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zbA sbj zfmtsjW b W i j'sv slq. zfv dwjG mcwdvjsj dyvfqD
ufrffmhfnD jsv.
4. kfWrDl lcdbqfq dbvfif W nciK ifWqfv znDtf
v ltDt } mrfb zffrv hfBD,
K E H -( K
{GE+(H ( MO
E D Q -((`+
H E ( D E -(
H (O[ H (H E g(
E (z
+D P ( D ^ E E K 3(
H K -((HT" D H (K D E D V+
E E (
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17?[#kS
zKGf{, pfvf dhhfn jsvsY hQ kfslv dhhfnsj pctcm (dwjG) fvf jtcdNk
jsvdb, dbvfif kfslv ubA hQ kfvf n{iKiaf. (zfbzfm } 82)
Jfsb `pctXm' (zbAfq) htsk `dwjG'sj hcUfsbf rsqsY. (hcJfvD 2/484,
hsb mfnslv rflDn)
hsb jfNDv (vfdrmff kfzftf) hstb, `zKGf{, kfvf---pfvf
wvDjdhrDb jmf zffrv ubA dhHfsh hflk jsvsY hQ k]fv nfsK
sjfb djYcsj wvDj jsvdb, kfvf djqfmsk dbvfif ifsh hQ r-ivjfst
nciK ifsh.
nckvfQ sp hAd kfWrDlsj idviCBG vsi hfhfqb jvsh, kfv ubA vsqsY
idviCBG dbvfif W nciK. zfv sn hAd dhbf zfpfsh uffk iashw jvsh.'
dwjG rt nhsysq hV pctXm hQ kfWrDl rt nhsysq hV bnfI.
5. kfWrDl uffk iashw W ufrffm sKsj mcdtfsHv jfvB
vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
nvt kfWrDl 15
F E E '
(/0+
G+ H H H E E ;(
H H D E (& F E E '(
X F E =H G+ E K E YE ;+
H E g H E D E HF Y"FK '
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H H E I+ E H H H E E F K
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@&7
D GI E E E u E
sp hAd nf[A slsh sp, zffr YfVf (nkA) sjfb ifnA sb, dkdb jj, k]fv
sjfb wvDj sb, zfv mcrfmfl kf]v hflf W vnCt hQ nf zffrv hflf W kf]v
vnCt, zfv kf]v hfBD pf dkdb mfvqAfsmv msLA dbs[i jsvsYb hQ kf]v (i[ sKsj
siadvk) vr. zfv uffk nkA W ufrffm nkA. kfsj zffr kfzftf uffk
iashw jvfshb; kfsk sn sp jmG j'sv Kfjcj bf sjb. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dkdb zfvW hstsYb,
@F
K '+
E D E g
J E K E K s K E HF Y"FK '
"E K YE mn
DE E E E O K F *
D E 0
E E 1
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dbyq zffr sn hAdsj ufrffsmv ubA rfvfm j'sv dlsqsYb, sp hAd
zffrv nd tfsHv jfmbfq `tf tfrf ffr' hst. (hcJfvD mcndtm)
6. kfWrDl r-ivjfstv hftf-mcnDhk sKsj fv jsv
hbct jfsqm (vfdrmffr) hstsYb, `kfWrDl kfv zbcnfvD W kfv
wslv zfwaqt.
(j) pfvf kfWrDslv lcwmb, kfslvsj sn lcdbqfv hftf-mcnDhk sKsj fv
jsv. mrfb zffr hstb,
E K (
E K K D H EF K H D K I0
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H E 65 H E E g D %
H E N
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h.7
40/ #xd {GIy
zKGf{, Wvf pJb utpfsb zfsvfrB jsv, kJb Wvf dhdy rsq
jdbHfsh zffrsj Ffsj. zk}iv dkdb pJb Wslvsj fv j'sv st
si]ZsY slb, kJb Wvf k]fv zQwD jsv. (zfbjfhCk } 65)
(J) pfvf kfWrDslv zbcnfvD, kfslvsj sn lcdbqf W zfsJvfk Hq fsbv
hftf-mcnDhk sKsj fv jsv. ef rt hflfv hAfifsv mrfb zffrv
vDdk. dhil-zfil lCvDjvsB kfWrDslv mskf zbA sjfb mfLAm sb.
ubA hftf-mcnDhk lCvDjvsBv lczfsk kfWrDl zfsY. mfsYv sise bcn
-v lczfsk kfWrDl dYt, sp lczf sjfb dhiloa hAd iVst zffr
kfsj dhilmc jsvb.
nckvfQ dwjG YfVf zbA sjfb dudbn mfbcNsj hV hV dhisl sIst bf. zfv
16 nvt kfWrDl
kfWrDl YfVf zbA sjfb dudbn mfbcNsj dhilmc jsv bf. nckvfQ kfWrDl
rt nxdv zfwaqt, v[ft, dbvfil sjf W idvfB-njk.
7. mfbh-lfbh nxd jvfv diYsb drjmk rt kfWrDl
mrfb zffr hstb,
K H K Y"FK v?w+
h0J
40/ #dx {G+7
HDE F KD tC
E K D E u H D E \E O+
E EB
zKGf{, zfdm nxd jsvdY dub W mfbcNsj sjht ubA sp, kfvf zfmfv
hflk jvsh. (pfdvqfk } 56)
zKGf{, jmf zffrv hflk jvsh. zfv ef rt kfWrDl.
htf hftA, vnCtoBsj lcdbqfq siavB jvf rsqsY, djkfhnmCr zhkDBG jvf
rsqsY, wvDqskv dhLfb slWqf rsqsY hQ nxd-uo{ vybf jvf rsqsY
jmf zffrv kfWrDl hfhfqsbv ubA hQ nh sYsV jmf k]fv
hflk iadkfv ubA.
tf tfrf ffr
v ltDt }
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K K D K Tn
X E K E -K D 7

