Shrink Digital Data Storage

Chemists at Case Western Reserve University have found a way to possibly

store digital data in half the space current systems require. [12]

Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11]

Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only

exist in "lower" dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of
atoms that emerge within a bulk sample, electrons can separate into three
distinct entities, each carrying information about just one aspect of the
electron's identityspin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that
carries information about electron spin, has been known to control
magnetism in certain insulating materials whose electron spins can point
in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new study just published
in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in
which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the
driving force behind the material's strong magnetism. [10]

Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great

interest. This interest stems from the fact that some behaviors of such
systems can only be explained with the aid of entanglement. [9]

Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology

(NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that
it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material
by rotating its magnetization. [8]

This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the
observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the
experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire.
The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the
Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave
particle duality and the electrons spin also, building the bridge between
the Classical and Quantum Theories.

The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative

electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and
the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces.
Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic
oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the
Weak and Strong Interactions.

Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................. 3
Researchers find a chemical solution to shrink digital data storage .......................................... 4
How it works ................................................................................................................. 4

The study ...................................................................................................................... 4

Results and next steps .................................................................................................... 5

Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever ................................................................ 5

Shining light on magnets ............................................................................................. 5
Ultrafast laser-control of magnetism............................................................................. 6
Novel scientific frontiers .............................................................................................. 6
Scientists find surprising magnetic excitations in a metallic compound .................................... 7
Entanglement of Spin-12 Heisenberg Antiferromagnetic Quantum Spin Chains......................... 8
New electron spin secrets revealed: Discovery of a novel link between magnetism and electricity
........................................................................................................................................ 9
Simple Experiment ........................................................................................................... 10
Uniformly accelerated electrons of the steady current ......................................................... 11
Magnetic effect of the decreasing U electric potential ......................................................... 12
The work done on the charge and the Hamilton Principle ................................................. 14

The Magnetic Vector Potential ...................................................................................... 14

The Constant Force of the Magnetic Vector Potential ....................................................... 15

Electromagnetic four-potential ...................................................................................... 15

Magnetic induction .......................................................................................................... 15

Lorentz transformation of the Special Relativity .................................................................. 17
Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation ....................................................................................... 17
Wave Particle Duality .................................................................................................... 17
Atomic model.................................................................................................................. 18
Fermions' spin ................................................................................................................. 18
Fine structure constant .................................................................................................... 18
Planck Distribution Law ................................................................................................. 19
Electromagnetic inertia and Gravitational attraction............................................................ 19
Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 20
References ...................................................................................................................... 21

Author: George Rajna

Preface
Surprisingly nobody found strange that by theory the electrons are moving with a constant
velocity in the stationary electric current, although there is an accelerating force F = q E,
imposed by the E electric field along the wire as a result of the U potential difference. The
accelerated electrons are creating a charge density distribution and maintaining the potential
change along the wire. This charge distribution also creates a radial electrostatic field around
the wire decreasing along the wire. The moving external electrons in this electrostatic field are
experiencing a changing electrostatic field causing exactly the magnetic effect, repelling when
moving against the direction of the current and attracting when moving in the direction of the
current. This way the A magnetic potential is based on the real charge distribution of the
electrons caused by their acceleration, maintaining the E electric field and the A magnetic
potential at the same time.

The mysterious property of the matter that the electric potential difference is self maintained by
the accelerating electrons in the electric current gives a clear explanation to the basic sentence
of the relativity that is the velocity of the light is the maximum velocity of the electromagnetic
matter. If the charge could move faster than the electromagnetic field, this self maintaining
electromagnetic property of the electric current would be failed.

More importantly the accelerating electrons can explain the magnetic induction also. The
changing acceleration of the electrons will create a E electric field by changing the charge
distribution, increasing acceleration lowering the charge density and decreasing acceleration
causing an increasing charge density.

Since the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing
acceleration, it works as a relativistic changing electromagnetic mass. If the mass is
electromagnetic, then the gravitation is also electromagnetic effect. The same charges would
attract each other if they are moving parallel by the magnetic effect.
Researchers find a chemical solution to shrink digital data storage
Chemists at Case Western Reserve University have found a way to possibly store digital data in
half the space current systems require.

From supercomputers to smartphones, the amount of data people generate and collect
continues to grow exponentially, and the need to store all that information grows with it.

Computers and other digital devices operate and store data using a binary code, meaning two
symbolstypically the numerals 0 and 1 represent information. To reduce storage space,
engineers have traditionally used existing technology but made it smaller.

