FOR MORE EXCLUSIVE CIVIL ENGINEERING E-TEXTBOOKS AND GATE MATERIALS, NOTES VISIT www.CivitEnccForALL.cOoM AN EXCLUSIVE WEBSITE BY AND FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND GRADUATESAug, aa Georgennscar Enginegring (12 marks) — Origin oF Sois 1 Bol wa akunally occuring wnton tolid ated earth reakeniah present above the bed nock. — Terzaghy Kavl: Terzaghy — Father of Soil Mechomice Oniginy ob olla i dus. t Dee. ‘ ANeathoring. of mocks omporition of ongonic, Gisintegatton) , < tk matte Coosa soil) Grganic soils’ or Sarat &: gnovel sand, dome Eg: Drm un, reek, poet ape. ob silts 5 clas > “Weathering of ‘Rocke Phasicak weathering, Chemical weath ont due to Prysical effects —due +0 chemical adions a) temperature Change 2) ovadatcon, by Alnosion. (4 grindion ackion b) Canbonatron. Blowing, ook B wind) 2 Uy oration bP CO Splitting action due to > 4 — / ; ice,nait, perutrabtom of, plant noste Beye: = Produces toils like grewel, Band, — produces veils lke ley, Non plastic silt: plaatic ite> Geological Cycle: Pedoganesis : Ft te a procews of formation of aoil > Tnanspontation of Foil : ge we dua to a Wind — Aeolian Soil + tramsported & depesital by wind. by Woden — Alluvial Soil : tromported, ra) water & depasitel ale or Glacier — Glacier deposit : tnomoporbad glacier niven a Gromitay _ Colluvial Soil : tnonropertal & depostol by Grant Lacustrine Soil r= tnomepo rte ly) wet & deporte im lakes Mavine Soil :- tnorsportel by caten & depot al rs toa, % Clarvificakton of oils a) Reriducl Soils.t— gol whidh remains ox or mean th (Sedentary Soil.) parent rock. by Tnamporcted. Boil t- tromaporctal envoy from ponent nook 5 Forces acting on the Soil Panticles : dy Gromstaktonal Foe on Bory Force. Gi Bonhoce force Rody Force. Girface Force Gade & proportional to mare GF te proportional to Soxhact uh By weight 00 &] r cdhetion, electrodhemical te is predorninant in growel Band Gir Ft te predominant wm cl (Hay bérarour ie main’ controlled by Surtpce force) cia~ Gr the cose ch ailky coil both body force amd sunhore fore é “4 § ee axe eysally important > Populan eld narnes of ils 1, Black Cotton sol (Be Foil)i—a nasidural clays ral - ay plastic —ondhibts nigh toelling & Arninkoge due 1 prodenea of & wontmorillonite” clay minenc = ponent nook te Basatt tnay 2. Loam t— a mix of fond, silk 8 clay. 3. Mosrum:— % grovel rmixed with red. doy 4. Bontonia:— a decompact volcamic ash -a cheesey gol, “nigh, plastic, highg coat abtonly = bentonite. sovey iw cabled ieee Mad 5. Vanved Clary ¢— containg abbonnake thin Layers of sith 8 cla — lacustrine cdoporibs- 6. Loess :— Aeolian daposit, — tortoine gith aigeol panti cles — wreak caxmenbeol by 00s paxticlas 4 1 Bond. dumes i: Aeolian deposit: S — particle tye is fame. ° g. Mhunus 1 Thal decormpared organic soil = amongh ae (conor hous 2 crystalline fo, Muck 1 contains fore Inenganic panics ith decompo organic matwnial, , — block m colour. 10 Peo 2- highly decomposed. ergamic matter. = four wm netune — donk brown to block coloun = bod odeoorin Fal eer depaitial soil. (a mam mode dapesit) 2. DEFINITIONS & PROPERTIES OF SOIL Ponriahy rkuraked toil + Judd teckanoded teil Bry til + Lolide + ain Solids + waknr + ain (3 phase syck 1 Molde + vb (2 phase sysbern) * Frozen solids + water + ice +ain.(4 phase aystem) Vg > volume of telids ] owe VY —> volume of geil w Ww oe W—> volume of voids \ solids VW = Vwt Va a Es Phase Diagram N= Ve + Yw + No. on 0 Bock agro. xy Noid Ratio, e os Ww Ns Porge re mine than 3mo , ik com have anys value (ro limit, —Jer coamre a wil, @ <1 genally, — Jer fone grant soil, @>1 gerorody -gJhe te of Fa sél gone allig, mane er the oe coonne. gprcfinach sal. SP Diagonal amv Cubical array ‘epee ey (loose st stato) Gensest stake)% Bpecific Gravity of Soil ks as Solids, & Fu dastiled, a WAKO (pune water) Mao called ‘Trae Specific gravity of Sil’ Jon acl, Gi 2.60 — 2.95 generally, Grongensc) % Mew Socthic Growity of Sil. (on) Bulk H. Ba, of soil: (or) Apparent Epecikic Gnawtdy of 20, Gm Yo Jen an one, tol, Gm = a gaa porttaMe, tokunatel til, Gen Gm = dor a fey Seakunatead soil, [en < 6]. Jor cement :- to Es oct bw Spusce Sp. granity > 6= 315 Apporent Sp. gey Gm = 144 Jor coment, ty = 3150 Yg = 1440 kg Flood n x 44% Important Relationships = 1 e = wG Sr 2 t= (Stes ite 3. Isat = Iw (Gte \ ite kge/et ) 4g = IwS +e 5 ta= 2% T4+W T¥s Vat Se(saie=a 6. t= a —na)bwG 1+. WG¥ Secrunoted unit woaight of Soils Tat on ge iw the bulk unit wocight of foil im a gatunated ce => Var >¥ Jor partially satwrestad #6, Vouk use F Yon july Batunotel soil, use sat * Bry Umit weight of Boil, Ya Ya = Ws _ Vv Gt combe used wrepective of sabinakcon wel of soils x Ue wooght of Sotide, % 1 = Ve ¥ uberorged. Vente Waght of Bal, Ish 2 VW howe the fubereng col we of foil pen umttr leat UV =grovdy orca To Bo bucyamt force. J volume of, Foil Y= Year — tw { Pass, Bulomongeh wnt oh Bil te based on Anthimedds Principle. MOONDAY . tw = unit voeig ht of water ° <1 glee = 1 tonfed = 1000 byl/nd Q = agi knee & 10 knfre 9 oO > eat > Tuk > 7% aaa Jara geen toil, Is rerrakns a tomobamt LYx Porosity (aleo cabled. “Porceringe voiela’ ) n= W_ x00 Romga : oc n weight of alice Ww — > weight of geil (wa te ngpligibte ) Or ane ob sel in ane condition (=ws). & Water Content, w w= Ws + Ww Reese OO) Ws =o =0 Jer doy ail, ¥100 We For a tatunated toil, wo re vooden corbantt have. omg) value gree than 30 Bomokimet >100 Yo Jomekivnss < 1007. ) ae weight of Boil, ¥ * ik uw the total weight of soil pen unit volume -it we of aeil. Y= sgSp a wnt Phase rt ain Na | dicgnarn, i | C, cut =] @ | ne wot of wa [he e= Wo Ve ity Solids ie Unit Phase diagram. Sh Vers, thon 3 Phase Diaggare e=W, @ Jo dae nr & e @ Jo denive = eSr 16 > e- wa 7 esr @ Jo dove Y= Vw (Gres \ \+e Yo Wet ww = Iss + tue v v Geeccoaness “ee. ; y= be (GteSr) 7 4 ite a > Before compaction Alen compactor, ee. Yaa» Ws @ , Ta» Wstoes Vv XG+e) Ms 1424 Y= Ws. sy tae J Na = A Ve Yao @, Dre to compackion , the void nabio of a gol rad ucad fom 1 to 0:6, Whok iw the PF Volume boas Ve 2 J4Ob = 16 M mH aon No =O8NVy A vol. Aduced to 80% vol. reduced \y 20% => volume lew w 20% » Jo ind ‘Wecter Convert of Soil : a) Quem drags Wlethod., > mosb accunate method by Pyonornekor Method a can be used only if 6’ is kmown © Sard beth methods qaick eld smethod. (approx. volue) « 4) Calan Candicla. mathod.> quick method. @ Tonsion balance method» to find Wie ck different dapths below Orb ) Oven. Drying method, ¢ woek soll. Tr oven avy soil > for 24 houns ——> = 105°- 110 Ww weg B- MOC, Wa awe wt: of usek soil nwa = wt of oy sol = Wsby Caleimrn Canlide method. yw calcium canbide —> acetylene gas (Cace) wet soil Armoumt of acabslere ge woken crtent of sort © Sond Barth method wetscil. Gs a cade method weal mm He produced uw dinectly proportionad, to youd. 7 Flarne. a Pyenometer Method. i : Wi Wa wa Woeter contend, 2 = We G-1)\_ Al oe i Wes ws \ G 4 GC @Fo fond Featic Gnomity 6, replace Second container. 1 Ndig —P volume of worker displaced, of ang soil Ye Wamewad, then Ndic =Vs (vole of solide) od pontiods Jodturated foil i immersed , Vais = Vs + Nw® Porc. ollyy fokuxokel soil with wor coating, then Vaig = total volume of 20 = y+ voli oh wo 4» Jo detearnine In-site Ya ond e dy) Cone Custer Method. > susbalsle or Clasp only, (cShesive ) ti Bond Replacement method > suitralste or ony ‘sil = Ww cone V cubker Y= 3 = wo lw +e a 2 rug, rvespay Pe Yahe gle ak M=Sh 2 Y alice € remains contact 29 ak eon= 0% Wet 3 I= Bd (140) = fo (140) ea ire 2 Foe (1409) (ew conthont) he = 1-05 — i hn1- 066 glee5@ Waker oddsd = 0 02 1 Sokol voeigit w= 02 bye Mors of toy =I oF Cantal volume arournel to be. constant: ) Y= = 22 = 2000 bye v on Ya = 100. by Ie! Ya = jaw. \e00 = 2000 _ rH (method we vadid only if Ni remains const aPien adding @& wortor) Sudeal vovigae, w = 018 bg, V= lote! 5 Yd = 1o00 kgf ta = We oe ee i Ww = 0.02 kg, le00 = Ws => Ws =0. (6 's. (wooden present dvi a 10 Awlacker. added odaitiorally, = 0.02 ky. . : Wes = 0:02 + 0102 =o. only, drrak woken content = 0,04 100 = Bae Ont w= 362g > V= Disb ant, WL ws = 20/3605 G=268' 3 e =? Sra Qwows x100 = 70% wa 8 ome pa our alee —0 & & y =e = S462 = 140 glec, 26.66 Y= fo(arew wao= 1 (2.68 + 0-7 22-68) ire ite. hoe = 225 Sr = 07 x268 E344, 225 @ Ya = Wet. 20:86 = 0.825 Ghee “ 20:36 24.66 Ya = GY ive 2.25 fo. WH le, Y= 205 glee. G=2.67 Ya- Gly = 4 +e 14s 267x1 _ 205 “Te be e= wh Sy = O1%X 2.67 ° BO => Sy ONE K2 ET 9g. 52% O54 = 34.3% , Gm = Ys — 194 (Sil vw sakun cote) Sur , e=wG_ ~ 03936 Sr Year = bw (6te) Ve wey = G+03%6 3 G= 2-70 ,e@ T0343 6 01343 G= 108Embankenert\ Ne Borrow [OO Boh | Yan = 1-65 glee B= 17S glee wa = (8% mee Ve e100 we wa? Ya = Ee = as MW Tao > 1gke = 1409/m 1 mat Mo uy +o a" Ti = 1.57 Ni = £88 x 1000 1457 Jo noite wc porn Wigwet ight water 40 be addled = Ad V (w2-™) owes % = 165x1000K 1000 (0 1@-0-12) glee v Lob Voruck = 11S Yeu = 82 bora = ‘ g we 6 wee wy = . 9 Ve = 2 Ve =1008 Ved ; = 2s bop = 1008 tags | Tg =H BG j Nee Te Ns 2 Ve =L28 yi00 = a7 = 24.6 nog = 25 nos BH dweim, d-4 - Gren 2 = 8 Sy = 0") aw Saahade du = = 25m 0:depth of voids, dy = 1-25 e = av ae de Ss Total depth of Boils d= de tdy = 3.15 m ER) baced on Unit Phase Digg ram. Greer depth of woah = 1m 2% = O5KOP =O4 mM I4e = eos =hSm makes bm depth Om depth of wo aka oh oh BOY satunaked . Doh of gal = a wb = 825m 4 40% » 25, w= 12"fo n= 2 we fey neem 0 10..Coe) =n 1-0-4 en 2G = we Co ft tah unadion). Sr wo = 2 = 266% 3x5 ‘s Ya = to G \te Dake Two= i tonne eee teed sto) cach ee = 1,6 x 100 (26:6=12 (2-655 > ta = us tm rweigee ob = 2ied_tons. a Yat C2 be void ratio at increascl volume of sol Ne = U4@e Ni \+e, Los = 1ee ww TF ObETYok wg be waster umttent ab inveared volume, 22 = WgG Sy OTS = $3x25 Sy=t => 93 = 30 Wa = Ws = 1S g We woeight , w= 195 5 Total va: of StL, v = 5%= 25 of ws Wend = 69 WoWa y100 x100 = 5 Wa 135 paca, e@= Ve 220446 ise =w os L “Wsade Sa ae = = 156 glee Veot = Iwo (Gre ) => 1sb = 1 (6+0.44G_ re 140-446, = 2.07 e=0.446= 9:92 V=125 ont AWE of voaken added = las —1a5 = 60g 2 Mol of water a =2 =o ee Nol. of voicl = vol. of water added => Ww =O I. Vg = 125-60 = 65 om? e= W = 0.92. Ns Yoo Ws = 85 = 2.07 G= Is S gla - ta109 4 ob due) soil homing, G=27 W& weed ath water omd TL of toil slave is praporad, What U the unit woaigh a Zoil doves im glee. o= Is_ => &= 27 glee = 962.983 ice Ys = Ws 2 Ve = Ws_- too Ws. a Ve = = =.37. Ve % aa 37.037 ce. V=1L =1000 end 3 Vw = V~Vs = 1000-32037 Yeo = Wo = Ws tWw = 1004 Wwxts Vv a aes = 100 + 462-948x1 1000 h monn gol hos seg ob whiols a2 2.7. ond void roto as ena easy gh me woot & 1083, calakeute Get of the aol. Jake Yo oH rk vosccken Ob FE1 ki for’, Gate => Boa Is = 27 glee e@= O88 hur = to GHA EGE! (ata only ob oe eee se Yoo = Mattes Vb Yo + Votsen water t Ne Ng + Notsen wate, v = 1x Glow + 2S x 10.1043 Ite = O27 x1 + 9-8X 1X10. 