BEGE-102

Ans 1a):

iii) Noun Clause

A dependent, or subordinate, clause contains a subject and a verb or verb phrase but does not express a
complete thought. As a result, it cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses can function
either as noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses.

A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words such as how,
that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and
why. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects
of a preposition.

Noun Clause Examples

Whoever thought of that idea is a genius.

( Whoever thought of that idea is a noun clause. It contains the subject whoever and the verb thought.
The clause acts as a subject in the sentence.)

On weekends, we can do whatever we want.

( Whatever we want is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb want. The clause acts as a
direct object in the sentence.)

The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively.

( How we can satisfy customers most effectively is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb
phrase can satisfy. The clause acts as a predicate nominative in the sentence, identifying focus.)

Ans 1 a):

ii) Prefix
A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word. For example, the word "unhappy"
consists of the prefix "un-" [which means "not"] combined with the root (stem) word "happy";
the word "unhappy" means "not happy."

A Short List of Prefixes:

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

de- from, down, away reverse, opposite decode, decrease
dis- not, opposite, reverse, away disagree, disappear
ex- out of, away from, lacking, former exhale, explosion
il- not illegal, illogical
im- not, without impossible, improper

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in- not, without inaction, invisible
mis- bad, wrong mislead, misplace
non- not nonfiction, nonsense
pre- before prefix, prehistory
pro- for, forward, before proactive, profess, program
re- again, back react, reappear
un- against, not, opposite undo, unequal, unusual

Suffix
A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word. For example, the word flavorless
consists of the root word "flavor" combined with the suffix "-less" [which means "without"]; the
word "flavorless" means "having no flavor."

A Short List of Suffixes:

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

-able able to, having the quality of comfortable, portable
-al relating to annual, comical
-er Comparative bigger, stronger
-est Superlative strongest, tiniest
-ful full of beautiful, grateful
-ible forming an adjective reversible, terrible
-ily forming an adverb eerily, happily, lazily
-ing denoting an action, a material, or a gerund acting, showing
-less without, not affected by friendless, tireless
-ly forming an adjective clearly, hourly
-ness denoting a state or condition kindness, wilderness
-y full of, denoting a condition, or a diminutive glory, messy, victory,

Ans 1 b):

Word Prefix Suffix

Insanity: in-
disagreement dis- -ment
Unlawful un- -ful
Insecurity in-
Preoccupied pre-

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Ans 2 a):

Animal singular

Measles singular

Radii- Plural

Mice Plural

Feet Plural

Thoughts Plural

Economics Singular

Women Plural

Analyses Singular

Clothes Plural

Ans 2 b): An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb; that is, the entire clause
modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As with all clauses, it contains a subject and predicate,
although the subject as well as the (predicate) verb may sometimes be omitted and implied (see below).

An adverbial clause is commonly, but not always, fronted by a subordinate conjunctionsometimes

called a trigger word. (In the examples below the adverbial clause is italicized and the subordinate
conjunction is bolded.)

Mary, the aspiring actress, became upset as soon as she saw the casting list.

(subject: she; predicate: saw the casting list; the clause modifies the verb became)

Peter Paul, the drama teacher, met with Mary after she came to the next class.

(explicit subject: she; predicate: came to the next class.; predicate (verb): came; the clause modifies
the verb met;)

He talked carefully in order to appear fair.

He talked carefully in order .. [that 'he'] appear fair.

(implied subject, he, is omitted; predicate (verb): appear; the clause modifies the adverb carefully)

The little boy preferred fierce dinosaurs, as T rex.

The little boy preferred fierce dinosaurs, as [was] T rex.

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(subject of the clause: T rex; predicate of the clause: [was], implied; the clause modifies the
adjective fierce.)

Ans 3 a): The difference between a compound sentence and complex sentence is that a compound
sentence has two independent clauses and a complex sentence has one independent clause and one
dependent clause.

A sentence is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate. A subject, centered on a noun, is what
the sentence is about. A predicate, centered on a verb, tells what happens to the subject. It tells what
the subject does or is.

The dog jumped over the fence.

In this sentence, the bold part is the subject, and the second part is the predicate.

Sentences are made up of clauses, or groups of words. An independent clause, like the one above, can
exist independently and makes complete sense on its own. A subordinate or dependent clause, on the
other hand, requires an independent clause. The italicized portion of this sentence is a subordinate
clause.

Sentence #1: Because it was chasing a rabbit, the dog jumped over the fence.

Lets look at that italicized portion without the independent clause holding it up.

Because it was chasing a rabbit.

This is not a sentence by itself. It needs the rest of the sentence to be a complete thought. That makes
our rabbit sentence (Sentence #1) a complex sentence.

A compound sentence, on the other hand, is made up of two independent clauses. If we remove the
word because, the sentence becomes a complete sentence.

It was chasing a rabbit.

Compound sentences are usually combined with a coordinating conjunction such as for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, and so.

Sentence #2: It was chasing a rabbit, and the dog jumped over the fence.

In this sentence, both clauses are independent clauses. This means that each clause (It was chasing a
rabbit) and (the dog jumped over the fence) are both complete sentences themselves. Combined
together they become a compound sentence.

Ans 3 b):

i) She has bought fresh (Adjective) bananas (Noun).

ii) Arjun (Noun) is very tall (Adjective).