For example, a compact disc is made with a red laser and a Blu-ray disc with a blue, more
focused, laser that reduces the size of the symbols and the space between them, increasing data
density.

But according to a new study published in the Journal of Materials Chemistry C, researchers at
Case Western Reserve demonstrate how commonly used polymer films containing two dyes can
optically store data in a quaternary (four-symbol) code, potentially requiring about half as much
space.

"We're using chemistry instead of engineering to address data storage, but it's really
complementary to what engineers are doing," said Emily Pentzer, assistant professor of
chemistry at Case Western Reserve and study author. She worked with PhD students Peiran Wei
and Bowen Li and Research Assistant Al de Leon on the project.

How it works
To take advantage of the quaternary storage, computer programs would need to be written in
quaternary code instead of binary code, which Pentzer said would be easy with the system they
used.

Instead of numerals, the optical-storage system uses the absence of color and three colors
produced by the dyes as the symbols representing information.

The study
The researchers loaded a small amountless than .4 percent by weightof the two dye
molecules into a flexible sheet of poly(methyl methacrylate), a polymer film called PMMA.
PMMA is clear and colorless in ambient light and temperature.

One dye, cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenyene vinylene) fluoresces green when exposed to heat.
The second dye, o-nitrobenzyl ester of benzoic acid, fluoresces ultramarine when exposed to
ultraviolet light. When the overlapping dyes are exposed to both heat and UV light, they
fluoresce as cyan.
Pentzer's team wrote code by laying metal or wood templates over the dye-containing film,
then applying heat and ultraviolet light. They cut their templates and applied code using
facilities at Case Western Reserve's Larry Sears and Sally Zlotnick Sears think[box].

Results and next steps

The circular symbols in the template were each 300 micrometers across, with 200 micrometers
between them. The code proved durable, remaining legible even after the film had been rolled,
bent, written on with permanent marker, submerged in boiling water and half the surface had
been rubbed away with sandpaper.

The team is now investigating the use of specialized lasers to shrink the spatial resolution and
therefore increase the data density (think CD vs. Blu-ray).

They are also investigating whether a third dye can be added that responds to different stimuli
and remains distinct from the other two. If so, the colorless film, plus all the color combinations
available, would allow the research team to store data using a septenary, or seven-symbol code,
further shrinking storage. [12]

Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever

As we use more and more data every year, where will we have room to store it all? Our rapidly
increasing demand for web apps, file sharing and social networking, among other services, relies
on information storage in the "cloud" always-on Internet-connected remote servers that store,
manage and process data. This in turn has led to a pressing need for faster, smaller and more
energy-efficient devices to perform those cloud tasks.

Two of the three key elements of cloud computing, microchips and communications
connections, are getting ever faster, smaller and more efficient. My research activity has
implications for the third: data storage on hard drives.

Computers process data, at its most fundamental level, in ones and zeroes. Hard disks store
information by changing the local magnetization in a small region of the disk: its direction up or
down corresponds to a "1" or "0" value in binary machine language.

The smaller the area of a disk needed to store a piece of information, the more information can
be stored in a given space. A way to store information in a particularly tiny area is by taking
advantage of the fact that individual electrons possess magnetization, which is called their spin.
The research field of spin electronics, or "spintronics," works on developing the ability to control
the direction of electrons' spins in a faster and more energy efficient way.

Shining light on magnets

I work to control electrons' spins using extremely short laser pulses one quadrillionth of a
second in duration, or one "femtosecond." Beyond just enabling smaller storage, lasers allow
dramatically faster storage and retrieval of data. The speed comparison between today's
technology and femtosecond spintronics is like comparing the fastest bullet train on Earth to the
speed of light.

In addition, if the all-optical method is used to store information in materials that are
transparent to light, little or no heating occurs a huge benefit given the economic and
environmental costs presented by the need for massive data-center cooling systems.

Ultrafast laser-control of magnetism

A decade ago, studies first demonstrated that laser pulses could control electron spins to write
data and could monitor the spins to read stored data. Doing this involved measuring tiny
oscillations in the electrons' magnetization. After those early investigations, researchers
believed wrongly, as it turned out that lasers could not affect or detect fluctuations smaller
than the wavelength of the lasers' own light. If this were true, it would not be possible to control
magnets on a scale as short as one nanometer (one millionth of a millimeter) in as little time as
a femtosecond.

