dhkXv bfmfp -----------------------------
dhkXsvv ndEj vfjzfk-nQJAf W idk
zfct rfmDl IfpD
zbfnG mlDbf dbHfdnGde
zft-mfumfzfr, nlD zfvh
, , ! "
( # $ %& $ '
mrfbhD -v vfskv bfmfp nfLfvBHfsh j dbqm-idkv
zbcnfvD dYt bf. hvQ k]fv bfmfp dYt jfdLj Lvsbv jfdLj
dbqsmv. dbsm nQs[si sn nh dbqmfhtD mcndtsmv zhodkv ubA
sJ jvf rt }-
1. dkdb 13 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. iaKsm rff jsv 2 vfjzfk
dlsq v jvskb. iaskAj 2 vfjzfsk nftfm dIvskb. iaskAj 2
vfjzfksj iCshGv zsi[f rff jvskb. Hfsh 10 vfjzfk iVfv
iv idvswsN 3 vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb. (mcndtm iamcJ nftfkck kfvfhDr,
zfthfbD 86ix} })
2. dkdb sjfb vfsk 13 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. kfv msLA iaskAj
2 vfjzfsk nftfm dIsv 8 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb hQ nhswsN j
nftfsm 5 vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb. zfv 5 vfjzfk dhkXsvv mfsU
sjfKfW hnskb bf hQ nftfmW dIvskb bf. (zfrmfl, mcndtm iamcJ 89ix})
3. dkdb sjfb vfsk 11 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. iaskAj 2
vfjzfsk nftfm dIsv 10 vfjzfk iVskb hQ idvswsN 1
vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb. (zfrmfl, mcndtm, zfhC lfl, iamcJ, 90ix})
4. sjfb vfsk dkdb 11 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. j nftfsm 4
vfjzfk, zk}iv zfv j nftfsm 4 vfjzfk. kfviv 3 vfjzfk
dhkXv iVskb. rpvk zfsqwf (vf}) hstb, `dkdb vmpfsb hQ
zbAfbA mfsnW 11 vfjzfk zsi[f shwD bfmfp iVskb bf. bhD
4 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. nckvfQ kcdm sn bfmfspv snZlpG W
lDOGkfv hAfifsv dufnf jsvf bf. (zKGf{ zkA nclv W lDOG rk.)
zk}iv dkdb 4 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. nckvfQ kcdm sn bfmfspv
snZlpG W lDOGkfv hAfifsv dufnf jsvf bf. zk}iv dkdb 3 vfjzfk
(dhkXv) bfmfp iVskb.' (hcJfvD 1147, mcndtm 738bQ)
5. sjfb vfsk dkdb 11 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. kfv msLA 8
vfjzfk jefbf iVskb. sjfKfW bf hsn zm vfjzfk swN jsv
1 2 ---------------------------- dhkXv bfmfp
hnskb. kfsk dkdb kfwfrl W lvl isV nftfm bf dIsv sE
spskb hQ j vfjzfk isV dbqdmk nftfm dIvskb. nhswsN hsn
hsn 2 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. (zfrmfl 6/53-54, 168, mcndtm, zfhC
lfl, bfnf, nftfkck kfvfhDr } zfthfbD 92ix})
6. sjfb vfs dkdb 9 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. kfv msLA 6
vfjzfk jefbf iVskb. zk}iv hsn kfwfrl W lvl ifE jsv
nftfm bf dIsv sE spskb. kfviv j vfjzfk isV dbqdmk nftfm
dIvskb. idvswsN hsn hsn 2 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. ()
nckvfQ jKf htf smfse dEj bq sp, zffrv bhD dhkXv nhGlf
dkb vfjzfk iVskb. j vfjzfk dhkXv iVf bhDuD sKsj
iamfdBk bq!
zfnst rfbfID mprfhLfvDslv bDdk rt, k]fslv mprfsh spef zfsY,
snef dEj. zfv kfv nmKGsb sp ltDt Kfsj, snef nrDr. hfjD
k]fslv zfm bDdk rt,
6 23 9 :* 7, 8 )* ,+56 / + 4/ 123 0 %& $ / - . +,' )*
(<6 / ; 4/
zKGf{, iaskAj sn zfqfk, pf zfmfslv mprfhiDslv mprfshv
idviD, kf rq hAfsJAq, bf rq mbnCJ (vdrk). zfv iaskAj zbcvi
rflDnW hAfsJAq zKhf vdrk!! (zfcvG t mcJkfv 1/45 eDjf, zft-rflDn
fkcb dhbfIdnr, zfthfbD 1/88)
v dHdsk lfhD! kfYfVf zfsvf i ltDt dbsm slJcb.
