The Dornier Do 228 is a twin-turboprop STOL utility aircraft, manufactured by Dornier

GmbH (later DASA Dornier, Fairchild-Dornier) from 1981 until 1998. In 1983, Hindustan
Aeronautics (HAL) bought a production licence and manufactured 125 aircraft for the Asian market
sphere.[1][2] Approximately 270 Do 228 were built at Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany and Kanpur, India. In
August 2006, 127 Dornier Do 228 aircraft (all variants) remain in airline service.[3]
In 2009, RUAG started building a Dornier 228 New Generation in Germany with the fuselage, wings
and tail unit manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Kanpur (India) and transported
to Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich, where RUAG Aviation carries out aircraft final assembly,
customized equipment installation, product conformity inspection and aircraft delivery. It is basically
the same aircraft with improved technologies and performances, such as a new five blade propeller,
glass cockpit and longer range.[4] The first delivery was made in September 2010.[5]

1. Contents
[hide]

1Development
o 1.1Origins
o 1.2Do 228NG
2Design
3Operators
o 3.1Civilian operators
o 3.2Police, law enforcement, para-military operations
o 3.3Military operators
o 3.4Former military operators
4Accidents and incidents
5Specifications (Do 228-212)
6See also
7References
o 7.1Citations
o 7.2Bibliography
8External links

2. Development[edit]
3. Origins[edit]

Do 28 TNT Experimental aircraft in 1980

In the late 1970s, Dornier GmbH developed a new kind of wing, the TNT (Tragflgel neuer
Technologie - Aerofoil new technology), subsidized by the German Government.[6] Dornier tested it
on a modified Do 28D-2 Skyservant and with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-110 turboprop engines.
Finally, Dornier changed the engine and tested the new aircraft, which was named Do 128 with
two Garrett AiResearch TPE-331-5 engines.[7] The company developed a new fuselage for the TNT
and TPE 3315 in two variants (15- and 19-passenger) and named both project-aircraft E-1 (later Do
228-100) and E-2 (later Do 228-200). At the ILA Berlin Air Show in 1980, Dornier presented the new
aircraft to the public. Both of the prototypes were flown on 28 March 1981 and 9 May 1981 for the
first time.[8][9]
After German certification was granted on 18 December 1981, the first Do 228-100 entered service in
the fleet of Norving in July 1982.[8] The first operator of the larger Do 228-200 entered service with Jet
Charters in late 1982.[10] Certification from both British and American aviation authorities followed on
17 April and 11 May 1984 respectively.[9] By 1983, the production rate of the Do 228 had risen to
three aircraft per month; at this point, Dornier had targeted that 300 Do 228s would be produced by
the end of the 1980s.[11] In November 1983, a major license-production and phased technology-
transfer agreement was signed between Dornier and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was
signed; a separate production line was established and produced its first aircraft in 1985. By 2014, a
total of 125 Do 228s had been produced in India.[12]
Over the years, Dornier offered the 228 in upgraded variants and fitted with optional equipment for
performing various special missions. In 1996, it was announced that all manufacturing operations
would be transferred to India.[13] In 1998, activity on the German production line was halted, in part to
concentrate on the production of the larger Fairchild-Dornier 328 and in response to Dornier's wider
financial difficulties.[14]