K D
++ H E K E ED E `
E H FY"K '(
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H F E H_ M<
K H KED
H E D aa7

G& m) 40/ #jk {-.
zKGf{, zffr nf[A slb hQ dIdvfoB W fbD hAdoBW nf[A slq sp,
dkdb hAkDk zbA sjfb (nkA) ifnA sb. dkdb bAfq iadkfjfvD. zffr
hAkDk zbA sjfb (nkA) ifnA sb; dkdb ivfmwftD iafmq. (zfst
mvfb } 18)
&= 40/ #jl {HF Y"FK '
"
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H F E -D E N
D EB
zKGf{, nckvfQ kcdm susb vfJ, zffr YfVf (nkA) sjfb ifnA sb.
(mcrfmfl } 19)
v zKG }
zffr YfVf sjfb (nkA) ifnA sb.
zbAfbA hfdkt zKG }
1. zffr YfVf sjfb mf'hCl sb.
nvt kfWrDl 17
zKG hfdkt. sjbbf, v mfsb rsh } iaskAj rj zKhf hfdkt mf'hCl
zffr.
2. zffr YfVf sjfb nxdjkGf sb.
de jfstmfv zfQdwj zKG. iv swA kf bq. spsrkc jKf pdl
jfstmfv zKG rk, kfrst bhD W k]fv nialfsqv mfsU sjfb jtr hfLk
bf. jfvB, kfvf skf jKf Djfv jvk.
3. zffr YfVf sjfb jcmjkGf, wfnbjkGf hf dhLfblfkf sb.
deW jfstmfv zfQdwj zKG. zKG psK bq hQ swAW bq.
spsrkc pdl zffrsj jmf jcmjkGf hf dhLfblfkf hst smsb sbWqf rq
hQ hflk zbA jfsvf jvf rq, kfrst kfWrDl hfhfqb rsh bf.
v vjXbnmCr
jfstmfv vjXb lc'de }
1. sbdkhfyj (tf tfr)
zKGf{, zffr YfVf njt mf'hCslv hflk JbDq.
2. dkhfyj (ffr)
zKGf{, wvDjdhrDb jmf zffrv ubA hflk dbshlbDq.
ltDt } mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K K D K g3& / K E E _ K D h

