From conception to birth: stages of fetal growth for the human baby@Ever... http://everything2.com/title/From+conception+to+birth%3A+stages+of+fe...

From conception to birth: stages of fetal growth for the human baby
(thing) by artman2003 Fri Jan 23 2004 at 4:16:40

The First Month

The countdown to a baby's birth actually begins about two weeks before it is conceived, or the first day of the
woman's last menstrual period. This is because most women do not know when actual conception was, but most
do know when their last period began. Conception can only occur during ovulation, which happens about the
middle of the month between menstrual periods. The ripened egg, propelled by tiny finger-like projections,
travels to the fallopian tube, which is where it needs to be if it is to be fertilized. If sexual intercourse happens
during this time, the perfect time, the egg can be fertilized. Out of the millions of microscopic sperm the man
deposits into the woman, only one of the tiny tadpole-like creatures is needed. Only one sperm in ten finds its
way into the cervix, one or two thousand make it into the fallopian tube (about an hour after the race began), and
only a few hundred make it to the egg. All will try to break through the membrane surrounding the egg and the
first one to do so is the winner. After that one sperm breaks through, the membrane toughens up so no others can
come in, too.

The sperm, which has half of the DNA required to make a human being (the egg has the other half), will
eventually slough off its tail and fertilization is complete. After that, the egg divides into two cells, then four, then
eight, and by the end of the process there will be billions - the newborn baby.

At this point the body must make a home for the little one. The egg, which has become a ball of cells, moves
down the fallopian tube until it reaches the uterus. In a process called implantation, the egg attaches itself to the
uterine lining. The cells on the outside of the little ball of cells will become the placenta. The cells inside will
become the baby. A week after implantation the level of progesterone, a hormone, dramatically increased in the
woman's body. This is to tell the body there will be no more menstruations, at least not until the baby is born.
(Pregnancy tests detect this hormone). After this the period is missed, the woman realizes something is amiss -
BINGO! she's pregnant.

The Second Month

The egg, or ball of cells, is now officially an embryo. It is only one-tenth of an inch long and its cells are in three
distinct layers. The outer layer forms complex structures such as the brain and nerves and simple things such as
hair and tooth enamel. The middle layer will turn into bones, muscles, blood vessels, and the heart, as well as part
of the lungs. The inner layer forms the liver, intestines, urinary tract, and the other part of the lungs. A tuck forms
at each end of the embryo: one will be the head and the other will be the one that wears the diapers.

Around the time the embryo is six weeks old, tiny bumps are forming that will be the arms and legs and vital
organs like the stomach and lungs find their places. The two parts of the heart, which had developed separately,
fuse then begin to beat. Also during this time the umbilical cord is forming, which is attached to the uterus at one
end and the baby's navel at the other end. This is the lifeline that provides the baby with nourishment.

By the end of the second month the embryo starts to look more human. The eyes stem out from the brain and
place themselves on the face and the baby's webbed hands begin to separate to form fingers. With the eyes still
on either side of the head and not in front, though, the little tyke still looks like an alien from The X-Files, though.

The Third Month

Even though minute, immature, and not all fully functioning yet, all of the major internal organs are present at the
beginning of the third month, or at the end of the first trimester. By the middle of the month testes have formed in

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boys and the ovaries in girls. However, the external sex organs are still indistinct; it is still not possible, even with
the best ultrasound to determine the sex yet.

When the age of the embryo hits nine weeks, it is no longer considered an embryo. In this landmark week, it is
officially a fetus. The fetal umbilical cord is fully formed at this point and contains two large blood vessels: one
huge artery and one huge vein. The cord is very stiff, tightly filled with blood: this is to avoid any kinks from
forming; such an event could be fatal to the little one.

At this stage of development, eyelids form over the eyes. After this happens the eyes will remain closed during
most of the remainder of gestation. Despite this, after all is said and done, at the end of this month the fetus most
definitely looks human.

The Fourth Month

The pregnancy really begins to show during this month. It is now very difficult to hide it. This is the time period a
lot of couples wait for to tell others the wonderful news, because the chances of miscarriage at this point on are
slim.

During this month fingernails begin to form on the newly-shaped fingers, the gallbladder begins to make bile, and
the baby makes its very own blood with its own bone marrow. By the middle of this month the external sex
organs become distinctly male or female. All types of hair begin to form, including hair on the head, eyelashes,
eyebrows, and a fine downy hair that covers the entire body called lanugo. This unique hair grows all over the
body in swirly patterns and disappears shortly after birth.

Four to six ounces of amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus at this point, which allows for an amniocentesis to be
taken. This fluid is mostly fetal urine and most of it is removed when the baby swallows it. Yes, that does sound
gross, that you drink your own pee when you're a fetus, but don't worry, it doesn't do a bit of harm. The fluid is
completely replaced every day.