1043, \t+0.8 = 19.206 knifed Fam voaken ie cool | Yoeu = 1-03 9.9 = 10-1043 g Jer Ve=4 Vw=eSr\ a V =14e | phaseKY tf The mor af om ews pxemarnaker 0-498 kg Wher © complotels fUed, worth uae HS ae fer to be Lee Yt Pr oven drieol tel of mae ODE kay is placed mm the paerometar om wonton ty oad, fo fill the eee PAY pares spend to be. WEE by. Deteorwina. a grant, of sol particles Wy = OIE, Wes 00198, w= 'bS3 5 Wa =1528 ha " We -ol, soil = Www - Ge Meewi oe 2.112 walwy (we) = a4) Onlgg — 0.125 = ong A tawegle- 44 clyp woab cocked with poredhin wace oma the. total more of soil amo wane wos found to be 700 5 Fhe. saneple war Ummerred “Mm wath ond the vol Of water ainplaccol war purd tobe s5swmb dhe mans of the formple without cone was — 690 ornd coach content of the soil was 2, Betormine bulk cerity, Amy darcity, void ma amcl dagnae of rockin ation Sake 3 gn. of soil wAidg 8 207, om that of wore ad 9°84 : S55 x4 IO +8 aT met Weight eh war = 00 ~ 6q9 ~10 g Demeity oh wore = RK 1 = -89 glee, Nolume of wom = 10 211.286 ce 039 . Volume of geil = vol: of usaden oheplacad, — vob of, wree = 855 $123 = $43,697 ond Y= W =. $%_ 22.007 © Vv 343.71 gle Y= Y= 2007 _ to wag [tt Slee =Wwe = Yas om > e=o5s¢ e am ae S = 92.654. v a1 bugs SANIROAY 3, SOIL, STRUCTURES & CLAY POINERALOQGY t> Types of Srruckuves 1 Boog Qrained Peruckune —> in gravel & coarse sand. 2, Honey camb abnuckune—> in Fine sand & site Floceker sbrackuar—> in clays & Droporvat druckuna. >in remoulded clays Combinal thrudrure. —> soil mixtures tae 2. loosest (diag omok packir (cubical omroy) 3 @ Cray =O-N % Single grained. Cmin = 035 str uckune - very gersitive +o vibtadcons (demeoses in vol. due +o vibrations ) — HE collapacs on weetting (volume oleowasing ) Honey Comb Sbuckue — Covbapailvte soil. Ge loass, fone sandy abt Particle Lhapes @ Argulon s angel Rounded. a noma @ fond > The choy particle. is aleckni cally Chang ad as shoum beloro. a 7 (ve chonge on surbpce) ngoarid Fla 4 clog zoo P4rnug, X Tlocwlent Sructune ATURORY + > relatively more Hrength > stable 3 > edge 4 Face oniewttatron > net adkkn ackion% Dirpared Pnructure, > relekively low ab pe eer ow & aang _——— = > >> Jane—to- fee orientation SS ss eH epluion Thixotvopy + The Pheromenon of ay Pini ah poreage of bene umdan Const: worker oe er dee otro} Tv hixotroy,, 7 Flocukerrt Buponsed Poruchune. Bruck une, bn clog eT Bre remowldimas dena dacrackes Dus to Prxomory? Tenens neo Manime clay» Socotert ghruckune. (Sor we) O = clinparsed Borackure oh gakkt im seas amd clue to ta al! he manne, clas Lake oa, kaline (drank vsekl The prarence prectune, aoe acts ox Placeahalingy agente hos pleccabert ahruckure —> Minerals to Rock Minerale: —mo tunace achive =: Quontg, renies, felcbepan. iy Clo Minorohs « Mave surface abr) —&: Kaolivire , Site, & “Kaolinite (lke. cohusion, electrartabie,dhenieal Montmorillonite, Aelloysite cea) — comaed MO fue Rmo shamksge. we 4 tf on ka passent hm chime clays (used to naka canthen war udeniils)x HNite = — compas Median svvelli: @ ghunkage — passertt Ya most of Dang a ¥# Mortmonillonite : —conmas Longe swells omd, lange. zhrnkoge, — prserit, Bentonite ley, & Bc gail # Adlloysite : — giveilan to Kaolinite NOTE: @ Plostecty of Kaolinite < Plosticty of Slate < Plosbiaty ob, Montmorillonite of “Kaolinite < ssa ob Site < SSK of moreemariiomite @ SSA SSK — Bperikic Furlger Arca (SA par venik wosight ) > Bpacitic Bunbace Anes (ssn). 1 Ge in he sumbpen onan por unit weigh > Ly a de ue Che gutbae ante por ust volume => A Vv A amy = a ne 4m => {ssa & age paricle, Gnrowel ——» leas SSA Sard Bite elegy > haghsoe SSK > Dilfuse Double Loyen ao +C>- oO wader mokcule —_Kevorane roolecule (Non polar) (Dipolon) imeneasing, onder Water (on Adsonbed “Werter) claybays Ge Beoe o> aS as Nida sia o'a Sao SoS Aimit of ro_ “<— SE Bln Souble “Leg aed Double ayor waka s — present only ve clay @ > strovgly held. layor of Bw wot @ — boaely held, deur gf wonton, ye double layer urate —clay particle hee ds Glows uncer Tnydes gradient — comes plosbiaty propoty ip Ue clay,23° Rug, GATURORY 4, INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOILS Soil Properties Indesc “Properties 2 Engineering Proportkies —indicakive of behawour of soil — wert for engg, applications % 5 pormeability 5 Shean renengt comprosiltt aby Sim Grown Bye distribution, relabive davai, atterberg livnita Grom Wye Bisbriburion _ by Gy Sieve conally etg iy Padimentoadkion. amalysig used if size <75 > used ih size > 754 4 Sieve Analysis Size (mm) | 7, retained. | curmalgtive 7, iran. 4.75 mm sieve T 4.75 aw " Pi=S x10) B= py |i00~ Py 2:36 mm sive 236 Lo we . E100 | PrepisPe | roo~ py 0.075 mm (7544) 0-078 ! size vs foo graph ia plotted & Bedimentection Analysis [oo am indined. method, bored om “shokte Principle” ey Sereling vdo city of particle, fe - 2 Ns = poe > Stoke's equaction Vs 900 ol* — > approximate stokes eqn (mm/s) (mon)Assumptions : I need laminar ftoua = pabticle settle dependently witho ud orto ipronce ee ae Haye te between -2H-O2" o 44 Bye >o.2mm, wwill comme turbulent condtitcor © dh fige < 0.2, Here wil be Broumian movement? Gig -z20g move ment), » Sedimentation Analysis rnethods: 1. Pipette Toethod. a > Connectors fpr Ajdorommesen reoding a Cy Fermporadure comeckion. (i tomp 27s) oO Gi) Merincus — conreckton O CODA poion agent connection (fodisern hercormetapheephas o oO wh 60 rain sige Distribukion avwe oO ‘50 (serni—log scale) 40 ~ 2% - 20: oe D0 gp Sse lr pon lag. seale‘Log Feale ie used becouse: oy Thare & lange nomge of alata. (J2.,= 10000 bss) by to gk atnoight line A> wal greet foil — has Ailhererrt sizes B—> unihorm™ nadad geil — Boerne 80 of ponticles Band dur <> gep gen foil artkain Hye are mining gee —> poorly grosed soil > Freponbart sige of Sil. Panticle a) Die —> eke Be of goil. ») Dso © Deo Di diameer & 10,30,60-—> Yo Hr Gere ocenenc Unifonmity (Cu) G& = Deo Dio Fon. walk graded. greeks Cure den cool. grod ed Bond, Cud6 oo blo 182 tb vw called “Ueriforrmnly Groded g —> Coef fecient of Cunvectune ) : Co = Dad Deo x Dro > der a walt grodled. wl, 1 Ce represents — dhape 04 cure, NOTE: Grain size disvibutzon, cuwe U useful onl $n cokesiomles tl (gnowol, tama). Sn the case of clay gnaim sige Goainibubion cane & nob wrebal the oly behoniown a mainly corstnpliaol bye comsiston yy livnitemoe —> mare . void notio Ww te lociert thote Smin—> Tn. void Ratto m the olersest a1 2 — > hotural oi insitu void hreckio GL we til ww the loosest trate (C=emax) heo Gh Ye rol Ul te densert Goke (enemin), 7 a a 100% O©< Ip < 100% © Inc 15% > vow lowe Zechote loose abace. 85< Ip < 65% > medium dense atade, o5< be e5% —> dense shake Tp 85%. > very dense stote. he mow the Ip value, mone wi be the: deneity wo -1 = 6tw o= Cie Goma a. = Consistency Limits or Attterberg Limits ~ erick only {or cohesive toil = dlapen ding upam woabr content of soils 1, quid Stare. 2. Plosktc stote 3. Semin solid thate 4, Polil stot.ah Au —__|—___ paler ope neon Los opment Tue spay x Rittorbens imits + these one tHe boundary wf ‘bles two differ shat of soil. oi % Types of Attoborg- Limits: 1 iguid Lint, LL ot OL 2, Plostic Writ, PL 0% 3. Shrinkage Vrotts SL % O% yy ' | Ligpid 1 Plastic) sate semi ee soliel | Sora ' I ~ Conagnamale Liquid Lint wee OY water, w w no.of blows (n), ae Glow » Te = Min We 5 slope of the lou came \ mes oan (8) val We wile ak which 25 10 of blows cam. cl the. vs ™ (log) oe Grove He apparatus Flak Flow canse “hos rekadinely mone sheon Bbromng th componed to a seep flo cure (mene én, mone no oh blows “ requned te clare the groove - hao shrarggth ob AL BSC ) ndond . # Grevecd of rubber sheet, th Vand rubber sheet te uscl, then 1 dacreanet. J soft rubber chest in used then Ba invreasesus AG Ugquid Umit condition, shean gbrenyth gf gol te ait KN[re amd ka tare for alk soil2.Bhean sbnength ve gino efor al toils in, the Uguicl shake ) —> Plastic Kireit Skee. (or Thread Test ) Plastic Wei iv the mina wie at which. tpcko a thneed off Bem ameter without foil com be raled cruernblingy > Phrvokage Kimi mB ag the Tankmumn wle hak con make Ghrinkage Vth aL garurated (Sy=f0o%}>) » O% Tk the ins w]e “se ee im the voids of sl with, 10h de garrurctior fawk care be Na pavtiall — Kcatuval ee voids, 7 a Tip a3 y Sr=0 Seatoo'e Si= 1007. 1 \ ! | | \ avy Samnple, wa wet sample. we 1 ws = (Va-Vs) tu wah x 100 = 1 \Yw xo we = (bE - 7 * Ya 9)e= Ws6 4 ga ws = aca Pale) 9 es) Cb ary Ol pees Lowel ar avy comiition. 4. Ws = G - & “Ade ) a0 wd. w, > initial watr content = wrwa Wd. _y Shrinkage Ratio (sR) SR = v | " wayVe HL Na = Vd » Wem WE, or = WANd)/\y, x100 oe amc —»5 Volremetnic Drninkage (vs) n X 100 Abo sR = XA , Yaa Wee Nae Two the math. 3p% fe grey ro dey con dition SR> Platkaty Index, Ip rw gh Ipro from plastic soil <7 5 low plastic soil. 7-17 3 medium ploottc Foil >i i high plostic gol 5 Rrrmkege > Joughness Shean > Cori steno ® H TL >t, the oll we Wr Nquid state ( woo > Vauic tate ) O © Th te es the: hl & either in semi-solid or solid sta > C ws wp)> A chivity Newabar, & KA=Ip ; c=% ha anticles.. c “o ? @ de a gave wil, A & costar. ‘R indicates tocllbyg, md. drnimkage Dhancrctonusltes « dA $018 5 mMactive soil 0615-25 3 nonmal active soil. >125 } active soil. (Bentonite & Bc geil ) —> Effect of Sige of Particle. © dh ag2 of ponticle ceowaseh, WL inmreases oy Bone cuas 21 tore: io S ak on \ ode Ve added “clay, WL decreased 2h cecree non — ploatte Wp darcases @ consistency ; Testome ques deformation, depends 0» _ cooker cortent. Mone the wes los the consiate wont low — mone conrittent consistent wet Clay any clay war sol Lactic. © plasticity + propery due to She & ee plostioatly. without muspkune collec p Dd Y= Sond wet clay OA lime ie odelad. te clay, WL decreases, wp increases anol Tp decneares@ P-i7 ® 2 Fok Clo —> highly cormmpnemible clog. Wi >5oy ® Steep 22 Plast Hongontal G Si" Aug, Quowy ee Oo %W= L - 1746 _ kaind 5 Is = 2.6 gl Tome cocoate lca 7 i +e. Tp = Cmax =E = 0.642~-0-%6 = 13, Cmax Emin. 0-642- 0.462 Op. W=45% ; wp = 3b NUN xi00 = 30% : MP=VA Ji99 a4 Va Vol oaeva TI ‘a o O:3bNA—O-24Vd. 0424 Veh : SENET Nad = 24 Vol Ma 1 oO wi wp — Ws 1 Q ou2 5 24 eee ett 7 83-Ws od ae. &too Neck = Yu ( Gre ore egr= GtO ae 140-46 e= WG = O46 Sv Coen == ws=(2— - — 2 \t00 = 23% ; Gen 24 esa) oR = Xd = 74 ~ =< W = 45.6 a JOY) = 68.5 ce WA A859 5 VA = 241 cer Smitial coator eontert of, sil, voy = Tr) x100 = UQ7TT% Bhotnkage Weviles aye -e ~ Wevat ova rhe = Gar — Ges woe 43.5 1.7 Yohi Jo fork iwtth void nob, ey ¢ { us) A = WS ATK 265 Sr 7 YQ 265+ 2 = 95.6 (+e Che No = MS = 43:5 = 16.42 ent ¥ Xs Stu bw VW = VANy = 52:08 en? = $2.08 ler 42 aolids Ns Jo rd foal void rekto, ce: Qa = 56 = 17.7 x2 65 = O47 100) Yao = Ms = eo Ve 4 glee Yao = woo= Iter Vy es 2a ae, "= 14308 en = 047 10. ok a be vetl natty eb wr eb 30%. : Oy WE = 034272 _ ogi, BT ee . ta Ws Vy = 100 con ten &m) os Sok en ba void nakto ot Ws bh Cpa We = 0484, Bi = 14h Na. Vee Joo = 140-8 oy yy Ne. oraes Jor alk WSs, Ve ava ws = oy — Q ave Cheng tay ) weal Woh = S90 = 1, no Wa= id = BE = 1789 ge, Ya= Iw S 6, = 0.56 4 void ratio ot increased volume. NS SC eS en i Ny Tos Mi +056C2 = 2G Ls igre wrx QF S “4% = 4 Dio } Doo = 4210 c= De = 1 De0x Dio Os 2, > Osxo_ao Zo Dio — 3. Tp = Wo -~p Is = Bb- Wp 1 Wp =Affe tp given retunal wor umbent (w=4ete) lies blo Uguicl Limite & plostte Uerity the sol t tr plastic sete5. SOIL CLASSIFICATION > Is Particle Size Classification Systern ¥ Groin Bige only ~ ovtteta uy 754 415 rom RO 800 eam Clay | Site | Sand. Grovel Cobble | Bou. The colloidal acl particle she w les Chan the clay size nuaover we oun Grdian code of prachre, colloidal soit t snot recognigad Buck the Gndian damikication bes on sye clone is nat clomyt tenue. For ae Rock dash or aock powder particle Sge we Les than 24 od ence below 10 clase oa pad Indicun tyteern Buk ngok dusk has no ploateatg > HRB Soil Classification System = Hee = hog Reneanel Boar. tnibuction, % Criveria: a) Groin size des b Conviskemn ig, on Airbag: liens a ee unreal for porernenrt daeign ~ Gr vee ystems soils oe g pee Ae. — She senator the. gor mrumbr, the bebten the soil a Ay i bebe them Ae, Aa ts batte Wer group mumbent — tike. ponerrnent pumpose. te then AS amd 40 On, Ag group — highly orgsaric foil Coons gail for constructs py group — black cotton toilGroup Sacer, GE am indane value colon lovtel emperienl equastion » GE vole depends on a) A af tol parting Bal ive, b We co) Wp Tp GI values romgee fromm 0 +0 20 3} GI vole be ound to be ngotive rom aquakion, i+ we neporked as “Zeon Gr wdicoke quoi of geil within 1 oum Bree She smaller the GI vole, the botten the aoil for pawemertts onpose: i — 6t ¥. = Symbol : AS (6) t— Gnoup no ee el Se — most poputern tn Cumopeamn countries — cnieniar a green Nee dukribukton clatbe by Comstaterngy Urreta e) Cornpranittity chanacterraies > IS FL Classification System. . — followed by ok engineering clepartments m Snolia. Soil v Coanse grained, Tine (oo High Organic ZoulP Boil Box = donk colouns if >50% Power black erdank brow — th sso Aekainel — ee — bad odour Se Pace, remcke, Warns, an 15 aL Bs sione. 