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1992IMOLonglists
IMOLonglists1992

1 Points and arechosenonthesides and ofthetriangle insuchawaythatif istheintersectionpointof and ,

then .Provethat AmirHossein
viewtopic

2 Let beapositiveintegerand integerssuchthat arerelativelyprime, divides ,and divides .Provethat

thereexistpositiveintegers and suchthat and arerelativelyprime, divides , divides ,and AmirHossein
viewtopic

3 Let beatriangle, itscircumcenter, itscentroid,and itsorthocenter.Denoteby ,and thecentersofthecircles

circumscribedaboutthetriangles ,and ,respectively.Provethatthetriangle iscongruenttothetriangle AmirHossein
andthattheninepointcircleof isalsotheninepointcircleof . viewtopic

4
Let ,and betheanglesofatriangle,andlet ,and .If ,showthat
AmirHossein
viewtopic

Whendoesequalityhold?

5 Let betheincenter,centroid,andcircumcenterofthenonisoscelestriangle .Provethat ifandonlyif

. AmirHossein
viewtopic

6 Supposethatnnumbers arechosenrandomlyfromtheset .Provethattheprobabilitythat

AmirHossein
isatleast viewtopic

7 Let beabounded,nonemptysetofpointsintheCartesianplane.Let bethesetofallpointsthatareatadistanceofatmost fromsome

pointin .Let ( times).Showthat becomesmorecircularas getslarger. AmirHossein
Inotherwords,if and , viewtopic

thenshowthat getsarbitrarilycloseto as becomesarbitrarilylarge.

Clicktorevealhiddentext

8 Giventwopositiverealnumbers and ,supposethatamapping satisfiesthefunctionalequation

AmirHossein
viewtopic

Provethatthereexistsauniquesolutionofthisequation.

9 Thediagonalsofaquadrilateral areperpendicular: .Foursquares, ,are

erectedexternallyonitssides.Theintersectionpointsofthepairsofstraightlines aredenotedby AmirHossein
,respectively,andtheintersectionpointsofthepairsofstraightlines are viewtopic
denotedby ,respectively.Provethat

10 Consider pointsinspace,nofourofwhicharecoplanar.Eachpairofpointsisjoinedbyanedge(thatis,alinesegment)andeachedgeiseither
coloredblueorredorleftuncolored.Findthesmallestvalueof suchthatwheneverexactly edgesarecolored,thesetofcolorededges orl
necessarilycontainsatriangleallofwhoseedgeshavethesamecolor. viewtopic

11 Let ,bethenumberofpositiveintegerslessthanorequalto thatarecoprimewith Clearly, ,

where isEulersphifunction.Findallintegers thatsatisfythefollowinginequality: AmirHossein
viewtopic

foreverypositiveinteger

12 Givenatriangle suchthatthecircumcenterisintheinterioroftheincircle,provethatthetriangle isacuteangled.

AmirHossein
viewtopic

13 Let beaconvexquadrilateralsuchthat .Equilateraltrianglesareconstructedonthesidesofthequadrilateral.Let

bethecentersofthetrianglesconstructedon respectively.Showthat isperpendicularto AmirHossein
viewtopic

14 Integers satisfy and

AmirHossein
viewtopic

where .Provethat

15 Provethatthereexist linesintheplanesuchthattheyhaveexactly pointsofintersection.

AmirHossein
viewtopic

16 Findalltriples ofintegerssuchthat

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AmirHossein
viewtopic

17 Intheplanelet beacircle, alinetangenttothecircle and apointon .Findthelocusofallpoints withthefollowingproperty:

thereexiststwopoints on suchthat isthemidpointof and istheinscribedcircleoftriangle . orl
viewtopic

18 Fibonaccinumbersaredefinedasfollows: .Let bethenumberofwordsthatconsistof

letters or andcontainnotwoletters atdistancetwofromeachother.Express intermsofFibonaccinumbers. AmirHossein
viewtopic