Very recently an international team of researchers of which I am a member has provided an

experimental demonstration that such a limitation does not actually exist. We were able to
affect magnets on as small as one nanometer in length, as quickly as every 45 femtoseconds.
That's one ten-millionth the size, and more than 20,000 times as fast as today's hard drives
operate.

This suggests that future devices may be able to work with processing speeds as fast as 22 THz
1,000 times faster than today's GHz clock speeds in commercial computers. And devices could
be far smaller, too.

Novel scientific frontiers

In addition to the practical effects on modern computing, the scientific importance of this
research is significant. Conventional theories and experiments about magnetism assume that
materials are in what is called "equilibrium," a condition in which the quantities defining a
system (temperature, pressure, magnetization) are either constant or changing only very slowly.

However, sending in a femtosecond laser pulse disrupts a magnet's equilibrium. This lets us
study magnetic materials in real time when they are not at rest, opening new frontiers for
fundamental research. Already, we have seen exotic phenomena such as loss or even reversal of
magnetization. These defy our current understanding of magnetism because they are impossible
in equilibrium states. Other phenomena are likely to be discovered with further research.

Innovative science begins with a vision: a scientist is a dreamer who is able to imagine
phenomena not observed yet. The scientific community involved in the research area of
ultrafast magnetism is working on a big leap forward. It would be a development that doesn't
mean just faster laptops but always-on, connected computing that is significantly faster, smaller
and cheaper than today's systems. In addition, the storage mechanisms won't generate as much
heat, requiring far less cooling of data centers which is a significant cost both financially and
environmentally. Achieving those new capabilities requires us to push the frontier of
fundamental knowledge even farther, and paves the way to technologies we cannot yet
imagine. [11]

Scientists find surprising magnetic excitations in a metallic

compound
Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only exist in "lower"
dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of atoms that emerge within a bulk sample,
electrons can separate into three distinct entities, each carrying information about just one
aspect of the electron's identityspin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that carries
information about electron spin, has been known to control magnetism in certain insulating
materials whose electron spins can point in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new
study just published in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in
which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the driving force behind
the material's strong magnetism.

"In this bulk metallic compound, we unexpectedly found one-dimensional magnetic excitations
that are typical of insulating materials whose main source of magnetism is the spin of its
electrons," said physicist Igor Zaliznyak, who led the research at the U.S. Department of Energy's
(DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory. "Our new understanding of how spinons contribute to
the magnetism of an orbital-dominated system could potentially lead to the development of
technologies that make use of orbital magnetismfor example, quantum computing
components such as magnetic data processing and storage devices."

The experimental team included Brookhaven Lab and Stony Brook University physicists Meigan
Aronson and William Gannon (both now at Texas A&M University) and Liusuo Wu (now at DOE's
Oak Ridge National Laboratory), all of whom pioneered the study of the metallic compound
made of ytterbium, platinum, and lead (Yb2Pt2Pb) nearly 10 years ago. The team used magnetic
neutron scattering, a technique in which a beam of neutrons is directed at a magnetic material
to probe its microscopic magnetism on an atomic scale. In this technique, the magnetic
moments of the neutrons interact with the magnetic moments of the material, causing the
neutrons to scatter. Measuring the intensity of these scattered neutrons as a function of the
momentum and energy transferred to the material produces a spectrum that reveals the
dispersion and magnitude of magnetic excitations in the material.

At low energies (up to 2 milli electron volts) and low temperatures (below 100 Kelvin, or minus
279 degrees Fahrenheit), the experiments revealed a broad continuum of magnetic excitations
moving in one direction. The experimental team compared these measurements with
theoretical predictions of what should be observed for spinons, as calculated by theoretical
physicists Alexei Tsvelik of Brookhaven Lab and Jean-Sebastian Caux and Michael Brockmann of
the University of Amsterdam. The dispersion of magnetic excitations obtained experimentally
and theoretically was in close agreement, despite the magnetic moments of the Yb atoms being
four times larger than what would be expected from a spin-dominated system.

"Our measurements provide direct evidence that this compound contains isolated chains where
spinons are at work. But the large size of the magnetic moments makes it clear that orbital
motion, not spin, is the dominant mechanism for magnetism," said Zaliznyak.

The paper in Science contains details of how the scientists characterized the direction of the
magnetic fluctuations and developed a model to describe the compound's behavior. They used
their model to compute an approximate magnetic excitation spectrum that was compared with
their experimental observations, confirming that spinons are involved in the magnetic dynamics
in Yb2Pt2Pb.