K K O+ K H F K %.
E E D EY WC(

15(%? E E D H D 4+7
(
E DH E E D E D CN HE D H D E &N
D E EB
{EE
zKGf{, sp kfoCksj zDjfv jvsh (de sbdkhfyj) hQ zffrv iadk
dhhfn jvsh, (de dkhfyj) dbyq sn mb j w rfkt LfvB jvsh, pf
jJsbf Hffv bq. (hfjfvfr } 256)
K F Y"FK #Sx G+(7
K E E J(
K K K E '[ K K K K mn
(N
E E E s?"F K 'On+
E H H D E (FL Z( D E K E -`"
H E D E E "+DK EB
f\a
40/ #S {M/K K D E E '?N
H FK E
zKGf{, (mvB jv,) pJb hafrDm kfv dikf hQ nialfqsj hstdYt,
`skfmvf pfslv iCuf jv, kfslv nfsK zfmfv sjfb nijG sb; (de
sbdkhfyj) nijG zfsY Lc k]fv nfsK, dpdb zfmfsj nxd jsvsYb (de
dkhfyj) hQ dkdb zfmfsj n{isK idvyfdtk jvshb.' (pcJvI } 26-27)
`tf tfrf ffr' mfbcsNv ubA hV ijfvD. dj jJb?
1. pJb kfv zKG ufbsh.
18 nvt kfWrDl
2. kfv lfhD zbcpfqD zfmt jvsh. (zKGf{, zffr YfVf zbA nhfv hflk
huGb jvsh hQ jmf zffrv hflk jvsh.)
`tf tfrf ffr'v wkGfhtD
`tf tfrf ffr' kJb Itlfqj rsh, pJb ifEjfvD kfv wkGfhtD
hfsh iftb jvsh. kfv wkGfhtD zfede }-
(1) kfv zKG ufbsk rsh, pfsk djYc zufbf Kfjsh bf.
(2) lxP iakAq Kfjsk rsh, pfsk sjfb nslr Kfjsh bf.
(3) Jtfn (dhkf) Kfjsk rsh, pfsk dwjG Kfjsh bf.
(4) nkAkf Kfjsk rsh, pfsk sjfb dmKAf Kfjsh bf.
(5) Hfthfnf Kfjsk rsh, pfsk sjfb OxBf Kfjsh bf.
(6) zfbcokA Kfjsk rsh, pfsk sjfb zhfLAkf Kfjsh bf.
(7) oarB Kfjsk rsh, pfsk sjfb iakAfJAfb Kfjsh rsh.
(8) nm hfdkt mf'hClsj zDjfv jvsk rsh.
zfvhD Yfslv mcJ jvfv ncdhLfv ubA dbsmf jdhkfq wkGdt jdk
jvf rsqsY }-
mC
+ C?+ = @@@@@@@ pO gn:+ 2\"+ 6C -
n G+[ O '
w / @@@@@@@ T gO G%.
MO o+
wkGdtv dhfdvk dhhvB

(1) kfv zKG ufbsk rsh,
rsh, pfsk djYc zufbf Kfjsh bf. bf.
zKGf{, sbdkhfyj W dkhfyj Hq dlj dbviB j'sv `tf tfrf
ffr'v zKG ufbsk rsh.
ltDt } mrfb zffrv hfBD,
&= 40/ #jl {HF Y"FK '
"
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H F E -D E N
D EB
zKGf{, nckvfQ kcdm susb vfJ, zffr YfVf (nkA) sjfb ifnA sb.
(mcrfmfl } 19)
(2) lxP iakAq Kfjsk rsh, rsh, pfsk sjfb nslr Kfjsh bf. bf.
zKGf{, jfstmf ifEjfvDv msb iCBG iakAq W jDb Kfjsh sp, jmf
zffr ndkAjfv mf'hCl.
K KK K E (HO
K D HD T((?"F K B
D E D E (K +(H (`+
-O( E E E ( E D E D VE -(
H ( F (H '
((/0+ K ((K ((O)
H E E F E (
F G(
H E J( E
nvt kfWrDl 19
E H K F -H`H gz
+
h 40/ #jd {Gn5
E K E D H F K
K K E K -M3%?+
K / D K H EE
zKGf{, dhwfnD skf kfvf, pfvf zffr W kf]v vnCstv iadk dhwfn fib
jvfv iv nslr sifNB jsv bf hQ dbsuslv nil W uDhb fvf zffrv
isK nQoafm jsv. kfvf nkAdb. (ucvfk } 15)
(3) Jtfn (dhkf)
dhkf) Kfjsk rsh, rsh, pfsk sjfb dwjG dwjG Kfjsh bf.
zKGf{, njt iajfv hflksj sjht zffrv ubA J]fdeHfsh dbshlb jvsk
rsh hQ kfv djYcW ofqvfrv ubA dbshlb jvf pfsh bf.
K H H D E K Y"FK +O
E K K D H EF +7
K
( + E E F (&C+
H D H E 425(
E E H