4. Do 228NG[edit]

Do 228NG at ILA 2012

In December 2007, RUAG, who had acquired the type certificate for the Do 228 in
2003,[15] announced their intention to launch a modernized version of the aircraft, designated as the
Do 228 Next Generation, or Do 228 NG.[16][17][18] On 18 August 2010, the Do 228NG received its
airworthiness certification from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).[19] The majority of
manufacturing activity for the type is located in Germany; however, most airframe subassemblies,
such as the wings, tail and fuselage, are produced by HAL in India.[17][20][21] The main changes from the
previous Dornier 228-212 model were a new five-blade propeller made of composite material, more
powerful engines and an advanced glass cockpit featuring electronic instrument displays and other
avionics improvements.[15][22]
The first delivery, to the Japanese operator New Central Aviation, took place in September
2010.[23] RUAG decided to suspend production of the Do 228 NG after the completion of an initial
batch of eight aircraft in 2013. In 2014, RUAG and Tata Group signed an agreement for the latter to
become a key supplier of the program.[24] Production was restarted in 2015, with deliveries of four per
year planned from 2016.[25] In February 2016, RUAG announced that they were set to begin serial
production of the Do 228 NG at its German production line in mid-2016;[24][26] the assembly line is
reportedly capable of producing a maximum of 12 aircraft per year.[27]
In October 2014, HAL announced that it has received an Indian Navy order for 12 Do-228 aircraft
maritime surveillance and patrol aircraft worth about Rupees 1600 crores,[28] and a few months later
in February 2015, announced that it had received an Indian Air Force order for 14 Do-228 aircraft
worth about Rupees 1090 crores including six engines and a simulator.[29]

5. Design[edit]
Head-on view of a Do 228. Note the rectangular fuselage
The Dornier 228 is a twin-engine general purpose aircraft, capable of transporting up to 19
passengers or various cargos. It is powered by a pair of Garrett TPE331 turboprop engines. The Do
228 is commonly classified as a Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL)-capable aircraft, being capable of
operating from rough runways and in hot climates, this capability has been largely attributed to the
type's supercritical wing which generates large amounts of lift at slow speeds.[10][20] The Do 228 is
typically promoted for its versatility, low operational costs, and a high level of reliability - possessing a
dispatch reliability of 99%. RUAG Aviation have claimed that no other aircraft in the same class may
carry as much cargo or as many passengers over a comparable distance as fast as the Do 228
NG.[20]
The rectangular shape of the Do 228's fuselage section and large side-loading doors make it
particularly suitable for utility operators, which is a market that Dornier had targeted with the type
from the onset.[30] According to Flight International, one of the more distinguishing features of the Do
228 is the supercritical wing used.[10][31] The structure of the wing is atypical, consisting of a box
formed from four integrally-milled alloy panels, while kevlar is used for the ribs, stringers, trailing
edge and fowler flaps, the wing's leading edge is conventional alloy sheet metal.[6][32] Benefits of this
wing over conventional methodology reportedly include a 15% reduction in weight, the elimination of
the 12,000 rivets over, and lowering the per aircraft manufacturing workload by roughly 340 man
hours. Both the fuselage and tail are of a conventional design, but made use of chemical milling in
order to save weight.[10]
More than 350 design changes are present between the Do 228 and the re-launched Do 228 NG.
Amongst the principal changes is the adoption of Universal's UNS-1 glass cockpit, which means that
standard aircraft are equipped to be flown under single-pilot instrument flight rules (IFR) in addition
to visual flight rules (VFR); according to RUAG Aviation, the Do 228 NG is the first aircraft in its class
to be certified with equivalent electronics.[20][33] A total of four large displays are used in the cockpit,
two primary flight displays and two multifunction displays, to present all key flight data.[6] The
navigation system includes VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), distance measuring
equipment (DME), automatic direction finder (ADF), radar altimeter, Global Positioning
System (GPS), air data computer, and a flight management system. A three-axis autopilot can be
optionally incorporated, as can a weather radar and high frequency (HF) radio.[20][34] While designed
for two-pilot operation, the Dornier 228 can be flown by only one crewmember.[35]