The scientists also came up with an explanation for how the magnetic excitations occur in Yb
atoms: Instead of the electronic magnetic moments flipping directions as they would in a spin-
based system, electrons hop between overlapping orbitals on adjacent Yb atoms. Both
mechanismsflipping and hoppingchange the total energy of the system and lead to similar
magnetic fluctuations along the chains of atoms.

"There is strong coupling between spin and orbital motion. The orbital alignment is rigidly
determined by electric fields generated by nearby Pb and Pt atoms. Although the Yb atoms
cannot flip their magnetic moments, they can exchange their electrons via orbital overlap,"
Zaliznyak said.

During these orbital exchanges, the electrons are stripped of their orbital "identity," allowing
electron charges to move independently of the electron orbital motion around the Yb atom's
nucleusa phenomenon that Zaliznyak and his team call charge-orbital separation.

Scientists have already demonstrated the other two mechanisms of the three-part electron
identity "splitting"namely, spin-charge separation and spin-orbital separation. "This research
completes the triad of electron fractionalization phenomena," Zaliznyak said. [10]

Entanglement of Spin-12 Heisenberg Antiferromagnetic Quantum

Spin Chains
Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great interest. This interest
stems from the fact that some behaviors of such systems can only be explained with the aid of
entanglement. The magnetic susceptibility at low temperatures, quantum phase transitions,
chemical reactions are examples where the entanglement is key ingredient for a complete
understanding of the system. Furthermore, in order to produce a quantum processor, the
entanglement of study condensed matter systems becomes essential. In condensed matter, said
magnetic materials are of particular interest. Among these we will study the ferromagnetism
which are described by Heisenberg model. We use the Hilbert-Schmidt norm for measuring the
distance between quantum states. The choice of this norm was due mainly to its application
simplicity and strong geometric appeal. The question of whether this norm satisfies the
conditions desirable for a good measure of entanglement was discussed in 1999 by C. Witte and
M. Trucks. They showed that the norm of Hilbert-Schmidt is not increasing under completely
positive trace-preserving maps making use of the Lindblad theorem. M. Ozawa argued that this
norm does not satisfy this condition by using an example of a completely positive map which
can enlarge the Hilbert Schmidt norm between two states. However this does not prove the fact
that the entanglement measure based on the Hilbert-Schmidt norm is not entangled monotone.
This problem has come up in several contexts in recent years. Superselection structure of
dynamical semigroups, entropy production of a quantum chanel, condensed matter theory and
quantum information are some examples. Several authors have been devoted to this issue in
recent years and other work on this matter is in progress by the author and collaborators. The
study of entanglement in Heisenberg chains is of great interest in physics and has been done for
several years. [9]

New electron spin secrets revealed: Discovery of a novel link

between magnetism and electricity
The findings reveal a novel link between magnetism and electricity, and may have applications
in electronics.

The electric current generation demonstrated by the researchers is called charge pumping.
Charge pumping provides a source of very high frequency alternating electric currents, and its
magnitude and external magnetic field dependency can be used to detect magnetic information.

The findings may, therefore, offer new and exciting ways of transferring and manipulating data
in electronic devices based on spintronics, a technology that uses electron spin as the
foundation for information storage and manipulation.

The research findings are published as an Advance Online Publication (AOP) on Nature
Nanotechnology's website on 10 November 2014.

Spintronics has already been exploited in magnetic mass data storage since the discovery of the
giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect in 1988. For their contribution to physics, the discoverers
of GMR were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2007.

The basis of spintronics is the storage of information in the magnetic configuration of

ferromagnets and the read-out via spin-dependent transport mechanisms.

"Much of the progress in spintronics has resulted from exploiting the coupling between the
electron spin and its orbital motion, but our understanding of these interactions is still
immature. We need to know more so that we can fully explore and exploit these forces," says
Arne Brataas, professor at NTNU and the corresponding author for the paper.
An electron has a spin, a seemingly internal rotation, in addition to an electric charge. The spin
can be up or down, representing clockwise and counterclockwise rotations.

Pure spin currents are charge currents in opposite directions for the two spin components in the
material.

It has been known for some time that rotating the magnetization in a magnetic material can
generate pure spin currents in adjacent conductors.

However, pure spin currents cannot be conventionally detected by a voltmeter because of the
cancellation of the associated charge flow in the same direction.

A secondary spin-charge conversion element is then necessary, such as another ferromagnet or

a strong spin-orbit interaction, which causes a spin Hall effect.

Brataas and his collaborators have demonstrated that in a small class of ferromagnetic
materials, the spin-charge conversion occurs in the materials themselves.

