Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Does Technology Combined with Inquiry‐Based Lessons Increase Students’
Learning?
Glenn M. Kleiman
Director, EDC Center for Online Professional Education
There is currently a great deal of controversy about a critical issue in educational
research: What constitutes valid evidence for determining whether educational
innovations are effective? One side of the controversy is reflected in the U.S.
Department of Education’s current policies and funding programs. This side
emphasizes methodological considerations, specifically the use of randomized
control trials in which the educational innovation is provided to one group of
students, teachers, or classes (the experimental group) while it is not provided to
another comparable group (the control group). According to the U.S.
Department of Education (2003), “strong” evidence of effectiveness can only be
provided when the candidates for the research are randomly assigned to the
experimental and control groups. Evidence of “possible” effectiveness may be
provided by studies that closely match the groups on relevant factors, such as
academic achievement and demographics, but do not make random assignments
(“quasi‐experimental” studies). According to this side, any other research
methods do not provide meaningful evidence of effectiveness.
The controversy is whether this approach is the only type of research that can
yield valuable findings and therefore the only type that should be supported by
federal funding. Those on the other side of this controversy follow the lead of
the Scientific Research in Education report from the National Research Council
(2002), which provides the following six guiding principles that underlie all
scientific inquiry, including education research:
1. Pose significant questions that can be investigated empirically
Broad Research Question: Does Technology Combined with Inquiry‐Based
Lessons Increase Students’ Learning?
Many advocates for technology (e.g. Papert, 1993; Jonassen, Peck & Wilson, 1999)
link the value of technology to teaching approaches that are inquiry‐based,
constructivist, project‐based, or student centered. While varying in specifics,
these approaches all emphasize the importance of students exploring ideas,
conducting “hands‐on” investigations, engaging in projects on topics they
choose, working collaboratively, discussing their ideas, and gaining conceptual
The Enhancing Missouriʹs Instructional Networked Teaching Strategies
(eMINTS) program.
The Enhancing Missouriʹs Instructional Networked Teaching Strategies (eMINTS)
program is administered by the Missouri Research and Education Network
(MOREnet) in collaboration with the Missouri Department of Elementary and
Secondary Education. The mission of eMINTS is “to support Missouri educators
as they integrate multimedia technology into inquiry‐based, student‐centered,
interdisciplinary, collaborative teaching practices that result in higher levels of
student performance.” eMINTS began as an initial demonstration project
conducted in 1997 and is now a large scale program involving more than 16,000
students in classrooms across Missouri. Extensive research has been conducted
throughout the life of the program by an evaluation team based at Missouriʹs
Office of Social and Economic Data Analysis. A wealth of information about this
project is available at http://emints.more.net/ and the full set of research reports
is available at http://emints.more.net/evaluation/.
eMINTS is focused at the third and fourth grade levels and is a classroom‐based
initiative, so that one or more teachers in a school may have an eMINTS
classroom while others do not. (More recent work has begun exploring whole‐
school implementations and the use of the eMINTS approach at other grade
levels). eMINTS provides each participating teacher with technology for the
classroom, extensive professional development, and ongoing support.
Specifically, each classroom receives the following equipment:
• one computer for every two students, with a high speed Internet connection
• teacher workstation computer
• teacher laptop
• interactive whiteboard and projector
eMINTS provides extensive professional development and ongoing support to
help teachers implement the planned innovation. Each teacher in the program
receives more than 250 hours of professional development over a two‐year
period, designed to help them learn new teaching strategies using multimedia
technologies. Classroom visits and ongoing support from instructional
specialists are also provided to eMINTs teachers as the program designers view a
high level of ʺjust‐in‐timeʺ support as essential to enabling teachers to transform
their practices.
Clearly, eMINTS involves much more than providing technology for classrooms;
there is a particular educational approach based upon educational theories and
there is extensive professional development and classroom coaching. This
reflects prior research documenting that significant professional development is
necessary to prepare teachers to make effective use of technology (Sandholtz,
Ringstaff, & Dwyer, 1997). We know that research needs to consider not just the
technology, but rather the educational value of technology‐enhanced or
technology‐enabled instructional practices, in contexts that enable teachers to
have the training, support, and resources to successfully implement those
practices.
While the full eMINTS research program is too comprehensive to summarize
completely in the space available here, some of the major questions, methods,
and results are summarized below (see eMINTS 2002 and eMINTS 2003 for the
full reports). Four of eMINTS’ key research questions, and the answers offered
by eMINTS, are presented first. Next, a commentary is provided in the following
section.
Research Question 1: Does the eMINTS program increase student learning?
In the eMINTS research, the primary measure of students’ learning is students’
performance on the Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) state‐wide standards‐
based test, which includes constructed response, performance, and multiple
choice items. Third graders are tested in language arts and science and fourth
graders are tested in mathematics and social studies, thus the study includes data
in all four of the major content areas in the elementary school curriculum. Two
eMINTs studies provide evidence of impact on student learning, one from the
2000‐2001 school year, the second from the 2001‐2002 school year. Combining
Interpreting the research: What can we conclude?
The eMINTS researchers conclude that:
The results … show the consistent role of inquiry‐based
instructional practices in supporting student performance. In both
cohorts, students of teachers who consistently apply the inquiry‐
based instructional practices emphasized by the eMINTS
professional development program scored higher on the MAP tests
than did the students whose teachers used other instructional
practices. (eMINTS, 2003, p. 28).
The eMINTS researchers identify a clear and consistent relationship between
teachers’ use of the eMINTS recommended teaching practices and students’
performance on the MAP test at both grades 3 and grade 4. The research also
finds a relationship between school principals’ leadership styles and the
likelihood that teachers in a school will successfully adopt the eMINTS
recommendations.
Here is where the controversy about research methodology comes into play.
One side of the controversy will cast doubt on the eMINTS findings as valid
evidence of the effectiveness of the program, noting that the research design does
References
Becker, H. J. and M. Riel (2000). Teacher Professional Engagement and
Constructivist‐Compatible Computer Use.
http://www.crito.uci.edu/tlc/findings/report_7/startpage.html
eMINTS Evaluation Team (2002). Leadership Orientations of FY00 eMINTS
Principals. School Evaluation Report, October, 2002.
http://emints.more.net/evaluation/reports/fy00principals.pdf