 = $350.22

Solution 2.10
The present value of Marys perpetuity-due is:
100
a 10% =
100
0.10 /1.10
= $1, 100.00
Virginias perpetuity begins five years from today. If a perpetuity-immediate is used to value the payment series,
the valuation date is at time 4 years. The present value of Virginias perpetuity-immediate at time 4 years is
Xa 10% , so we need to discount this amount for 4 years back to time 0 before it can be equated to Marys present
value.
After equating the discounted amount to Marys present value, we can solve for X :

Xv 4 a 10% = 1, 100
X (1.10)4
= 1, 100
0.10
X = $161.05
Alternatively, a perpetuity-due could be used to value Virginias payment series. If a perpetuity-due is used to
value the perpetuity, the valuation date is at time 5 years. The present value of Virginias perpetuity-due at time
5 years is Xa
10%
, so we need to discount this amount for 5 years back to time 0 before it can be equated to
Marys present value.
After equating the discounted amount to Marys present value, we can solve for X :

Xv 5 
a 10% = 1, 100
X (1.10)5
= 1, 100
0.10 /1.10
X = $161.05

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Financial Mathematics Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2

Solution 2.11
The timeline diagram of the payment stream is:

5 5 ... 5 1 ... payment (in $1,000's)

0 1 2 ... 10 11 ... time

The present value of this payment stream can be split into two parts: a 10-year annuity-immediate of $5,000
followed by a perpetuity-immediate of $1,000 in which the first payment occurs at time 11.
The present value at time 0 of the 10-year annuity-immediate is:

1 (1.09)10
5, 000 a10 9% = 5, 000
0.09

= 5, 000(6.417658) = $32, 088.29

The present value at time 10 of the perpetuity-immediate is:

1, 000
1, 000 a 9% =
0.09
= $11, 111.11
But this amount needs to be discounted back 10 years so that the present value is valued at time 0:

11, 111.11v10 = 11, 111.11(1.09)10 = $4, 693.45

Summing the two time 0 present values, we have:

32, 088.29 + 4, 693.45 = $36,781.74
Alternatively, the timeline diagram of the payment stream could be drawn this way:

4 4 4
1 1 ... 1 1 ... payment (in $1,000's)

0 1 2 ... 10 11 ... time

The present value of this payment stream can be split into two parts: a 10-year annuity-immediate of $4,000
concurrent with a perpetuity-immediate of $1,000 in which the first payment occurs at time 1 year.
The present value at time 0 of the 10-year annuity-immediate is:

1 (1.09)10
4, 000 a10 9% = 4, 000
0.09

= 4, 000(6.417658) = $25, 670.63

This method results in the perpetuity present value being determined at time 0, so we save the step of
discounting the present value of the perpetuity. The present value at time 0 of the perpetuity-immediate is:
1, 000
1, 000 a 9% =
0.09
= $11, 111.11
Summing the two time 0 present values, we have:
25, 670.63 + 11, 111.11 = $36,781.74

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Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2 Financial Mathematics

Solution 2.12
The inflow will be received at times 10 years, 11 years, and so on, with the last payment at time 24 years.
The present value of the outflow at time 7 years is:
X
The present value of the inflow at time 7 years is:

500 a15 4% v 2

Using the equation of value, we have:

1 1.04 15
X = 500 a15 4% v 2 = 500 (1.04)2 = $5, 139.79
0.04

Solution 2.13
The inflow comes in at times n + 1 years, n + 2 years, and so on, with the last payment at time 2 n years.
The present value of the outflow at time n years is:
4, 000
The present value of the income at time n years is:
438.52 an 8%

Using the equation of value we have:

4, 000 = 438.52 an 8%
1 vn 4, 000 ln 0.2703
= vn = 0.2703 n = = 17
0.08 438.52 ln 1.081

Solution 2.14
The present value of the outflow at time 10 years is:
1, 500
The present value of the inflow at time 10 years is:

1, 000 v + 1, 000 v 2
Using the equation of value, we have:

1, 500 = 1, 000 v + 1, 000 v 2 2 v2 + 2 v 3 = 0

b b 2 4 ac
This is a quadratic equation in v so it can be solved using the quadratic formula v = :
2a

2 2 2 (4)(2)( 3)
v=
(2)(2)

This gives 0.8229 or 1.8229 . The only valid solution is v = 0.8229 . This gives an interest rate of:
1
i= 1 = 21.5%
v

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Financial Mathematics Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2

Solution 2.15
The present value of the inflow at time 0 is:

400 a7 i + 1, 000 v8

The present value of the outflow at time 0 is:

2, 500
Equating these two:

1 (1 + i )7
2, 500 = 400 a7 i + 1, 000 v8 = 400 + 1, 000(1 + i )8
i
At this point, it is convenient and quick to use trial and error combined with linear interpolation to determine the
answer. If this were a multiple-choice exam, we would start with one of the answer choices as our first guess.
Lets start with 10% as our first guess.

1 (1.10)7
400 + 1, 000(1.10)8 = 400(4.868419) + 1, 000(0.466507)
0.10
= $2, 413.87
Since this is less than the $2,500 that we need for equality in the equation of value, we should decrease the interest
rate a little bit. Lets try 9% next.