The spin currents created in the materials are thus directly converted to charge currents via the
spin-orbit interaction.

In other words, the ferromagnets function intrinsically as generators of alternating currents

driven by the rotating magnetization.

"The phenomenon is a result of a direct link between electricity and magnetism. It allows for the
possibility of new nano-scale detection techniques of magnetic information and for the
generation of very high-frequency alternating currents," Brataas says. [8]

Simple Experiment
Everybody can repeat my physics teacher's - Nndor Toth - middle school experiment, placing
aluminum folios in form V upside down on the electric wire with static electric current, and
seeing them open up measuring the electric potential created by the charge distribution, caused
by the acceleration of the electrons.
 Figure 1.) Aluminium folios shows the charge distribution on the electric wire

He wanted to show us that the potential decreasing linearly along the wire and told us that in
the beginning of the wire it is lowering harder, but after that the change is quite linear.

You will see that the folios will draw a parabolic curve showing the charge distribution along the
wire, since the way of the accelerated electrons in the wire is proportional with the square of
time. The free external charges are moving along the wire, will experience this charge
distribution caused electrostatic force and repelled if moving against the direction of the electric
current and attracted in the same direction the magnetic effect of the electric current.

Uniformly accelerated electrons of the steady current

In the steady current I= dq/dt, the q electric charge crossing the electric wire at any place in the
same time is constant. This does not require that the electrons should move with a constant v
velocity and does not exclude the possibility that under the constant electric force created by
the E = - dU/dx potential changes the electrons could accelerating.

If the electrons accelerating under the influence of the electric force, then they would arrive to
the x = 1/2 at2 in the wire. The dx/dt = at, means that every second the accelerating q charge
will take a linearly growing length of the wire. For simplicity if a=2 then the electrons would
found in the wire at x = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 , which means that the dx between them should be 3, 5,
7, 9 , linearly increasing the volume containing the same q electric charge. It means that the
density of the electric charge decreasing linearly and as the consequence of this the U field is
decreasing linearly as expected: -dU/dx = E = const.
 Figure 2.) The accelerating electrons created charge distribution on the electric wire

This picture remembers the Galileo's Slope of the accelerating ball, showed us by the same
teacher in the middle school, some lectures before. I want to thank him for his enthusiastic and
impressive lectures, giving me the associating idea between the Galileo's Slope and the
accelerating charges of the electric current.

We can conclude that the electrons are accelerated by the electric U potential, and with this
accelerated motion they are maintaining the linear potential decreasing of the U potential along
they movement. Important to mention, that the linearly decreasing charge density measured in
the referential frame of the moving electrons. Along the wire in its referential frame the charge
density lowering parabolic, since the charges takes way proportional with the square of time.

The decreasing U potential is measurable, simply by measuring it at any place along the wire.
One of the simple visualizations is the aluminum foils placed on the wire opening differently
depending on the local charge density. The static electricity is changing by parabolic potential
giving the equipotential lines for the external moving electrons in the surrounding of the wire.

Magnetic effect of the decreasing U electric potential

One q electric charge moving parallel along the wire outside of it with velocity v would
experience a changing U electric potential along the wire. If it experiencing an emerging
potential, it will repel the charge, in case of decreasing U potential it will move closer to the
wire. This radial electric field will move the external electric charge on the parabolic curve, on
the equipotential line of the accelerated charges of the electric current. This is exactly the
magnetic effect of the electric current. A constant force, perpendicular to the direction of the
movement of the matter will change its direction to a parabolic curve.

Figure 3.) Concentric parabolic equipotential surfaces around the electric wire causes
the magnetic effect on the external moving charges

Considering that the magnetic effect is F=q v x B, where the B is concentric circle around the
electric wire, it is an equipotential circle of the accelerating electrons caused charge distribution.
Moving on this circle there is no electric and magnetic effect for the external charges, since
vxB=0. Moving in the direction of the current the electric charges crosses the biggest potential
change, while in any other direction depending on the angle between the current and velocity
of the external charge there is a modest electric potential difference, giving exactly the same
force as the v x B magnetic force.

Getting the magnetic force from the F = dp/dt equation we will understand the magnetic field
velocity dependency. Finding the appropriate trajectory of the moving charges we need simply
get it from the equipotential lines on the equipotential surfaces, caused by the accelerating
charges of the electric current. We can prove that the velocity dependent force causes to move
the charges on the equipotential surfaces, since the force due to the potential difference
according to the velocity angle changing only the direction, but not the value of the charge's
velocity.