1 vfjzfk dhkXv }
dhkXv j vfjzfkW iVf pfq. sJfl mrfbhD j vfjzfk dhkXv
iVskb, spmb iCshGv hBGbfdtsk vsqsY. zfv dkdb hstsYb,
(L > 8? 60> ? @ ?J @ K3> > H> @ I > @ ? DE3
FG5 > ? > B> C/ @ > )? @ A = > &>
@ > B> C/
vfskv bfmfp lc vfjzfk lc vfjzfk. zk}iv pJb Iuv rsq
pfWqfv zfwf jv, kJb j vfjzfk dhkXv isV bfW. (hcJfvD,
mcndtm, dmwjfk 1254bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
? N/? +M *@ J6
()? @ A ? 5' @ > > =@? @
dhkXv rt swN vfsk j vfjzfk. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 1255bQ)
 dhkXv bfmfp -----------------------------
dkdb hstb,
? > ? > ?J6,= T@ > S8
> J6 ,= T@ > S
A 8> > N@ /> > )@ > G@ > @ 3> U
L @ V0
()@ > G@ > @ 3> L > 8? 60> ? > ?J6,= T@ > S8
dhkXv rt iaskAj mcndtsmv ubA rj hf nkA. nckvfQ sp 5
vfjzfk dhkXv iVsk iYl jsv sn kf iVcj, sp 3 vfjzfk iVsk
iYl jsv sn kf iVcj hQ sp j vfjzfk iVsk iYl jsv sn
kf iVcj. (zfhC lfl 1422, bfnf, hsb mfufr, dmwjfk 1265bQ)
? 8 60 \] J / $ E3 +, / /4 ^/ _ 9 )` : $ ) X Y
N 0\ d6 / e + * 0f g 0 +, / J : +b / c N0 ; X : +,
j V e ( 1 S%& X $ E3 $ i : ; a3 eh5K3 Y
hsb zffn -sj htf rt sp, mczfdhqf wfv isv j
vfjzfk dhkXv iVstb (snef dj dEj)? sv dkdb htstb, `dkdb
dEj jsvsYb. dkdb skf IjDr. k]fsj dbsuv zhfq sYsV lfW,
dkdb bhD -v nfrfhD.' (hcJfvD, dmwjfk 1277bQ)
YfVf zfsvf zbAfbA h ntI 1 vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb. (hsb
zfhD wfhf })
spmb iCshG ok rsqsY sp, bhD spmb 3 vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb,
skmdb 9, 7 W 5 vfjzfkW dhkXv isVsYb. dj k]fslv mprfsh 3
vfjzfk YfVf dhkXv sb, kf nm rflDn hAfsJAq }-
(j) jfdnm hsb mcrfmfl vfr| hstb, `hcd rWqfv iv sKsj
mfbcNsj dhkXv bfmfp dkb vfjfk iVsk slsJdY. ksh njt ifv
zhjfw zfsY hQ zfwf jdv, sjfsbfefsk nmnAf rsh bf.' (hcJfvD
1/173) mcrfmfl dhb jfdnm vfr| dYstb jub kfshqD W mlDbfv
dhJAfk `Icjfrfsq nfhzf' nfk IjDrv zbAkm. zkh k]fv
hshAv zKG rt, nfrfhfsq sjvfm hAfijHfsh dkb vfjzfk dhkXv
iVskb. ef mCt Lfvf. ksh sj sj spsrkc udkrfslv dHdsk
(kfv mfsb svWqfqfskv dHdsk bq!) j vfjzfk dhksvvW
Iskfqf (?) dlskb, kf dkdb hstsYb,||||||| nmfstfybf jvfv iasqfub
sb!
3 4 ---------------------------- dhkXv bfmfp
(J) `djYc (?) svWqfsqskv jfvsB sjfsbf sjfsbf nfrfhD-kfshqD
A > > N@ > 3> RL ? @ /= )*Q = > > P8O > = J6 @?@ dhkv bfmfp j vfjfk rWqfv jKfW hstsYb. ksh (!) nh
svWqfsqk ipGfstfybfv iv Icjfrfsq sjvfm dkb vfjfk dhksvv
L
@ > > )@ > G@ > @ 3> W> C0> ?
A > > N/ Iskfqf dlsqsYb hQ sn Iskfqf zbcpfqD rpvk mv hsb zfct
zfpDp vfr| Iqnftf jsvsYb sp, bhD -v nrDr rflDn hQ
nfrfhfsq sjvfsmv kf'zfmct W mCt Lfvfv zfmstv dhshybfq dhkv
bfmfp dkb vfjfk rWqf pKfKG. v smfjfshtfq zbA mkstf lchGt
W dhdY.'
N0 N `zbA mkstf' zKGf{, j, i]fy, nfk, bq vfjzfk dhksvv
($ a3 $ ] & :; X mkstf lchGt.
_
kfv jfvB jD?
kfv jfvB dj ltDtstf lchGt? kf skf zhwA bq. hcJfvD-
N0 BJK3 Y mcndtsmv rflDnstfsj lchGt htsk skf sj ifsvb bf. nckvfQ
jef jfvB sp, kf mprfh dhsvfLD.
`sp rflDnstf dlsq j vfjzfk dhkv iamfsBv syf (?) jvf
rq|||||||.'
zfiXsn iamfB rq bf. nrsu iamfB rq bf. `syf' j'sv iamfB jvsk
rq. nchrfffdrt zfpDm! dbvsi[ ifEj v Ifqnftf jvshb.
(o) zsbjstf dbHGvspfoA hBGbfq dkb vfjfk dhksvv jKf
idvjfvHfsh htf rsqsY.
kf sj zmfbA jsv bf. kf hst 1/5 kAfdlv hBGbfstf dj
zdbHGvspfoA?