Dornier of the Indian Navy, 2013

Additional changes include the Garrett TPE331-10 engines, which have been optimized to work with
the redesigned five-bladed fibre-composite propellers now used by the type, which are more efficient,
quick to start, and produces substantially less vibration and noise than the original metal four-bladed
predecessor.[20][35][36] Through its engines, the Do 228 NG has the longest time between overhaul
(TBO) of any 19-seat aircraft, reportedly up to 7,000 hours. An engine-indicating and crew-alerting
system (EICAS) is also present for safety purposes; additional optional safety equipment akin to
much larger passenger aircraft, including airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) and terrain
awareness and warning system (TWAS), can be incorporated as well.[20]
The Do 228 has been promoted in various capacities, including as a commuter aircraft, a military
transporter, cargo hauler, or as a special missions aircraft. Special missions include maritime
surveillance, border patrol, medevac, search and rescue, paradrop and environmental research
missions, in which capacity the type has proven useful due to a ten-hour flight endurance, a wide
operating range, low operational cost, and varied equipment range.[6][20][37][38] Special equipment
available to be installed include a 360-degree surveillance radar, side-looking airborne
radar, forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor, search light, operator station, real-time datalink,
enlarged fuel tanks, satellite uplink, stretches, air-openable roller door,
and infrared/ultraviolet sensors.[20] In addition to a 19-seat commuter configuration for airlines,
a VIP cabin configuration is also offered; the cabin can also be customized as per each client's
specifications. The Do 228 is the only aircraft of its class to be fitted with air conditioning as
standard.[20][34]

6. Operators[edit]
7. Civilian operators[edit]

Size comparison between Dornier 228 and a Boeing 747

Front view
As of October 2014 83 aircraft are known to be in commercial service.[39] Operators include:

Aerocardal (3)
Aero VIP (Portugal) (2)
Agni Air (2) leased to Simrick Airlines
Air Marshall Islands (1)
 Air West Coast (2)
Alkan Air (1)
APSA Colombia (1)
Arcus Air (4)
Aurigny (3)
Bighorn Airways (3)
Daily Air (4)
Divi Divi Air (2)
Dornier Aviation Nigeria (9)
GAM Aviation (3)
German Aerospace Center (2)
Gorkha Airlines (2)
Inter Island Airways (1)
Island Aviation (3)
Jagson Airlines (2)
Lufttransport (2)

A Dornier Do 228 of National Cartographic Center of Iran in 2009

National Cartographic Center of Iran (3)[40]

New Central Airlines (4)
Simrick Airlines (2) owned by Agni Air
Sita Air (3)
Star Air Aviation (1)
Susi Air (1)
Summit Air (8)
Tara Air (3)
Vision Airlines (1)
MAYAir (2)
Dornier 228-200NG Users

Lufttransport (1)
Venezuelan Air Force (10) On Order
New Central Airlines (1)
Bangladesh Navy (2)
German Air Force (1) On order
Susi Air (3) On order
Aurigny (1)
8. Police, law enforcement, para-military operations[edit]
Finnish Border Guard Do 228 at Helsinki-Malmi Airport
Finland

Finnish Border Guard[41]

India

Indian Coast Guard - 38 Do 228-101 maritime surveillance aircraft

Netherlands

Netherlands Coastguard
Oman

Royal Oman Police Air Wing

United Kingdom

Marine Fisheries Agency

Mauritius

Mauritius Coast Guard

9. Military operators[edit]

Dorniers of the Indian Navy

Do 228 of the German Navy in old livery

Netherlands Coastguard Dornier Do 228 arrives for the Royal International Air Tattoo, England
Angola

National Air Force of Angola[citation needed]

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Navy operates 2 Dornier Do-228NG MPA delivered on 3 June 2013.[42]

Bhutan

Royal Bhutan Army (Bhutan Army Air Wing) [43][44]

Cape Verde

Coast Guard of Cape Verde[45]

Germany

German Navy - operates two Do 228s with one Do 228NG on order[46]

India

Indian Air Force - operates 40 Do 228-201 with a further 14 on order.[47]

Indian Navy - operates 25 Do 228-201 and 1 Do 228-101 with a further 6 on order.[47] In
November 2016, Indian Navy placed an order for additional 12 Do 228-201 aircraft.[48]
DRDO 1 Dornier DO-228 Nabhratna used as a flying test bed by LRDE[49]
Iran

Islamic Republic of Iran Navy (Navy Aviation)

Italy

Italian Army - operates three Do 228s.[50]

Malawi

Military of Malawi - Operates one Do 228.[51]

Netherlands

Royal Netherlands Air Force[52]

Niger

Niger Armed Forces

Nigeria

Nigerian Air Force[53]

 Oman

Royal Air Force of Oman

Seychelles

Seychelles Air Force - operates one Do 228. A second to be delivered in 2014. Both aircraft
donated by India.
Thailand