Growth this month is rapid; the fetus, 5 inches long at this point, is just big enough to cradle in the palm of your
hand.

The Fifth Month

It's Quickening time! That's right: quickening refers to the first time the mother feels the baby move inside of
her. At this point all doubt about what is happening in there is quelched. If all goes well, this baby's coming! The
muscles and limbs, which are much stronger this month than the last, give the baby the ability to move around to
explore this little world it's in, as well as push and kick at things. If the baby's thumb gets close enough to its face,
it grabs it and begins sucking on it. This instinct is for when, after birth, it is ready to breastfeed.

Lots of important stuff goes on in the brain during the fifth month. The number of nerve cells in the front of the
brain, the thinking section, grows rapidly. The sounds of the mother's stomach rumbling or blood in her vessels
gushing are constant noises for the little one that can both sooth and annoy it.

Inside the intestines the baby's first stool, called meconium, forms. And, believe it or not, if the baby is a girl she
begins to develop her own eggs, which, decades later, will possibly begin this life cycle again. The skin of the
baby gets covered up by a fatty, yellowish substance called vernix, which is produced by the same annoying
glands that will give it pimples when it is an adolescent. The lanugo will hold the vernix in place, which protects
the baby's skin from constant exposure to the amniotic fluid. By the end of this month most babies are about 7
inches long and will weigh 10 to 12 ounces.

The Sixth Month

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It is during this month that bones harden, growth and weight gain are rapid, and others can feel the baby move.
It's getting crowded in there for the baby at this point and when it pushes out you can usually tell if it is a hand or
a foot trying to break free of the womb. Also, its hearing becomes good enough to where loud noises outside of
the mother's body can startle it.

The only other significant thing this month is, even though the baby will not need to use them until the moment of
birth, the lungs become fully-formed and ready to breathe.

The Seventh Month

Things get even more cramped this month as the baby continues to grow. It goes into the typical fetal position
with its legs bent into its chest. The baby is very active during this month; indeed, as the mother lies in bed at
night, she might actually see her whole stomach change shape as her baby shifts its position.

During this month the eyelids, which formed in the second month, begin to open, awakening the baby's sense of
sight! Now it can see as well as it can hear. The brain is also rapidly growing, becoming folded and wrinkled;
each section is assigned its duty, like controlling speech or recording memories. If the baby is a boy, the testicles,
which had formed in the abdomen, will begin to move down to the scrotum.

At the end of this month, the baby will weight about 3 pounds and is roughly 11 inches long.

The Eighth Month

The baby needs some cardboard boxes at this point, because it's preparing to pack up and move out! And if it is
born during this month, it has a pretty good shot at surviving.

The baby gets lots of antibodies from the mother's immune system this month to protect it from a plethora of
diseases that could infect it after birth. But this is only a temporary immunity which goes away after birth.
However, the length of this immunity can be extended by breastfeeding. Also, even though it cannot breathe on
its own yet, it will hiccup.

It is important at this point to dispel an old wives' tale that purports that babies born in the eighth month are more
likely to survive than babies born in the ninth month. This is absolutely not true. So don't believe it, no matter
how much your mother insists it is. The closer to the due date the little one is born, the better.

The Ninth Month

"Let me outta here!"

Growth finally begins to slow as the baby is ready to get out. The lanugo is almost all gone and most of the vernix
has been shed as well. The lanugo remains in grooves like the back of the knees and groin. The baby moves into a
position he or she will take during delivery. This is commonly where the head is down, facing the mother's back.
When the head slips down into the mother's pelvis - an event called lightening - the mother will notice that she
can breathe a lot easier. But the bad news is after this happens it becomes much more difficult to sit or walk.

As if that isn't enough, movement increases exponentially: the baby is kicking so much you'd think he was trying
out for a soccer team! But don't worry, it'll be out soon. Even though what exactly triggers labor is still a mystery,
it will eventually happen.

One suspect trigger of labor, though, seems to be stretching of the uterus. Another theory is that the levels of
progesterone, the hormone that has supported the pregnancy all this time, declines, which allows the womb to
finally serve its nine-month guest an eviction notice.

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When that beautiful little baby boy or girl enters the world, on average it will eight anywhere from 6 to 9 pounds
and measure from 17 to 22 inches. Birth is quite traumatic: lights are much brighter and sounds are so much
louder! Also, it's so cold out here! And somebody gives it a good smack so it starts breathing on its own.

Well, actually, I don't think doctors do this anymore.

Source: "As Your Baby Grows: From Conception to Birth" published by American Baby, 2003

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