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Abstract
A pilot scale study was set up to investigate the principle design parameters of up flow anaerobic sludge
blanket (UASB) reactors for treating wastewater of small communities in the tropical regions of Iran. A steel
pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a height of 3.6 m was used as the reactor in which a digestion and a 3-phase
separator element had a volume of 0.848 and 0.17 m3 respectively. During this study, which lasted for 203 days,
two distinct phases were carried out according to the ambient temperature. The temperature of the wastewater
entering the reactor was naturally ranged from 22 to 26 0C and no heat exchanger was used. The hydraulic
retention times including 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours with various loading rates of 0.95 to 5.70 kg COD/m3/day for
colder period and from 1.35 to 6.40 kg COD/m3/day for warmer period were examined. On the basis of the
results the optimal hydraulic retention time for warmer period with a 2.20 kg COD/m3/day organic loading rate
was 6 hours which BOD5, COD and TSS removal efficiency were 71, 63 and 65 percent respectively. During the
colder period the removal ratio of BOD5, COD and TSS with an optimal hydraulic retention time of 8 hours and
organic loading rate of 1.22 kg COD/m3/day were 54, 46 and 53 percent respectively.
Key words: UASB reactor, HRT, small communities, wastewater pretreatment, tropical regions
*Corresponding Author, E-mail: aaazimi@chamran.ut.ac.ir
Introduction
In recent years there has been a growing gions. Although different types of anaerobic
interest in anaerobic treatment of wastewaters. treatment systems have been applied to a great
Compared to aerobic growth, anaerobic variety of industrial wastes, so far the
fermentation produces much less biomass from anaerobic treatment concept is rarely used for
the same amount of COD removal sewage. Experimental results of anaerobic
(Tchobanoglous, et al., 1991). Upflow sewage treatment are restricted to the use of
anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is a the anaerobic filter, fluidized and expanded
popular anaerobic reactor for both high and bed and the UASB with and without a three-
low temperature (Dinsdale, et al., 1997). The phase separator. To compare the different
UASB reactor is by far the most widely used anaerobic treatment systems, the UASB
high rate anaerobic system for anaerobic concept looks the most attractive option for
sewage treatment. In the case of a relatively sewage treatment (Van Haandel and Lettinga,
low strength wastewater such as sewage, the 1994). The present work evaluates an
hydraulic retention time rather than organic important design parameter for a UASB
loading rate is the most important parameter reactor, that is, Hydraulic Retention Time
determining the shape and the size of the (HRT). The performance of a UASB reactor
UASB reactor. The several favorable was assessed by applying various hydraulic
characteristics of anaerobic processes, such as retention times. This research was carried out
low cost, operational simplicity, low biosolids to study the feasibility of UASB process as a
production and considerable biogas pretreatment alternative for Ahwaz sewage
production, together with suitable treatment. This city is located in tropical region
environmental conditions have contributed to of Iran, where in general the ambient and
highlight anaerobic systems for the treatment wastewater temperature is appropriate for
of sewage in small communities of tropical re- anaerobic process application.
A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh
52
Determination of design criteria…
Period
Period
Week HRT BOD COD TSS Week HRT BOD COD TSS
Warm
Cold
53
51
A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh
22.5
22
21.5
21
20.5
( C)
Temp.(ºC)
0
20
Temp.
19.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
(a) Week
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
( C)
Temp. (ºC)
0
24
Temp.
23.5
23
22.5
22
21.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(b) Week
Figure 1: Variations of wastewater temperature in (a) cold and (b) warm periods
55
A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh
80
70
60
50
Removal (%)
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8
HRT (h)
Figure 2: Average COD, BOD5 and TSS removal percentage with hydraulic
retention time in warm period
60
50
40
Removal (%)
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8
HRT (h)
Figure 3: Average COD, BOD5 and TSS removal percentage with hydraulic retention
time in cold period
56
Determination of design criteria…
TSS removal was 61 and 45 percent for warm Wageningen, Department of Water Pollution
and cold periods, respectively. Control, 1990
Haskoning and Euroconsult, Monitoring report of
• For designing a UASB reactor in tropical the 5 MLD UASB treatment plant at Kanpur-
regions (wastewater temperature ranged from Technical Report, 1990
20 to 26 0C) it is recommended to choose: Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., Wastewater
HRT=8 h; Organic Loading=1.22 kg engineering: Treatment, disposal and reuse. 3rd.
COD/m3.d or 0.65 kg BOD5/m3.d. Ed., New York, McGraw Hill, 394-426, 1991
References Van Haandel. A. C. and Lettinga, G., Anaerobic
APHA, AWWA and WPCF, Standard methods for sewage treatment: a practical guide for regions
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Ed. Washington DC, 1995 1994
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Comparison of mesophilic and themophilic treatment by UASB reactor. Operation results
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors and recommendations for design and utilization.
treating instant coffee production wastewater. Presented at the 6th. International IAWPRC
Wat. Res., 31: 163-169, 1997 Symposium, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990
De Man, A. W. A, Anaerobic purification of raw Yu, J., H. Chen, M. Ji, and P. L. Yue, Distribution
sewage with the aid of granular sludge in UASB and change of microbial activity in combined
reactors. Report Agricultural University of UASB and AFB reactors for wastewater
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A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh
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Determination of design criteria…
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