Lie Detection and Interrogation (Polygraph)
computerized - most polygraph examiners now
Polygraph - popularly referred to as lie detector. -
measures and records several psychological indices
such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin
conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a
series of questions.
- literally means "many writings".
- is derived from two Greek words "Poly"- which means
many and "Graphos"- which means writing.
blood pressure - is the pressure exerted by
circulating blood upon the walls of blood
vessels and is one of the principal vital signs.
pulse - represents the tactile arterial
palpitation of the heartbeat by trained
fingertips. It can also be measured by listening
to the heart directly using a stethoscope.
respiration - the transport of oxygen from
the outside air to the cells within tissues and
the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite
direction.
skin conductivity - also known as Galvanic
sin response - is a method of measuring the
electrical conductance of the skin which varies
with its moisture level.
ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that
measures electrical resistance, the opposition
to an electric current.
galvanometer - an instrument for detecting
and measuring electric current.
stimuli - is applied to sensory receptor, it
influences a reflex via stimulus transduction.
Personalities who contributed to the development
of the polygraph machine.
Cesare Lombroso - he invented in 1895 a
device to measure changers in blood pressure
for police case.
John Augustus Larson - a medical student
at the University of California at Berkeley,
invented the polygraph in 1921.The device
record both blood pressure and galvanic skin
response. Further work on this device was
done by Leonarde Keeler.
Leonarde Keeler - was the co-inventor of the
polygraph. He developed the so-called cardio-
pneumo psychogram capable of detecting
deception and worked on to produce the
modern polygraph.
William Marston - an american who used
blood pressure to examine german prisoners
of war.
John Reid - In 1948, developed a device
which recorded muscular activity
accompanying changes in blood pressure. He
claimed greater accuracy could be obtained by
making the recordings simultaneously with
standard blood pressure, pulse, and
respiration recordings.
Two types of present day polygraph
instrumentation
1. analog
2.
used this.
Types of Questions in a Polygraph Test
1. Control Question - preliminary information question
2. Irrelevant Question -
3. Relevant Question
- In a polygraph test, the types of questions alternates,
the test is passed if the physiological responses during
the probable lie control questions are larger than those
during the relevant question.
Lie Detection - is the practice of determining whether
someone is lying.
Three Basic Approaches to The Polygraph Test
1. The Control Question Test (CQT) - this test compares
the physiological response to relevant questions about
the crime with the response to questions relating to
possible prior misdeeds. This test is often used to
determine whether certain criminal suspects should be
prosecuted or classified as uninvolved in the crime.
2. The Directed Lie Test (DLT) - this test tries to detect
lying by comparing physiological responses when the
subject is told to deliberately lie to responses when
they tell the truth.
3. The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) - this test
compares physiological responses to multiple choice
type questions about the crime, one choice of which
contains information only the crime investigators and
the criminal would know about.
3 Phases of A Polygraph Examination
1. Pre-Test Phase - the examiner discusses with the
subject the test issue, review the test questions that
will be ask during the test and assess the subjects
emotional and physiological suitability to undergo the
polygraph test.
2. Testing Phase - subjects physiological responses are
recorded as the subject answers a set of questions
reviewed earlier.
3. Post Test Phase - examiner reviews test data
obtained and interprets the polygraph chart.
Conclusions That a Polygraph Examiner May
Reach
1. Subject is telling the truth
2. Subject is not telling the truth
3. The result is inconclusive
* A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a
half hours to two and a half hours.
* Polygraph test result in the Philippines is not
admissible in evidence as proof of the guilt of an
accused.
* Polygraph test is voluntary.
* The accuracy of polygraph test is about 90%
provided the examiner is competent and the polygraph
machine is in good working condition.
* Polygraph is an investigative tool.
* The principle behind a lie detection test is that when
the subject hears a questions which he or she intends
to lie, the brain interprets and triggers automatic and
uncontrollable physiological changes captured by the
polygraph.
Who Uses The Polygraph
 1. Law Enforcement Agencies 7. He developed a method of measuring the amount of
2. Legal Community sweat a suspect produced during interrogation. This
3. Private Sector was determined by the electrical conductibility of the
suspects skin.
Kinds of Errors in a Polygraph Test A. B. Sticker
1. False Positive - occurs when a truthful examinee is B. C. Lombroso
reported as being deceptive.
C. D. Sticker
2. False Negative - when a deceptive examinee is
D. C. Beccaria
reported as truthful.