The work done on the charge and the Hamilton Principle

One basic feature of magnetism is that, in the vicinity of a magnetic field, a moving charge will
experience a force. Interestingly, the force on the charged particle is always perpendicular to
the direction it is moving. Thus magnetic forces cause charged particles to change their direction
of motion, but they do not change the speed of the particle. This property is used in high-energy
particle accelerators to focus beams of particles which eventually collide with targets to produce
new particles. Another way to understand this is to realize that if the force is perpendicular to
the motion, then no work is done. Hence magnetic forces do no work on charged particles and
cannot increase their kinetic energy. If a charged particle moves through a constant magnetic
field, its speed stays the same, but its direction is constantly changing. [2]

In electrostatics, the work done to move a charge from any point on the equipotential surface to
any other point on the equipotential surface is zero since they are at the same potential.
Furthermore, equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to the net electric field lines
passing through it. [3]

Consequently the work done on the moving charges is zero in both cases, proving that they are
equal forces, that is they are the same force.

The accelerating charges self-maintaining potential equivalent with the Hamilton Principle and
the Euler-Lagrange equation. [4]

The Magnetic Vector Potential

Also the A magnetic vector potential gives the radial parabolic electric potential change of the
charge distribution due to the acceleration of electric charges in the electric current.

Necessary to mention that the A magnetic vector potential is proportional with a, the
acceleration of the charges in the electric current although this is not the only parameter.

The A magnetic vector potential is proportional with I=dQ/dt electric current, which is
proportional with the strength of the charge distribution along the wire. Although it is
proportional also with the U potential difference I=U/R, but the R resistivity depends also on the
cross-sectional area, that is bigger area gives stronger I and A. [7] This means that the bigger
potential differences with smaller cross-section can give the same I current and A vector
potential, explaining the gauge transformation.

Since the magnetic field B is defined as the curl of A, and the curl of a gradient is identically zero,
then any arbitrary function which can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar function may be
added to A without changing the value of B obtained from it. That is, A' can be freely substituted
for A where
Such transformations are called gauge transformations, and there have been a number of
"gauges" that have been used to advantage is specific types of calculations in electromagnetic
theory. [5]

Since the potential difference and the vector potential both are in the direction of the electric
current,, this gauge transformation could explain the self maintaining electric potential of the
accelerating electrons in the electric current. A
Also
lso this is the source of the special and general
relativity.

The Constant Force of the Magnetic Vector Potential

Moving on the parabolic equipotential line gives the same result as the constant force of
gravitation moves on a parabolic line with a constant velocity moving body.

Electromagnetic four-potential
potential
The electromagnetic four-potential
potential defined as:

SI units cgs units

in which is the electric potential, and A is the magnetic vector potential. [6] This is appropriate
with the four-dimensional space-time vector (T, R)) and in stationary current gives that the
dimensional space
potential difference is constant in the time dimension and vector potential (and its curl, the
magnetic field) is constant in the space dimensions.

Magnetic induction
Increasing the electric current I causes increasing magnetic field B by increasing the acceleration
of the electrons in the wire. Sin
Since l=at, iff the acceleration of electrons is growing, than the
charge density dQ/dl will decrease in time, creating a E electric field. Since the resistance of
the wire is constant, only increasing U electric potential could cause an increasing electric
current I=U/R=dQ/dt. The he charge density in the static current changes linear in the time
coordinates. Changing its value in time will causing a static electric force, negative to the
accelerating force change. This explains the relativistic changing mass of the charge in time also.

Necessary to mention that decreasing electric current will decrease the acceleration of the
electrons, causing increased charge density and E positive field.
The electric field is a result of the geometric change of the U potentiall and the timely change of
the A magnetic potential:

E = - dA/dt - dU/dr

The acceleration of the electric charges proportional with the A magnetic vector potential in the
electric current and also their time dependence are proportional as well. Since the A vector
equation, the proportional a acceleration will satisfy the same
potential is appears in the equation
equation.

Since increasing acceleration of charges in the increasing electric current the result of increasing
potential difference, creating a decreasing potential difference,, the electric and magnetic vector
potential are changes by the next wave - function equations:

The simple experiment with periodical changing U potential and I electric current will move the
aluminium folios with a moving
ng wave along the wire.

The Lorentz gauge says exactly that the accelerating charges are self maintain
intain their accelerator
fields and the divergence (source) of the A vector potential is the timely change of the electric
potential.