19 Denoteby thegreatestnumberthatisnotdivisibleby andthatdivides .Considerthesequence

.Denoteby thenumberofallsums thataredivisible AmirHossein
by .Provetheformula viewtopic

20 Let and betwosetsofpointsintheplaneand beasetofsegmentsconnectingpointsfrom and .Let beanaturalnumber.Prove

thatthesegmentsfrom canbepaintedusing colorsinsuchawaythatforanypoint andtwocolors and ,the AmirHossein
differencebetweenthenumberof coloredsegmentsandthenumberof coloredsegmentsoriginatingin islessthanorequalto . viewtopic

21
Provethatif and ,then
AmirHossein
viewtopic

22 Foreachpositiveinteger isdefinedtobethegreatestintegersuchthat,foreverypositiveinteger canbewrittenas

thesumof positivesquares. orl
viewtopic
a.)Provethat foreach .
b.)Findaninteger suchthat .
c.)Provethatthereareinfintelymanyintegers suchthat

23 AnEgyptiannumberisapositiveintegerthatcanbeexpressedasasumofpositiveintegers,notnecessarilydistinct,suchthatthesumoftheir
AmirHossein
reciprocalsis .Forexample, isEgyptianbecause .Provethatallintegersgreaterthan
viewtopic
areEgyptian.

24 (a)Showthatthereexistsexactlyonefunction satisfyingthefollowingconditions:
AmirHossein
(i)if ,then viewtopic

(ii)if ,then

(iii) forall

(b)Findthesmallestrationalnumber suchthat

25 (a)Showthattheset ofallpositiveintegerscanbepartitionedintothreedisjointsubsets ,and satisfyingthefollowingconditions:

AmirHossein
viewtopic

where standsfor foranytwosubsets of ,and denotes

(b)Showthatforeverysuchpartitionof , islessthanorequalto

26 Let denotethesetofallrealnumbers.Findallfunctions suchthat

orl
viewtopic

27 Let beanarbitraryscalenetriangle.Define tobethesetofallcircles thathavethefollowingproperties:

AmirHossein
(i) meetseachsideof intwo(possiblycoincident)points viewtopic

(ii)ifthepointsofintersectionof withthesidesofthetrianglearelabeledby ,withthepointsoccurringonthesidesinorders

,thenthefollowingrelationsofparallelismhold:
.(Inthelimitingcases,someoftheconditionsofparallelismwillholdvacuouslye.g.,if liesonthe
circle ,then , bothcoincidewith andtherelation holdsvacuously.)

(a)Underwhatcircumstancesis nonempty?

(b)Assumingthatisnonempty,showhowtoconstructthelocusofcentersofthecirclesintheset .

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(c)Giventhattheset hasjustoneelement,deducethesizeofthelargestangleof

(d)Showhowtoconstructthecirclesin thathave,respectively,thelargestandthesmallestradii.

28 Twocircles and areexternallytangenttoeachotheratapoint ,andbothofthesecirclesaretangenttoathirdcircle whichenclosesthe

twocircles and . prowler
Thecommontangenttothetwocircles and atthepoint meetsthecircle atapoint .Onecommontangenttothecircles and viewtopic
whichdoesn'tpassthrough meetsthecircle atthepoints and suchthatthepoints and lieonthesamesideoftheline .
Provethatthepoint istheincenteroftriangle .

Alternativeformulation.Twocirclestouchexternallyatapoint .Thetwocircleslieinsidealargecircleandbothtouchit.Thechord ofthelarge

circletouchesbothsmallercircles(notat ).Thecommontangenttothetwosmallercirclesatthepoint meetsthelargecircleatapoint ,where
thepoints and areonthesamesideofthechord .Showthatthepoint istheincenteroftriangle .

29 Showthatintheplanethereexistsaconvexpolygonof1992sidessatisfyingthefollowingconditions:
orl
(i)itssidelengthsare insomeorder viewtopic
(ii)thepolygoniscircumscribableaboutacircle.

