SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY

Experiment Observation Chemistry behind

Inference the reaction.

1. Color of the salt is noted Colorless

Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+,Ni2+,Co2+
2. Odour of the salt is Ammonical smell .
noted Presence of NH4+

3. Solubility is noted
a. In H2O a. Soluble in water and no Presence of NH4+
precipitate with sodium
carbonate solution.
b. In dil. HCl b. Soluble in dil.HCl Absence of Group I cation
4. Flame test: A little of the
salt is made into paste Yellow Presence of Na+ Chlorides are more
with conc. HCl in a watch Lilac Presence of K+ volatile.
glass and is shown to the Pale green Presence of Ba2+
blue flame. Crimson red Presence of Sr2+
Brick red Presence of Ca2+
5. Dry heating test: A small
amount of salt is heated a. Colorless and odorless gas CO32- may be present Evolved gas is CO2.
in a dry test tube turns lime water milky
b. Pungent smelling gas Cl- present Evolved gas is HCl
white fumes with NH4OH
c. Vinegar smell May be CH3COO- Ethanoic acid.
d. Reddish brown fumes May be the presence of NO31- Reddish brown gas is
NO2.
SYSTEMATIC TEST FOR ANIONS
1.Dil HCl is added to a little of salt Evolution of a colourless gas Presence of carbonate (CO3 2-) Lime water is
which turns lime water milky Ca(OH)2,turned to
milky due to the
formation of
insoluble CaCO3.
2.A little of the salt is rubbed in a
watch glass with dil.H2SO4 Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO- Ethanoic acid.

HCl gas.
-
3.A little of the salt is treated with Colorless gas with pungent smell Presence of Cl
conc H2SO4 is evolved in cold Br2 vapours.
Reddish brown vapours Presence of Br-
If no characteristic change is I2 vapours.
observed above mixture is heated Deep violet vapours Presence of I-
and adds copper turnings or NO2 gas.
paper ball. Evolution of brown gas Presence of NO3-
The ppt. is BaSO4
4. A little of the salt is treated White precipitate is formed which Presence of SO4-2
with BaCl2 is insoluble in excess dil. HCl
 SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR
ANIONS
Carbonate( CO32-)
1. The above gas is passed
through lime water
2. To a little of salt solution a few
drops of MgSO4 solution is added
Chloride(Cl-), Bromide(Br-) Iodide
(I-)
1. A little of the salt soln. is
acidified with dil HNO3 and a few
drops of silver nitrate(AgNO3) soln
are added
2. A little of the salt is heated with yellow ppt
potassium dichromate and conc
H2SO4 .Pass red vapours into
NaOH in another test tube and
add acetic acid and lead acetate
solution
Sulphate(SO42-)
1. To the little of the salt soln,
acetic acid and lead acetate is
added.
2. The above ppt. is treated with
hot Ammonium Acetate
Acetate (CH3COO-)
1. To little of the salt soln
neutral ferric chloride is
added.
Lime water turns milky Presence of carbonate
White ppt dissolves in HCl acid Presence of carbonate
with effervescence confirmed
A white ppt dissolves in excess Presence of Cl- is confirmed
NH4OH
-
Pale yellow ppt sparingly soluble Presence of Br is confirmed
in excess NH4OH
-
yellow ppt insoluble in excess presence of I is confirmed
NH4OH
Presence of Cl- is confirmed
`
White ppt Presence of sulphate
confirmed.
The ppt. dissolves Presence of sulphate is
confirmed again.
Brown ppt turning to red Presence of acetate confirmed
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ->
CaCO3 + H2O
Ppt is MgCO3,release
CO2when reacts with
HCl.
Ppt is AgCl, which
dissolves in excess
NH4OH due to the
formation of soluble
complex
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl
Ppt is AgBr.
Ppt is AgI
Chromyl chloride
vapours(red) gives
Na2CrO4(yellow)
with NaOH &forms
yellow ppt of lead
chromate(PbCrO4).
White ppt is PbSO4.
It dissolves due to
the formation of
lead acetate.
Red colouration is
due to ferric acetate
formation.
 SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY

2. A little of the salt is

heated with
conc.sulphuric acid and .Pleasant fruity smell Presence of acetate is Ethyl ethanoate is
ethanol is added to it. confirmed formed.

Nitrate(NO3-) Presence of nitrate is

1. A few drops of diphenylamine
is added to the salt soln.
2. A small quantity of freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate soln is
added to a little of salt soln and
then conc H2SO4 is added along
the sides of the test tub
Deep blue colouration confirmed
Brown ring is nitroso
ferrous sulphate
Brown ring is formed at the [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+
junction of the solution. Presence of nitrate is again
confirmed.