1S 4 TS Hove Ae — ly Ongamie oil. (mp sitte Im (0) euurepean langue: Gnowel Sand. (@) &) (9) ¢¢)Growel — Uf more thom 20% of coame paciton nretadral on 475 mer sieve Zand — ih 750%. worse freckion. panes HeIS mm siaue, = Gnowel + ay WAL graded. Growel ~ GW b Poon, apoded. Gravel — GP 3 Bikye growl — 6m oy Clagoy- grow - 6 ~ Bard @Clayey Sonal, => cloy gy < rord qig o Silbey Clayey grovel ap alle qty < cl atysg Ron A) Clases jek sand — SC . @ om ag Pn" © Sandy clay % Diand oy < clog ay a) Nell graded tand — Sw bPooniy gradsh tond~ SP 5 Mitty gronebsand — Sto _ Bilt iH 0) Low commprontible ail - Me by Grberrnediccte, compremible aith— ry ‘OH cy Vagal commpranile et — Cloy t- Clog - Ongoonic Soil @ CL a) OL b ct > or © CH 2 OH —Totel group ayendols = 4 ‘ 9 + 1 = 18 gn (oance) (Ana) (Pd) iB groupe = Ff WK 35% ~ Low neasthle Bak WL Z50Y, ~ Frtermediate compromible WL > 50% = Highly CompnansitteO* Aug, @ KrVROAY Plasticity Chart or ~ to clansily the fre grained toils ip * To tdersvify- Ongamic Be: , a) Coloun best Donk colours (black or i. dank roum) b) Ocloun teat . Bad. adoun. oc) wy Fast behore amd after oe piasticrty CHART wat by: Sn oyorie goild, woy decreaned ( Ob mmidial value) aor over auyirg bg mow than one fpurt 4 Bound, Classifications: o CL-¢r, cI-cH Uiy JOL- POL, MI- POH diy OL -O1, OL- OF dv) pol-cT, MOH-CH (coarser particle ghoul be avn prdprene ener cin c1-mix Clamiy the fre grain toil, with UL = 60% » Lop = 204, Tp of gail = 60-20 = 40% Th of A= Vine = 0.78 (w-20) = 24.2% Yince. Ip ob gil is > Ip oh A ine, the point pista abow Aine > cles wi so > Wey commpronibte t Boil & CHeQML = 20Yo, Wp = 15% Ip= Ste (blo 4 87) , WL = 20/o = wm — Equation of Tp vs wi ie abled A-line becouse A t the furname Of A. Cane ggnamnda.. > GW tf ih HME 7% with vteaberyg lirnit co fash above A-line. bh fran vee Pee aes bonder Line case Le wnbol. pequsreng Avok 8 Gw-G6C > GP-G™, GP-GC, Gw- EM Jon gt Sh Tp ve ble 4 & 7% Jon ar GIN-GC ie te a borden Une case. requening, dual eyrbol. Sines = 15%, Tp = 8% => omMm-6e. a, dik = 8%, Coa Gm => cw gq. Vins = Wh, Wy eh —> 6% a. Gines =10%, Cy =5, Ce =2, Tp =5% > Gw-6vwe 4 . Gn cane of border lime cases, the coansar one iv 40 be favour (ox) the coansen ome iw gwen prong Bask eon agone Bok amd le, the eyanic one Ut coun on CI-ol A OL-cI <7 4 Gr the cere of tamd, all the conditions one same axcept Cu 76. > Senge oe ee \ nob ville to 2) Borge sie parxce J naked eye Px 24. a. Sigo__|_o Retained | Garuterive % | % diner coo, | 282 x100=40lo 40% sath eae 800 «100 =50%/e ql 10%. 600 Mas 4 1o% 100% a Deg = cicmmeken connesponcing, to Gah fier = 600 1 Dip =500 aL Y Cu= Doo = 600 = 162 0 Dio so o Gigs Comic) G FE. : i diecke, 1 O 4 Wee 42% blo 35% 8 80% =D indoor mes a ot oO CB Binw = 250_ xwo = 25% 1000 Coarse fraction = 100-25 =75 0 > wome gna roilsTp= 42-20 = 224, PAR Ip of Ane = 0:73 (wi - 20) = Tp > Tp oh Aine. x ph Lea above A tine. te SC Fines = 20% (aitt +clogy 2 Coarse fraction = Wwo~ 30 = 70%, (grorel. + tana). ade w cowme groe soil. Grawet frac = lO = 40% (more thom sot of { Goo + ond. = To%. 0%) + Yond pokion = 50% } Boil & got: (e geet th > keend. %) Ip of Boil = 35-27 = Bh Tp of A Une = 0-73( 4-20) = 10-45% wo Awe . Gry 2, pont falta below A-line > Cu Poo = Ie. D ° Poorly gree. 2 Co = Das _ oases Deora Doo = Al mmr. =P Gov — porting gl mam. (0 475 mm) Sand \217 Sept, » SNDAY ry @9 6. PERMEABILITY = Flow occurs only when there u abifferena in the total ‘hesda bho the wo point ~ Pronune Weak differena alone or clovation oliffenenea. alana meer not couse the, floco. = Gn the core of toile the welodty head 4 nyglctel L ughgimte) Ae pooh] AE poe EB ii ees. = H} Faw Eee | Be 2 z=0 | z=J9 4 t Jota. reach | heal Mead, debian Gae piewmnete J , we H=y Bee eae me oe ner en) ced both A & ero flow occurs blo A B. Jotal head differen Bor total ead loss k= Hy —He She totar ead low blow amy tuo poosta wm a ISL rand is equah to the olifherance im the ebvations oh water in the two pieprmetos kepb ak theie too poeUy dromtic Srodient, = y b> teepage length Yydroutic Cau tw the “heool lene por wert teepage lanath, Total cig onea of sotl A= Of voids 0% _ Ackuck onen of flow Budronge velo Apponent veloalg BK. Actual velo dtty on) : Ne = Ay Feapage veloeddy \ n<1 okwoaeat —> Darcy's Law BDischorye velocity x Aydin oudic. Grodient Viaw«t Drrcy’s . E QuaTION ki K > Coefficient of Poveneability of soilLat, v= K=> Gojgacient of, veledy porme abitity is the 29 dncharye velocity Occuring under end Ryyalnaaalic Grackemt Aunits of Kk: emis. ot mls or ™M/houn Hk 10° cm[s => “Permeokte gil F k cto? ols = “Gropormealste Goll Pormeoite sil — gravel, come gon Gmpermealste sel — atch loge Sort | Grow el | Band | Be | Clay, K Gomi) | 10° 10° ot we GS-10 | GED | C269] GO* 57) valid for Laminar flow © @ Donog Law Re coekyecient™ of porolation. = K Ke ar 1+e uw C—> shape tember (cat for poteetly ghenical onticle) W—> clynarmmic vie con thy> dactons affecting Kk of Mil; og — ghope of pantacle — PYyanic mokter = age ob particle. — specific sunface, orca — void notin — slrakificaten ete —propanticd of, (Luid —deqghee of xctreration & Check of Size, dio kK & Dio* x Effect of Specific Surface Area kK & 1 SSA & Shheck of shape K of nounced particles wu more wmrparcl to omgalor particle vinee SSA of Aoundad ponbicle u low Efe ct of vod ratio Kae? 5 abso Kae +e also logk Ke@ (latest one) She rao the void natin, more will be pormenlitlity. Pooh thes cammat creplain haanon for dag’ lous permeability abel cl: hos low peumealili though wb hos gh void, Noi o ka cet ite Clay rar Vorwatt value of c, fo the prolluck of ¢&e wil oS Ka bo 1 Ke TD & temperct une eins ocyeett sess temp => ka temprotwe During summer season Ae)y Parrmcalilty uit be mone. kx Bee AL% Efpect of Degree of Bakenobian “@ k ob pontiallay saturated soil, te nalotively Lerd compare +o fey yaturated atl. (ain Hocking ) x Elect of Ongernie matter, Onganie rnokter domeases k of geil. Bue to lows specibic: gray ob opgpnte, match, He flows ling sith oak oma {Uke the voids. Sl property a Kop interim atc panne Ay of gol (Tehoent proparty ) Aine of Kot cri on nt on daveys -> Tests +0 Determine k of soil 1. Conetart eos Text 2, Variable Head test ree 2 Copillonity Penmenbility otk 4, CoraolicloAton Aros 5. Purnping oct beat } Sreta teat 6. Pumping or eek Puonging owk ‘teak: Tod occunade, ual fe leye eng prayed Comadkidokron test tsuxtakln Jor Impormeakte clog Coplay Rownenditity tert + or portially srunosted toile. Consternk “head Fort t for coasue Grand sols Noriabte ‘hed bab 2 4 fre Groot soils Prmmping in teat sto find k of individual layer of soil.ie Constant ead Test we soAy =>) bevel maintain Q@= kia : foo @akha I L = Loy is RT : ao ry, > Noriable ead est adh = Qidt 2 > Slow Panallel to Beading Plates. Stal head low = h Lot hi has hg > heod loves in Layore 1,2 £3 reply - hy = ha = hg = hSok Ky be onmage pormeatility yor entine rol ara whole 7” Q=kyi.A = ky. fe Gi e+ z3) x1 ky AS ky by Art KevteAa + kg te ag, kus Gritz +23).1 = ki Bi th ke tel + ky xg kyo = kiait kezet kez Zit Za + Zs Flow Parpendiculan to Beading Plame hh — > total Veod loss h = hi + he + hs 4=4,7 4% =@ Lek Ky be mage permeability for entine Zoil a, = Keen A ake hia Z) : Gam kota Aa 3 Qe Ke BEA = ke bask Ze “ Qak. LA = ky. he on Zi +Ze+Z3= ber uy ke Yo | ay = 0.4 Tor Me Yoon O75 14 Ke = be ky =e 20% mowae, 2 wo =te el log, ku = ak he AK J& he Rie (90 RS ato he he ha he= hs 3 ko = 2 B~ 2 ke 23 Z= 1 kg = 1 z= 2 Zz zz Za Sp ee ical at is loge = 2xI¢ oe |S 22KAEI X15" = 62.474 min Zt 2 +23 0 _ B748-46 S a 25 lo05 Lz late = 22185 m Ooe iN = kh. an wm 5 = Zao k. xan mM 4 ess BS k = 0-013! = 5 Zimiln = 328SX 15% mg. Jotal head lot = 98 +0.4 =ham- Joka seapage eng! = ORFO4 = LAM a Jon a tecpoge lang ob A> head los an Prarwane bead ok R= 12-08 = Dam ts hakurn Une iu not givens let as dune, Line ak the alls wake Burhoca- dade datum, them dlakum head ot R=0 Gh de waka be i = Prowune hod + datum head Total beach at R = o4+0 = 4m aq dakurn taken to be bottom of soil 1 ob R =O Total wad ob R = produne bead + dockvon end, = O4 404 =OR Mm Discharge velodty, V~= ki Seepage velocity, Ve =Q > Allen Hazen's Equation ; K = 100 Di D> om K> cm/s @ he Ny drastic conductivity of a toil ak & veil natin of Ore th 0.047. cmjs . Bbimacke the Ryfranlic condlushon' Dy ct a void nakio of OVS At Q= 08, Ky = 0.047 = O85, k2 =9 kK be Wire, ‘+e Ke. ee] 1402 2047 _ ots a os fire 1 oefs Kz = 0.013% emig Gy Ke, ke = 0101835 emg $n tig: thrown below, the foil x has a Permealality of 4nd Fen ; shyt ‘| ‘ ard, the head lot Wr foil ¥ te 9 bimer the head Lom a, gal XKaWhet w the parrneabality of the soil Y2 baahak 4s taopaga. Rake par hound exetoem 9 what eevakion wowld warn mua Mm « fiego pmsorted wn fel Yak davaton Som 9 aw Jotok head lors, h = 40-30 =10 om ha thy = hstoem —> Gren, wy = 9 he nh =) em hy = doomQx = Qy Ww amo ex 4 x10 = by 10 ky = 44x10 emle b Qs = ke. he. Ax. n@ Zou = 4m Fx 41 x10 = 4x15 onifs = 4x10 3x 60x60 =144 cn cn f ha . & > he “Went “ ° e320 cea [pes rX- cu. ) ary iss : 20 : Prarune heal = Weight of vector column iw piggometon. ao879 Sox WEDNESDAY % EFFECTIVE STRESS Total Stressea) Gt i the ttre due to total Load x UVeutral Stress or Pore water Pressure (uJ we the promure my the wator % Effective Stress (9) $e iw the tobal stnems minus neutral shred. ge ales colled imbengneerastan pramere, Ge is the strors Und wninols the bdhomioun of soil, zhoon shroyeth of aol amd volume, Charge of, zeil whane Wo» total load (orctennot lood + self wt of, rot A —> total cs area of coil us Yh where bh > presune head = depth of water im piegomerer so Ru con be measured, but 0? carit be measure Apaeworn tk can Le compere ony TR wu valueAt’ plame O-O: T =D; U=05T°=0 At glare @-@: oa%aZ 5 U=030= AZ. Ae plone @-O+ ow = ¥a.2+ Vsar-¥ us YorH AZ +VH Yaz + Vee H Sou Yaz+ Vu @ © @ G4 wT neiner then oT & UW increase , but oc? decreases. @ GH, wr {os then T & U dacneose beck oo? ineoreanes .Yonwstae 2 Ya (Hwte) a © @ oSfeckive strove below the bed lanel ve forally (mdapondant of depth of eaten (Hw) above bel (ovel. Usat . z Usage Z+ Vout H Yon tanith surcharge, 4 (kPa) © @ va 5 Partially datwnated. i 1 Zz xH ° qa q+ Ay GS @_ aowotre ove str distribation dk ist Yak knifed sed agnars ane porte ony, o eae bh Berchonge & bnfinite Igle > Capillavity Due +0 capillantty , He capillary Ae [ enn wot is unden tension whareor the 2] |< bere on, wall ob copillory tube wy onder + t ° ; i [ =) Hydrostextt mension eos E= coropression | Ss "ecosee comings commprension |e on the wolls : y whore d —diameton of vaid (em) he- capillary height Com) Ax Dg 3S ho«t_ avintion Dio mle grovel R coarse sands he te negigibl. he ve ighest jo clay, daeDo = hex _t_ eDo PURsDAy Jon class, efbet of 292 of pantie on captllong *neght ts cmos thom that of void Natio. Sg ee Soros . zz dy soil, Yd A | > @ @__ Yoh 7 | Yeah [sabfeatha wth » Hts cower or > Ny Meak’ ! ) L ty bon —— ee athet teat TN ae each YH At level @-O: @ Gust ab ave byqguat: below w= Vaz hev=o uno 9 dy & partially ieturatl oil if uw tve. —> below wT iu iw ve —> bm capilloys gone con for od mobeutes ack like walls of the capilany. tube. amd. they one umden comprenions T inene a Sec onant ecere! pers 8 Fro “heowe & not boil one aisodwanbages of capitan, ack (orig time) (day time) ( : the shear sbnayyth soil. 5 = ot o?tonp) But capillary increased er % er =hz joo=V=Z Takings Veto, z= a Ae contra ob clay, =" or = Nt 2% = 264 hehe Gm Petey te guia = een = 74-2 = SH te = 2ttot : = exntte (2 = 54 _ t]he ai if 4 P= BRIR+ATXIO = 124 hed Bo 5. Yq HG = 19.93 kn /m$ 1+e. 2| exo; Sat = 8; G2 Voor = to (Gte \ 2 21.78 knife 3 Yack = 20 ate a? = 1x18-93 + 2(ae78410) + 3 (20-10) = 72449 kN/mep-35 \ capttanity care 6 Fam) = 11x38 + Go-9.8I) x1 + (i8-9-81) 5 = 102.14 Kin? zo Aft capillary Tube, At Amn depth, or = 2XITH 20x27 + SXIB = 164 U = 6% = 58% ET mk = 105614 kPa Ao? = 105-14 = 10214 = 3 kPa b At 24m depth, on = BTA + 0.4 V ect = 2%d + 04x20 ear CW = 42+ B24) a4; = 47.886 kPa. Artesian. Pressune. Tha > arbesiem prosura read. Anketion procure = twha | eecearcescesee ag. 1b) Cokatoke 7 at a depth of 24m below GL or the above Y= TKN Id on Springs ane davelo ped only when piegometric surface abeve GL.