Literature Ignacio Manchini

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Russia _ U.S.S.R

1- Nicholas Romanov, known as Nicholas II, was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand
Prince of Finland, and titular king of Poland. He was the last tsar of Russia.

2-In 1905 a revolution took place in Russia. In spite of it, the society suffered some
changes because there were workers and students strikes, street demonstrations, spates
of vandalism and other periodic violence.

Industry: It enjoyed some successes in the fields of tariff protection, factory legislation,
and the conquest of Central Asia.

Education: In 1905, after several years of clashes between the Tsarist regime and
university students, the government shut down higher learning institutions.

Society: it appeared the rich class because Nicholas II aboyed the land payments

3-The power that the Tsar had was the autocracy but after the revolution in Russia in
1905, he decided to transform the autocracy into a parliamentary monarchy. The most
important consequences of that kind of power were the Bloody Sunday and the First World
War.

4-Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian,

journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marx's theories about society, economics and politics
are known as Marxism. The impression made by Marxist ideas is equally clear in the
earlier writings of Pareto, who singled out, as Marxs chief contribution to sociology, the
theory of class conflict 1903.

5-The social democrats were the opposition. The leaders had a disagreement , so they
divided into two groups : the social revolutionaries (Mensheviks) and the Bolsheviks

6- Vladimir Lenin was the Bolsheviks` leader. They believed that violence was necessary
for the revolution to succeed. They thought that only a violent uprising in the proletariat can
truly create a communist state. Julius Martov was the Mensheviks ` leader. The
Mensheviks, on the other hand, believe that reform and democracy will gradually bring
Russia into communism. They thought that the formulation of a parliament and
organization into different parties will allow Russia's working class to gain more power.

7- The Duma was an elected legislative body that constituted the imperial Russian
legislature from 1906 to 1907. The Tsar Nicholas II allowed it to be created after the
Bloody Sunday incident in 1905 in his October Manifesto.
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8-Manpower, during the war, was conscripted without any regard for the needs of industry,
agriculture or communications. The countryside was dispossessed of horses to serve the
army's needs, leaving the peasants with no means of tilling the land. Distribution problems
had led to a breakdown in food supplies to the cities. By 1916 Petrograd and Moscow
were receiving only a third of their fuel and food requirements. This was made worse by
hyper inflation that saw prices increase fourfold during the war. These factors created
serious discontent among the working classes in the cities. There were a number of strikes
that had to be put down by troops.

9- The great October revolution in 1917 was known as Bolshevik Revolution. Vladimir
Lenin led it. It abolished Russian capitalism and landlordism and set up the Soviet
government, resulted in the establishment of socialism throughout one-sixth of the earth,
and is now surging forward to the building of communism, constitutes the deepest-going,
farthest-reaching, and most fundamental mass movement in all human history.

10- Leon Trotsky was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and
the founder and first leader of the Red Army. The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the
Russian Civil War.

11-The two chief figures in the Communist Party were Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.
They were political leaders of the working class and of the toiling people generally. Lenin
and Stalin have evidenced their outstanding brilliance as mass leaders

12- The main ideas of the Communism are replace private property with public
ownership, communal control of the production and the natural resources of a society, and
create a classless, moneyless and stateless society.

13- The War communism, also known as military communism, was the economic and
political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to
1921. Lenin introduced it because of the economical problems of Russia.

All industry was nationalized, the foreign trade was a monopoly of the state, discipline for
workers was strict, food was rationed and distributed in urban centers, there was military
control, banks and shipping were nationalized, private trade was illegal and the large fac

14-Stalin believed that religion needed to be removed. His government promoted atheism
through special atheistic education in schools, massive amounts of anti-religious
propaganda, the antireligious work of public institutions, discriminatory laws, and also a
terror campaign against religious believers. He advocated the control, suppression, and,
ultimately, the elimination of religious beliefs. The state was committed to the destruction
of religion, so it destroyed churches, mosques and temples and executed religious
leaders. He promoted 'scientific atheism' as the truth that society should accept.
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15-The Russian Civil War had a devastating effect on the economy. Industrial output in
1922 was 13% of that in 1914. It was replaced by a system of "Five-Year Plans". These
called for a highly ambitious program of state-guided crash industrialization and the
collectivization of agriculture.

16- The initial policy of War Communism proved hopeless in regards to modernization, it
too became incapable of achieving the rapid modernization. Stalin's policy launched with
the "great turn" back to socialism of collectivization and the five-year plans proved
economically miraculous but socially disastrous. By 1945, the USSR was modern.

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The Kremlin is used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union and its members.

The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the
Soviet Union. It was created by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938.

The KGB, or Committee for State Security was the national security agency of the Soviet
Union from 1954 until 1991.

Walter Duranty was a journalist who works for the New York Times from 1922 to 1936.
He won a Pulitzer Prize for a series of stories written in 1931 on the Soviet Union.

Ukranian terror famine of 1932 - 3 has the dubious honour of being one of the worst
crimes in the history of humanity. Over that winter, three to four million people died in one
of Europe's most productive regions due to the machinations of the Stalinist state.

The Cold War took place between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet
Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern European countries it occupied.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States. He was born in
1933 and he died in 1945. He was the only American president elected to more than two
terms. He assumed the presidency on March 4, 1933. He created the New Dealto produce
economical growth and to decreased the unemployed.
Adolf Hitler was a politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers
Party. He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and dictator of Nazi Germany
from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World
War II, and the Holocaust.
Pravda was a newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party between 1912 and 1991.The Pravda newspaper was
started in 1912 in St. Petersburg
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Tsarism: The economy was backward (mainly peasant farmers) and could barely
produce enough food to feed people; where industry was developing, in towns
such as St Petersburg, living and working conditions were so awful that the
workers were angry and rebellious
The beginning of Communism: The abolition of serfdom resulted in a mass exodus from
the agricultural areas to the cities, where the new working class found employment in
factories as part of Russia's industrial revolution. However, they had no leverage as a
large collection of individuals and were easily exploited, working for miniscule wages.

Stalins Government: Joseph Stalin, who sought to reform Soviet society with aggressive
economic planning, in particular a sweeping collectivization of agriculture and development
of industrial power. He introduced his "Westernizer" ideals to the Soviet Union by broadly
and thoroughly reforming Soviet policy; such was exemplified by a period of rapid
industrialization.