Rule 1: There must be three and only three terms Rule 6.

If both premises are affirmative the conclusion

must be affirmative
possible violation: -negative conclusion out of affirmative premises
Addition: four or more terms
Mandaue is next to Cebu
Consolacion is next to Mandaue
Ergo, Consolacion is next to Cebu

Change in supposition Rule 7. If one premise is negative the conclusion must

Man begins with M. be negative
Joseph is a man. -affirmative conclusion out of a negative
So, Joseph begins with M. premise

Equivocation
A Pail holds water.
This argument holds water.
So, this argument is a pail. Rule 8. If one premise is particular the conclusion must
be particular
Rule 2. The middle term must not occur in the -universal conclusion out of a particular
conclusion premise
Misplaced middle term

Rule 3. The major or minor term may not be universal Rule 9. From two particular premises no valid
in the conclusion if it is only particular in the premise conclusion can be drawn
particular premises
Illicit Minor; Illicit Major

Rule 4. The middle term must be used as a universal at

least once.
-Undistributed middle term
Rule 5. Two negative premises yield no valid
conclusion
-Exclusive premises
Rule 1: There must be three and only three terms
Rule 2. The middle term must not occur in the conclusion
Misplaced middle term
Rule 3. The major or minor term may not be universal in
the conclusion if it is only particular in the premise
Illicit Minor; Illicit Major
Rule 4. The middle term must be used as a universal at
least once.
-Undistributed middle term
Rule 5. Two negative premises yield no valid conclusion
-Exclusive premises
Rule 6. If both premises are affirmative the conclusion
must be affirmative
-negative conclusion out of affirmative premises
Rule 7. If one premise is negative the conclusion must be
negative
-affirmative conclusion out of a negative premise
Rule 8. If one premise is particular the conclusion must
be particular
-universal conclusion out of a particular premise
Rule 9. From two particular premises no valid conclusion
can be drawn
particular premises

Simple Conditional
+A -C
+C -A

Reciprocal Conditional
+A -C
+C -A

Biconditional
+A +C -A -C
+C +A -C -A

Pure Conditional
Rule:
The common element must be used once as antecedent and
consequent.

Perfect Disjunctive
-the main premise contains alternatives that cannot be both
affirmed and denied.
+A -B -A +B
-B +A +B -A

Imperfect Disjunctive
-the main premise contains alternatives that cannot be both
denied but can be both affirmed
+A -A +B -B
?B +B ?A +A

Conjunctive
-a type of hypothetical syllogism whose main premise is a
conjunctive proposition (cannot be both and)
+A -A +B -B
-B ?B -A ?A
Simple Conditional Imperfect Disjunctive
-If A, then C -the main premise contains alternatives
-Unless that cannot be both denied but can be both
affirmed
+A -C
Either you try or you wont succeed.
+C -A
+A -A +B -B
?B +B ?A +A
Reciprocal Conditional
-Only if C, then A
Conjunctive
-a type of hypothetical syllogism whose
+A -C main premise is a conjunctive proposition
+C -A (cannot be both and)
-the main premise contains alternatives
Biconditional that cannot be both affirmed but can be
-if and only if both denied.
+A -A +B -B
+A +C -A -C -B ?B -A ?A
+C +A -C -A

Pure Conditional
If A is B, then X is Y.
If X is Y, then C is D.
Ergo, if A is B, then C is D.

Rule:
The common element must be used
once as antecedent and consequent.

Perfect Disjunctive
-the main premise contains
alternatives that cannot be both
affirmed and denied.

Either he is telling the truth or he is

telling a lie.

+A -B -A +B
-B +A +B -A