(O) sjfb sjfb hBGbfq HfNfok ifKGjA vsqsY. (kf dkb vfjzfk
dhkvsj j, i]fy, nfk hf bq vfjzfk hst zfJAfqb jvf rsqsY.)
dj ivhkGDsk hBGbfv HfNfok dhdHkfsj sj sj dhksvv
idkok dhdHkf Lsv dbsqsYb. (spsrkc k]fvf zfvhD HfNfv stfj
bb, HfNffb k]fslv zfslZ sb. kf ucsvv dkb vfjzfk dhkXvsj
1/5 kAfdl Lsv dbsqsYb!)
zfhfv nh hBGbfv mfsU sjfb dhsvfLW sb hQ kf dhksvv
dhdH idkW dbslGw jsv bf! dt zhcUslv hBGbfv ifKGjA zfv
dj!
(M) sp hBGbfq htf rsqsY sp, ofsvf vfjfk dhkv iVskb hQ
iadk lc'vfjfskv mfsU nftfm sIvfskb, zk}iv j vfjfk dhkv
 dhkXv bfmfp ----------------------------- 5 6
iVskb, kfsk lcde jKf htf rsqsY, j| iadk lc vfjfskv iv hnf.
lc| lc vfjfskv nfsK zdkdv j vfjfk dmdtsq bfmfpsj dhkv
(shsufV) hfbfsbf!
diaq ifEj! zfidb dj hcUsk sisvsYb, jDHfsh lc vfjzfsk nftfm
dIvfv iv j vfjzfksj kfv nfsK dmdtsq shsufV hfbfsbf rsh?
nftfm dIsv zfhfv j vfjzfk jDHfsh kfv nfsK kfdt mfvf rsh?
zhwA HfNffb bf Kfjst hcUsk ifvshb bf. spb sn `y]c jsvof
y]f jsvof, jftf de sb sYfsVof'v mskf hAfifv.
(y) dhkv bfmfp j vfjfk rWqfv LfvBf jfsvf dyfq iChG sKsj
hmCt bf Kfjst hBGbfv iChGfiv sKsj (nftfm dIsv zfhfv dmdtsq
dlsq dkb vfjfk iCBG jvfv) hAfJAf Jch nrsu hcsU zfnfv jKf.
smfse bf ubfh! hcsU zfnfv jKf bq. ksh smsb sbWqfv jKf
rsk ifsv. jfvB zfso sKsj mprfhD msb `dkb vfjfk YfVf dhkv
sb'-v w LfvBf hmCt rsq zfsY.
(Y) `i]fy vfjfk fvf dhkv jvskb hQ Lc swsN hnskb' mfsb
bq sp, i]fy vfjzfskv mfsU sjfb hEj jvskb bf.
dj mf zfsqwf (vf}) hstb,
(+? > /? >o@ _? nA\]? R= Q > ,= \> > +? > /? >o@ _? n>A\]? U= ? m
@ > >\ l > *> > U
zKGf{, zk}iv dkdb i]fy vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb, im vfjzfk
YfVf hnskb bf. im vfjzfk YfVf nftfm dIvskb bf. (zfrmfl
6/123, bfnf)
hqfsbW dj hcUf pfq sp, kfv mfsU sjfKfW hnskb bf, ksh
hEj jvskb W nftfm sIvfskb?
bf mfbst Lfbf-ifbf YfVf zfv jD rsk ifsv htcb?
(u) hsb zffn hstsYb, zfdm bhD -v nfsK zfe vfjfk j
nfsK hQ nfk vfjfk jnfsK zflfq jsvdY. (nrDr mcndtm 1/246)
htfhftA, v zKG jJsbf bq sp, spfrv-zfnsvv zfe vfjfk
hQ mfodvh-wfv nfk vfjfk j nftfm W j hEsj zflfq
jsvsYb.||||||j jKf dhksvv isvf hBGbfv s[sW iaspfuA!
ym{jfv pcd! dj ubfh! hsb zffn skf jKf hstbdb sp,
`zm vfjzfk YfVf hnskb bf. zm vfjzfk YfVf nftfm dIvskb
bf.' spmb dhksvv ubA mf zfsqwf (vf}) hstsYb. kfrst dj iasqfoef
dEj rt? bfdj hj nflf hst ifqnefW hsjv mskf rsq sot?
---------------------------- dhkXv bfmfp
(U) k]fslv hBGbfq dkb vfjfskv jKf iHfsh bf KfjstW zbA
hBGbfv nfsK dmdtsq ifE jvst dkb vfjfk iakDqmfb rq.
jDHfsh j vfjzfkef dkb vfjzfk W i]fy, nfk hf bq vfjzfkef
dkb vfjzfk iakDqmfb rq, kf dhshjhfb ifEj dhshj j'sv
slJshb.
(R) kfrfcslv vfjfk-nQJAf nhGfhfq dkb htf iamfB hrb jsv
sp, bhD nhGlf dhkv dkb vfjzfk iVskb. de Lc ifibfv
ifKGjA. mCt dhkv dkb vfjfk dYt.
jKf dEj bq. nhGfhfq `dkb' htf rqdb, spmb ifEj iCshG
ddJk vfskv bfmfspv dH dH idksk t[A jsvsYb. nckvfQ
k]fv vfskv bfmfspv nmq spmb dhdH dYt, k]fv bfmfspv vfjzfk-
nQJAf spmb dhdH dYt, kJb k]fv idk W dhkXsvv nQJAfW dhdH
dYt.--- jKf mfbsk sjfb slfN sb, pdl bf mprfh sKsj Jfdvu
rWqfv sjfb Hq Kfsj. hvQ mcrfdnDbslv ncdydk zdHmk sp,
iaskAjde dbHGvspfoA nrDr hBGbfsj vfskv bfmfspv dhdH idk
drnfsh smsb dbst dhhfl Jkm rsq pfsh.