H H E Z(% E L '
H E 65 H H O+
E EB

40/ #d {&C
K E D K g
+ E K E E 4Ia

E E F
EL H
zKGf{, kfvf skf zfdl rsqdYt zffrv zfbcoskA dhwcdy rsq
jdbHfsh kf]v hflk jvsk hQ bfmfp jfsqm jvsk W pfjfk ialfb
jvsk. zfv ef ndEj LmG. (hfdqbfr } 5)
(4) nkAkf Kfjsk rsh, rsh, pfsk sjfb sjfb dmKAf Kfjsh bf.
zKGf{, kcdm kfWrDslv jfstmf iVsk kcdm nkAhflD rsh. skfmfv zv W
mcJ spb j rq.
H E D H GE

H H E GE I K
D E E E #S G( %
(C
+ E H E D H YE -(`+
D H E (O) F E
C H F 3 E E E #j VB
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40/ #{ {6.
F E E 7
+
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K
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K K K F N
D E E NE -DMK nD E O J

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h.7

zKGf{, (1) zfdtI-tfm-mDm ; mfbcN dj msb jsv sp, `zfmvf dhwfn jdv'
jKf htst Wslvsj ivD[f bf j'sv sYsV slWqf rsh? zfdm zhwA
slv iChGhkDGslvsjW ivD[f jsvdYtfm; nckvfQ zffr zhwA susb
sbshb, jfvf nkAhflD W jfvf dmKAfhflD. (zfbjfhCk } 1-3)
(5) Hfthfnf Kfjsk rsh,
rsh, pfsk sjfb OxBf Kfjsh bf.
bf.
zKGf{, kcdm jfstmf ifE jvsh hQ sn nfsK zffr W k]fv vnCt -
sj Hfthfnsh. jfstmf W kfv kf{ipGsj Hfthfnsh.
20 nvt kfWrDl
K K (9IE -(K X E E _ K OK J
H K F E OE

K F O+ K
E F E _
D H E J(
+
(O) L H D H E Q H (? K G+
H E EB
4C
40/ #jxd {_L
K Q EE
H <
zKGf{, zfv sjfb sjfb stfj zfsY, pfvf zffr YfVf zbAfbAsj (zffrv)
nmj[ hst msb jsv hQ kfslvsj zffrsj Hfstfhfnfv mk Hfthfsn,
dj pfvf mfb sbsY, kfvf zffrv Hfthfnfq lxPkv. (hfjfvfr } 165)
(6) zfbcokA Kfjsk rsh,rsh, pfsk sjfb zhfLAkf Kfjsh bf. bf.
zKGf{, kcdm sjht zffrv hflk W lfnk jvsh, k]fv wvDqskv zbchkGD
rsh, kfsk iCBG dhwfn vfJsh hQ iakAq vfJsh sp, kf nkA.
K E -.0 K
Oa
40/ #de {'
D E D H L E !"EK ?+
H E &H /+ H EEB
zKGf{, skfmvf skfmfslv iadkiftsjv zdHmcJD rW hQ k]fv dbje
zfknmiGB jv. (pcmfv } 54)
(7) oarB Kfjsk rsh, rsh, pfsk sjfb iakAfJAfb Kfjsh bf. bf.
zKGf{, kcdm jfstmfsj oarB jvsh hQ dhHfsh jmf zffrv
hflk jvf W ofqvfrv hflk huGb jvf kAfdl v kf{ipG oarB jvsh.
I0(
F K E G
C+
H K E E ( E H K D E D E HF Y"FK '
"
E H H E E #{d G+. 3 E E K YE - E K "
D H E n E K ?I D HFKB
H E -"
hN5
40/ #{x {G P H D F
P K E K )
E K EK
zKGf{, Wslv dbje `zffr hAkDk sjfb nkA ifnA sb' htf rst Wvf
zrfsv zoafrA jvk hQ htk, `zfmvf dj j ifot jdhv jKfq
zfmfslv ifnAslvsj huGb jvh?' (nfIXIfk } 35-36)
(8) nm
nm hfdkt mf'
mf'hClsj zDjfv jvsk rsh. rsh.
zKGf{, ofqvfrv hflk W lfnskv nfsK sjfb nijG vfJsh bf hQ
dhwfn vfJsh sp, kf hfdkt.
K D h