Or

The timely changee of the A vector potential, which is the proportionally changing acceleration of
the charges will produce the negative electric field
field.
Lorentz transformation of the Special Relativity
In the referential frame of the accelerating electrons the charge density lowering linearly
because of the linearly growing way they takes every next time period. From the referential
frame of the wire there is a parabolic charge density lowering.

The difference between these two referential frames, namely the referential frame of the wire
and the referential frame of the moving electrons gives the relativistic effect. Important to say
that the moving electrons presenting the time coordinate, since the electrons are taking linearly
increasing way every next time period, and the wire presenting the geometric coordinate.

The Lorentz transformations are based on moving light sources of the Michelson - Morley
experiment giving a practical method to transform time and geometric coordinates without
explaining the source of this mystery.

The real mystery is that the accelerating charges are maintaining the accelerating force with
their charge distribution locally. The resolution of this mystery that the charges are simply the
results of the diffraction patterns, that is the charges and the electric field are two sides of the
same thing. Otherwise the charges could exceed the velocity of the electromagnetic field.

The increasing mass of the electric charges the result of the increasing inductive electric force
acting against the accelerating force. The decreasing mass of the decreasing acceleration is the
result of the inductive electric force acting against the decreasing force. This is the relativistic
mass change explanation, especially importantly explaining the mass reduction in case of
velocity decrease.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation

In the atomic scale the Heisenberg uncertainty relation gives the same result, since the moving
electron in the atom accelerating in the electric field of the proton, causing a charge distribution
on delta x position difference and with a delta p momentum difference such a way that they
product is about the half Planck reduced constant. For the proton this delta x much less in the
nucleon, than in the orbit of the electron in the atom, the delta p is much higher because of the
greater proton mass.

This means that the electron and proton are not point like particles, but has a real charge
distribution.

Wave Particle Duality

The accelerating electrons explains the wave particle duality of the electrons and photons,
since the elementary charges are distributed on delta x position with delta p impulse and
creating a wave packet of the electron. The photon gives the electromagnetic particle of the
mediating force of the electrons electromagnetic field with the same distribution of
wavelengths.

Atomic model
The constantly accelerating electron in the Hydrogen atom is moving on the equipotential line of
the proton and it's kinetic and potential energy will be constant. Its energy will change only
when it is changing its way to another equipotential line with another value of potential energy
or getting free with enough kinetic energy. This means that the Rutherford-Bohr atomic model is
right and only the changing acceleration of the electric charge causes radiation, not the steady
acceleration. The steady acceleration of the charges only creates a centric parabol
parabolicic steady
electric field around the charge, the magnetic field. This gives the magnetic moment of the
atoms,, summing up the proton and electron magnetic moments caused by their circular
motions and spins.

Fermions' spin
The moving charges are accelerating, since only this way can self maintain the electric field
causing their acceleration. The electric charge is not point like! This constant acceleration
possible if there is a rotating movement changing the direction of the velocity. This way it can
accelerate
ate forever without increasing the absolute value of the velocity in the dimension of the
time and not reaching the velocity of the light.

The Heisenberg uncertainty relation says that the minimum uncertainty is the value of the spin:
1/2 h = dx dp or 1/2 h = dt dE,, that is the value of the basic energy status, consequently related
to the mo inertial mass of the fermions.

The photon's 1 spin value and the electric charges 1/2 spin gives us the idea, that the electric
charge and the electromagnetic wave two sides of the same thing, 1/2 (-1/2)
1/2) = 1.

Fine structure constant

The Planck constant was first described as the proportionality constant between the energy E of
a photon and the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave.. This relation between the
energy and frequency is called the Planck relation or the PlanckEinstein equation::

Since the frequency , wavelength , and speed of light c are related by = c,, the Planck
relation can also be expressed as
Since this is the source of the Planck constant, the e electric charge countable from the Fine
structure constant. This also related to the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, saying that the mass
of the proton should be bigger than the electron mass because of the difference
rence between their
2
wavelengths, since E = mc .

The expression of the fine-structure

structure constant becomes the abbreviated

This is a dimensionless constant expression, 1/137 commonly appearing in physics literature.

This means that the electric charge is a result of the electromagnetic waves diffractions,
consequently the proton electron mass rate is the result of the equal intensity of the
corresponding electromagnetic frequencies in the Planck distribution law
law.

Planck Distribution Law

The Planck
nck distribution law explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron, giving
equal intensity to different lambda wavelengths! The weak interaction transforms an electric
charge in the diffraction pattern from one side to the other side, causi
causing
ng an electric dipole
momentum change, which violates the CP and time reversal symmetry.