Causes of Polygraph Errors 8. The first polygraph machine was actually a copy
1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the machine invented in
examinee for the examination. A. 1801
2. Misreading of the physiological data on the B. 1803
polygraph charts. C. 1802
3. Defective polygraph machine. D. 1804

Reactions - changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, 9. In the early 1900s, He invented what he called the
breathing and sweat activity. ink polygraph. This was used to monitor
cardiovascular responses by measuring pulse and blood
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 1 pressure.
A. Ken Adler
B. Vittorio Benussi
1. A portion of rice spit from a persons mouth revealed
C. James MacKenzie
whether he or she was lying. Spitting out dry rice
D. Cesare Lombroso
indicated the dry mouth of a liar. This form of lie
detection originated in
10.In 1914, He used pneumatic tubing to study an
A. India
individuals breathing rates. The device wrapped around
B. China
the persons chest and measured depth and rate of
C. England
breath.
D. Africa
A. Vittorio Benussi
2. During the Middle Ages, torture was used as a B. Ken Adler
means of forcing a person to tell the truth. This was C. James MacKenzie
prevalent in what continent? D. Cesare Lombroso
A. Asia
B. Africa Remember the following: Lie Detection and
C. South America Interrogation
D. Europe
1. A portion of rice spit from a persons mouth revealed
3. In the early 1700s, He was the first to move away whether he or she was lying. Spitting out dry rice
from torture by suggesting that deception could be indicated the dry mouth of a liar. This form of lie
evaluated by monitoring the heart rate. detection originated in China.
A. Ceasar Lombroso
B. Daniel DeFoe 2. In Europe, During the Middle Ages, torture was
C. William Marston used as a means of forcing a person to tell the truth.
D. Ken Adler
3. In the early 1700s, Daniel DeFoe was the first to
4. In 1764, He wrote of torture, By this method, the move away from torture by suggesting that deception
robust will escape, and the feeble be condemned. could be evaluated by monitoring the heart rate.
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Daniel DeFoe 4. In 1764, Cesare Beccaria wrote of torture, By this
C. Cesare Beccaria method, the robust will escape, and the feeble be
D. William Marston condemned.

5. He became the first person to use science as a 5. The Father of Modern Criminology Cesare
method of detecting deception. Lombroso, became the first person to use science as a
A. Cesare Lombroso method of detecting deception in the year 1895.
B. Daniel DeFoe
C. Cesare Beccaria 6. Cesare Lombroso became the first person to use
D. William Marston science as a method of detecting deception.