Phosphate(PO4)3-
1. To the little of the salt solution Yellow ppt Presence of phosphate is Yellow ppt is silver
silver nitrate soln is added confirmed phosphate

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR

CATIONS NH4 + ion is present (zero All NH4 + salts are
1.To the salt solution add sodium No ppt group) water soluble
carbonate
Grp 1 present Ppt is PbCl2
2. Prepare a dilute solution of salt White ppt
and dilute HCl is added.
Yellow- CdS
3.H2S gas is passed through Yellow or black ppt Black- CuS
a part of above soln. Grp 2 is present

4.To the remaning solution ,add a White gelatinous ppt Ppt is Al(OH)3
pinch of NH4Cl shake well and Grp 3 is present
then add NH4OH solution.

5.Through a part of this solution Dirty white ppt orbuff coloured Grp 4 present ZnS(white),MnS(buff
H2S gas is passed. ppt coloured)

6.To the remaning ammoniacal White ppt

soln prepared in step Grp 5 present Ppt is
3,ammonium carbonate is added. BaCO3/CaCO3/SrCO3

If all above grps are

absent,analyse for Mg(grp 6)
 SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY

Confirmatory tests for

cations
Test for NH4 +ion(Zero
group)
A little of the salt is
warmed with NaOH soln
To the salt solution
Nesselers reagent is added
GROUP I CATION (Pb2+)
Smell of ammonia and NH4 + present White fumes are
white fumes are obtained ammonium chloride.
when a glass rod dipped in
con.HCl is shown at the
mouth of the test tube.
Nesslers reagent is K2HgI4
Brown ppt Presence of ammonium is
confirmed Brown ppt is[ NH2 -Hg-O-
Hg-I]

Grp ppt is boiled with

water and divided into two
parts Presence of Pb2+ confirmed
Yellow ppt is lead
1.To one portion add Yellow ppt chromate
K2CrO4

2.To the second portion

Add 1-2 drops of KI soln. Presence of Pb2+ confirmed
Yellow ppt is lead iodide.
Yellow ppt which dissolves
in water on boiling and
reappears on cooling as
golden spangles.
Group II (Cu2+,Cd2+)

Dissolve ppt. in 50% blue ppt is Cu(OH)2 .

HNO3 and divided into 3 ppt dissolves due to the
parts. formation of a complex
1.To Ist part add NaOH drop a)Light blue ppt. dissolves Cu2+ confirmed [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2.
by drop and then in excess. in excess ammonia soln to
form deep blue colouration Ppt is Cd(OH)2
2+
b)White ppt.soluble in Cd confirmed
excess NH4OH solution.
2.To the 2nd partH2S gas is Yellow ppt.
passed . Cd2+ confirmed Ppt. is CdS

3.To the 3rd part add acetic Chocolate brown ppt. Cu2+ confirmed Ppt. is copper
acid and potassium ferrocyanide.
ferrocyanide soln.
Group III.
1.Grp ppt is dissolved in Blue ppt.floating in
dil,HCl and added 2drops colourless solution. PPt is Al(OH)3
of blue litmus followed by Al3+ confirmed
2 drops of NH4OH soln
 SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY

2. A little of the salt is

dissolved in 2 drops of
Presence of aluminium is Blue ash is Al2O3.CoO
conc.HNO3 and boiled Blue ash
confirmed.
with a few drops of
cobalt nitrate solution.A
filter paper soaked in
this solution is burnt to
ashes.

Group IV

The group IV ppt is Ppt is zinc hydroxide,ppt

White ppt dissolved in
dissolved in dil HCl Presence of Zn2+ is dissolves due to the
excess NaOH soln.
&NaOH soln is added confirmed formation of Sodium
drop by drop. zincate.

To little of the salt Presence of Zn2+ is Ppt is Zinc ferrocyanide

White ppt
solution few drops confirmed
potassium ferocyanide
solution are added.

Conduct the ash test

Green ash
Presence of Zn2+ is Ash is ZnO.CoO
confirmed

GROUP V

Group v ppt is dissolved

Yellow ppt
in acetic acid and divided Presence of barium is Ppt is barium chromate
into three portion.to 1 identified
part potassium chromate
solution is added.

Above ppt is dissolved in

conc.HCl and then Ppt is barium sulphate.
White ppt
dil.H2SO4 is added Presence of barium is
confirmed.
 SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY

Flame test is conducted Pale green flame presence of barium

confirmed

To the 2nd part of the soln White ppt

(NH4)2SO 4 soln is added presence of strontium
confirmed ppt is SrSO4

Flame test is conducted Crimson red colour presence of strontium

confirmed

If Ba2+ andSr2+ are White ppt presence of calcium

ppt is calcium oxalate
absent,to the 3rd part confirmed
ammonium oxalate soln is
added

Flame test is conducted Brick red colour presence of calcium

confirmed.

Group VI
To the salt soln add Ppt is Mg3(PO4)2
NH4Cl, NH4OH& sodium White crystalline ppt presence of
phosphate are added Mg2+confirmed.

Ash test is conducted Pink ash presence of Mg2+ Ash is MgO.CoO

confirmed.