What is plant anatomy?

Xylem cells
ANATOMY: study of the structure of Xylem cells are dead!
organisms looking at cells, tissues They are hollow cells
(Morphology: Study of form) and consist
only of
What is plant physiology? cell wall
PHYSIOLOGY: study of the function of cells, Phloem
tissues, organs of living things; Cells that transport organic materials (sugars)
and the physics/chemistry of these functions Phloem cells are ALIVE! (unlike xylem)
Always keep in mind that in plant anatomy, However, they lack
morphology & physiology nucleus and
Structure correlates to function organelles
Plant Anatomy: Cells Phloem: transports sugars
Plant cells are basic building blocks Phloem composed of cells called sieve tube
Can specialize in form and function members (STM)
By working together, forming tissues, they can Companion cells join sieve tube members, are
support each other and survive related, and help to load materials into STM
Levels of organization End walls of STM have large pores called
atoms > molecules > cells > tissues > organs > sieve plates
whole plant > pop. 3. Ground tissue
Plant Tissues Types Makes up the bulk of plant organs.
All plant organs (roots, stems, leaves) are composed of Functions: Metabolism, storage and
the same tissue types. support.
There are three types of tissue: Plant Organs
1. Dermal outermost layer Organs: tissues that act together to serve a specific
2. Vascular conducting tissue, transport function
3. Ground bulk of inner layers Roots Dermal Vascular Ground
Stems Dermal Vascular Ground
1. Dermal tissue Leaves Dermal Vascular Ground
Epidermis is the outermost layer of cells Functions of plant organs:
Like the skin of animals ROOTS: Anchorage, water/nutrient absorption
In stems and leaves, from soil, storage, water/nutrient transport
epidermis has cuticle, STEMS: Support, water/nutrient transport
a waxy layer that prevents LEAVES: Photosynthesis (food production)
water loss. ROOTS
Some have trichomes, hairs. ROOTS the hidden half
Root epidermis has root hairs, for Functions of roots:
water and nutrient absorption Ancorage
2. Vascular tissue Absorption of water & dissolved minerals
Transports water and organic materials Storage (surplus sugars, starch)
(sugars) throughout the plant Conduction water/nutrients
Xylem transports water and STEMS
dissolved ions from the root Above-ground organs (usually)
to the stem and leaves. Support leaves and fruits
Conduct water and sugars
Phloem carries dissolved sugars throughout plant (xylem and phloem)
from leaves to rest of the plant LEAVES
Xylem Photosynthetic factories of the plant
Transports water and dissolved minerals Function: Photosynthesis food
Tracheids: long, thin tube like structures production for the whole plant
without perforations at the ends Blade: Flat expanded area
Vessel elements: short, wide tubes perforated Petiole: stalk that connects
at the ends (together form a pipe, called leaf blade to stem, and
vessel). transports materials
Both cells have pits (thin sections) on the walls
Plant Hormones
Chemical compounds produced by plants
Effective at very low concentrations
Five major hormone groups are:
1. Auxins - Promote cell growth
Involved in gravitropism and
phototropism, Control fruit
development
2. Gibberellins - Promote stem elongation
3. Cytokinins - Promote cell division and
organ differentiation
4. Abscisic Acid- Promotes seed dormancy
Causes stomata closing
5. Ethylene- Gaseous hormone v ery simple
formula (C2H4)Ethylene promotes fruit
ripening!