Alternativeformulation:Doesthereexista1992gonwithsidelengths circumscribedaboutacircle?Answerthesame
questionfora1990gon.

30 Let foreachpositiveinteger .Determine,withproof,theleastpositiveinteger ,ifit

exists,forwhich isdivisibleby AmirHossein
viewtopic

31 Let Let beaprimeandsupposethereexistsaninteger suchthat divides

Provethatthereexistintegers suchthatif orl
viewtopic

thenallcoefficientsof aredivisibleby

32 Let and bedefinedinductivelyasfollows:

and AmirHossein
viewtopic
(i)if ,then

(ii)if ,then

Provethat ifandonlyif isanintegeroftheform

forsomepositiveinteger

33 Let bepositiverealnumbersand complexnumbers.Let bethesetofallsolutions in ofthesystemofsimultaneous

equations AmirHossein
viewtopic

Provethat hasatmostsixelements.

34 Let beintegers.Provethatthereareintegers suchthat

AmirHossein
viewtopic

35 Let beapolynomialwithrationalcoefficientsand bearealnumbersuchthat

orl
viewtopic

Provethatforeach

where and isapositiveinteger.

36 Findallrationalsolutionsof
AmirHossein
viewtopic

37 Letthecircles ,and beorthogonaltothecircle andintersecteachotherinside formingacuteanglesofmeasures ,and .

Showthat AmirHossein
viewtopic

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38 Let beafinitesetofpointsinthreedimensionalspace.Let bethesetsconsistingoftheorthogonalprojectionsofthepointsof
ontothe plane, plane, plane,respectively.Provethat
orl
viewtopic

where denotesthenumberofelementsinthefiniteset .

Note

39 Let beaninteger.Findtheminimum forwhichthereexistsapartitionof into subsets suchthatthe

followingconditionholds: AmirHossein
forany ,thereexist suchthat viewtopic

40 Thecolonizersofasphericalplanethavedecidedtobuild towns,eachhavingarea ofthetotalareaoftheplanet.Theyalsodecided

thatanytwopointsbelongingtodifferenttownswillhavedifferentlatitudeanddifferentlongitude.Whatisthemaximalvalueof ? AmirHossein
viewtopic

41 Let beasetofpositiveintegers andlet denotethenumber ,where isa

permutationof .Let AmirHossein
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Giveanexampleofpositiveintegers suchthat containsasmanyelementsaspossibleanddeterminethenumberofelementsof

.

42 Inatriangle let and betheintersectionsofthebisectorsof and withthesides respectively.

Determinetheangles if orl
viewtopic

43 Findthenumberofpositiveintegers satisfying suchthat

AmirHossein
viewtopic

Whatisthelargestnumberamongthem?Asusual, isthenumberofpositiveintegerslessthanorequalto andrelativelyprimeto

44
Provethat isacompositenumber.
Peter
viewtopic

45 Let beapositiveinteger.Provethatthenumberofwaystoexpress asasumofdistinctpositiveintegers(uptoorder)andthenumberofwaysto

express asasumofoddpositiveintegers(uptoorder)arethesame. AmirHossein
viewtopic

46 Provethatthesequence containsnotermoftheform
AmirHossein
viewtopic

47 Evaluate
AmirHossein
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48 Findallthefunctions satisfyingtheidentity
AmirHossein
viewtopic

Where aregivenrealnumbers.

49 Givenrealnumbers suchthat
AmirHossein
viewtopic

provethatitispossibletochoosenumbers suchthat

50 Let beapointinsidethetriangle .Throughthemidpointsofthesegments ,and thelinesparalleltotheoppositesides

of areconstructed.Let ,and betheintersectionpointsoftheselines.If istheorthocenterofthetriangle , AmirHossein
provethattheninepointcirclesof and coincide. viewtopic

Remark.