r]Af, rflDn wvDsIv msbfspfoD ifEj bq, hvQ mcrfdnDbslv dbje
L > ? = ?J6,= Rk
? @ V0
A= jKf zufbf bq sp, h svWqfqfsk icsvf vfskv bfmfpefsj dhkXv
htf rsqsY. j j vfskv hdBGk j j Oebfsj dhdH idk
mfbfsk sjfbW zkf sb. vfskv bfmfp skf jdlbjfv Oebf bq.
hqn W ifdvifdwGj dhdH zhfv jfvsB kfrfcslv vfjzfk-
nQJAf spmb jm-shdw rskf, skmdb kfv idkW dH dH rsqsY.
pJb spHfsh slJf sosY, kJbjfv sn idksj snHfsh hBGbf jvf
rsqsY. ef mf jdehfv bfmfspv `ifibfok' dhNq bq.
(e) rfnfb hfnvD vfr| hstb, `mcntmfbslv umf vsqsY sp, dhkXv
bfmfp dkb vfjfk, pfv Lc swN vfjfsk nftfm sIvfsbf rsh.'
(hsb zfhD wfhf 2/294)
zft-Jctfnfr djkfshv eDjfq mcrfdj hstsYb,
= > @ = \> > ;I rA s= > t> @ =@ L @ > = N0
N@ > pGq = @ = @ > $@= > $,? ? > > N? > " ?
> @ N@ > HI ,> \> :` > > >
()v? ? > >@ N/? L
@ + > K> @ /> _? s? #u > ? > ? ?0 tA N/
> @ ? @ +,= > b8 ? L
@ 8> >
zKGf{, rfnfb sKsj jKf iamfdBk bq. k]fv dbje sKsj
hBGbfjfvD vfhD zfmXv dhb hfl dhlzfkD. zfv sjfb kfshqD
 dhkXv bfmfp ----------------------------- 7 8 ---------------------------- dhkXv bfmfp
jkGjx sjfb mfnzftfq umf sOfNBf jvf nQvd[k bq. (zft- zfbD hstsYb, rflDsnv zKG bq sp, dkb vfjzfk hst
Jctfnfr ID zfnhfdh JdktfdIt Icjf rf' 2/216) mfosvshv nlxw jsvf bf. dbsNL hv nfsK hv nlxw jvf bq, hvQ
sBv nfsK sBv nlxw jvf dbdN. (zft-IfkfWqft zfmfr 1/211-212)
dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVfv idk hsb rfufv (v}) dkb vfjzfk dhkXv hL W zShL rWqfv ltDstv
3 vfjzfk dhkXv iVst 2 dbqsm iVf pfq; mfsU nmhq nfLb j'sv hstsYb,
@ = T@ >
1 2A@ ) > q ? x@ >@ ? > > ?0 $I gt
> A N@ > 12A@ N/ ?
@ > A aJ> > /> @ 0> > :` > > @ 0> w @ >@ >
(j) 2 vfjzfk isV nftfm dIsv icbvfq sE zfv j vfjzfk
iVsk rq. zKhf ( r,| @ > -> A $= > > 3> @ X> > , N, I > > ? W > CA > &> > >
? @ > 2gt0
(J) 3 vfjzfk jefbf isV swN vfjzfsk hsn kfwfrl-lvl zKGf{, `dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVfv hLkf W ddJk mfosvshv
isV nftfm dIvsk rq. s[s mfosvshv bfmfspv mk 2de nlxw dhkXv iVf dbdN rWqfv mfsU nmhq nfLb jvf pfq sp, lc
kfwfrl iVf ShL bq. jfvB, dhkXv bfmfpsj mfosvshv bfmfspv mk kfwfrl dlsq dhkXv iVf dbdN. ntIoBW Hfsh (j kfwfrl
jsv iVsk dbsNLff snsY. nckvfQ skmb jsv iVf jmis[ dlsq) dhkv isVsYb.'
mjvr. (nftfkct tfdt zkX-kfvfhDr, hsb hfp 7ix}, nftfkck kfvfhDr, zfv sp nh ntI jkGj x hdBGk rsqsY sp, k]fvf mfosvshv mskf dkb
zfthfbD 98ix})
vfjzfk dhkXv isVsYb, k]fslv hAfifsv dkdb hstsYb, `nhk}
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, dbsNL k]fslv jfsY si]ZsYdb.' (Ifkt hfvD 3/420)
( ? ? x@ @> ? > > ?0 62= A gJ
> > >\ > wL @ > @ > U > ? = ?J @ > W
L @ V0 L > C0> ? ?J6J= >\
= kfYfVf lc vfjzfsk nftfm dIvfv hAfifsv zsbj tfmf hstsYb,
zKGf{, skfmvf dkb vfjzfk dhkXv isVf bf, i]fy, nfk, (bq zKhf snef ndEj.
ofsvf) vfjzfk iV. zfv mfosvshv nlxw jsvf bf. mfm hsb drfb hcsUsYb sp, dkb vfjzfk dhkXvsj mfosvshv
dj dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVf dbdN bq. jfvB dkdb dbsu dkb nflxwA sKsj h]fdysq iVsk rst mfsU lc'vfjzfk isV nftfm dIvsk
vfjzfk dhkXv isVsYb hQ iVsk Jdkqfv dlsqsYb. Jfsb rsh. nckvfQ dkdb dwsvfbfsm hstb,
swA rt, shdw vfjzfk dhkXv iV. zfv dkb vfjzfk iVst + 6 G/ ^ l * W C0 f J6, T N *D
mfosvshv mskf isVf bf. zKGf{, dhdY bf j'sv dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVf dbdN rWqfv
wfqJ zfcv vrmfb ncrfm hstb, zfstfybf.
t * y ,= T / , x & +z 2* l * W k J6 & N 12 zk}iv dkdb rflDn sJ jsvsYb.