& Ebbective sbres ot a dogth of 6m = @ Yeley x4t Toad X2- To he. = (as40)4 + (@5-10)2~ 1x2 = 35 kPa by When ha=t, oF = 65-10x1 = 45 kPa pc = & kPa Ac-> anca of, covsbact Pw > nea of oater A total anen of, toil. Ac is Vey fmol. A A= Awthc & Aw UAw + =Nv Dividing. ba AS Ee A “wT chee. = os ut ENV “ = xa Comporiyy above equation with» o = Wt 2 Roos ENy 2 A Gr tw equal to the total vertical rantron fora tramendt ak the ports of contact of toil grein divide ay a total area, including thedr occupieal uoaten. dew much tmalion than ackual contack strona. (ens5) AcOo0000900 coo0c°o 33 @z 8 SEEPAGE PRESSURE & CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT Toh” Ye-twoh F] a Upward Flow Case / Upward Seepage. Ae bottom ob soil: om. = Ww + Vat. Z wu = Ww (z+ Rw+h) Se poo =z —twh Ab bottom of soils wo = boHwt Vsat Z2 w= wo (z+Hw-h) eer =¥z+Yoh @ Downward Seepage. oo = VWwHwt Bat. Z u = Tw (Hwtz) r= TU = VEZi odhen thee te Seepage, go = YZ + Ywh une =ve_aign fer upward seepage He sign hor dorwwnuvonal teepoge, page prsoune, Ry = heh The prosane conned. by the seepage woter on the soil pontic is colked, aeopage premurt. Phe seepage pradure Alwaqe acts tw the dineckcon of flow. MUpword Glow: YZ) tou 4 Downwort Slow : vz Toh | Aydnowkic Gradient, i= zZ. . Ps = wh =VYwoiz Seepage foro, Po = Ps. A- acon ae Ac A> anea ot bottom ob sel. +, Seopage fore porunit volume of toil = Bot > Critical Hydraulic Gradiertts ic Ge iu the Yydnaulic gradient at dilical condition. (o? =0). Sr om upward seepage, 07 = Vz — wh Ae ential edition (=); wh = Pz cS isc iia«& le = oot = GA)(i-y) * Jor silo, ic wt. (G=26-2.85 8 e=0.6~-0.85) > Quick Sand & Quick Condition om Boiling Condition. ° Sheon strength, S= C+ tang? a Jor ushaionle boilk, S = oc? tang? . Gr oom upwond seepage, g? = VZ-IWwh oO At critical condition (oe? =0), shear stneprth of QO cobasionters goil beeomet gond and the Beil Lehowes Uke a boiliyg Waid This Phenomenon ia called, Quick Conditzon, St occurs only im cohesion Soils. Quick canditten UW generally dbvowed in fine sand 5 amd atti. Sn the case of ges amc coarse rand, thoygh o ane cohasimlers quick tand condition U Nob common, ain oO nene one wag Moh permealste , Rortxeally , quick sand umdition oecuna at the bottom or a dle vide ob Wwydreulie ghuukwus. This is aloe oxcporievend. Oo during, const nuckion adktvities Wy nagpons whine WT u cloian to GL* Jo prevent” Quick Condition — Provide more dapth of shack piles amd reduce the Iypforoualie podient — “Keep sorne depths 04, water (Hw) Ww the taendh voithouk townp Leela. dascoxonring- — Lowen doum the tarounding. WT - Ap ey forse Bunchanye load Unbemaity (a) on top of sal, at pls of Wydrowke anuck ures. Ye b be ackuol Wppdrrovic. greet (= h) te be otical Tyg dnowali c Aracient eh sot (= Ges I Lele» quick Lon dabron O6cUNd Jo omeid quick gondttion, ib must be kept om than ic. o . FOS agcinee quick comditvon, | F = te i & The reinimurr head requined to coume quick condalzon 5 h= le-z2 at Sept, Sr 5 Piping : (undermining ) = gradual enreiton of ys Beil. particles =e ocd when o2=0 wt cane, of, cBhostontons ceils, Uke fine sand omel aie. Lot ley be Wyebaulic gradient ot exit point. Fos against: Pipeng. = tle lexttx Jo prevents “Piping: & — provide aheer pilea in the foundation to reduce the ‘hyjdnoulic Gradient: ¥ — provide wworted filter on dis- a lyase cxoberaa fox lavigne fe § Osan > 5 ; to allow encape of teen ° Os) base ae ae O . Let 0 H Os)-Aer <5, to prevent arcope of oO es) base. Boil, . ponticlee 3 O-3e On Ae endical umdition, downward pr, = Uplift prewunc Au-y) = Fo ha, Oo 2o(a-y) = 10x 6. yr a3 be ah yom, oO 4 (H-y) = boha a 20 (4-7) = 10 ha o a wha =Am. oO 2 Wako +o be lowoud va 6-4=2m oO 33 oe ¥z- toh oO See ceom Ona ao pha 10em oO Yrs Veet FIG = S18 Adhen dopth of wcavakion incwued to bm,O= x1 = Whe a2 Vea = ah Yow eae Qe) (Uo) = 49-19 Yoo \bure Bete oexat = OY gpge = 378-210 = Sem DY = b6R em os = Kia O04 = 2xio%x i x 46 ¥z— Yoh = (43-1) x10 1 (4.4) = 486 glen?9. SEEPAGE ANALYSIS % Flow Line or Fiream line Line whadh thous the dinection of sexpage ae e flow. * Equipotemtial xine, ZJotat Yeo o% potential remains the same at al points vw on equipotemtial Une . * Plows nek : Wakwonk’ of ‘cquipotertial lines amd flow line. Flow line. Chamel nee Equipotentrel tine Gy Jotat head remains the Jame at oll poirts in on oquipobentioh Une : Gi) Geol los Remains the dame bls two oe Une, (OH & Fame) sipaber 2 Gib BQ pemaine the tame fet. channel ww Jor wey field, DAL patio mutt be same, 6Bx Applications of Glownet: > Iq’ fed aagiage lowe race. C G Jo fined Feepage proturs div Jo fad uplift premure, w) Fo fend ent Gradient H = Seepage head (Or) head coming. flow. @n) tobal head loz important 3 fon recbamgulon fielas (iy Beepage Low Rate, Q 3 fon square felde. Ne Wei of flow channels Na—> Wo: of potential drops = fhape facton of {low net Ca const art )iy Seepage Pressure, Py BI we Po = Yoh hep balonce secpage “heal ak point c, h = total seepage head head loss upto pot ¢ = H-he he = NAH 3 We Not Of potential drops upto c. Du -> heot low blw two adjacent equipotertial Lines: oH = H_ h= H- RH Na. = Nal Giy Uplite Prerunes Pu hw -> pnanune Seod ot pont Dd Jotal ead = Praroure head + Elwation head. ho = hw + % hw = h-G*) hw = heZ (y Bak Gnadient, texit i = AH AOL eck a> Log th of, field ak oxi. Chatdhed -Yeld ) A Low not w shou ww the Lg Sh cookhicient “of parme Lady of mil 2x07 omfg, dckorntne the mepage la rate in vA] doy pan leygth Ob the weir. Ne=4 H=10-5-0:5 =10 ms C= OS+OG =13m Na= 4 K = 2x10 emis, - BL= bemwero the tapage pramune amd uplith prowune ao point D shoum Mm Ye fg, take Aapth of “pundotion ax og m. Also datervnine the anit Grsient Ww length of the, fd ak Lhe oxik pom A ham. Seepage}, @ = KH Ne tow rate Nd <3 = 2x10 x10 2x IO xX X= 60 Xbow 24 14 K = 1.728 mda & Q= 4.937 78] orm eopoge pramune, Py = Toh. = Ww (n-at) = to(1o- ae) = 35.714 kPa 14 — Uplage pretore, Pu = To hw = Ww (h+z). =10 (8.575418) = 4eTi4 kPa mete grodiertt; ledk = BH = 10/1 oss m. &. a > me ai O545 -> Earthen Embankment Ne= e=3 Phveatic. line. Na =F Q= kKHNe ! =e 27sfet te , Impey vious, x Dineatte Lime: — topmost flow Une — On the plwatic tine, promae beak Ae gro. = Ponaboe shapecoooooo9o [320 O88 4 0.0 Oo ccoocogoocooco ag, «<3, Q = kx, sina, tang © divectrin Foes Pe oi Kozney’s Equation: ! Qeaks -> Anisotropic Soil: Flow Urner Or equipotertial Lined ane goog arnoath Lawn, Buck vohomewar G pornealalé Chora ay thene wil be deflection, dr the care oh awiattropic toile Ck >ky), the flow nat to be drasn to the Arernborm A reckon oShich & et oined, by reducing, the “hongortal dimension ond Kaapires. vertical dimensions undhemyed. Phe nonizortad dimension pedircak bay roukdiplying, with a reluatcon vw effeciert of a‘ The seepage Low rate & tompucted by taking x anergy? pormeatality Ck?) os follours + NERS Na = 652 m- k Koc. Beale factor = 1:25: = 2.69 2 k = 100 Dor = 100 x@.01)? =10* emis = 45% eale (cris) Ge Q= KH Ne Ly, ot ils 6 sxio nth pa mebu length k= 88x0° ; H= 63m 5 Ne =33 Ng =10 Q = KH Ne x6 = Te ri length es ee = 18x 198 518 cre por om least = 119 one= 6m a he = non oons c9o0o00o0o00otngn0go 5s 5 oOWw Sept, THURSDAY 10. STRESS DISTRIBUTION > Boussinesq’s Theory % Assumptions + — Pil wv “ho mag enous — Sroknopic fot = Borer infinite. = Blostic medium. oe = Point load enous Trans at diferent Locations , gel “hos sarne Gorey parties i Bare =n eckion, (same £4) clastic pro] Jacknopie mers ok a seoge point, tol “Rod forme lose diner’ dinestions gone vrraerial bounded by a ‘ho ngontal plan infinite Lary Ww oll dinecttons +o properties mn Berai—intinite ™e amd vecteming one, Bide ob VOMBortol plane. +o Nontical abner, kg—> Boursinesg, Grane. Coelerent: = Zz SU =0 (vertically below the load) % = Q. 38 2 amo oO Oo oO oO oO oO o cog oO oO Q a A neckamauon footing, {mx 2m > ux a Cate gene |e Zz Ty A 1 oz: — Radial Shean Feros, Tre = TE Zz Mertically, below the ood, Trz =0 igo Thar a load wrbersity of goons tunlyca..Qekenmina the vorthenl snens ound wel a) below Cor of the booting. Boumineszs Theo y. 7 to Unt on He ak 3m velow or by belore Ue — connor al fodking, using abelow Che ob fowng, te f-4--+ Q =10x 1x2 = 20 b- Casting at co) ' ' oz = 2.2 2 amr = 20.8 24, A eS oa by below correr of Pooky, yews 41% = ell om oe = &. 3 (1 \ 20,3 (1 Bia. os (gy Pw) = 0.1665 +e"> Isobar Ge a curve on contour Conmacding ot point below the, Isobar gro Bungace Of equal vertical (Lemnniscectr Btnard. ¥ Tz vaniotion on a Monigontal Plane . X% GB vaniation on a Vertical Plane Passing through Xoo Q — os, a f ‘ Z= 1.2247 Gh a vertical plane U drown at a nadial distance of am awyy from a retical load ak hat lopth mone oe occan, =x tanP= > YO = 12247 ton$ = 1.224 x2 = 2447 Zzy -yPressure Bulb. . I De is the gone of the soil wm which thew GO significant stro. Beyond the pranture bully strers im the soil ce meligibt bn the core Of footing’ the depth of the prosune bulb a er ty below he rt eS 7 1s = O to og oO — Circulor Loaded Areas. ; % = 4 [ “fey Q oR 4 eC) Noo 9 O f cal D> sop, > Newmark’s Influence Chart Obay : —+to find o% ot ary pooh under ony shape oh toad — prepared bared on Bowniresgy Theory. — Ladr reckon comes equal ginos of the cmtne of the chant. o =Inqg Ly inkluene cocefyedent of chart: Ny no. oh sectors covered Wy fpoting plan oo 1% lood intensity of proto OotQ Sra Wewrnanks influence chant depth line is sem, Gh the geros UL nreqslineal ak a depth of 1Oms whe scale Uu to be used te draw te fg on the thacimy paper? Scoke: Depth live = Z Sem = tom Tom = 2m tom = 200 em er 14200 1 x I=} Dotal vo, of zeckons of chont Jotal e+ ob sectors of chant = Wool concentric ancles x no. of radial Lines. Gh ve.' ob ‘cades =10 & 77: ob racial lines = 20 hr ae — eee ener: 005 a 19x20 =— TJ —> Westergoord’s Method + % Assumptions Port Load Ud Bo consists of M0. of thin layers di) Applicable for stratified toile @) ‘setHemes sedimentary foile. or vaaved clog : ] 3) vz = @ 1 |t—— * AT 42(E)* — For £615, Bouninergs eqn giver highr stremes compen xo Weshengaancts eqn.re -¢ a Ser ye = 15 both equations give the farne sinew value = For > 8, Werkergacndts eqn gives slighty higher value : compared, 0 Bo uxineng, eqn. hd + => Newmark’s Method > to fed ot Lermer _of, neckomaulan loacect ae x aneq tq q (kPa) d I> influence wefpecient which depends on 1 RN Cefheciertta. B v oz, oo mm Rr values are avertable im the form of chorta or teDla 0 mak a n= 8 z z O Pt outside ® 12] Pe. 7 Footy? A inside oO ok a: me B= ogst Tay -Me1— TR OB = Tet 9224 Tas tony Q > Approximate Method : — Load drapansion angle & arumed to be as 2v +o 1H ° oO oO 1 eS load disponrion - (aey. Oo + QO Q= lBq oO ° l = a ° @+z) (L442) ¢ oO B For rectangule PLAN. Footing oO ; ae a ne (Gree% = @ (@+z)) 3 Fon continuous footing Q=BxNg 3 Qs lood pr unit length, > Vertical Stress clue +o Line Load, 4 2 1 : 4 Gok Zz fa =e = m= Bie Railurear Lines, teroonr pipa ete, 1 i \ ' * —> Vertical Stress due to Strip footin = (Comtinuous foting) w= 4 ; — (A+ Sinn (below co of TT ¢ ) Fa (knit loa TET oe — Ko T : 1 ate Gm maior) w ~> Contact Pressure Voniokton dapemcls upon i i Type of footing, Cmigid on Ylorible) Go Type of Boil: — wontact Preseun Rigid ooting. (&: Ree Yooting J Tlercible Footir GD uniform — zebtle ment. @ Won uniform — sebtle mens: Gb non—uniherm — contack presure Gd Unifgrmn contact prersune, Sleacible, footy + oil rank Yomndstion, ernlbomk mente ounclatia Bibuminous concrete, >— 4B Y=2m, beim Fe = 4.1g =4x 0.0308 xe = 105 Het dy rd Te below the Conner, ma ba ao oe = 0.0931. z n= ol oz = unde column (, due to unde wlurnn @ due to Ie 3 = » cue by 45. 