Royal Thai Navy - operates 7 Do 228s.[54]

Venezuela

Venezuelan Air Force - eight Do 228NG and two second-hand Do 228-212s ordered 2013.
Delivery expected from 2014.[55]
10. Former military operators[edit]
Germany

German Air Force

11. Accidents and incidents[edit]

On 24 February 1985, the Polar 3, a Dornier 228 of the Alfred Wegener Institute, was shot down
by guerrillas of the Polisario Front over West Sahara. All three crew members died. Polar 3,
together with unharmed Polar 2, was on its way back from Antarctica and had taken off
from Dakar, Senegal, to reach Arrecife, Canary Islands.[56]
On April 18, 1991, a Dornier Do 228 of Air Tahiti crashed in the ocean while approaching the
airport of Nuku Hiva(Marquesas Islands) killing all 18 on board.
On 2 January 1993, an Indian Coast Guard Do 228 crashed in sea approx 20 nm off Odisha
coast. One pilot and one maintenance crew survived. Four maintenance crew were killed.
On 31 July 1993, an Everest Air Dornier Do 228 crashed in the Himalayas, killing all 19 people
on board.
On 10 August 1997, Formosa Airlines Flight 7601, crashed while attempting to land at Matsu
Beigan Airport. All 16 passengers and crew on board perished in the accident.
On 6 September 1997, Royal Brunei Airlines Flight 238 crashed at Lambir Hills National Park on
approach to Miri Airport. The crash killed all ten passengers and crew on board.
On 30 July 1998, Indian Airlines Flight IC 503 crashed while taking off at Cochin airport in Kerala
killing all six persons on board and three others who were working inside a naval workshop
building onto which it nose-dived and burst into flames.[57]
On 7 August 1999, TACV Flight 5002 crashed into the side of a mountain on Santo Anto
Island, Cape Verde in rain and fog. The accident killed all 18 passengers and crew on the
Dornier Do 228.
On 4 December 2003, a Dornier 228 of Kato Air operating Flight 603 was struck by lightning,
causing a fracture to the control rod that operated the elevator. The aircraft landed heavily just
short of the runway at Bod. Both crew members sustained serious injuries while both
passengers sustained slight injuries. The aircraft, registered LN-HTA, was written off.[58]
31 August 2004, a Dornier 228 of Landsflug belly-landed at Siglufjordur Airport. The aircraft was
written off and stored at Reykjavik Airport before being moved to the Flugsafn (Air Museum)
in Akureyri in 2010.
In January 2005, Polar 4 was severely damaged during a rough landing at the British over-
wintering station Rothera on the Antarctic Peninsula. As it was impossible to repair the plane, the
 aircraft had to be decommissioned. Since then, scientific and logistical tasks of polar flights have
been performed by Polar 2.
On 17 September 2006, an 18-seater Dornier 228 Nigerian Air Force transport plane, carrying 15
senior army officers and three crew members crashed into a hillside, leaving only three surviving
passengers and two crew members that sustained serious injuries. The plane with registration
number NAF 033 crashed near a remote village in Benue State at about 10:30 a.m. The military
officers were members of a committee set up by the government to reposition the Nigerian Army.
The plane departed Abuja in the early morning hours of September 17, on its way to Obudu
Cattle Ranch in Cross River State where the officers were to hold a retreat and crashed about 18
nautical miles from its destination.
On 13 December 2008, a Dornier 228 C-FYEV with 14 people on board operated by Summit Air
Charters, was on approach at Cambridge Bay (YCB) after a flight from Resolute Bay (YRB)
when the aircraft collided with terrain about 2,5 km short of the runway. One flight crew member
and one passenger received minor injuries.[59]
On 24 August 2010, Agni Air Flight 101 crashed outside of Kathmandu in heavy rain, killing all 14
people on board.[60]
On 23 June 2011, Tara Air Do 228 9N-AGQ was substantially damaged in a heavy landing and
runway excursion at Simikot Airport, Nepal. The aircraft was operating a cargo flight from
Nepalgunj Airport.[61]
On 14 May 2012, an Agni Air Dornier 228 crashed while attempting to land at Jomsom Airport,
killing 15 of 21 people on board.[62]
On 28 Sept 2012, a Sita Air Flight 601 crashed just one minute after it took off for Lukla
Airport from Kathmandu, killing all 19 (16 passengers and three crew members) on board.
Although the plane successfully crash-landed near the Manohara river, 50 meters away from the
runway of Tribhuvan International Airport, it was destroyed by fire on the ground. Some
witnesses stated that the aircraft had been on fire before landing [1]. Later in a press release by
TIA, it was confirmed that a bird struck the aircraft, leading to an unusual maneuver which was
informed right away to ATC by the captain of the aircraft.
On 9 September 2013, A Corpflite Dornier 228, registration CC-CNW crashed into power lines
whilst attempting to land in fog at Via del Mar Airport, resulting in the loss of both crew
members on board.[63]
On 25 March 2015, the Indian Navy has started a full scale search and rescue operation to look
for its two officers flying the Dornier 228 who have gone missing after it went off the Goa coast
believed to have developed some technical problems after which it plunged into the sea.[64][65]
On 8 June 2015 at 9:23PM, a Dornier 228 with 3 crew on board, operated by the Indian Coast
Guard went missing over sea during a surveillance mission. On 13 June Survey Ship
Sanadhayak picked up a beacon signal, most likely from missing Dornier. On 8 July 2015 a naval
submarine confirmed the presence of a beacon. MV Olympic Canyon located the wreckage and
recovered FDR, VDR, wreckage and human remains.[66][67]
On 29 August 2015 Nigerian Air Force Dornier 228.212 registered NAF030 crashed just after
take off into a house at the Ribadu Cantonment in Kaduna, Nigeria. A fire erupted, destroying the
house and the aircraft and killing its 7 occupants.[68]