U : 23 , ` 5' _ \] U m> \ | i{ l * W k y ,= , 8 60 ?J6,= Rk hsb drfsb zfsvf zfsY,
( $ 12 N/ (R? ? @ tA ?0 ? J6 ? @ A > @ 0> )= ? G,@ > T> *> R> A > > $? @ > > =! A &> $= A >
@ ? @ > wGg

, l * W k }6* _ x 0 62 g J \ e / U : 1 ;X zKGf{, bhD dhkXsvv sufV W shsufsVv mfsU nftfm dIsv ixKj
jvskb.
+G> Q $ g J i ? 6 ` ~ ] , l : 0 l :n $ g J> iL ? 6> ?0 U 12 ? t> > * A > 0> R= A b>t> ,> T> *> > $L > * > ?0 = ?J6 ,= T> *> 1 T +g v N N
` ( +G> Q 0
(+ > * A >
zKGf{, dkb vfjzfk dhkXv mfosvshv mskf j'sv iVsk dbsNL jvf
vWqf sKsj hdBGk, zfsqwf hstb, bhD j vfjzfk dhkXv
rsqsY. i[fsv lc'vfjzfk isV j vfjzfk dhkXv iVf zKhf
iVskb hQ lc vfjzfk W (swN) vfjzfskv mfsU jKf htskb.
jefbf dkb vfjzfk isV nhswsN hsn pfWqf dbdN bq. (hsb zfhD wfhfr 2/192)
 dhkXv bfmfp ----------------------------- 9 10 ---------------------------- dhkXv bfmfp
zfv spsrkc ixKj jvfv rflDn zdLj. spsrkc kfsk vsqsY Q > ,= RA k= > = ? @ ,= ~| ? @ J> R= Q > ,= Rk
A = e6
= = @ ,> > e= = > q@ > > >! = @ > 3> = =
= *: a,@ > Rk ?
A = +> > tA Q > = 3>
zdkdv kfjhDv, lczf W lvl. (IfkfWqfv vfmtD 2/29) ? ? X> 6`= R= Q > ,= /> > @ 0> ? @ t> > *@ >
((((B>A 0= ,> +| > *@ > > > @ > > 8] @ ? 9> @ t3> M > >
dj mf zfsqwf (vf})v j rflDsn zfsY, dkdb hstsYb,
( J6 1t * _ R , \ T *
zKGf{, (nf'l dhb drwfm hstb,) zfdm httfm, `sr mct mc'dmbDb!
zfmfsj zffrv vnCt -v dhkXsvv hAfifsv htcb.' dkdb htstb,
zKGf{, bhD dhkXsvv lc'vfjzfsk nftfm dIvskb bf. (hsb `zfmvf k]fv l]fkb W WpCv ifdb iak vfJkfm. zffr pJb Yf
zfhD wfhfr, hsb bfnXv } djqfmct tft 122ix}, mczf mcrfmfl, vfs k]fsj Efskb. zk}iv dkdb l]fkb jvskb, WpC jvskb.
146ix}, kfrfhD 1/195, lfvfjk c b D 175ix}, rfsjm 1/304, dkdb kfviv bq vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb. pfsk dkdb zm vfjzfsk YfVf
hstsYb, hcJfvD-mcndtsmv wkGfbcpfqD rflDnde nrDr hQ pfrfhD kfsk hnskb bf. (zm vfjzfsk hsn) dkdb zffrv dpjXv jvskb, k]fv
jmk sifNB jsvsYb.) iawQnf jvskb hQ k]fv jfsY lczf jvskb. kfviv nftfm bf dIsv
mcrfdn zffmf zfthfbD (v}) hstb, hvQ kf svfooa. jfvB hsb Eskb hQ l]fdVsq bhm vfjzfk iVskb. zk}v hsn dosq
bfnXv hstsYb, `v hAfifv zfmfslv jfsY sp, zfmvf sp tf zffrv dpjXv jvskb, k]fv iawQnf jvskb hQ k]fv jfsY lczf
rflDn sJ jsvdY, snefsj nfl nQd[fjfsv hBGbf jsvsYb. jvskb. zk}iv zfmfslvsj dbsq nftfm dIvskb. nftfm dIvfv
rflDsn jKf hstbdb sp, bhD dkb vfjzfk dhkXv isVsYb hQ iv hsn zfsvf lc'vfjzfk iVskb. sr h{n! rt ofsvf
dkDq vfjzfsk nftfm dIsvbdb. kf rst skf rflDn kfslv ltDt vfjzfk.' (mcndtm, bfnf)
rsq spk, pfvf dkDq vfjzfsk nftfm bf dIsv dkb vfjzfk dhkXv mfm bfWqfhD hstsYb, zfsqwfv rflDn `bhD dhkXsvv
isV. hvQ hstsYb, `dkdb dhkXsvv lc'vfjzfsk nftfm dIsvbdb.' lc'vfjzfsk nftfm dIvskb bf', pf bfnf rfnfb nbsl hQ hfrfjD
zfv dkdb jKfq nkAhflD sp, dkdb lc'vfjzfsk nftfm dIsvbdb, k]fv ncbfsb jfhDsv nrDr nbsl hBGbf jsvsYb, kf nhk} k]fv bq
dkb vfjzfsk nftfm dIsvbdb, yfv vfjzfsk nftfm dIsvbdb, i]fy vfjzfkdhdw dhkXsvv rflDsnv nQd[ hBGbf. (mfumC' 4/17)
vfjzfsk nftfm dIsvbdb, Yq vfjzfskW nftfm dIsvbdb. hQ zbA j fsb hstsYb,