2 . er N Gar Gece ache ae re 4 2 t Phe. Ve2= ee eer aw \i+G)yP 5) = 6667 , 3. (32) be. om + (Z)2 + '+*G) = OMt® t]re = Tz3 oe = Ta t+ CR + 943 = 1496 + 0-419 x2, = 9,196 to?cae =4 {'- ey} 220 ber og = 4xt00 = 400 KN/n a \ goo kiln 3 00 , 17 eo iA footing, iw thon in wy below, 2 Lbs NZ oe th a 1 1007! \ oo Botermine 2 Te we vertical Stners ac the. | poh thown in 1m q=180 KN/ nt the Yip ot a dopth of Aw Bom, Ure the ollowing coejpeciersty [x | m= O8 n= 2.67 T= 0.1365 m=1 n= 2.67 T= 0.2028. Bera due +o ored Ary Cfomicinutan onea) me aCe fegey) = bea = 2138 kN/nt Boros due to AesO BOOS o eeeceooe ee eo COO eo O 11. CONSOLIDATION > Compression Compronilility le the propery of soil due bo ushich Com@nesion Occurs Clo Thos relatively mone conmpransi bility componed + rowel, formal amd silt. Cormpremion of gol ts ue tor ain — compraiion ave eecage of ain form sits conn ; — acape of pore wate; wheneas compnasion of Ae Bold. graine amd water magligibte. > consolidation 2. cormmprantion depends upon volume of voids, Mone the vali of Voids, mone will be the comprenion. > Consolidation - Gow thee compremion of toil due tg expulsion ob cocker, under Shadi, Lowge “teu Leading « = Ge wa slow procers . = db occurs in low pormeable. oil. a = ponewaker promune OF) Dy drovbaric. prerbure, GD = arceans pone wooden prewuna (or) wade pynarwic i amonsaaed . Ayano sboite > due 46 felh whe Aydnodyn amc —> due to entero lood. kw —patekbram of water under eompined condition, ks —> BeKbrws Ob sol gn Bhrwckure kw >> ksAt beginning, adsq _ At end of cworgolidation, U=0 Grmme diractely after During Coneolidateon | AE the end of U< u=O0 o’>o raq ut Ut+eraq U+eP=q During consolidation, enccans Pore passune (WU) clacreares, ebective aaa (07) innreases, bub total stnew (-) remains constant . th sept, During Consolication, TuRDAy “Properia wshidh Proparties which Pnropertios which decease. _ mereane Remains fame. T, Ponmeabilayy » o’, Ya, 7, SE 1007.) Cormpnensi Widy , Bottloment, eter dearer sheon arength void rn akin, >e@eo cwve > e- log” curveeoocococoococoooooocoo9e9gss9o00¢ ccooce Com p nession Gndex, Bel cert of compnention inden, C= CG = 0:007 (1-10) ; for vernoulded clay Co = 0.009 (4-10) 3 for field consolidation normally consolidated clay x Coahhecent of Volume Change (ov) Cooffecient of Volume compressibility my = Vo: A gk in he vdlurnatnie enain por unit dherye of effective sto nL ty letou amtined (onea Remains game $4 aol bs oly i , v AY = OH a Vo Ho 7 > We “nore, VO Ite. meval- DV . be Vo 1+2o => AH _ be H ° 142,my = AV = be Ve. O07 (420) Ae? =v _ AH 14ey Ho. ao” xTo find wubtimote on final consolidation settlement, Spe ov AH a AX L be ae ac Ho f+4+eo to clay Ha? 2 DH S= Hy [Ae 1+@o Gh Aw om Sey= Ho. Ce__ tog Gree FC? oe = Bt Ac” ox? > oniginal or anitial eklective stree in the el (ane to alh weight) at the amtre of clog. Gib omy = AH Ho. Ao” 2 AR on Se = my- Ho. Ao? GO equation ie always prstorrcd. because Yor a giver gel, dy. & MV ane Tok Umetant; Uae decwore with inowae wo, Bt Co olwocers constant. —> Depending upon Stress ‘history, the States of Soil are: _ Wonemaly Consolidated geil, (Ne Boil) — Oven Consolidated foil (oc sil) — Akndarn Commolidatedl geil Cuc soil).O COCO CO Cee OOCSOSCOoS 4.= 100 kPa, s) —7 At the end of conaoliclation, o =100 kPa, af clay (Pre conmoliaded teres soz? = 100 kPa) 4=70 kPa Overcomoolidadecl soil 7D cly preconsolidated foil Overconacliated ail i ih the Poil hos oven been mlgecreol to presune gute than onciatinng, prewure Worn consolidate soil ~ th the Soil “has maven been sulyecked +O a prowune more thom orating, prosure, An dan amsolidored sotl. t- whn the gol & Unda corolidation. > Over Consolidation Ratio, OCR OcR = Se? eo ge w the ratio of precorsotidakions strws to prmertt affective ginoe im he sol. dor Ne soil, OcR=1 Jer oc aol, OCR > 1 Yor ve sil, OCR <1 > Terzagh’s Theory of 1-D Consolidation : Isochrome o ° ° +>0 Ab end of consolidation,Maken tends to ercope im veitical dinection (+o sand hae “righon permeability) , ore dinecion, 2 cole 1D consolidation enakon ean the sand scapes firth (lemen drainage distance.) ond =o. Sma there w tand m both sides ok Alay ite w calle double drainal clay. % Slope of Grodnome = ae = Bb aL =ycrautic groaic. But HR varies with time ord depth: slope is not constant x Drainage paths d a= ee ; For double drained. conaition A= Ho 3 for single drained con dion Dnainoge path ip the max. distona that the woten has to stnavel 40 escapee yas uaa ° clay ° Ho (S95 ned) _ a aa 7 Rock (=o) sya DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF 1D CONSOLIDATION, . ot aa > CoefFicient of Consolidation, Cy : Gye k_ my Yo 7 Units: we/sec , crilcee(yy Gyo ® ob , az? ie 0 Blation vw geen wm rerms 9% O Time factors Ty 0 Go Degree of consolidation, U 0 Si on, TT. * ime bacon, TW = Cyt O “ae 5 +> time of wraolidakion . o re 5 * Degree Ob corsolidotion,u = S oe c Se oO oO g-> setemonst occured upto contain tome ,t o Se> fonal gertte ment O° beaenmd Se = ou Ae egowning> S=0 5 V=0 O< U<100% 5 ae, eas S=Se 3 U= 100% o Also , U = dimtpated exccars PONE PRHWUNE «190 oO initial ercerro pone “prord unc. oO - 5 x 100 o S Ty > Initial acca Pore prawune. 5 > orca pone pranture after certtoin time, ° 5 OS ; Paar -U, at o 9 % Relation blo U&W ° oO o 5 a 3 U<60% O 100, io dy Ty .= 1.781 -0.933 log, lo0- U%) 5 U>6o% (a ¢> Consolidation Test (Oedometer Test) 405 — umdist unbed. Barnple we used, "etal — diame’ of sample > 3x Hhicknoy x Jo find ‘e? ww Consolidation tesb: * a Change in void natta method Forgas Jina most void natio, er = We G Be — AH l+e¢ We Gniial void notto, @ = er t Ae Gi Aeghe oh Folide methods- Megh® of Polide He —> Hs =) We GYw iA Co = Ho—Hs Hs He = Ho- AH ec = He -Hs Hs NOTE + @ Tor same loading amd same el propertia,, the. wbbtinate comolidation refement remains tame for both doable drain ole condition ond aeggle dbiained clog. condition.S** sept, Rbnoay se oO a oO oO ccoceogooco°o c a @ daa gen clay Cy te constant (amumea) Yor 0 geen clays +0 condor o sane. the time, required fer a double cbrainet equine far a tingle drained conclitron W= Qt ss + jt a amy k We L Waive cy k degnae of corvolidabion Lith tems € conditron Fer Some aagnot. of contolidation, $ & omy rom. rom Since 1 SE oe thy to 2 OH 2 3) mye \ kr a my] Ke glen? , Datem = op? = 2-121, 2 to 4 kglewt, an= 2 D> a0’ ee I2959(Te =) nokio Ww same, DH ie also kK game.Se n [bas 4 La ne Ss) (walvet only when w< 60% J 4 a (2 y => Se = 0x3 X38 = 120 mm Fuso drainage paths 4 dnoinage ‘patho Buck ulternode settlumertt remains the fame, Ho = 4m, Ce = 036 @& =0.92 = + 4) vm 572 bP Ls & (er Zi dubana blu pt. whine local % acting & pts whan Wad a noq wired Av’ = 500 Gra) Se = Ho. Coy (a5? + =) tte, VIX op O12 = 4x 036 |, 312 + o. ° 2 ieeorae ro = Greycoccoogooooo00ond ° 2 H 8 Ho = 4m 3 + Ce = 0:009 (wi~10) = o.4as Go = WO BE = o5x245 = 1,825 w= a+ ov? 4 = a(ra-t) + 2 (1-7-1) ‘rt Dor clay, Vso = Too (Gt) = 1.9) tnt 1+ = ae = 94-4 tae Ses Ax 495 log, Gee = Pom 141,325 3.2 Ur = 25% , 1 =10 min U2 = 50% 9 te= (ea w) te eS => t2 = 40 mn ee. a a = 229% X00 = 10% 2 O% v= & x100. Se qo = Sx 100 20 +a dm Kk te ye kL m ™v “ke. FN) - w=50% , eck =19 tHe L= 65h, 6-265ac Lab specimen Feld Clos Hy = 20 mm A= WL = 10 mm Uy = 50% U2 = 50% t= AB min ta= Joa same Cy & U tad te, = (da) + a) +2 (Sooo \? 4 ‘0 te= 2l64 years SH felt cles ‘we aingle drained s 4 timed of 2b 4 yoors 10+ = 85-6 years Sind the trve raquinal to undoago ai Fr the lehonatong o> TO. coradiidation of a field ley oh 3m thick ond dowste. droined Y Lab Specimen ! Field Clay: Hy = 25 mm w= 3B ™m A = Hy = 25mm (zingle drained) d, = = 5m = 1500 mm (do able U, = 50% eee dno by S11 min t= 9 Jer same Gy, t XK do Ty Game tit) 2 _ O.405 afisoo\? a Daa as 42 = 56.5 doyscococogooooococosd 13, Double droinage. Kingle drainage H H as a= 2 41 = 5 yeans 2=5 years S= 4 om Sa= 2 Ses 45 ow Sp = 45 om, Uxs = |Sa 1 Coten U< 60% ) a SA. oe So da a 2 Sa @H Jon tr = 4 yeas. ; = 80 mm da +2= Vyeows B= F vy = St xt00 = 26.67% Se Tn = TL (Yi) = 0.0552 “F oe, W= Gk stat ae eee ne a aa Be Tye = 01285 = Dose 7 ve 4 ios, Shore the Fable given, Ta = TE @s)" == aoe oes = Ex (2.F => 40% agama Se ony = Sa a¢eo Te te ~rabl.) TH am . = FE Te = O48 0.0558 4 4 Uz = 65% V2 = S$. => § = d00x065 = 19S mm 00 ad IS Ur = S2_ x10 = TON Se 4 We = 0.403 (trom rable ) te = Te te Gores + ™ € 16. Consolidation time te rnedsuned por the middle of construction period , Clase) + = \qp2-1958 = += lae7—195¢ = 4 Yeas ; &= 9 te 2 (S2\* = (fe) 4_ = (S_)* + GD $= 135 mm 1g. Immediately Abbr rma atten loadings Yeans T= 4 5 Moa +3 Vat = 226 kPa. = T6t SxIg+ 3x20 = 226 kPa. Sotal V= V+ 0 > G+3)104 76 156 kPa Fotal U = Vetatie =o kPa, = O40 0.055% + $2 = 28.8 years —= 4 yea 5 $= 40 mm (at end of consolidation) Sands Year Gaal = 16 kPa, lay 5 20 Kn/wssoO e000 0 F (immedzactely atin) =5V 4 30 16 boaatirng = 5x (@10) + 3Qa- 10) = To_kPa oF? (aktor moma years) = 98) + OF = TOF 76 = 146 KPa e > Recompression Index, Ca lope oh recomprnsion cone wom gore Nee (occ) & colted Ce ) Cee tc Binaaght Une portion & called AVingin companion. or Nee oe lego? vee carmot be vronked tn fe-lega”? os egban void nattos ane urad (le voit notin a the end of comzolidation) 20. Sp = Hox Ce_ x10 Ta e e (+e, mn \ we, ae Aoeve opr & wed only shen aH Ta ASI \ 2 “e-loge” cue ve a, Straight line. lye? | | Ne ' ! oo Gaels Renna moe GE ago? aoe “dio SS oa €%) End Eig “Y — 15° 80 Ho + rad es rs = 5x 0.03 | 8x 0:27 y log. @ (0.9 aa (55, >) (roa) 20 = 0.087 m = 87:34 mm—> Stages of Consolidation. co Initial Consolidation Berklament thot occuns immediondy atten lwoding duce to elastic nature amd escape of ain Gi) Primrany GConsolidaction Due to expulsion of Pore wodwr Git) Bocorndongy Consclidatton (Creep ) plostre, due to! Neadjustmertt of panticlas amd escape of some douse layer waren ot Taghly viscous cooker > Elastic (or Lrmediate) Settlement + S = An. g (Gere Ee we) 61 qn > nek prmure ontematly Es —> Young’ Modulus of Soil. 14> Powtors Ratio off Soil. B —> Chonadenutic Vrean dimension (usuadly esidth of fool, oF diameter of poling.) Tas Inplacmia factor Gnflucnce factor, (1) depends on skeyrens hope, L nalts of whe “pong amd. locatcon of port: Nore: The immediote setthment of a rugid. pote w about O18 times She Mandmum tettle ment of an equak Yloodste, fpobirgs (ot the contre). Jor oa croton tory, = FGleuble = Rigi Contre = 1.0 Conner =064 Arvorege=C O.8o2l. Sy | aa Yo | v Oil tank foundation —> flexible footing Teertve) 4 Orotan flexible pobing = 4 Yn = 4— YD = 250-22x3 = 184 kN/we B = diameken = 20 m Y= O45 => SG = An BO-AQT = 184x20(1-0-48) x1 Es 6xioF = O:04891 m = 484mm The onenage ehfective overdusdan prawure ona tom hick ratunoche clog gg ISD KPA» Consolidation “best on am umaistunde soil sample taken pore chy logon showed thet void natto docmenred forr 0-6 to ors, By increaning the shrew inte rei spore 100 KR 40 300 kPa, Botorvnine. the initial void ratio ob dey layer Alig dotormine the total consolidation tellement ap the day Gyr dae to tortion of a Pchane, Uegoring anol teres intensily of 200 KPa Co = Be 1 Ob 5 _ 0.209, log 300 a eg Fao 2085") Co = 0-6 ~€ => 2 = 0.568 5,6 Be "DR = Ho Ce Jog, @+s") = 10x 0.204 4/180 +200 Hee ws’ + 0-563 Iso ) = O4G2 Mmtet Sept, TvES Day 2. COMPACTION — Corrgastiom ob toil ts due to compres ion amd, os cope Ok ain. ~ Few @ quick procers. = usder short form lees roving, Looe ate > Effect of Compaction : — shean strwmath inerrases = comprsaibt Uy decreases 5 pormeahility decreases e Dering, compackton , Zome amnour of water Xs gennally added to howe a lubnication efiec blu the ponticls ty fpalite cog compaction. —> Compaction Tests: The purpose of compaction “test ur —+to find ome —+to fend compackive, orsnayy 1. Is Light Comgaction. Jest (Std, Proctor’s