Frequencyshiftkeying

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Frequencyshiftkeying(FSK)isafrequency
modulationschemeinwhichdigitalinformationis
transmittedthroughdiscretefrequencychangesofa
carriersignal.[1]Thetechnologyisusedfor
communicationsystemssuchasamateurradio,caller
IDandemergencybroadcasts.ThesimplestFSKis
binaryFSK(BFSK).BFSKusesapairofdiscrete
frequenciestotransmitbinary(0sand1s)
information.[2]Withthisscheme,the"1"iscalledthe
markfrequencyandthe"0"iscalledthespace
frequency.ThetimedomainofanFSKmodulated
carrierisillustratedinthefigurestotheright.

Contents

1 ImplementationsofFSKmodems
AnexampleofbinaryFSK
2 OtherformsofFSK

2.1 Continuousphasefrequencyshift
keying

2.2 Gaussianfrequencyshiftkeying

2.3 Minimumshiftkeying

2.4 Gaussianminimumshiftkeying

2.5 AudioFSK

2.6 Continuous4levelFM

3 Applications

4 Seealso

5 References

6 Externallinks
ImplementationsofFSKmodems
ReferenceimplementationsofFSKmodemsexistandaredocumentedindetail.[3]Thedemodulationofa
binaryFSKsignalcanbedoneusingtheGoertzelalgorithmveryefficiently,evenonlowpower
microcontrollers.[4]

OtherformsofFSK
Continuousphasefrequencyshiftkeying

InprincipleFSKcanbeimplementedbyusingcompletelyindependentfreerunningoscillators,and
switchingbetweenthematthebeginningofeachsymbolperiod.Ingeneral,independentoscillatorswillnot
beatthesamephaseandthereforethesameamplitudeattheswitchoverinstant,causingsudden
discontinuitiesinthetransmittedsignal.

Inpractice,manyFSKtransmittersuseonlyasingleoscillator,andtheprocessofswitchingtoadifferent
frequencyatthebeginningofeachsymbolperiodpreservesthephase.Theeliminationofdiscontinuitiesin
thephase(andthereforeeliminationofsuddenchangesinamplitude)reducessidebandpower,reducing
interferencewithneighboringchannels.

Gaussianfrequencyshiftkeying

Ratherthandirectlymodulatingthefrequencywiththedigitaldatasymbols,"instantaneously"changingthe
frequencyatthebeginningofeachsymbolperiod,Gaussianfrequencyshiftkeying(GFSK)filtersthedata
pulseswithaGaussianfiltertomakethetransitionssmoother.Thisfilterhastheadvantageofreducing
sidebandpower,reducinginterferencewithneighboringchannels,atthecostofincreasingintersymbol
interference.ItisusedbyDECT,Bluetooth,[5]CypressWirelessUSB,NordicSemiconductor,[6]Texas
InstrumentsLPRF(http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Category:LPRF),ZWaveandWavenisdevices.
ForbasicdatarateBluetooththeminimumdeviationis115kHz.

AGFSKmodulatordiffersfromasimplefrequencyshiftkeyingmodulatorinthatbeforethebaseband
waveform(levels1and+1)goesintotheFSKmodulator,itispassedthroughaGaussianfiltertomake
thetransitionssmoothersotolimititsspectralwidth.Gaussianfilteringisastandardwayforreducing
spectralwidthitiscalled"pulseshaping"inthisapplication.

InordinarynonfilteredFSK,atajumpfrom1to+1or+1to1,themodulatedwaveformchanges
rapidly,whichintroduceslargeoutofbandspectrum.Ifwechangethepulsegoingfrom1to+1as1,
.98,.93.....+.93,+.98,+1,andweusethissmootherpulsetodeterminethecarrierfrequency,theoutof
bandspectrumwillbereduced.[7]

Minimumshiftkeying

Minimumfrequencyshiftkeyingorminimumshiftkeying(MSK)isaparticularspectrallyefficientform
ofcoherentFSK.InMSK,thedifferencebetweenthehigherandlowerfrequencyisidenticaltohalfthebit
rate.Consequently,thewaveformsthatrepresenta0anda1bitdifferbyexactlyhalfacarrierperiod.The
maximumfrequencydeviationis=0.25fm,wherefmisthemaximummodulatingfrequency.Asaresult,
themodulationindexmis0.5.ThisisthesmallestFSKmodulationindexthatcanbechosensuchthatthe
waveformsfor0and1areorthogonal.

Gaussianminimumshiftkeying

AvariantofMSKcalledGaussianminimumshiftkeying(GMSK)isusedintheGSMmobilephone
standard.

AudioFSK

Audiofrequencyshiftkeying(AFSK)isamodulationtechniquebywhichdigitaldataisrepresentedby
changesinthefrequency(pitch)ofanaudiotone,yieldinganencodedsignalsuitablefortransmissionvia
radioortelephone.Normally,thetransmittedaudioalternatesbetweentwotones:one,the"mark",
representsabinaryonetheother,the"space",representsabinaryzero.

AFSKdiffersfromregularfrequencyshiftkeyinginperformingthemodulationatbasebandfrequencies.In
radioapplications,theAFSKmodulatedsignalnormallyisbeingusedtomodulateanRFcarrier(usinga
conventionaltechnique,suchasAMorFM)fortransmission.

AFSKisnotalwaysusedforhighspeeddatacommunications,sinceitisfarlessefficientinbothpower
andbandwidththanmostothermodulationmodes.Inadditiontoitssimplicity,however,AFSKhasthe
advantagethatencodedsignalswillpassthroughACcoupledlinks,includingmostequipmentoriginally
designedtocarrymusicorspeech.

AFSKisusedintheU.S.basedEmergencyAlertSystemtonotifystationsofthetypeofemergency,
locationsaffected,andthetimeofissuewithoutactuallyhearingthetextofthealert.

Continuous4levelFM

Phase1radiosintheProject25systemusecontinuous4levelFM(C4FM)modulation.[8][9]

Applications
In1910,ReginaldFessendeninventedatwotone
1200baudAFSKsignal
methodoftransmittingMorsecode.Dotsanddashes
0:00 MENU
werereplacedwithdifferenttonesofequallength.[10]
Listentoanexampleofa1200baud
Theintentwastominimizetransmissiontime. AFSKmodulatedsignal.

SomeearlyCWtransmittersemployedanarcconverter
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thatcouldnotbeconvenientlykeyed.Insteadofturning
thearconandoff,thekeyslightlychangedthetransmitterfrequencyinatechniqueknownasthe
compensationwavemethod.[11]Thecompensationwavewasnotusedatthereceiver.Sparktransmitters
usedforthismethodconsumedalotofbandwidthandcausedinterference,soitwasdiscouragedby
1921.[12]