lc'vfjzfsk hsnbW db, spmb dkdb nftfm dIsvbdb.' ($ 0 P ~* 8 + t0 l * w t0 t,u ;6 6`
zfv jKfv nmKGb jsv rfsjsmv hBGbf,
( J6 N/ t * _R ,\
zKGf{, rflDn j nftfsm bq vfjzfk dhkXv iVfv iv
zfsvfdik, spmb iCshG zfstfdyk rsqsY. (4/21, } vWqft oftDt
zKGf{, dkdb dhkXsvv iaKm lc'vfjzfsk nftfm dIvskb bf. 2/150-152)
nckvfQ hBGbf jKfv i ltDt sp, lc'vfjzfk sKsj swA i[fsv hf dhb jf'h -v dhkXv bfmfspv djvfzfskv rflDsn
lc'vfjzfk bq, pf (swsNv j) vfjzfskv nvfndv iCshG. kfYfVf hQ mf zfsqwf (vf})v j rflDsnW j nftfsm dkb vfjzfk
rflDsn dhkXv dYt dkb vfjzfk sKsjW shdw, zfv sn jKf dhkXv iVfv jKf htf rsqsY. (bfnf, rfsjm iamcJ)
rflDsn i jvf rsqsY, sp rflDsnv iadk hsb bfnXv dk jsvsYb W]vf hstb, `dj snJfsb mfsU kfwfrslv ubA hnskb bf, jKf
hQ hstsYb, zfstfyA rflDnde sn (lDOG) rflDsnv nQd[ (hBGbf). sb.'
lDOG rflDnde dbmvi }- zfmvf hdt, dkdb sp mfsU kfwfrslv ubA hnskb, sn jKfW sb.
? ? = A *= F@ > a3 ? ? ? ? /4
? @ =@
= > 6> $= > I
$* >> , ! ? ;6 = > ? J@ ? N@ > B z? @ > > A = ,> F= @ X= khcW slJcb hfrfjDv hBGbfq mf zfsqwf (vf}) iHfsh hstsYb,
L *> w ?J Q , K6t, ? ? L ?
l > > > @ > = > = A > > > > 6
= A > t> > 3> )? @ A N/ > $C= > > @ ,> T@ > f> > /> =! $C= = > @ > 3> e= > 62
=> > A 5' _? \]A? = a,@ > \> W > C0> ? J6,=
( N` T> *>
= 6 a,= > RA k= R= Q > ,= >\ > 2@ A = e6
= > ,> Rk = = @ ,> > e= = > q @ > > >! = *: = @ > 3> +>? /? CA ? A\]? 2> ?3 U= ? m @ > >\
 dhkXv bfmfp ----------------------------- 11 12 ---------------------------- dhkXv bfmfp
zKGf{, bhD dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb, swN vfjzfk YfVf t0 k e R 3 R JT 0 t * )* 0 i6 a0 W C U o & /
zbA sjfKfW hnskb bf. (hfrfjD 3/28) XR $ ! &1 T * Nb , 6 )& ,R $ ! &$
nckvfQ rflDn sKsj iamfB rq sp, bhD dkb vfjzfk dhkXv
\ : z %3 x 0 62 g J \ : $ 6a0 9 D ) W C0 t,u N B}
iVskb, dj mfosvshv mskf mfsU kfwfrl iVskb bf. kfYfVf
dkdb mfosvshv mskf dhkXv iVsk dbsNL jsvsYb. : 2 N/ $60 T6b, 9 D + g e:` N o N/ k k J6 &N 0
dbqsm dhkXv zsbj ntIW isV sosYb. ()r3 6X 6` J6 wGg 0R t : 8
L ? ? L = > N0@ ? N
A @ 0> = a,@ > \> W > C0> ? J6,= T> *> $= A > $ ?0> N@ > Y
(N2 (R d J ! , J6 wGg 0 a, \ T : 5
zKGf{, hsb kfn hstb, kfn dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb, zKGf{, i]fy W dkb vfjzfk bfmfspv iaskAj lc'vfjzfsk hEj
mfsU sjfKfW hnskb bf. (Ifkt hfvD 3/420) j'sv nftfm bf dIvfsbfv hAfifsv bhD sKsj sjfb iafmfBA rflDn
\] 2g t, \ N2 3 U m \ W C 0 J6, T * $ : f N N0 U X N
zfmvf ifdb. ksh mCtk} kf hL. dj spsrkc bhD dkb vfjzfk
(N` 5' _ dhkXv iVsk dbsNL jsvsYb hQ jfvB vi hstsYb, mfosvshv
jfn dhb nf'l hstb, zfkf dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb hQ swN bfmfspv nlxw jsvf bf snsrkc sp dkb vfjzfk dhkXv iVsk yfsh,
vfjzfk YfVf zfv sjfKfW hnskb bf hQ kfwfrl iVskb bf. kfv ubA uvvD sp, nflxwA sKsj shv rWqfv ubA lc'dev msLA
(rfsjm 1/447) jde idk oarB jvsh }-
zKy dkdb hstsYb, hsb zffn hstsYb, dhkXv rsY iaKm } sufV W shsufsVv mfsU nftfm dIvsh. zfv de shdw hdt
mfodvshv bfmfspv mskf. (mczf) dj kfsk hEsjv jKf sb. W m.