test) Shin test is porkormed for onclin ong noacla, eoxrthon dams 2 1S Meo Corpaction Test. (Modified Proctors test, Shin test & parkormed {or erepreneoayyt , nunuonys ¢: Wt. of ‘Kammer! Hb. of Yall) Moiof blow | Yoio, &4) ~ Por each laren Lavon. £2 5 Heayy test 4.90 kg 45 om, 2S Light test 2:60 kg Sl om 25 3 0 C @ Jotol erengy roto = 2 oe AMO X 45X25 XBL aoe a Ox 81x 26x 3 = Go ° @ Mould Capacity = 1b gerorally m 2.25 L. (PE sotl has % rete 2 on 4-1S erm > 20%," ss Vegan for both tests, G don 2.26. mould —> 56 blow per each Layer We wt of aol water V =nol ob soil, Yo Oo w a by oven drain 0 toould. aes 9 oe oh, zero air voids It : She bos rapeated, Yow Caron a O comtersta amd. Th ix obtained, too sirat ° A Shi O tw eadn Cane, g7oeh agra) plotted blo Yd Bow Oo Content, O Ormc:— Opirnum Mouture is the Q woot usntent ak which Marc, O ome ws ding dewily obtained . @ compaction curve O + : O Yd = (1-9) Go 3 Na = fo ain voids > Equation of 5 ~ 4+ wG Compaction cur = 64 O Camax) thes, = =~ — > Equation of Zero Aiv Voids He 1+ w6— Zero cin voids Line UW used to Compane ond underubard the lerel of compaction. — Kok ¥ & least Cos least mo. of Voids due to optirurn compaction) -— Ko Zb& reledinvedy ers Khon, K oA X. % Torme Jest but Boils are Differerrt Finer gol hos ralakively nore ome ers Gideon compared $y coarser toil diner foils Home mone cunhace area ancl “hence more yo, Td = Gtw in 5 By : owe, Abo, ore => Fer soils having. lagen seid e ratio (e) ill be Roving enor (ha) may . x Same soil bu tests are Different Va As the wompothive eneygy in creases , Kammax Inoreosd but Ome decneoser, Heavy compa eee — Factors affecting Compaction : ; 4 = weber content (wc) ” = compackive energy — type of Boil.a dn the cone of Pure samd, cithoub fine, thre ig SY no wall defied Ome amolurthe cue is shown below, n Jor the above sil, the compaction, t canse ts ok wreule > u Relodive deraiy (on cersity tran’) Vw ™ used. to Incicate the level of, compaction, achieved, or Dry of Optimum Wet of Optimum, —locewent simuck, | —Meporred struck + ~ rons thesn orepth | — tea shen Aor se aeee een - mone twoalling te | — lex nocding: Sap. 1 men ~ Jo mora wocliry of sail (below the floors, pavemenit, cone of earthen. dam), aol te ompacted, wok of optirrum — Fo hove mone virapgth (noad ernbonkments &@ casi earthen dams), the gil is compactal does ob opberrvem ome we 6% — ‘Placement woter content 2 w/e actually used at ete —> Earthen Dam: . COre or Ll hearting * Cone — +o dheck secpage + shell or — mode up of Umparmeable aoil Ah = wet oh optimum — (ly) ~ Shell t- = to provide stabtli =mede ap of soil other Chan day. - doyy of op emu.> Cormpaction Equipment : : 4 u ible. = Tarmpons > momual compaction Ge ae Pee — Booth wheel rlen> +o have tnosth surface, walls —Preumakicy Tyred rcllern—> for all soils — Sheep foot aol. > best suitable for clays — miler akong nolo —> best suitable fpr sands SKreadiongy actton 3 best for compaction of cles. De eeacr dy z best for compaction of, sand. > Relative Compaction Relakive compaction = Ya oF Bel Tamax tr lab X 100 Gerry, 90-95% 8 accoptabte. > Droctor’s Needle Jo measure Wr =F We amd Tel Capproneimecte,) ta = WwG re hes ay 28 > e=o0.u2 ite 2 = WG 5 0.472 = 016x265 Sy eee n= ActSr = 100% % Ag = 10:3 = 2.103 = 327%oO oO 0 oO Oo oO o oO O O O cS La Camax)ires = GTw &4) 1+0WG : Mol: of geil = volume of cactter -Tdh = ows of gol = 8010-108 = 1930 N. = 0.0193 KN w= SB = WV = B65 1+. V-tvs yp 0.22. = 1216 kd Ya= GYw ite Ht = 265 x48 Wy g - 14196 ite ce na a el Ss © A getunation Vive & Sto Or vords ine ane diforert- bn Sr + 2 = 100% pene ee16 Sept, TUE Ay 13. SHEAR STRENGTH eS om oo oH —> Wormal Strom T. —> Shean Ptrose 3 — Principal planes, 1” to each other B-Primdpal Firewes, 1% 4p each other (T=0 im Principal plar 63 > Prindpal stromer. H2% 2 T —> Majon Pniveipal Press 3 —> Intermediate Principal Ptnress 33 > Minon Principal Stress eee A nalytieal ‘I T= F+B G- . + TSS. cos 2 x Minor Princip. oj Plame =o-G . t AWB siman 2 al Pole (origin of planes) OR = Reoubtant stro = {ere B= angle of obliquity Cory blo © & oR)o¢ oao0 D ° occodooooceceo Go? © dor faslure plane, agile of obliqaby wil be a % S —> sheon stneregth or shear resistance, T —> shean atness We > failure Shean seress, 6. 4 wc OW o\\e7 - Gf T ermal enews on the plane c > Cohesion $ —> ayle of internal fustion (7D angle of, shearing. nasighance, © Angle of Repare i Waturnat slope of a soil Tuap . Argle of napoe & ange of, shearing narishannes, ane “nob equal to each othe, a. owe somd , there two one nuorly eo Aoeooven, fo* wodle oh Shearing. Retbance + ame of inclination of foes a failure ervelope, angle of tepos=> Mohr’s Theory — BAL ele omer, die. thea — Farlune shear stnrers clepends on o, — o% “hoa mo ebkect on’ the behaviour of soil S= f(r) Sa gos = oy pr Mdwte theo ny, % ose é Monrs fortune envelope A curvilinear * Nowacoes, S = C+ orton ; [Mohr Coulomb Equation. = Terzaghi’s Concept: — S depends on elective normal sirows (oc) > S = c? + tang? > ehlpctive cdhation (on drained cohesion) P—> effective angle. of imtomal -(rietion Con drained angle of internat {nichion) — Anothar equation S =Cu +otandy o> total nonmal strent. Cu-> appanents edhasion @r) total cohesion Er) umdnoined eohation hu opponent angle of ints {rickion Gr) total amg of ints {niction @r) undrained ome of int, vrction. cs0 oO oO cooogoooocoooooce]e eeletecm oad S= d+0’tang’ S= Cut Tang OH =gennal equostion — Unters of ebiectine | — intavms of total nok used nowedayg. shacks atnons - 2&8? one called = Cu8dbu ane called Shledtive “thean shergh | otal thear Srength ponammetens ? Panown obens? — used for drained - — ned fp undn ained, conditions of goil comatickrons 94 #0. cnet possible A te Failure, plane. K foiluve envelope1 Sept N WEDNESDAY 1c fe c c=0 $ . 7 Cohesionless soil (or) Cohesive Soil. C-h ail Gronul i . : f vonular Soil Gs Pl seid % Clay ral Sr Dry mane elagey ronal Bilty clay, Tests to find C&G Paromckers 1. Bineck Bheon Jest. 2, Griaciat Pheon Jest 3% Verconiined Gomprowion Jost: 4. Vome Sheon ost % Dinect Shean Test ov Bose Shean Yost. failure plane (olways) > To find analytical ay cag: o Te |] = C+ o tang = : B= Ctioterd —+—H Se - IS = C+20temg —s3@ - eal Solving we get Cc 8 g valuesoo0o090 o o oO 0 oO QO co eooooce O oo - She test w ema ubed for coharionl soils. e — Ghe moin dtrodwantege of the best Ue that pone prask, cannot be mesaunecl dinactly — Depenatingg: on the Orainage conoliktona pnovicled, value of cshasion amd angle of Shean nasigtone. roo be Com cy ona Por tu % Tniascial Shear est. ee Aa “at Se: Comfining, prewure, (due 4 watsr) Ty + Beviactor stress (eckomally applied.) vain pipe Docker amd ound akoooys eccotta normel fore. Te = confining proriune OF cell prswune or chamber premune, OF conaclidatton prvsune OF alnound prewuns, a u. GB=aAG 4 3 = 7 iq 5 N=% +04 36 m= % 54 13 10 \e yp “Keeping, % to comme athoon failune.. Wing constartt, dekorrning the oleviadon strart required Ta, dokerwing Open the value oh drain pipe 7 +o drain cub poe woken which , ‘luv gve co ab pee —=Clow the drain pipe valve to obtain Cu & pu (unduined) 6 When the +et iw prbormal eff under undraimol conditions , FT or GoTAL stress circves ) pore wot roturs can be meaauushTe TP RT, draw the effeckive rine crelar. A fpilune ervelope Targentiol to tha ekheckive ttams circles de dno omd cc? 8 ane obtained, — Pon. presune developed An he cone Of Anained tek is BX > Plastic Equilibrium A makerral said to be in plastic equilibatumn wh cee poire of) goil bs ok vonge Of failure. x Plastic Equilibrium equections Gg = 53 tan® (5+ du) + 2 Cu ton ise 4) 3 oy =a tod (a5 + #) + aie) z 7 Depending upon drainage condition, types of SHEAR TESTS : Gd) Umionsoli cared Undroined Text (uu test) (iy Comsoliclated — Uirdnained Jas (CU test) Gib Comsolicdated — Drained Tost (CD test) x Sroges of Shear teste 15© skage or consolidation stage (application of Te) = ohh stage on theonings stage. (pplication of ta) @ When the value of dnroin pipe opened. when OZ & cpplied ( skage), pone wok ercaper amd soil gots consoli, Otherusue, %& semaines untonsoli dated. © Ahan the valve ts open during. application of og, droined condition & — ebtained @ VW test : Dnoin wolve we okoug kopt closed. (Quick test) © CU test : Valve & open & BE stage & clated Ym 2PM stage © cd Fett Valve UU abuoye kept open (Slow test)° Cceogoooce Coe - C & d one sheon property of toil. Gb varies sesh porborm ed va, a os Hirwogth parameters amc nok the (Ss wrk dnainege, comdliteams and SY godal load = Qy area ok failure Aa ult a Ae = Wav e uae Mo AV =0 3 undrained test A e 2 1 an! a al o0se sand /Nec. Cree AL yitieal a= y Void my Yatio) ® dense sand/oce ~ay {a Kloose sand /Nee ay — Dilation. :- cumin, shearing called dilation. Thin Bond ond OCe Cor — Critical void ratio (ey) deneases with moweose in conning prawune: (wz) cmd uttirnate stnens —Poak stress va he Prromeron of meumie in volume of Fei i cntkbike by dane % Peak Sint c_ Dense sand foce Hirnate ON Soeets20th Sept, > Trioxial test Curves; TATURDAY Cu amobe BB eS @ UU test on Nec & Occ aN Cu=0 fj > - C0 gg ge 5 a Cu test on Neo a Cu test on OCC ef mw CD test nv Nec B co test on OccoO oO oO QO oO oO o oO O Coo © ¥ Uncon fined, Compression Test (Ucc test) & —~ Ft w a special ype Of triawtal test with ga — conduckad quickly to howe undrained condition ~ Sutbabl. for undnrained, saturated cleya (bu=0) Au t uncongined compromive sbrow J ue o = 93 ban’ (45+ os) + 2 Cutan @5+ gu) S gn vce tb, GO & H=Qy aon ‘ 2Cu tan (s 2 Gf toil i» undrained getunoctel clay, then gu =0 4 g=0g K=48 “Le = Tox _uce ts the only test tm Loris Mots Cin de pasa cal Ebrough athe onigin . © Sensitivity = undsabunbed strength emoulaed strength o3=0 Td, Jf gonsitiwdty = 15 gol tw called * insensitive” G, wornsitivigy >16; al tw calle quick soil” (E:-montne els Quick fol & O Supe ob goil wheres quick sand iw a Vyydoramtic adition, — vce ww not suitable for frsuned clay (cracked) Bol wil fol olarng the ancustinag, mack and does nut endhibie the real sbnength,x Vame Shear Test : — cam be wmnducked m lab or field, — guttable fer umndroined tatunated clays for which guzo (S 520} os” 6, = when both bottom. H a | By Bort take in shear fens = Te Td’. Cu($ +2) Te Whe A clay 2 12, Vane when bottom face takes part in shear P73, or. sing = SOL 4 15D . (4 b = sin i) oe w= G-G SIND OK Og = S32 sine (45+ 9) Tmax = T= z Bina Ue = Imax » O= 03 «7 = 200, = bo, CHS kN/we, 6? = 25, u=20 op = TU = 200~20 = 180 KPa us 60-20 = 40 kPa 4 Sa tee Gy ead, the mqund T” to case foilwe: oP = op tot (as tb!) 4 abd ton Gs +o). = 40 tom (45 + 25) 4 2x5 tom (45+& _ T= V4 kPa. B . Pinca the propored effective — atnrows (igo kPa) ie more than, 3 ig KPa, the termngle will defirrtely fol } n og, Gommpnansive dinerath = dartadon sina. = OF Oo Ca IskNint, = 20, 7y’= 60 og? bot (+9) 420 tom (es+4) : = bo ton (4>* 22) 4 2x See (eae) oO “ 9 = 165-2 kPa a 9 og = FT = 16512 —60 = 105:2_ kPa 308 Guys b2 Iylent. a op = 56. 45+ p=X%Xe z T= DB + TAT cosa a aS + 4 @ a 2 2 oO 20 = G43 aH paw + Ta $E cos 2 ( Oo 2 O Te = TB gm 2ce 2 e= W-B_ sine (4548 . a “27 > @Gluing 9 8@, H = 4285 kPa 8 OB = 87 km opemy Nas ees se og: SR Nee tol, iM Cw test, Coro 8 Jo fed gus TF = o tar (45+ Du fs) +2Cu ton Gist by) 2004150 = 390 tone (5+ Bs) aS pu 5+ 826° Jo find 8 oy = oy’ tod (U4) Lad ten fost gr) z Pa to. Ta= 200 KN/mt , og =100 kN/me Gr om undnroined teat, py =o, eT = 3 tad (46+ by) + 2 Gy tom (45+ Ou) Zz. HT =73 + 2hu = 200 = 100 kPa 2 SOR nen douy tomd , C=O o3 = 50 kPa, TA= 00 kPa = oy tok (ast by) + 2 Coton (45 + Gu) oH = 50 tod (454 a) so = 50 tat(as +du) => 6 = 38coe eoo dood C a 6 #87, 3 =200kN/w, c=, OH = og tan ast) + 26+om (4+) 200+ aq = 200 tad (45 +87) 4 0, = 5b kPa Sig. oy? = 150 kunt Principle effective Binow Reaktiv, oy =4 op = a tat (45+ 2 LS) + 2c tam (454 Wr) = vere $) . => f= 31.47 “ Ta= 7-03? = os (Be 1 op > Skemptor’s B= Os Yr dy sol. —>! B= = 1p YR skurcted soil, b A O Ag @ Ag w —ve or deme sand. [Occ Ag w +ve Yn loote sand / Nec Pore Pressure Parameters (A & B) oat Ag closed. dJotal» AU = Avg + Aug = Bao3 +a8 agg, 3 [bu = B (acy + Aava) > Shear Failures : G) Brite Poilure dd Plastic Failure. Z) A Plastic Failure, a a Quick sond ib due to upiand sapoges liquefa mye es 04. Agg = 109-9 =100 kN/re Compackton caused Wy ulbrattony Bug = 10- €60) = 70 KN/ mF, Pas 208s 0a 60) ast ‘ To_ a, are f 10S Gonssidects Avq = 500 KNint Hoge \ _ 2 CSheaving) & 7 Aud = -To-10 = ~80 kn/m. Duda = AB OTA. —80 = AxXO7X500 O23 B—> dapends on dag nee of, sozunation » Sy. A—> dopends an over consdidation nakto, OCR —> Liquefaction: = o?tamg =E= Ulta $? 