6. The Father of Modern Criminology Cesare Lombroso, 7. B. Sticker developed a method of measuring the
became the first person to use science as a method of amount of sweat a suspect produced during
detecting deception in the year interrogation. This was determined by the electrical
A. 1895 conductibility of the suspects skin.
B. 1925
C. 1896 8. The first polygraph machine was actually a copy
D. 1926 machine invented in 1804.
 9. In the early 1900s, James MacKenzie invented 7. The first to discover the phenomenon we now know
what he called the ink polygraph. This was used to as electrodermal response.
monitor cardiovascular responses by measuring pulse A. Leonarde Keeler
and blood pressure. B. Ron Adler
C. John Larson
10. In 1914, Vittorio Benussi used pneumatic tubing D. Marie Gabriel Vigouroux
to study an individuals breathing rates. The device
wrapped around the persons chest and measured 8. Cesare Lombroso was the first to experiment with a
depth and rate of breath. device measuring blood pressure and pulse to detect
deception in criminal suspects, He called it
Answer: Lie Detection and A. Sphygmograph
Interrogation B. Hydrosphygmograph
C. Cardiograph
1. C D. Pneumograph
2. D
3. B 9. The First Polygraph machine suitable for use in
4. C criminal investigation was invented by
5. A A. Cesare Lombroso
6. A B. Leonarde Keeler
7. A C. Vittorio Venussi
8. D D. John Larson
9. C
10. A 10. An instrument for recording variations in pressure,
e.g., in sound waves or in blood within blood vessels,
by the trace of a stylus on a rotating cylinder.
A. Kymograph
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 2 B. Galvanograph
C. Pheumograph D. Cardiograph
1. The First Polygraph school.
A. Keeler Institute
B. Scherers Institute Remember the following: Lie Detection and
C. Marston Institute Interrogation
D. Larsons Institute
1. Keeler Institute - The First Polygraph school.
2. The First Full Time professional polygraph examiner.
A. Leonarde Keeler 2. Leonarde Keeler - The First Full Time professional
B. William Marston polygraph examiner.
C. John Larson
D. Ron Decker 3. Sphygmomanometer - It measures systolic blood
pressure as a means of determining whether a suspect
3. It measures systolic blood pressure as a means of was lying during an interrogation.
determining whether a suspect was lying during an
interrogation. 4. Frye vs. U.S - A U.S case wherein the examiners
A. Sphygmomanometer testimony regarding a defendants fact of passing the
B. Emotograph polygraph test was not accepted in evidence.
C. Kymograph
D. Psychogalvanometer 5. John Larson - He invented the modern polygraphy
machine in 1921.
4. A U.S case wherein the examiners testimony
regarding a defendants fact of passing the polygraph 6. Polygraph literally means "many writings".
test was not accepted in evidence.
A. U.S vs. Ohio 7. Marie Gabriel Vigouroux - The first to discover the
B. Keeler vs. U.S phenomenon we now know as electrodermal response.
C. Frye vs. U.S
D. Larson vs. U.S 8. Cesare Lombroso was the first to experiment with a
device measuring blood pressure and pulse to detect
5. He invented the modern polygraph machine in 1921. deception in criminal suspects, He called it
A. Leonarde Keeler Hydrosphygmograph.
B. William Marston
C. John Larson 9. The First Polygraph machine suitable for use in
D. Ron Decker criminal investigation was invented by John Larson.

6. Polygraph literally means 10. Kymograph - This device allows the chart paper
A. Many Writings to be pulled under the recording pens at constant
B. Different Writings speed.
C. Various Writings
11. The Following sectors uses the polygraph
D. Cursive Writings
examination
 1. Private Sector B. Cesare Lombroso
2. Legal Community C. Vittorio Benussi
3. Law enforcement, Military and Government D. Dr. William Marston

1. A 8. He conducted experiments in lie detection by

2. A measuring and recording the rate and depth of the
3. A subject's respiration.
4. C A. John Larson
5. C B. Cesare Lombroso
6. A C. Vittorio Benussi
7. D D. Dr. William Marston
8. B
9. D 9. An Italian physiologist accidentally discovered that a
10. A dissected frog leg would twitch and contract
spasmodically at the touch of a scalpel charged with
electricity.
A. Mosso
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 3 B. Luigi Galvani
C. Vittorio Benussi
1. An Italian scientist who in 1895, theorized that when D. Dr. William Marston
in emotional stress or tension, blood would rush to the
head. 10.He had found that current or "galvanic
A. Mosso Electricity" flowed through animal tissue.
B. Cesare Becarria A. Mosso
C. Cesare Lombroso B. Luigi Galvani
D. William Marston C. Vittorio Benussi
D. John Larson
2. He built a delicately balanced board with a center
fulcrum. A person lying on this board was placed under Remember the following: Lie Detection and
stress and blood would rush to his head causing the Interrogation
board to tilt down at the head.
A. Mosso 1. Mosso - An Italian scientist who in 1895, theorized
B. Cesare Becarria that when in emotional stress or tension, blood would
C. Cesare Lombroso rush to the head.
D. Dr. William Marston
2. Mosso - He built a delicately balanced board with a
3. In 1895, he used measurements of blood pressure center fulcrum. A person lying on this board was placed
changes during interrogations using a water pressure under stress and blood would rush to his head causing
apparatus. the board to tilt down at the head.
A. Mosso
B. Cesare Becarria 3. Cesare Lombroso - In 1895, he used
C. Cesare Lombroso measurements of blood pressure changes during
D. Dr. William Marston interrogations using a water pressure apparatus.

