SFRA measurement Range - Why you

need at least -100 dB...

Westinghouse 40 MVA, Dyn1, 115/14 kV, HV [open]

 Signal cable connection
Shortest braid principle

Source:IEC 60076-18 (draft)

SFRA Summary and conclusions
SFRA is an established methodology
for detecting electromechanical
changes in power transformers
Collecting reference curves on all
mission critical transformers is an
investment!
Ensure accuracy by selecting a high-
quality instrument
Ensure repeatability by following
international standards and practices
 Insulation Testing
Dielectric Response Methods
7

FDS/DFR
4 HV Tan Delta
VLF
3 PDC
Polarization Index

2 "DC"

0 Frequency, Hz
0,000001 0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
 Dielectric Frequency Response
Measurements Tan delta from mHz to kHz
Hi

Lo
A

Ground CHL

Measure at several frequencies

Use Ohms law: CL CH

U ( ) C, tand, PF
Z ( ) = Z ( )
I ( ) ( and )
 Why perform dielectric frequency
response measurements...
Typical power factor values @ 20 C
"New" "Old" Warning/alert limit

Power transformers,
0.2-0.4% 0.3-0.5% > 0.5%
oil insulated

Bushings 0.2-0.3% 0.3-0.5% > 0.5%

IEEE 62-1995 states; The power factors recorded for routine overall tests on
older apparatus provide information regarding the general condition of the
ground and inter-winding insulation of transformers and reactors. While the
power factors for most older transformers will also be <0.5% (20C), power
factors between 0.5% and 1.0% (20C) may be acceptable; however, power
factors >1.0% (20C) should be investigated.
 Dielectric Frequency Response
- Investigating high single number PF data
Dry transformer with old
oil (high conductivity)

Wet transformer with good oil

What affects the response?

- Moisture +

- Oil Conductivity +

- Moisture +
- Temperature +
DFR Moisture estimation (1-2-3)

Right click

Measured
DFR
response

Select
Send toMODS
DFR Moisture estimation (1-2-3)
Capacitor model
Oil

% Spacers

% Barriers

Measurement

Master
curve