51 Let and bepolynomialswithrealcoefficients, and inonevariableand intwovariables.Suppose

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orl
viewtopic

Provethatthereexistsapolynomial with

52 Let beaninteger .Inacirculararrangementof lamps ,eachoneofwhichcanbeeitherONorOFF,westartwiththe

situationthatalllampsareON,andthencarryoutasequenceofsteps, .If ( istakenmodn)isON,then AmirHossein
changesthestatusof (itgoesfromONtoOFForfromOFFtoON)butdoesnotchangethestatusofanyoftheotherlamps.If isOFF,then viewtopic
doesnotchangeanythingatall.Showthat:

(a)Thereisapositiveinteger suchthatafter stepsalllampsareONagain.

(b)If hastheform ,thenalllampsareONafter steps.

(c)If hastheform ,thenalllampsareONafter steps.

53 Findallintegers with suchthat

ehsan2004
viewtopic

isadivisorof

54
Supposethat areintegerssuchthatthestringofdigits occurssomewhereinthedecimalrepresentationofthefraction .

Provethat AmirHossein
viewtopic

55 Foranypositiveinteger define asgreatestodddivisorof and

orl
viewtopic

Constructthesequence Showthatthenumber1992appearsinthissequence,determinetheleast suchthat

anddeterminewhether isunique.

56 Adirectedgraph(anytwodistinctverticesjoinedbyatmostonedirectedline)hasthefollowingproperty:If and arethreedistinctvertices

suchthat and ,then and forsomevertex .Supposethat isapathoflength AmirHossein
,thatcannotbeextendedtotheright(noarrowgoesawayfrom ).Provethateverypathbeginningat arrivesafter stepsat viewtopic

57
Forpositivenumbers define , , Provethat
AmirHossein
viewtopic

59 Letaregular gon beinscribedinacircle.Provethatforanytwopoints onthearc thefollowingequality

holds: AmirHossein
viewtopic

60 Doesthereexistaset withthefollowingproperties?
orl
(i)Theset consistsof1992naturalnumbers. viewtopic
(ii)Everyelementin andthesumofanynumberofelementshavetheform

61 Thereareaboardwith squaresand cardsnumberedwithdifferentnaturalnumbers.Thesecardsareputoneby

oneoneachofthesquares.Onesquareisempty.Wecanmoveacardtoanemptysquarefromoneoftheadjacentsquares(twosquaresare AmirHossein
adjacentiftheyhaveacommonedge).Isitpossibletoexchangetwocardsontwoadjacentsquaresofacolumn(orarow)inafinitenumberof viewtopic
movements?

62 Let berealnumberssuchthat .Provethatthereexistintegers suchthat

and forevery AmirHossein
viewtopic

63
Let and beintegers.Provethat isnotaninteger.
AmirHossein
viewtopic

64 Foranypositiveinteger considerallrepresentations ,where areintegerssuchthatfor

all ,thenumber isdivisibleby .Findthelongestsuchrepresentationofthenumber AmirHossein
viewtopic

65 If ,and arefourdistinctpointsinspace,provethatthereisaplane onwhichtheorthogonalprojectionsof ,and forma

parallelogram(possiblydegenerate). AmirHossein
viewtopic

66 Acircleofradius istangenttothesides and ofthetriangle ,anditscenter isatadistance from .

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(a)Provethat ,where istheinradiusand theperimeterof .

AmirHossein
(b)Provethatifthecircleintersect at and ,then viewtopic

where istheexradiuscorrespondingtothevertex

67 Inatriangle,asymmedianisalinethroughavertexthatissymmetrictothemedianwiththerespecttotheinternalbisector(allrelativetothesame
vertex).Inthetriangle ,themedian meets at andthecircumcircleagainat .Thesymmedian meets at andthe AmirHossein
circumcircleagainat .Giventhattheline containsthecircumcenter ofthetriangle,provethat: viewtopic

(a)

(b)