W]vf hstb, rflDsn bfmfspv jef hAfij vDdk hdBGk rsqsY, dkDq } sufV W shsufsVv mfsU hEsj hnsh bf. zfv zffr
+ %t t * )* _ kfzftf Hft ufsbb. (djqfmc vfmfpfb 22ix})
zKGf{, iadk lc vfjzfsk `zffdrqAfk' zfsY. dj W]vf hstb, bf, bf. ef mboVf hAfJAf. zfnst `mfosvshv nlxw
nckvfQ dkb vfjzfk dhkXsvv lc'vfjzfsk hsn kfwfrl iVsk jsvf bf'-v zKG rt, mfosvshv iCshG spmb bIt sb, skmdb dkb
rsh. vfjzfskv iCshG lc-yfv vfjzfk bIt bf isV dkb vfjzfk isVf bf.
zfmvf hdt, rflDnde Ivp bfmfspv hAfifsv. spsrkc bhD -v W]vf zfsvf hstb, `mfodvshv nflxwA sKsj h]fyfv idk rflDsn
dhkXv bfmfspv idk ixKjHfsh v dhivDk hdBGk rsqsY. nciHfsh hst slWqf rsqsY sp, dkb vfjfk dhksvv zfso bIt
spmb jKfW rflDsn snsY, zKy W]vf kf mfsbb bf, isV bfW (!) rflDsnv hAfJAf sYsV dbsuv i[ sKsj dhksvv bkcb
(+ J t * )* _
idk zfdhjfv jvf dhfd YfVf zfv djYc bq.'
mfwfzffr! sjhfsv dhfd? mboVf hAfJAf? zKy ifEj dkiCshG
zKGf{, iaskAj lc vfjzfsk nftfm zfsY. (hsb mfufr) susbsYb sp, mcrfdnoB rflDnt fb dlsq hAfJAf jsvsYb.
spmb hAfij vDdkv rflDnW W]vf mfsbb bf, rflDsn nciHfsh hst slWqf rqdb sp, dkb vfjfk dhkXsvv zfso
(B C/ B C/ 2 ) & bIt isV bfW.
zKGf{, vfk W dlsbv bfmfp lc'vfjzfk lc'vfjzfk j'sv. kfYfVf `mfodvshv iCshG bIt sb'--- lfhDW ndEj bq. jfvB
mcrfdn zffmf zfthfbD hstb, bIstv nis[ ltDt W zfmt Hq zfsY.
mrfbhD hstb, iaskAj zfpfb W jfmskv mfsU bfmfp
 dhkXv bfmfp ----------------------------- 13 14 ---------------------------- dhkXv bfmfp
zfsY. vi dkbhfv htfv iv swsN htstb, sp yfsh kfv J6 , N 0 T * a3 ,+ 5 6` )0 $ )& \ f ^t 0 + * + J
ubA. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 662bQ) :Y ;6 a, T F g 5 ] : ; a3 ) G, T e /K3 J6 N ) $ K 3 ,+ * 0
dkdb zfsvf hstb, mb sjfb Ivp bfmfp sb, pfv iCshG 2
($ 6 ! + e:` ? , J $ 6 !+ : N0 ; a3 ,f ^t }]
vfjzfk bfmfp sb. (hsb drfb, kfhfvfbD, dntdntfr nrDrfr 232,
nrDt ufsm' 5730bQ) zKGf{, j vfjzfk dhkXvsj `icYrDb' htfv sjfb dHd sb. hvQ
mrfbhD hstb, skfmvf mfodvshv iCshG bfmfp iV. skfmvf kf ncfrv idviD. hsb mfv j vfjzfk dhkXv iVskb. j
mfodvshv iCshG bfmfp iV. zk}iv kxkDqhfsv dkdb hstb, sp yfq hAd k]fsj dhkXv nisjG dufnf jvt. dkdb kfsj (lc vfjzfsk
sn iVsh. jKf htfv jfvB, dkdb bfmfpsj stfsjslv (uvvD) nftfm dIsv) ixKj jvfv zfslw dlstb. stfjde htt, `zfmfv zfwf
nck msb jsv sbWqfsj ziYl jvstb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk rq sp, stfsj htsh, kf icYrDb.' hsb mfv htstb, `kcdm dj
1165bQ) zffr W k]fv vnCstv vDdk yfW? rt zffr W k]fv vnCstv vDdk.'