5] | 7 (Fine sand Dus to vibrotivns caused earthquakes itt) cahestonlese em pile, drivings, toil gata a and ut. - Usa» SHO (ail behaves ag a liquid.)28" Sapt @ SATURDAY 63 0 14. EARTH Pressure oO oe TW = vz ° o Lateral fonth Promuresop = keg y A wskene K-> coekbecionn® of, lekenal - earth Une. ° a x ° oo} ° ° ° —> Types of Lateral Earth Pressures 2 1.) Ab nas Earth ~prorsune ( py) ° a 2. Archive Zorth prorsure. (Pa) oO 3) Porive Eaxth prosune, (Pp) ° % At—vest’ Earth Pressure :— oO — Ge anise Bhon thre te MO Yrovermertt of wall, ° — Wo gelding of oil . oO — elostic equilibrium, 5 theong of closbeity Us used to find oO Th. oO . wv 5 Ate nest ant prosone, Py = kg © ehow Ko —> coxhipsient of ab-nest conth propane,” 2 Ko = | Poors nakto of soil, ° ia” s also Ko = 1-sing ;. for cchesionless soils. O O Ox Active Santh Pnessune =~ & anne wher the voll moves ~ Dorlune wedge moves doumwond. = iw a plastic egbm condition Ylene T= & M=% yoved, Failurs plame makes an angle of ony (A+ b/2) with Major principal plane. s+ ) x Passive Fanth Pressure z _ ae axwos whe — Forlure weage mover wep words. Gt wow plastic eqn condition, Ghene = WB HAG ns g 22"sopt, he roONDAY a my ® ——Eo Balt movement wall movement eee ee ea awoy from back él @ Pp >Po> @ x, < Xe —> Practical Applications: G Jor design of ordinay nekaimirg wall,— active pressure is use Go Jor design of, badge abutments amd bose ment walls — at rest earth pressure is use.oooo0o0090005 oocoo°0 goo0oocoooo coo > Abutment T Basement. 5 ‘wails cin Dor doxign of, shoot piles — both active & passive pre used, > Romkine’s Theory + Hto find Pa PR. % Assumptions :— iy Boil ww and chasionlere diy The back of he wall Ww vertical and smooth, diy Plosic equilibria Plastic equilibrisens equation + oj = Gro We + 26 tance, for cShaionlans soil, = Br %e, gm active core, Fay & BAK 2 LT = oh tarvoe, R= tart Xe o | R = Kay whine Ka? cooftpdent of active eanth prune ec Hee) _ 1 = ! — Ka = Fioe tnd (sd) toast (45- dye) a |Ka = insing It singBirnilanly, Pp = Kp. ov Kp > coekheciers of posive earth proune , Kp = 14+sind _ I=sing Ka PB = ko oy —> for both cohesive & cohesionless soils Po = ka oy — > cohesionless soils . Py = kp oy wv t 4 ° c=o ¢ fp c % — ‘ f Pa aoa i cosets G4 Ka. ¥H- Ka-PH+ twH Ka (qth) Ar tops % T Pa — diagram At bottom, 5) = tH Pa= Kav ek Pa = total oxbive (pre = ana of prsure diagram, Pos kath 5 ot H from base ke ‘ case 2: , tat , WT on ground. At top; Pa=o At bottoms Ww=TH Po = Kay? +$wHeooogo0o00 oooo0o0o00 co0o°0 coogooo0qo0oc0o0o Cage 3: Surcharge loadings q @ At top; = 4, 6s Pa= Kaoy = Ke q At bottom; ov = q+ ¥H Pa = Kagy = Ka (q+%h) Pa = kar oy P= kp.oy ka = cosp cosg —eodp cod Cosp +, (codp— coey Tepraataly bar |? = "es OF retaining wall) os -| cola _. Jere Kp - 1 cosp—lcodp —coep ka, > C-@ Soils Pa = Katy — 2c {Ra Pp = Kp.oy + 2¢ VKp =} BELLS EQUATIONS NX] | ~- NH e220 ee ere Pp ED, an Pa. | aa pC Kath ~ 260K Kp SH + 20 Wp.At *opi aso At bottom, nq = tH Pa= Kacy — 2c lke, Pas Ka ¥n—20VKa, = ~2c{Ka (tension) Ze 1 depth of tension zone (OY) depth of tension crack X Fo find Ze At a depth of Zo, Pa = Ka¥ Ze ~ 2cVKa, O = Ka tZe ~ 20 Ra = 2 son oe 64) = jfon pune clay ($=0) sp tory un stipported vertical trench, critical height or depth of * Ho =2@Z = 46 = ton fo+g) 3 fpr pure clog He: ! ~F + ee % Jo pind total active force, Pa, @ Before formatton of crack, H ff padz stotal algebraic tum of ona of presune. clieg nam. ° Po = Ka. we —actKa.H © ae igorrnation of! crack, . f Pad2 = area of tve portion only, ke2 oo ° ooo 0-82, — 2cdKaH + 2ch 6G Y x Jo find total Passive fore, Pp Po= Kp oy + 2c Jkp . At top, oF =0. 4 P= 2clicp Ab bottomigg = YH. Pp= kpwnt 20 ponive Dotol prorsune fora, Pp = area oh pronure diggram: Pe = Kp¥W 4 acdkp W H= 753 1@ 26.49 101-89 At bottom; oy = 18x3+ 24-991) ut = 117.955 kPa VF sin20 A +p; oy =0 Pa = Karoy + Ywh = 0-49 XN BSS + 981x 4s Pa = Kacy =O) ke Ak 3m dopth, OF = 18x3= 54 Pax a) Gust cbove Sr clapth Pas Kay oy = 18_KPo by Gust below 3m slegth, Pas Kary = O4Ax 54 = 26.48 kPaTovah orca, Pa = +x! + Hs br x1ex3 + (26 ae 3) x as = 315.932 kN/m @ Area of Pressure force diagnam = Force per unit length, to 02. Ze = 2 = B04 l Yew 207% (only when ka=1), 40 50 65:33, Kae Iesin mie i4sing an Koa= Ising _ 4 1 sing0 A tops ; . At bottom; oy’= 10x34 aA e. Bx2=46 Pa = Kayoy =—20, Jka HMO tox = o- = 10 kPa. Coensi O— 2x5 x1 =-10 kPa. Cbension), er Ate 3m depth 5 oy= (20-10) = 30 kPa. a use above 3m depths Pa = TV Kor + -20, (Ray + Boh, 80x1 — 2x5 + 10X3 = 50 kh, by Gusk bdowo 8m depth, Pa = oy’ Kas — 2C2Skay + Boh. = 20X19 430 = 40 kPa. a 30 ooo 0 ooco Jo find Zot At a depth of Ze, Poa =O. oy Pa = Kor VZe 20) VKaq + Yo Ze © = 1X10Z_. —axsxi1 + 10 Ze Z = 10 = © 20 @® gnome tirmilan triangles, a5 jo = 30 “eR ° Zo 3-Ze / 2 Neglectin ctemsion gore : { 4 65.33 al : Pa. 4x50 xas 4 2 (1298-8) ~ 167.8 kKN/m ~30 a Neglect tension. 1 gone, as tension. cracks develop 4X14 a0 Ce=20 328 Koa = 1. Ab top t oy = —20 Ska = -30. Ak bottom: Po = Ka = ~80 kPa TV =17-6xastivaxns. = Tae, At 215m dagth; w= Yxa5 cee = 6x25 = 44 kPa, Sea Mie a) Guat. above, Fotol active oreo, Py . Wea. = Katy —26.Nki Pa= Kar Ty 1S Kas = (25-17) x4x0.5 + = 44- 2x15 = 14 kPa. b) Gust below, Pa = 1xA4- 2x20 =4 kPa. ie 0:5(4432-9) xh5o4, Po = ka cy ~2c SKa. O= Ka.qg — 26 VKa 4 = 2£_ = ectandte Nika, os. fwhen thae we no sundharye, SEP ko fet at bottom, Py = Ka ¥H 5000 = Ka. !1700x 10, R= 80889) =o. =a0.eg Ka= O.2a4 cs see Kyi Sh there a fncheye, a) +9 ck -botlber; Pa = Kar oy = Kas q = 01244 x 2000 = 5ee kg Ima at bottom, oy = q+ tH Po Ka. oy = Ka (q+ ¥H) = S588 kg). Mocimum earth prewure = S582 kg)nh Resultant fpwe on the wall * y(ssee+822) x10 = 30880 beflm = 309860 +/m — Coulomb's Theory *& Assumptions : a Soil te ay amd edherionbens G Bock of the wall & roughJ en Y a FeD oF be Failure wedge , Trial Failure wedge R em \/ st “Trial Failure plane vw Cr S—> omgle of wat friction, Ry, Goulownls theory te a graphical ciniak & enon method of wormpustin Teckonal earcth premunee (Pa & Pp) R a force triangle Note: Effect of wall friction The wall friction reduced achive provane bet mowases portive preune» both are odvartageous. @ Jor Ree oy walls , Rankine’s Theory can be uned, Bon store mosomy, nebaininy walls, Coulomb's Theory is usel ¥Rethaw’s Wethod & Culman’s Method — graphical method. a compuboyy Pa & Pp tiny Coulomb theory, : When wil & compacked, OT > Kad Pao = kath (i). Kay > ¥t26, Cohesbic toile one poor ar back Ming on they Causa. mere labenat prvtune. due to follow Aeasonss G Yor clays g aw low, Hence ke is mone, wy Bovey obj claye SH Clay hove poor chiainage propanbi GY Compackton of clay belvind the esall in chi cau cunt: Jor back ping. bdvird the walle, cohesionlers Jol Uke ord tord ane besb. Soot T Ka due itp above fpctons iw more than the VK dive to cohwsion. (Pa= Kagy — aclka) > Solution for Coulomb's Theory, $ ema tates a etice € 2 where Ka, dapends on 04, #55, fh © For voricol wall and. horizontal back{id ond % I=G>, Ge lca cos 9 NE i) eicos mre (HN sim g)® (1- sin) 2pant Aa @, a : 6 15. Stasittty OF SLOPES Oo a > Forees which couse failure of Slopes s oO Gy Qnowitatzonal Jove ; oo Oo (iy Seopoge fore eet oo ae oO iy Cortrquake Gore oe a oe oo Sse Sy 9 y Conse nuckton equipment locds Ee GO - soe oO ms oO —> Types of Slopes: a cy Gngmite slope. Gi rmowntain slope oO ; : A ty Finite slope Ge embomiement Of roads y cancthen darns we canals ete. a ° 9° —> Types of Slope Failures: e G Shomilaktonal failure S Ga Rototionod Failure, oO diy Wedge Jailune 3 w Smpound Jarlene. ° * Tnomslational Jailure oO . oO dh “U>s ; mromlartonal failure occu ° sto avoid, foilune, T must be kept O New thom Ss. 3 Fos = S Oo a O Fos >1 5 te w safe O FOs<1 3 umsafe oO FOs ="1 5 entteal.% Rotational Tailure YK failure Mp = dLainsing, “moment Tq = Pasiating moment oceuns. Jt} My >Me , tor — types of rotational failures :— a) Face failure by) Foe failure. ©) Bore failure. Depth facker,Dp = H+D H For bose ferlune, De >1 Cushen there ve zope soil) lon too ppilane, De =1 (when thow t& no sob soil), For face foilure, De <7 Deph faker, De eshane y> varticol dopth of points whore fatlune turface, peosas as thao, =u ne % Wedge Jailure Soft She aokt soll above the & tenhace blun Fogt scil ama. [= randsoil will hall os a wedge : inter face x Compound Gailure, Failure surfaceoo°0 0 ooo0o°o ooc Coo cCc Ooo cCOoOOoO 8 ~ Infinite Slope: - gernally > tnamslational failure occuns, f= S. 7 S= C+ otang = ¥z cos} oo T= Vz casi. sini x Infinite Slope in Cg soile- a) Dry on Pareially Saturated Soil Fos Se EP = ct Be codi toh, (ara depth ¢ %Z cosis sini » hay aubmangat soil. (mourtain in ocean). Fos = C+ 82 codi tanp? €z cosi-sini c) J} Peo te reepage parallel to slope. (rain waben seeping), Fos = 0+ ¥zcos i. tang’ %cat. Z. cosi- sint x Infinite Slope in Cohesionless soils (¢=0) WF a) Dry on Pontially Sobunated Soil Fos = tang (if ing; th fails) tani by Jor pully, aubbrnang el slope, Fos = tang’ “tant c) Seepage panaliol to ange Fos = Fat) a—> Finite Slope — germraly , robational failure occuns — methods of analysis: 1 puso Anobytis 2, Method of slices 3 Bishops method 4. Gniditon nde method. 5, Stability ruamber method * duzo Analysis : — surtable only for undnained sokuradredl, Clegg Areal ‘method bored on trial & omon — grog point of votation. (Up ~~ ~~ se 8 Mp = Wire 8 i MR = ene xIxXR vial, slip surface Fos Me R Cu ‘Mp 2c. { S=C+otany Wi secuteton T —> anc length names) L= Rom 0 w—> voeig ht of trial failure wedge, Wwe ax1xt 5 a > ama of trial failore walye, Lguse V for submoyed 2 (canal renvtreg fat ) use Gat for sudden dnaodown conditt 0: 1 Fos A 5 luk wt ¥ => fer 1 Xv t for a canal slope, the ovitical condition u suclclen chrawdown, condition.ooo 09 ococoooo0o0o0co 90 oo cocoqgoogco°o Q © Canal will hove more Fos wher Maori foul compan, @ 4o sudden drawdoun conditton Dury tudden dravodoum, F invwanes to that a Fos doceont. ° Armory cthe various trols, the trial slip tunface whi, give rin fackon of makety cate “Critical Slip Surkace’ awd that min. Fos & taken ag the FOS of the alopa % Method of Slices, Yo. ~> ~~~ \ — ured for all soils. = trick omd oon = forces acking on the gids of slices axe efecked wn x Fs cl+ =Ntang ro =T = Weoset @Whm thee iw Fepage, Fm ef + =(n-u}tong? =T =v > aur of neutral forces @ Fellenius method -to identify Gitical Slip Ciele:- oP —9 dinection angles. ( (depend on D Fellenius resorts Contre oh Porm (PDP Cnstteal Blip ance. for pure clays, on cog Bailes the cenbre of ovtcal ¥ alee dncla Ves on the ‘Gatlenius Line? cetx Bishop's Method = fo acing on the aides of slices ane aled consiclorad, — trial ond enon % Friction Circle Methoel. = tbriak amd no Cc = cohnion Cm = mobilised cohesion g= ange of, intermat, fiction. = mobilaad aye of intemal duction S = shorn strength. Sm = mobilised shar shreogth. @Mobitival” reams actually denelopel to keep ayrlorn o esbm (wedge) . FOS wnt cohwaion, Fo = C_ Cm Fos wnt friction, Fg = tong Thon fon FOs wrt thaon abnangth, F = S_ = €totond Srv Cm to-tan gan g- remains the game oo the nolael to weight, whereas C8 g ara ontormah propartios which daveloph a» Required Rsing Fiction 7! circle 6H slip cirde circle e Resuttant Cohesive force, oo . clan, (p= r= Yesuttant of Jon Pons SO @ °) > 0 frictional force & eRosutbant of pietiornd fence anh normal reac-tion, nonmal reaction will be tangarvtal 19 the puction, cncle.ooo 0990090900985 O Vee UEUYeEeEoUeoOooeos. % Taylor's Stability Number tethod @ — deneloped bared on Friction Circle method. 