The Planck distribution law is temperature dependent and it should be true locally and globally. I
think that Einstein's energy-matter
matter equivalence means some kind of eexistence of
electromagnetic oscillations enabled by the temperature, creating the different matter
formulas, atoms, molecules, crystals, dark matter and energy.

One way dividing the proton to three parts is, dividing his oscillation by the three direction of
the space. We can order 1/3 e charge to each coordinates and 2/3 e charge to one plane
oscillation, because the charge is scalar. In this way the proton has two +2/3 e plane oscillation
and one linear oscillation with --1/3 e charge. The colors of quarks are coming from the three
directions of coordinates and the proton is colorless. [1]

Electromagnetic inertia and Gravitational attraction

Since the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing
acceleration, it works as an electromagnetic changing mass.

It looks clear that the growing acceleration results the relativistic growing mass - limited also
with the
he velocity of the electromagnetic wave.
The negatively changing acceleration causes a positive electric field, working as a decreasing
mass.

Since E = h and E = mc2, m = h /c2 that is the m depends only on the frequency. It means that
the mass of the proton and electron are electromagnetic and the result of the electromagnetic
induction, caused by the changing acceleration of the spinning and moving charge! It could be
that the mo inertial mass is the result of the spin, since this is the only accelerating motion of the
electric charge. Since the accelerating motion has different frequency for the electron in the
atom and the proton, they masses are different, also as the wavelengths on both sides of the
diffraction pattern, giving equal intensity of radiation.

If the mass is electromagnetic, then the gravitation is also electromagnetic effect caused by the
magnetic effect between the same charges, they would attract each other if they are moving
parallel by the magnetic effect.

The Planck distribution law explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron, giving
equal intensity to different lambda wavelengths. Also since the particles are diffraction patterns
they have some closeness to each other can be seen as the measured effect of the force of the
gravitation, since the magnetic effect depends on this closeness. This way the mass and the
magnetic attraction depend equally on the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves.

Conclusions
The generation and modulation of high-frequency currents are central wireless communication
devices such as mobile phones, WLAN modules for personal computers, Bluetooth devices and
future vehicle radars. [8]
Needless to say that the accelerating electrons of the steady stationary current are a simple
demystification of the magnetic field, by creating a decreasing charge distribution along the
wire, maintaining the decreasing U potential and creating the A vector potential experienced by
the electrons moving by v velocity relative to the wire. This way it is easier to understand also
the time dependent changes of the electric current and the electromagnetic waves as the
resulting fields moving by c velocity.
There is a very important law of the nature behind the self maintaining E accelerating force by
the accelerated electrons. The accelerated electrons created electromagnetic fields are so
natural that they occur as electromagnetic waves traveling with velocity c. It shows that the
electric charges are the result of the electromagnetic waves diffraction.
One of the most important conclusions is that the electric charges are moving in an accelerated
way and even if their velocity is constant, they have an intrinsic acceleration anyway, the so
called spin, since they need at least an intrinsic acceleration to make possible they movement .
The bridge between the classical and quantum theory is based on this intrinsic acceleration of
the spin, explaining also the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The particle wave duality of the
electric charges and the photon makes certain that they are both sides of the same thing. Basing
the gravitational force on the magnetic force and the Planck Distribution Law of the
electromagnetic waves caused diffraction gives us the basis to build a Unified Theory of the
physical interactions.
References
[1] 3 Dimensional String Theory

Author: George Rajna

Publisher: academia.edu
http://www.academia.edu/3834454/3_Dimensional_String_Theory

[2] Magnetic forces on moving charges

http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node93.html

[3] Equipotential surface

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipotential_surface

[4] Hamilton Principle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%27s_principle

[5] Magnetic Vector Potential

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magvec.html

[6] Electromagnetic four-potential

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity

[8] New electron spin secrets revealed: Discovery of a novel link between magnetism and
electricity

http://phys.org/news/2014-11-electron-secrets-revealed-discovery-link.html

[9] Entanglement of Spin-12 Heisenberg Antiferromagnetic Quantum Spin Chains

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.04373v1.pdf

[10] Scientists find surprising magnetic excitations in a metallic compound

http://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-magnetic-metallic-compound.html
[11] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever

http://phys.org/news/2016-06-lasers-storage-faster.html

[12] Researchers find a chemical solution to shrink digital data storage

https://phys.org/news/2017-06-chemical-solution-digital-storage.html