1 (1.09)7
400 + 1, 000(1.09)8 = 400(5.032953) + 1, 000(0.501866)
0.09
= $2, 515.05
We can estimate an unknown interest rate using linear interpolation once we have determined values on each
side of the unknown value. If the present values calculated at interest rates i1 and i2 are P1 and P2 respectively,
then the interest rate i corresponding to a present value of P can be approximated by:
P1 P
i i1 + (i2 i1 )
P1 P2

where i1 < i < i2 and P2 < P < P1 .

Interpolating between 9% and 10% gives:

2, 515.05 2, 500.00
i = 9.0 + (10.0 9.0) = 9.15%
2, 515.05 2, 413.87
The equation of value is satisfied with an interest rate of 9.15%.

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Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2 Financial Mathematics

Solution 2.16
We first convert the problem into one where the first payment takes place at the start or end of the first period so
we need to know the accumulated value of $320.74 when the payments start in 5 years:

320.74(1.056)5 = 421.1848

This accumulated value is used as the present value of the n -year annuity-due:
421.1848 = 40
an 5.6%

We solve this equation for the unknown quantity, n :

1 (1.056) n
10.52962 =
0.056
1.056
0.558389 = 1 (1.056)n
0.441611 = 1.056 n
0.817326 = n(0.054488)
n = 15

Solution 2.17
We need to know the accumulated value of $50,000 at a point close to when the payments start. We could
accumulate to time 14 years and then use an annuity-immediate or accumulate to time 15 years and then use an
annuity-due. We will use the former approach.

50, 000(1.07)14 = 128, 926.7075

There are 25 15 + 1 = 11 annual payments of $X which start at time 15 years. The accumulated value that we
just calculated is used as the present value for the 11-year annuity-immediate.
We set up the equation of value at time 14 years and solve for the unknown X :
128, 926.7075 = Xa11
1 (1.07)11
128, 926.7075 = X
0.07

128, 926.7075 = X(7.498674)
X = $17, 193.27

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Financial Mathematics Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2

Solution 2.18
Interestingly, we dont need to determine the value of i to answer this question.

The perpetuity-immediate has a present value of X divided by i :

X
Present value of perpetuity = Xa i =
i
The first n payments, which go to Brian, are worth 40% of the perpetuity:

X
0.40 = Xan i
i
n
X 1v
0.40 = X
i i

0.40 = 1 vn

vn = 0.60
The present value of Jeffs payments is K times the present value of the perpetuity. The present value of Jeffs
payments can also be written as the present value of a perpetuity beginning in 2n years:

X X
K = v 2n
i
i

K = v 2 n = (0.6)2 = 0.36

Solution 2.19
A financial calculator is very useful and provides a relatively quick way to answer this problem. Since this is a
question from the SOA/CAS, we will use the Texas Instruments BA-35, which is one of their approved
calculators, to answer this question. However, any financial calculator should also be able to work this question.
The present values of these three annuities are equal. This gives us our equations of value.
Annuity 1: The present value of the perpetuity is 13.7931:
1
a 7.25% = = 13.7931
0.0725

Annuity 2: Using the BA-35 calculator, we can easily solve the following formula for j by pressing 50 and N,
13.7931 and PV, 1 and PMT, then CPT and %i to get:

13.7931 = a50 j

j = 0.07

Annuity 3: The calculator makes quick work of solving for n by pressing 13.7931 and PV, 6 and %i, 1 and PMT,
then CPT and N to get:

13.7931 = an j 0.01

13.7931 = an 0.06

n = 30.17 30
Since the solution needs to be an integer, the answer is rounded to 30.

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Solutions to practice questions Chapter 2 Financial Mathematics

Solution 2.20
We need to determine the interest rate. We are given the payments that will accumulate to $8,000 at the end of
3n years.
Lets first split the payments into two parts. The first part is the payment of $98 at the end of each of the first n
years. The accumulated value of this annuity-immediate at time n is:
98sn i

We need to accumulate this accumulated value another 2n years to time 3n since the total payments will
accumulate to $8,000 at the end of 3n years. The accumulated value of the first annuity-immediate at time 3n is:
2n
98sn i ( 1 + i )

The second part is the deposit of $196 at the end of each of the next 2n years after the first n years. The
accumulated value of this annuity-immediate at time 3n is:
196s2 n i

( 1 + i )n 1
The formula for the accumulated value of an annuity-immediate is sn i =
i
n
We set up the equation of value by putting these parts back together. We are given that ( 1 + i ) = 2.0 . We can
now solve the equation of value for the interest rate:
2n
8, 000 = 98sn i ( 1 + i ) + 196s2 n i

( 1 + i )n 1 ( 1 + i )2 n 1
8, 000 = 98 ( 1 + i )2 n + 196
i i
21 22 1
8, 000 = 98 ( 2 )2 + 196
i i
4 3
8, 000 = 98 + 196
i i
392 + 588
8, 000 =
i
8, 000i = 980
i = 0.1225

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