12. Specifications (Do 228-212)[edit]

Analogue flight deck

Cabin view

External video

Do 228 conducting aerobatic maneuvers at

the 1986 Reykjavik Airshow

Demonstration of Transportable Optical

Ground Station using a Do 228

Walkaround of a Do 228 on the ground

Data from Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000,[69] Flight International[10]

General characteristics

Crew: two pilots

Capacity: 19 passengers
Payload: 2,340 kg freight (5,158 lb)
Length: 16.56 m (54 ft 4 in)
Wingspan: 16.97 m (55 ft 8 in)
Height: 4.86 m (15 ft 11 in)
Wing area: 32.0 m (344 sq ft)
Airfoil: A-5
Empty weight: 3,739 kg (8,243 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 6,400 kg (-212) 6,200 kg (-202K) 6,100 kg (-202) 5,700 (-101) (14,550 lb)
 Powerplant: 2 Garrett AiResearch TPE-331-5-252D or -10 variation (GP and GT) turboprop,
578 kW (776 shp flat rated for -5A and -10 powerplants at 30 C sea level / 715 shp flat rated for
-5 variations) each
Propellers: Hartzell Propellers model- HC-B4TN-5ML/LT10574
Propeller diameter: 2.67 m (105 in)

Performance

Never exceed speed: 280 kt (-212) (519 km/h)

Maximum speed: 223 kt (-212) / 200 kt (-200) (413 / 370 km/h)
Cruise speed: 190 kt (352 km/h) at approx 15 C with 85% torque
Stall speed: 75 kt (139 km/h) flaps down
Range: 1,111 km (715 nmi, 823 mi) with full payload
Service ceiling: 8,500 m (28,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 7.5 m/s (1,870 ft/min)

13. See also[edit]

Germany portal

Aviation portal
Related development

Dornier Do 28
Dornier 328
Fairchild Dornier 328JET
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Antonov An-28
BAe Jetstream 31
Beechcraft 99
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante
Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
GAF Nomad
Harbin Y-12
IAI Arava
LET L-410
Short SC.7 Skyvan
Related lists

List of civil aircraft

List of STOL aircraft

14. References[edit]
15. Citations[edit]
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