2 ln iy vere & = ET Fe. ¥H whne Fo= C= He; He — > cribical height Gres He > mece. parmithel “height which cam provided for gien. toil gait falune > sake on actual hight > f= @Gn depends on 1 & gem (TS dupth doctor | Knowing Fh & G value, gm can be caladatel byt ro Manc. value oh Sa = 0261 (for 1=96 & $m=0) © Seaapt for cohsionlas gol, tr rrethod a subbalte {or ol goila. (for cohusionlet, ¢=0 => Fe=03 rasaringlent ) @ Jo tubrangel slope, wre v Soa gudden drove dour condition, use a i gu = wneighted fiction angle = Todth 6° sae WuR spay 6 é® 0% F= c+ YZcositan —> fon og % cosi. sini 2 th, oO {cam be greater than f. oO 103 ee Soe => Fe 1 Ww o Fe ° Fs VY tang’ 4 = an ° Vsax tani oO Oo 16 = oO oO 0 J4, v0 seepage, oO F= tong | S f= 310° tani ad oO ee dgnoning- the crock, _ > @= 109 +2 = 121 9 = ° Le er = MOS x1 T= 30.60 u w= anrxy oO 0 =u0xX1 X18 = 1480 oO BE =315 m. o Foo = ciR = 27x 3062x145 oO woe Wox 3.75 o », © =107" Fe 2 L= Ro AT = 07,595 oO 1eo oO We axtxt X =3,15 m = = (10-15) xg 1453 rol 6 wR we 27 X27. 595 x 14: 21X27 SES x 145 1953 X 345H=25m 4 Y=20. » C=35, =15" Fo = tom hs tam hon, 2h > bm aid Joan om = 10, Sr= 0106, b 4 4. a) Sno Fé Sy = Sr = ££ Fe TH S06 = 85 > ag Fe x20x25 — Fo ="S, Ep= 9 = 0.05 FtH Gm = 125° (Fnorn take given). = tanh = tom? Ly aoe sro 6 tam ase Crack raconing. ps Ceubmayed condition) c S& = Fe TH. mob gren stake dm = fm = 18 > Sn = 0,083, Fe vn 0.083 = 14 Fe x 0.945x5,Ob, Far suddenly draws down, Sa = _C 3a Fe ¥sot+ H ° bm = bw ale 1S => Sy = 00122 9 iu Veo ? Bee O12 2pe eal cieeeeee oO FexbausxS C+ 120 tom, oO fe Fh 3. + 120 tants ° : e6 oO —-? Feat = eee O Gorilorly., to find Fe ah Fp a1, 6 4u5 = © + 120 tang’ F 1Q A grerston rotl powewar Bsa = 20 ku dnt FL $= 88, and the designe FOS i 15, whet U gale ange of slope {or thy toil Wher teapage occurs paraltel to elope Purfoce, Fo o= V tong? Yat tani 5 = 19. tan 35 20) tani = i =13.14° a c= kN /n™ o= 0 T= 1B KN/ Te A alopa uu shown tn the fig. Bh the properties of soil ane os above, tind the Fos gaint powible wedge felluna et the eter foxa., cL + Ntan 6 te length of AC = ronmal component of weighty w 7 N= errs Ww > weight of wedge, ABC, T= wein2o T = Jaxgertiol tome mmertt of, weight » w Oc = 1812 mM tan 35 = 08 = OB = 2:88 m. Bu = OC — OB = 13.73 — 2.68 =10.@5mQo oO oO oO oO ee ee ® + w= (Gx otex8 Y= 488.26 kn onsa of walg. N = 4825 cos 20 = 45%. 805 T = Age 2ssin20 = 166.44 (R= CL + Ntand. 15x M416 + 45¢.¢05ton20 cs 167 = 2.31st sept, URSDAY 16 BEARING CAPAC ITy % Thalkow TJoundetion : Dg cS Gy. Pile foundation Well foundation % Oniginol overbundin “pratune dine t0' selh awright of gil = XD Grow Promane = q Net Prowuwes, dn = @-¥D % Gnosa Uternotea Be of soil or Ultimate Be oh soil =f? Fu Min. gree proneune raquinch 40 cause shoan failure ob soil yy Wet Ultirrote BC of vil, Inu = Gu—Y¥D. UMin + met prantuns raqaired to thean. flora - Of} soils.eooco 990 990 3¢ NR ee ES UOC COO fo x» Wet gale BO of Foil, que = Anu ® ST (Fea) 9g x Grow tobe 8 Of soil wm She Be ob toil bx = Ans + ¥0 % Wet tale sblement prune s Ino Se ig the nat pramune which the the Foil com conn withouk ercceeding- atowoble settlement x Wet Mlowable Be of folly Ing = Smolen % Yns & Imp Ang —> bared on shear foilune enitenia, np —> barsl on tathlament oriteria te the nob prosune ae oShich soil meithen faile in thear mon undergoes anctomive fedtlaement > Condition +o be satisfied for Design of Foundetion. She eccternal prerwure on soil < nek ablowable ke of #0 [an < Ina x If fookrng wv backfiled., whene @ = column load, A = ana of ooking. aS footing iw mot backbilled, (raft) In & Q- YD Se iv based on the anumption thot self weight of concrete i& equal to unib weight of soil (Ye=25; %= 20)—7 Compensated Raft Foundation. (Floating Raft) a = io a a D kota column, loads Q $4 = gZ; qn =0 Pranune opgiad & gust bolemad dnp prewunre naleased. > Types of Shear Failuve : 1. Gerenal Vheon Jailune (sr) 2, kocal Shean Failure (LSE). 3 Pucodhinng, Phear oilure (PSF) 7 a GSF failure plane. = derse fand & —medinim dense rand atihh clays ne 7 K-medisum clays. ! 1 1 a 1 Faituve ' plane | 1 | 1a PSE 1 | 1 ! — loose Band & Soke clayeeoogooe9gso ao 5D Oo 8 en a 74, — For SSF, Here will be oe J Gor i de] ; ie Bre failure point faiture = Sor the tame lod intensi a ys SF ele mertt) (@Hlement) ce > Gotement) cog settlement —> Rankine’s Theory [_———r- — Foil is cohesionlons D — Boor bese uu émooth. — Plastic equilibria . _ qe aD (uesy asin § a | Fo ovoid Brean failure of soil, the min depth of fpumdekion nequned , Den = 4 (1 v Dein = sia | [a Mrousover, as pa this sutton , a6 D=0 5 go, which tw mot pomible. Bo thin equation & nob wed to calutabe beonig, capacity. — Terzaghi’s Theory - Footing base ie rough — shotlow foundation — Eortimusous fooking, (Strip footing » — Gereral ne dice eeneglected Zone I: Elastic Zone ym Zora TtRadial Shear Zong), \ V Zone TL: Rankine Passive W', VW Zone ay - %& for Continuous Footing : a= CN + YONG +06 ¥BNy Ne. Nqa,Ny —> Bearing, Capacity Gactors of Soil (depends on d-value only ) GH $= (Pune Cloy), @ [Ne [Na| Ny Le Ne = 5.4 Nq= 1 Ny= 0 8 Jor pune ¢ [au = sae 4% | dru = Gu— ¥D. 2 l4nu = 546 Anu v6 ndspendart of B&D of foundation for pure clay Ay = CNe + YDNg + OS YBNY Anu = Gu — = CNe + YO(Nq—1) + 0.5¥8 Ny > Ves = Fru F t As = Ings + 3Do % for dveuler footing © ‘euler footing 6 O Fas 1:3 CNe + IDNg + 0:3 IBNy Q + whe, B > atarmeken of fpobing, 9 % for square footing o See oO Fu = BENE + YONG + 0.4 YBNg a — J oO 0:3, 0.5, 163, 04 one called ‘Shape factors? ° * for rechangulan Footing oO = (140-3 8 5 dae ( 2) CNe + YDNg + (-02.8 jos 3BNy is AL the above cquations ane {or 6S. oO — Jor LsF, use Cm& Pm to find Bo of ail. oO Cm = 2 n = _ ZC & tangm = 2 tong ° : en 5 $ Au = Cm Ne? + YDNg? + OS YBNY € oO Nes News Ny? ane based on bm value, ° o 6B -— 94 $>36 > GF Oo g<28 > tse oO — 94. failure stram <5% => 6SF o Failure stram 10 to 20% => LF 0 Ot sept, puny > EF Peck of Water Table on Bearing Capacity of Soils ° Gu = CNe + BONG + 0.5 YBNY eo UL @ ® © cohesion othe \oepth effect SS width eF Feet:1, When woken table te ak oe above GL Gas eve +@bny + os QBN y 2. When waten table uw ek Footing level. Y= CNe + YONG + 05 @b ny B. When waten table is at alael O-@ OWo ehpeck of water table. 4, Wher water table ib at level e-@ Ae = Ce + Dong + 05 Mang Yan = Zit + O-2u)V D. 5. When wotn tobe w at wel ©-© bo = Zax Vt (@-Zzw2) y 8. Ya = CNe + FONG + 05 Bry % Approncimate Method + Fu = CNe + TONG Ruy + OS YBNY Rue Run & Rwa —> water table comection factors Ru = os [1+ zu} (+ 22) 5 “scocgoooeo O oO df wr ie ot Olt Sh wt ak boo tery lvel: @® Zw, = Zwe =O Zwi=D 3 Rwi=d 77 Ruri = Rw2z = O5 Zwe=0; Rw2=0-5 Gh wT ww below the foottyr: Sh wt w above footing: Zw2=0 Rwi = 1 (ro commackion 7regol.) Rwe = Os dh wt iv ata depth B below booty: Roy = Rw2 =) (mo connection nad) Gen cdhesion roils, Qa = YN Ruy + OBYBNY: Rwe eNO hcp eos pone owe CLR Gnt op eae Aas YOM (O8) + ESTENJOS), R wy Rue te for cohesion ‘oila, beanang. capacity reduces boy sot, chen wr norscs to OL. Gr cane of cohesive goils, the eble of WT on the beoningy cop actly wu mabgide, Amu =< BFC (mo T incudedt ) -> Skemptors Theory + — For cohesive soils omy (¢=0) u = CNe — For strip fookmg. : Ne = 0.20 TT” em SC 085) [Bit € Ne ¢ 70 — dan rackargulon footing : Ne = s(i+ O22) (14 078.) [acences]—> Plate Load Test —+to find Bo ond rcttlamenita % Specifications : Min. 2132 of plate. e : = 800m x 30cm Mone, te of plate = Som x Tom v Mim. Erickrns = 25 mm (17) 2 taf _ A Ge Bo =za5 @ D@ Level, of foundation, — Inti ally, a seating passune of 75 kPa applied r Qu. k Bp. ! (log) S L Failure. @ cod s S('e9) recom merdzdion Sale bearing coparity » Ys = oa % Limitations: of Plate Load test: wm wo thont dunation test, Hence not relioble for pune choy Gy Thre te a width effect (qu dapends on B in Sorgegrre ‘theory & Skepmptons theory ) Giy Depth ebbect (mane. depth of prowune bulb wn plete toad, tev = 2Bp ) (comsolidatzon settlement octom Yo pure lps)\ \ \~nW'% isobar \ Moot ( Neaeceenre = 2Bp y Se ~> Corrections for Plate Load test Results: % Correction for Settlements ty Jor Clays Be ae —_ SAB Sp Bp ? diy Jor tonds. 2. Se_ = | Br (Bp+0.3) Be & Bp in metres & Bp (Br + 0-3), Bp X Correction for Bearing Capacity Gy For clogs Ye = Up (Gu indeperdart of B) Gy Jar sande de = Be ap Bp—> Meyerhof’s Theory : = Jon both shallow end doo foundations u = CNe Sede + FDNq. S4.Uy, tg + O51B Ny Sy. dele § > Phape factor D—> cepth factor b> load inclination factor * Fon (DL+LL) —» Be obtained by formuan com be ured ae Jo DL+LLE+we DLt tue fo} obove Bo ie inowored by 26% —> Loads for Settlement Calculation: * Jer sands: DL + LL + WL on EL Tan clays 5 Pormanente loads (DL +50% LL) > Settlements % Uniform Settlement : equal feltlament covy chore, % Dibborontial Settlement + mone detrimental +o tnuct Coddittemal momerts ane owotedt) Dikhorwntiol settlement w 75% of total unilprrn settleme: Permissible limits: diffevential Szolatet Rott — L~ Gettlemerts. Foundations Found otinns Boent & Henck clay 5O mm 1S mmm Plastic ct 15 mm. 100 mm. Getlement Secours slox for plastic. clay)fe (ene): fon choy. oul, Fe 3. & Ne=St Yor clays. Ane = 4 (ex81) © 26 = umembins compronive O Strength. 9 6 02. B=3m, Te2O kim, f =38, C=0, Ng =38 peam > Tale kN/wf » Nx=34,0 @. Wt o*% GL Au = 3 Ne + TONG $0.4 BNy, 9 =O + 1OX2X33 0-4 X34x3x10 = 1008 kPa Gy WT ok hooting bevel Wa = YN + 4 YBNY, = 1@X2533+.0:4x10x3x34 = 1596 kPa Giy ok 1m below footing. Rwe = 5 (+4) = 0.666 oO An = 18x2x83 + 0. tb xRQX8 X34 X 0166 use accunccbe 1672 thod, e o = h4eo kPa oO O @w at Im below GL oO Yo = ¥2Zun + V(d-Zun) = 18x14 10xG-1) _ 44 a > a o Bu = 1h x2x83 + O44 xX 10%3X34 = 1332 kPa QO eee ° (08. Benip footing > wr at focting, i Ans = £ (one + ¥D(Nq-1) 40.5 ¥BN«), UO o Jor thon born umdibeun: vse Ca 8 Ox Jor low Aowm umnditon : we C & $7a) Short term ; Ins = = @o KP & (F0%x6 + 1601 (1-1) +0) by: Zong orm t = L(, 16 7 Ans & (oxan2 + Mri(e2s-)4 OS x 10x2x19.7! a = 270: da clogs : = (ene) + YD 4s = = 57 fer rough base (Trev zaghi) Ne =514 tor smooth bere (Pranatl) C= Lxay, = 10 the cy 4 (loxs. + 2X1 = 277 tne design Purpose, the condition +o be Batishi el 3 In < Ina. fg pane Ueno Ca Bre np Ww mE geen, 4,. = Gus Un S Ams = Q@ = 1000 Ae S a Kk N/w* Ins = (9 CNe + YD(Nq-1) + 0-4 FENY) a ae (oa xia x 8x42), = (0.4.x 19 xB x42) x 1 ” a => \ovo B => B= 1mOot Oo ooceoo Fine np nok given, An < Ins. a TPs 4 = B00 kN Int Bx dn = 4- Y= 300. ~ ex Aes = se (ce) = L-(60x82) = 14 300 300 igs tt B z ca % Fer cohsionls soil —> use $ to decide GSF & LsF Jor cohesive soil —> use © +o decide GSF &LSF da c- wil — > use strain +0 decide GSF & LSE Closic aettlament, So= In B(1-ae) 1. Es s S22 Ge 5 a 10. = Ge_ 5 Tod In = 4- YD. 9 =!50- 20D => D= 75m4 Bp =O.3m, Be =bSm 4p = btw, Us=F Jor anda, as Up Bp. tes BE 7 Ye = 50 Hn? Look = omen x de = 15X30 = 67.5 tons > Broced Excavations — Heove Failure of Bottom Jacker of sabty egainee Mawe fotlus, Fo = Ne TH Ne = 5.4 (Terzaghi) . "3 Pane >. See ( + one) 3 Skemptors ely theory 10. Ne = 5 + O2xXS_ (: Se)=2 (o=4) ee cee 20 Tera TH Ostet ee Bearing Capacity of Eccentric Footings: Gor accent nic foobige, modiiel : dimensions (reduced ) one $0 be taken to coloulate the Leaning. copacity The reduced dimensions ore taken mr | mown rat the load ackiny point towel become the CS of modified dimension. B= 2(4- ex) 2(-B - ey)CoOoogoooo00g 999 9OCAae8OeeooaSCBOe8e 88 e O Accondiggy the modified dimenions BL’, A one b3 ghousn below: BR = B-2e@x v= L-2ey R= @v AW = (: +093 # Jens 4 YDNg + OSTENifro2g | Ee “Dy Boe Load capacity, Qe = B As