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iii) The water (Noun) is ice-cold (Adjective).
iv) My friend is a beautiful (Adjective) girl (Noun).
v) The rich (Adjective) lady (Noun) likes to buy new (adjective) clothes everyday.
vi) This room (Noun) is very bright (Adjective) in the day.
vii) The evening (Noun) is cool (Adjective).
viii) The dog (Noun) is sitting (Adjective) on the sofa.

Ans 4 a): Fill in the blanks

i) a
ii) the , the
iii) the, an

Ans 4 b):

i) It was so boring film that I fell asleep in the middle of it.

ii) The road is so narrow that it is difficult for two cars to pass each other.
iii) I was so excited about going away that I could not sleep the whole night.
iv) She speaks English so well that you would think it was her mother tongue.
v) We had such a good time in Shimla that we felt sad at leaving the place.

Ans 4 c): Negative clauses are best described in terms of modifications of canonical clauses, which by
definition have positive polarity. And English has quite an array of different ways in which the
modification can be done.

First, note the various syntactic tests that can be used to determine which clauses are negative clauses. It
is a more subtle matter than you might have thought. For example, this is a negative clause:

We are in no way troubled.

But this is not:

We are in no end of trouble.

And this is a negative clause:

He has done not a single helpful thing.

But this is not:

He has done a not unhelpful thing.

Very briefly, Klima suggested these tests:

Negative clauses take positive confirmation tags.

Negative clauses take neither continuations rather than so continuations.

Negative clauses take not even continuations.

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It also seems to be the case (for most speakers, anyway) that negative clauses cannot take negative tags
even of the same-polarity type.

A surprising number of distinctions have to be drawn to understand how negation works. Here are the
main four:

Verbal / Non-verbal

Analytic / Synthetic

Clausal / Subclausal

Ordinary / Metalinguistic

Let's look at each of them in turn.

1. Verbal versus Non-verbal negation

Type Example Notes

Verbal negation: I couldn't ever lie to her. The negation morpheme is the verbal suffix n't.

Non-verbal negation: I could never lie to her. The negation morpheme is on a non-verb.

2. Analytic versus synthetic negation

Type Example Notes

Analytic negation: This is not complete. The negation morpheme is the separate word not.

Synthetic negation: This isn't complete. The negation morpheme is the suffix n't.

3. Clausal versus sub-clausal negation

Type Example Notes

Clausal negation: She didn't have any substantial income. The whole clause is negated.

Sub-clausal negation: She had a not insubstantial income. The negation only affects a phrase
(here, the AdjP headed by insubstantial).

4. Ordinary versus metalinguistic negation

Type Example Notes

Ordinary negation: He hasn't got four kids; he's got three. The claim is that "has four kids" is
actually not true.

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Metalinguistic negation: He hasn't got four kids; he's got five. The claim that he has four kids
is actually true (anyone who has five kids has four kids); what is being negated is the appropriateness of
the word choice given that it's misleading.

Ans 5 a): Subordinate clauses are usually divided into three types by their function: relative clauses,
adverbial clauses and nominal clauses. subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators
such as which, what, when, why, who, that, after, before, if, even if, if only, as soon as, in order that, so
that, etc. A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.

The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.

This is the car I bought last year.

Whenever I met with any difficulty, he came to my help.

I can't imagine what made him behave like that.

Coordinate clauses are a sequence of semantically -related sentences that are equal important in ideas,
independent in structures and connected by coordinators.

The most common coordinators are 'and', 'or' and 'but'.

He heard a cry for help, and he rushed out of the house.

It never rains but it pours.

Be at the station by 5 o'clock, or you will miss the bus.

Ans 5 b):

i) Neera passed the examination by working hard.

ii) Wow! The present she gave me is nice.
iii) Who broke the glass?
iv) You should behave yourself.
v) You have not given her some books.

Ans 5 c): Short vs. Long Vowels

The easiest way to remember the difference between short and long vowels is by remembering
the rule about long vowels, specifically. If a word with a certain vowel in it says the name of the
vowel, then that vowel is making a long sound. By name we mean, the name of the actual
letter. When we look at a we pronounce it //, or ayy. This is the first letter of the alphabet,
and when looking at the isolated letter, well refer to it by its name: the way we say it when we
begin to recite the alphabet. This is known as a long vowel sound, because it says the name of
the letter. The same goes for the other vowels.

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A short vowel sound is a vowel sound that does not follow this rule. When reading a word that
uses a short vowel sound, will say the sound that the letter can make that is not its actual name.
So in the case of A, the word main might have a long A sound because we pronounce the
A as //, whereas the word man has a short vowel sound.

Short and Long Vowels Examples

Now well go down the list of vowels and show you their pronunciation in the phonic code, and
give examples of how to pronounce both. If the phonic code is too confusing, just remember:

/a/ is short and // is long. Same goes for the rest of the vowels:

/a/ and //

/e/ and //

/i/ and //

/o/ and //

/u/ and //

Lets get started with those examples.

Aa

Short: // Long: /e/

Short: fat Long: fte

Ee

Short: // Long: /i/

Short: wet Long: what

Ii

Short: // Long: /i/

Short: win Long: wne

Oo

Short: // Long: /o/

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Short: bot Long: bat

Uu

Short: // Long: /ju/

Short: cup Long: cbe

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