CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 1

First and second order circuits

Juan A. Baldion Gngora, 45152006, Engineering of Automatization, Elquin M. Cascadia., 45152016,
Engineering of Automatization, University of La Salle.

I. INTRODUCTION
he first-order circuits are circuits that contain only a component that stores energy (may be a capacitor or inductor), and that
T in addition they can be described using only a first order differential equation. Two types of circuits first order:

1. circuit RC (Resistor and capacitor)

2. circuit RL (Resistor and Inductor)

To resolve this type of differential equations, it is necessary to know some initial conditions of the system.

For the voltage in the capacitance is should know the value of the voltage Vc (t0) in the capacitance for a time given t0: since this
type of systems is sees affected by them conditions initial before and after the stimulation of the system in 0t, is indispensable
know them conditions in 0t and + 0t, in where the sign (-) applies to the instant of time before it stimulation and the sign (+) to
the instant of time after the stimulation. As we know that a capacitance opposes changes in voltage on it, by which the voltage is
continuous. So is must have that: Vc(to+) = Vc(to-) = Vco, while it itself not is necessarily valid for the current, that tends to be
discontinuous.

Then, is will show a table with them relations main of them elements of a circuit of first order:

Table 1. Relations between inductance, capacitance and resistance.

November 13 of 2016
This was supported in part by the Electrical Engineering Department of University of La Salle.
J. A. Baldion is student in University of La Salle in Bogota D.C. (e-mail: jbaldion06@unisalle.edu.co).
E. M. is student in University of La Salle in Bogota D.C. (e-mail: emcascavita@misena.edu.co).
CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 2

Figure 1. Typical RC and RL circuits.

Circuits of second order

An RLC circuit is a linear circuit containing an electric heater, a coil (inductance) and a capacitor (capacitance). There are two
types of RLC circuits, in series or in parallel, according to the interconnection of the three types of components.

The behavior of an RLC circuit is generally described by a differential equation of second order (where the circuits RC or RL
behave as first-order circuits). There are two points key that is must have present in the determination of them conditions initial:

the polarity of the voltage V (t) in the capacitor.

The address of the current i (t) through the inductor.

With helps of a generator of signals, is possible inject in the circuit oscillations and observe in some cases the phenomenon of
resonance, characterized by an increase of the current (since the signal of input chosen corresponds to the press own of the circuit,
calculable starting from the equation differential that it governs).

RLC circuits are usually used to make filters frequencies, or impedance transformers.

These circuits can then conduct multiple inductors and capacitors: one speaks then about "network LC". A simple LC circuit is
called second order because its transfer function involves a second degree in the denominator polynomial.
CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 3

Figure 2. RLC circuit in series.

Figure 3. RLC circuit in parallel.

II. OBJECTIVES

Verify experimentally the concepts associated with first and second order circuits.

III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND SIMULATION

1. Which parameters must be adjusted in a first-order circuit to control the duration of the natural response?
Explain your answer.

To adjust the length of the natural response of a first-order circuit it should take into account a factor, this factor is Tao (). As we
know, Tao is the time constant, this constant determines the duration of natural response time.

Is says that the response natural hard 5 taos, because after this time the circuit is has downloaded in a 99%, almost the 100%, or
that means that this value is a good reference.

Then, to control the duration of the response natural enough with affect tao, already is increasing it or reducing it. To increase it
or decrease it we send you to the formula: for circuit RC:
=

Then, is could affect the value of the resistance or of the capacitance for Tao is greater or less. If it has a resistance of 1 M and
a capacitance of 1 F, then Tao is 1s. If we want to increase it, we can increase the value of the resistance to 2 k and T would
then be 2s.

For circuit RL:

the relationship is inverse, but occurs it same, if increase the resistance, Tao will be less, if increase the inductance, Tao will be
greater:
CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 4

2. Is it possible to obtain a natural response not damped second order circuit? Explain your answer

It is not possible to obtain because the circuits RC, RL, y RLC have elements that store energy, like capacitor and bobbin, they
produce that it finds a damping in the circuit, and in this way when we realize an arrangement the damping will be too moderate
but always it will have a cushioning. We will have an overdamped circuit, underdamped or critically damped but never no damped.

Figure 4. Different responses of the second order circuits.

3. What is the meaning of damping [1/Np] unit?

The neper measure the relation between voltage or current using natural logarithm, indicate how much dumping a voltage or
current, because for difference of measure that we can found. The values in neper of the relation of two magnitudes ate equals only
the impedance are equal

The neper is mostly used to express relationships between voltages

As the inverse is equal to the inverse relationship between voltages.

1 2
=
1

As the inverse is equal to the inverse relationship between voltages.

CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 5

We have to solve the circuit and find an underdamped response.

The first circuit before t < 0, found that:

A source of 50 v, 100 resistance and a capacitor of 1 microfarad, which the Tao will be:

R1: 100 Rated Power: 20 W

R2: 10 Rated Power: 20 W

R3: 10 M Rated Power: 20 W

C1: 47 F Rated Voltage: 50 V

C2: 4,7 mF Rated Voltage: 50 V

: = 100 47 106 = 4.7 103

CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 6

Second response.
CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 7
CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 8
CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 9

As we see, the natural response had a little similitude with the response needed.

IV. CONCLUTIONS

Is necessary to perform correctly them calculations for to determine them values correct of resistances and capacitances.
If the circuit uses a coil, do the same with this.

Is very important have in has them values nominal of all those devices to use, since, if is used values nominal low, is can
damage them tools.

These circuits are very common and of great importance in the life current, for this is necessary to know the functionality
and them behaviors that these circuits can have. Understand this will help to understand better the answers that will have
them circuits.