68
Showthatthenumbers ,where isapositiveintegerlessthan andrelativelyprimeto ,satisfy
AmirHossein
viewtopic

69 Let bethenumberofdigitsequaltooneinthebinaryrepresentationofapositiveinteger Provethat:

orl
viewtopic
(a)theinequality holds

(b)theaboveinequalityisanequalityforinfinitelymanypositiveintegers,and

(c)thereexistsasequence suchthat

goestozeroas goesto

Alternativeproblem:Provethatthereexistsasequenceasequence suchthat

(d)
(e)anarbitraryrealnumber
(f)anarbitraryrealnumber

as goesto

70 Lettwocircles and withunequalradii and ,respectively,betangentinternallyatthepoint .Ifthereexistsasequenceofdistinctcircles

suchthateachcircleistangenttoboth and ,andeachcircle touchescircle atthepoint ,provethat AmirHossein
viewtopic

71
Let and betworelativelyprimepolynomialswithcomplexcoefficients.Let and bepolynomialswith
complexcoefficientsandeachofdegreenotexceeding .Provethatthereexisttwointegers notsimultaneouslyzerowith AmirHossein
andsuchthatthepolynomial iscoprimeto and viewtopic

72
Inaschoolsixdifferentcoursesaretaught:mathematics,physics,biology,music,history,geography.Thestudentswererequiredtorankthese
coursesaccordingtotheirpreferences,whereequalpreferenceswereallowed.Itturnedoutthat: AmirHossein
viewtopic
(i)mathematicswasrankedamongthemostpreferredcoursesbyallstudents

(ii)nostudentrankedmusicamongtheleastpreferredones

(iii)allstudentspreferredhistorytogeographyandphysicstobiologyand

(iv)notworankingswerethesame.

Findthegreatestpossiblevalueforthenumberofstudentsinthisschool.

73
Let beasetofpointsintheplanesuchthatforeach ,thediskwithcenter andradius containsnootherpoint .
Foranygivenpositiverealnumbers and ,showthatthereisasubset oftheplanesatisfying: AmirHossein
viewtopic
(i)theareaof isgreaterthanorequalto

(ii)foreachpoint in ,

74
Let Showthateveryrealnumber isanaccumulationpointof
AmirHossein
viewtopic

75 Asequence ofpositiveintegersisdefinedby

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AmirHossein
viewtopic

Determinethepositiveintegersthatoccurinthesequence.

76 Givenanytriangle andanypositiveinteger ,wesaythat isadecomposablenumberfortriangle ifthereexistsadecomposition

ofthetriangle into subtriangleswitheachsubtrianglesimilarto .Determinethepositiveintegersthataredecomposable AmirHossein
numbersforeverytriangle. viewtopic

77 Showthatif integersarechosenfrom andoneofthechosenintegersislessthan ,thenthereexisttwoamongthe

chosenintegerssuchthatoneofthemisafactoroftheother. AmirHossein
viewtopic

78
Let bethenthFibonaccinumber,definedby and for .Let bea
sequenceofpointsonacircleofradius suchthattheminorarcfrom to runsclockwiseandsuchthat AmirHossein
viewtopic

for ,where denotestheradianmeasureofthearc intheclockwisedirection.Whatisthelimitoftheradianmeasureofarc

as approachesinfinity?

79 Let denotethegreatestintegerlessthanorequalto Pickany in anddefinethesequence by if

orl
and otherwise.Provethat viewtopic

where and for

80
Givenagraphwith verticesandapositiveinteger thatislessthan ,provethatthegraphcontainsasetof verticesinwhichthe
differencebetweenthelargestdegreeofanyvertexinthesetandthesmallestdegreeofanyvertexinthesetisatmost AmirHossein
viewtopic

81
Supposethatpoints arelocatedonsides ,and ,respectively,oftriangle insuchawaythattriangle is
similartotriangle .Provethattheorthocenteroftriangle isthecircumcenteroftriangle AmirHossein
viewtopic

82 Let and betwopolynomialswith

realcoefficientssuchthatforeachrealnumber isthesquareofanintegerifandonlyifsois .Provethatif ,thenthere AmirHossein
existsapolynomial withrealcoefficientssuchthat viewtopic

Remark.

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