4. This water pressure apparatus is known today as 4. This water pressure apparatus is known today as
A. Cardiograph Hydrosphygmograph
B. Cardiosphygmograph
C. Pneumograph 5. Dr. William Marston - He established in 1915 the
D. Hydrosphygmograph relevance of blood pressure changes in the systolic
blood pressure.
5. He established in 1915 the relevance of blood
pressure changes in the systolic blood pressure. 6. Dr. John Larson - He developed the first instrument
A. Mosso to record simultaneously a person's blood pressure,
B. Cesare Becarria pulse rate and respiration changes.
C. Cesare Lombroso
D. Dr. William Marston 7. Vittorio Benussi - He found out in 1914, that
distinct changes
6.He developed the first instrument to record
simultaneously a person's blood pressure, pulse 8. Vittorio Benussi - He conducted experiments in lie
rate and respiration changes. detection by measuring and recording the rate and
A. Mosso depth of the subject's respiration.
B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Dr. John Larson 9. Luigi Galvani - An Italian physiologist accidentally
D. Dr. William Marston discovered that a dissected frog leg would twitch and
contract spasmodically at
7. He found out in 1914, that distinct changes occur in
the respiratory patterns during attempt to deceive. 10.Luigi Galvani - He had found that current or
A. John Larson "galvanic Electricity" flowed through animal tissue.
 B. Veraguth
11. The 3 Basic components of a polygraph C. Cesare lombroso
machine D. A.R. Luria
1. Cardiosphygmograph - Records heart/blood
pressure. 6. He is the father of polygraph.
2. Pneumograph - Records breathing. A. Leonard Keeler
3. Galvanograph - Records electrical current in the skin. B. William Marston
Known as Galvanic skin response and Galvanic skin C. John Larson
conductance. D. Cesare Lombroso

Answers: Lie Detection and Interrogation 7. He devised the first structured test questions. The
test is made up using relevant questions interspersed
1. A with irrelevant questions. The R and I test.
2. A A. Leonard Keeler
3. C B. William Marston
4. D C. Sticker
5. D D. John Larson
6. C
7. C 8. He used Keeler's technique and after testing
8. C numerous subjects, he found that in using that
9. B technique he was getting too many inconclusive result
10. B and an unacceptable error rate.
A. A.R Luria
B. Mosso
C. Veraguth
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 4 D. John Reid

1. In 1897, He was one of the first to suggest the use 9.In the detection of deception, He developed a
of the (EDA) Galvanic Skin Response as an indicator of structured technique using comparison questions.
deception. A. A.R. Luria
A. Mosso B. Mosso
B. Larson C. Veraguth
C. Sticker D. John Reid
D. Marston
10.He operates the National School of Lie Detection and
2. He was the first to make word association test using developed his known lie and probable lie question
the galvanometer. technique and the guilt complex question.
A. Veraguth A. Leonard Keeler
B. Mosso B. Mosso
C. Sticker C. John Reid
D. Marston D. Dick Arther

3. Many scientists have studied human behavior in
relation to lie detection. Among them was this man
who did not use an instrument approach but many of
his theories in the psychology of deception are
embodied in polygraph procedure today.
A. Veraguth
B. A. R. Luria
C. Sticker
D. Mosso
Remember the following: Lie Detection and
Interrogation
1. Sticker - In 1897, He was one of the first to suggest
the use of the (EDA) Galvanic Skin Response as an
indicator of deception.
2. Veraguth - He was the first to make word
association test using the galvanometer

