Mid-term Exam 1 ENG 2MM3 19 October 2016

Name: _________________________ Student No.: ________________ Signature: _____________________

ENG 2MM3-2016 Electrical Circuits & Power – Mid-term Exam 1

Time: 90 min.

1. Consider the magnetic circuit shown below. (25 Points)

μr=2100
core depth = 5 cm

5 cm

I2 = 1A
I1 = 2A N1 = 400 turns
N2 = 100 turns
25 cm

5 cm

0.05cm

5 cm 25 cm 5 cm

Fig. 1
A ferromagnetic core with a relative permeability of 2100 is shown in Fig. 1. The dimensions are as shown
in the diagram and the depth of the core is 5 cm. The air gap width is 0.05 cm. There are two windings
wrapped around the left leg and right leg– winding 1 has 400 turns and the current flowing through it is 2A;
winding 2 has 100 turns and the current is 1 A. The directions of the current are shown in Fig. 1. Ignore the
fringing effect in the air gap and assume 0  4  107 H/m .

a) What is the flux in the core?

b) What is the flux density in the air gap?

2. Explain: (15 Points)

a) Faraday’s law;
b) Hysteresis losses.

1
 Mid-term Exam 1 ENG 2MM3 19 October 2016
Name: _________________________ Student No.: ________________ Signature: _____________________

2
Vp
3. Prove that the average power delivered to the resistor in the following circuit is Pav =
2R
(15 Points)
i = I p cos(2² ft )

v = V p cos(!2² ft )

4. Show that the current of a pure inductor is lagging by 90° and its impedance is, ZL=j2πfL when it is
connected in an AC circuit with a source of vin = Vp cos(2πft), where f is the frequency, L is the inductance,
Vp is the peak voltage and t is the time. (15 Points)

5. Consider the AC circuit shown above with the following parameters, where: (30 Points)
v t   169.71cos  2 ft  45 V, f  60 Hz, L  1 mH, R  100, and C  1mF

L
iL

iR
R
v(t) C

a) Find the impedance of L, C, and the total impedance of the circuit.

b) Find the total current of the circuit in phasor format.
c) Find the branch current of iR and iL in phasor format.
d) Find the power dissipation on the resistor R.
e) Draw phasor diagram of the source voltage and total current.
2
Mid-term Exam 1 ENG 2MM3 19 October 2016
Name: _________________________ Student No.: ________________ Signature: _____________________

Some equations you may need:

Magneticcircuit:
 l B A
B ;  ; F   , H  ,   r 0 , F  Ni , 0  4  107 H/m ; K f  g
A A  Ac

Electrical circuit:
Radians frequency   2 f (f is the time domain frequency)

The reactance of the inductor: X L  2 fL

1
The reactance of the capacitor: X C 
2 fC
Impedance is defined as the ratio between the voltage across (V) and the current flowing through (I) an element:
V |V | |V |
Z      )  R  jX
I |I | |I |
(R: resistance; X: reactance)

1 1 1 1
V  I  Z ; Z series  Z1  Z 2  Z3  ;    
Z parallel Z1 Z 2 Z 3

Phasor basics
A = Ar + jAj = Acos(α) + jAsin(α) = A
A* = Ar - jAj = Acos(α) - jAsin(α) = A-

Aj
  tan1 A  Ar2  A2j
Ar
Phasor calculation
C = A  B = (Ar+jAj)  (Br+jBj) = (Ar  Br) + j(Aj  Bj)= Cr + jCj = C 
D = A×B = A × B  = AB (+ ) = D 

A A
E A/B  (   )  E
B B
Power in AC circuit

Power factor: Fp  cos

3
1. The flux circuit of the core is shown below
μr=2100
core depth = 5 cm

R2
5 cm

R1 R3
I2 = 1A
I1 = 2A N1 = 400 turns
N2 = 100 turns
25 cm

+ +
- F1 F2 -
5 cm
R4 Rg R5

0.05cm

5 cm 25 cm 5 cm

1As all the core reluctances are sharing the same cross-sectional area, they could be combined as
one. The reluctance of the core is:

 25  5 2  5 2   4  0.05 102
c  1  2  3  4  5    181815.5755 A·t/Wb 5 points
2100  4 107  5  5 104

As the fringing effect in the air gap is ignored, the air gap reluctance is:

0.05 102
g   159154.9431 A·t/Wb 4 points
4 107  5  5 104

The total reluctance of the entire magnetic circuit is:

total  c   g  340970.5186 A·t/Wb 4 points

There are two mmf sources. Since their directions are opposite with each other, the net mmf in the
magnetic circuit will be:

F  F1  F2  N1  I1  N 2  I 2  400  2  100 1  700 A·t 4 points

1(a) The flux in the core is therefore:

F
c   2.053 103 Wb 4 points
total

1(b) Flux density in air gap will be:

c 2.053 103 4 points

Bg    0.8212 T
Ag 5  5 104

2(a) Faraday law states that time-varying magnetic field produces electrical voltage (or current)
given by,

d
eind   4 points
dt
eind is the voltage induced in a turn of a coil, and Φ is the magnetic flux through the turns of the
coil. For the coils with N turns,
d
eind   N 4 points
dt

The induced voltage produces a current (if circuit is closed) with its direction determined by
Lenz’s Law. Since, the induced voltage opposes the change that causes it, a minus sign is
included.

2(b) Core material (ferromagnetic materials and ferroelectric materials) always has hysteresis
effect, in other words, memory of the core. When changing the flux in core material, energy is
lost to reorient domains. This is known as hysteresis loss. 4 points
For hysteresis losses, energy lost in reversing the magnetization of the material is proportional to
the area of the hysteresis loop. Small AC current results in small hysteresis loss. Large AC
current results in large hysteresis loss.
3 points
5.
(a)
  2 f  376.99 1 points
Z L  j L  j  376.99 1103  0.37699 j 1 points

1 1
ZC    2.65259 j 1 points
jC j  376.99 1103
100   2.65259 j 
Z total  Z C  Z L Z R  2.65259 j   0.0703  5.3033 j 1 points
100  2.65259 j
5(b)
v  t   169.71 cos  2 ft  45 
V  120  45
V  84.85  84.85 j 2 points
V 84.85  84.85 j
I   16.2087  15.7846 j  22.624744.2405 2 points
Ztotal 0.0703  5.3033 j
5(c) 1 points
. V  I  ZC 84.85  84.85 j  16.2087  15.7846 j    2.65259 j 
IR  
R 100
 0.4298  0.4185 j 1 points
1 points
 0.56  44.2403
. V  I  ZC 84.85  84.85 j  16.2087  15.7846 j    2.65259 j 
IL  
ZL 0.37699 j
 15.7789  16.2031 j
1 points
 22.616745.7599
5(d)
. 2
4 points
PR  R· I R  100  0.562  31.36 W
5(e)

I  22.624744.2405
2 points

V  120  45
2 points