zfbfn hstb, zfmvf mlDbfq dYtfm. mczfpXdpb pJb mfodvshv (hsb Jcpfmf 1074bQ, mcrff 3/47)
zfpfb dlk, kJb stfsjvf iadkspfdokfv nfsK mnduslv Jffstfv zhwA sjv sysq dkb, dksbv sysq i]fy, i]fsyv sysq nfk, nfskv
iyfsk 2 vfjzfk bfmfp iVsk stso spk. mbdj pdl sjfb sysq bq, bsqv sysq ofsvf hQ ofsvfv sysq sp sksvf vfjzfk
zufbf stfj sn mndusl iashw jvk, kfrst k stfsjv bfmfp m, kfsk jfsvf dmk sb.
iVf slsJ sn msb jvk, rqskf mfodvshv ufmfzfk rsq sosY. (hQ hfjD Kfjt rflDn---
Wvf isvv nck iVsY.) (mcndtm, dmwjfk 1180 bQ) () A > > &> = ?J K>3> , ? 2>A = J ? ? ? x = > &>
mfvNfl dhb zfcfr hstb, zfdm jhfr zft-ucrfbDv dbje sn zKGf{, mfosvshv bfmfp dlsbv dhkXv. nckvfQ skfmvf vfskv
httfm, `zfdm dj zfhC kfmDsmv jde zfypG Jhv hth bf? db bfmfpsj dhkXv (shsufV) jv. (kfhfvfbD)
mfodvshv bfmfspv zfso 2 vfjzfk bfmfp isVb!' jhfr hAfifsv hsb rfpXm hstb,
htstb, `zfmvf zffrv vnCt -v pfmfbfq kf iVkfm.' zfdm d] $ , N :* :` , 2 J6* k k ) J T6b, T ho :` _ U
httfm, `kfrst Jb zfibfsj iVsk hfLf slq djsn?' dkdb $ ,Rt X / RtG 5 X r, Rt * Rt0:* 9 :0 Rt X TE3 , ! ;6 i ]
htstb, `jfu hf hAkf.' (hcJfvD, dmwjfk 1181bQ)
nckvfQ dkb vfjzfk dhksvv zfso bIt isVW mfosvshv nflxwA ~* x _ 6t aJ T , x * +C C _ J _ 2 T Rb/ ,
jfesY bf. zfv swA kf bqW. $ *Y a ( x _ T6 t aJ \ ~ * J6 _ 6 t aJ \ T , J6 _ T6 t aJ
W]vf jfdLj hBGbf xk j'sv hstb, `dkb vfjzfk dhkXv rt P 36t d J ! 0 () 0
icYrDb.'
zKGf{, rflDsn jKf sb sp, vfskv dhkXv dkb vfjzfk dlsbv
dj mfm hsb rfpXm hstb,
dhkXsvv mskf. rt kfv i[ sKsj dmKAf, sp zKG zffrv vnCt
B ` / T 0 $6a 7, " _ \ f ^t N 1 N H ,
-v (hfjX) sswAv iadk n jsv. nckvfQ pdl skfmvf zsKG
(f ^t ncdbdyk rW, kfrst skfmvfW dmKAfq idkk rsh hQ skfmvf
zKGf{, bhD sKsj `icYrDb'-v hAfifsv sjfb rflDn nrDr bq. skfmfslv htf jKfv dhivDk jfu jvsh. spsrkc sn nmq
zfv idkk rflDn rWqf nsW kfsk hqfb sb sp, `icYrDb' jD? skfmfslv ubA uvvD rsh sp, mfosvshv mskf (dkb vfjzfk
(mcrff 3/48) dhkXsvv) iaKm lc'vfjzfsk survD djvfzfk jvsh hQ kxkDq
j vfjzfk dhkXvsj `icYrDb' htfv hAfifsv zffmf zfthfbD hstb, vfjzfsk dnvGD. mfosvsh jcbCk iVsh, spmb dhkXsv isV Kfsjf. zKhf
 dhkXv bfmfp ----------------------------- 15
dhkXsv jcbCk iVsh bf, spmb mfosvsh jcbCk iV bf. zfv njt
djqfn hfdkt. zfv zffrv i[ sKsj kWIDj. (mcrff 3/48)
nckvfQ dhkXsvv kxkDq vfjzfsk spmb djvfzfk uvvD (?) zKy
mfosvshv kxkDq vfjzfsk bq. ifKGjA spmb zbA rflDn sKsj
sbWqf rsqsY, skmdb ifKGjAW zbAfbA rflDn sKsj dbsk rsh sp,
j nftfsmv dkb vfjzfk dhkXsv iaKm hEj sb.
a, \ $ \] , x * J6 :; X $ Y N0 N f N 7 N
(+C C _ \]
tfn mfm zfkf sKsj hBGbf jsvb sp, hsb zffn hstsYb,
`dhkXv mfosvshv bfmfspv mskf, ksh kfv kxkDq vfjzfsk YfVf hnf
rq bf.' (mcrff 3/46)
kAkDk bkcb jsv kfrvDmfv kjhDv slWqfv mk (ef)
kjhDv dlsq icbvfq rfk sh]sL jcbCk iVf kAfdl djYc ntI jkGjx
hBGbf jvf rstW kf nrDr bq. (vWqft oftDt 427bQ, kcrIfkct
zfrWqfpD 1/464) zkh kf dhlzfk W idvkAfuA.
zfv zffr zdLj ufsbb.
6 , d] T 8E0 R2 J N/ , # $ %& $ ' , ! &
(N,
`