4. In 1932, He wrote, the criminal is certainly far from
being indifferent to his experience, but on the contrary,
he puts himself in an active relation to his experience,
its trauma, urging him into activity - conditions the
dynamics of his behavior.
A. Veraguth
B. A.R. Luria
C. Sticker
D. Mosso
5. He developed in 1926, the metal recording bellows.
He also incorporated the kymograph and the rolled
chart paper. He used these developments together with
the cardio and pneumo components, developing the
first polygraph instrument known today.
A. Leonard Keeler
3. A. R. Luria - Many scientists have studied human
behavior in relation to lie detection. Among them was
this man who did not use an instrument approach but
many of his theories in the psychology of deception are
embodied in polygraph procedure today.
4. A.R. Luria - In 1932, He wrote, the criminal is
certainly far from being indifferent to his experience,
but on the contrary, he puts himself in an active
relation to his experience, its trauma, urging him into
activity - conditions the dynamics of his behavior.
5. Leonard Keeler - He developed in 1926, the metal
recording bellows. He also incorporated the kymograph
and the rolled chart paper. He used these
developments together with the cardio and
 pneumo components, developing the first polygraph
instrument known today.
6. Leonard Keeler - He is the father of polygraph.
7. Leonard Keeler - He devised the first structured
test questions. The test is made up using relevant
questions interspersed with irrelevant questions. The R
and I test.
8. John Reid - He used Keeler's technique and after
testing numerous subjects, he found that in using that
technique he was getting too many inconclusive result
and an unacceptable error rate.
9. John Reid -. In the detection of deception, He
developed a structured technique using comparison
questions.
10.Dick Arther - He operates the National School of
Lie Detection and developed his known lie and probable
lie question technique and the guilt complex question.
Answers: Lie Detection and Interrogation
1. C C. 2-3 hours
2. A D. 4-5 hours
3. B
4. B 9. What is the longest phase of the polygraph
5. A examination?
6. A Ans. Pre-test interview
7. A
8. D
9. D
10. D B. John Larson
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 5
1. He introduced the symptomatic question or myth to
disclose whether or not an outside issue is bothering
the subject.
A. Dick Arther
B. Leonard Keeler
C. John Reid
D. Cleve Backster
2. Manufactured the first commercial polygraph
instrument for Leonard Keeler.
A. Associated Press Inc.
B. Associated Research Inc.
C. Associated manufacturing Inc.
D. Associated Detection Inc.
3. The name of the first manufactured polygraph
instrument.
A. Keeler polygraph instrument
B. Associated Detecting instrument
C. Larson polygraph instrument
D. Marston polygraph instrument
4. If a subject looked down and moved his toe in a
circular motion while being interrogated, he was taught
to be deceptive. This ancient deception detection is
known as
A. Nervous behaviorism
B. The ordeal of the sacred donkey
C. The ordeal of rice
D. The sacred ass
5. If the suspect's tongue was not burned, he was
judged innocent. If the suspect's tongue was burned,
he was judged guilty. This ancient deception detection
is known as
A. The hot iron test
B. Bear the hot iron test
C. The ordeal of the hot iron
D. The ember test
6. What company is the leader in the manufacture of
polygraph?
A. Lafayette instrument company
B. Axciton
C. Stoelting
D. Limestone
7.Where is the largest polygraph market in the world?
A. Russia
B. Ukraine
C. U.S.A
D. Georgia
8. Depending on the complexity of the case and the
number of issues being tested a polygraph examination
generally takes
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours
10.Who is the most prominent polygraph examiner of
all time?
A. Leonarde Keeler
C. William Marston
D. Cleve Backster
Remember the ff: lie detection and interrogation
1. Cleve Backster - He introduced the symptomatic
question or myth to disclose whether or not an outside
issue is bothering the subject. Now Known as Backster
Zone Comparison technique.
2. Associated Research Inc. - Manufactured the first
commercial polygraph instrument for Leonard Keeler.
3. Keeler polygraph instrument - The name of the
first manufactured polygraph instrument.
4. If a subject looked down and moved his toe in a
circular motion while being interrogated, he was taught
to be deceptive. This ancient deception detection is
known as Nervous behaviorism.
5. If the suspect's tongue was not burned, he was
judged innocent. If the suspect's tongue was burned,
he was judged guilty. This ancient deception detection
is known as the ordeal of the hot iron.
6. Lafayette instrument company is the leader in the
manufacture of polygraph instrument.
7. The largest polygraph market in the world is
Ukraine.
8. Depending on the complexity of the case and the
number of issues being tested a polygraph examination
generally takes 2 to 3 hours.
9.The longest phase of the polygraph examination is
the Pre-test interview.

10.The most prominent polygraph examiner of all time

is Leonard Keeler.

11. Present day manufacturers of polygraph instrument

1. lafayette
2. stoelting
3. Axciton
4. Limestone

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. C
9.
10. A