K H F K %. K H D 6 K L K ;I"
K K O+
_ HE D H D E &N L E D O
D E E s
E <
Q E F E F nE
E E D K E YB
K K D K g3& / K EE
4C
40/ #Sdx {EE 15%?E E EY WC

E E D H D 4+7

E D H E E D E D CN
nvt kfWrDl 21
zKGf{, nckvfQ sp kfoCksj (zKGf{, zffr YfVf zbAfbA hfdkt
ifnAnmCrsj) zDjfv jvsh W zffrv iadk dhhfn jvsh, dbyq sn mb
j w rfkt Lvsh, pf jJsbf Hffv bq. (hfjfvfr } 256)
`mcrfmflcv vfnCtcfr'v nf[A

K K K K K
E D HD K -.
6O } K E -
H D E E } K E -.3%?
D Q E OE 'D E E aa D H H E O } H E -IZ
D L m/0 D E EB
D H E C

40/ #jSk {-0 K } H
} F f+0 E
zKGf{, zhwA skfmfslv dbje zfomb jsvsY skfmfslv mLAjfv mb
jub vnCt, pfv jfsY skfmfslv [dkjv dhNq zdk jlfqj msb rq, sp
skfmfslv Jch drkfjf[D, mc'dmbslv iadk hV snrwDt, jvBfivfqB.
(kfWhfr } 128)
GCN 40/ #j {'
/
E F K -H E 7
H H H E E g?" D E HF+EB
zKGf{, zffr ufsbb sp, kcdm dbyq kf]v vnCt. (mcbfdIjCb } 1)
nfd[v zKG }
mcsJv zbcvi zsvv zt sKsj lxPkfv nfsK nkAfqb jvf sp,
mcrfmfl zffrv hflf hQ mfbcN W dub Hq nialfsqv njstv ubA
siadvk vnCt (lCk).
v vjXb
v vjXb lc'de }
1. mcrfmfl -v dvnftksj Djfv jvf. (zKGf{, dkdb sp vnCt, sn jKf
Djfv jvf.)
v ltDt } mrfb zffr k]fsj y y mpGflfni st `hflf hf lfn'
hst zfJAfqb jsvsYb. spmb zfrhfb st hstsYb,
X E K 'K D E E G?.
u 40/ #jl {
E H H E +I
H E ;
H H D E F
K
H D E 1n H FE E B
E E FE '?+
zKGf{, zfv sp, pJb zffrv lfn kf]sj Ffjhfv ubA lfqmfb rt,
kJb kfvf kfv dbje dHV umft. (dub } 19)
nckvfQ dkdb jub vnCt, k]fsj dmKAffb jvf pfsh bf hQ dkdb zfX
22 nvt kfWrDl
(hflf). mf'hCl (ifnA) bb.
v wkGfhtD W lfhDnmCr
v wkGfhtD W lfhDnmCr yfvde }
1. dkdb sp Jhv hstb, kf nkAfb jvf.
2. dkdb sp zfslw jsvb, kf iftb jvf.
3. dkdb pf jvsk dbsNL jsvb hQ Lmj slb, kf rsk dhvk Kfjf.
4. k]fv dhLfb YfVf zbA msk zffrv hflk bf jvf.
dwjG
(nQf W iajfv)
dwsjGv nQf }
zfdHLfdbj zsKG } wvDj W nmj[ jvf.
wvqD idvHfNfq } zffrv hdwsA ofqvfrsj zffrv nmfb jvf.
dwsjGv iajfvsHl }
1. dwsjG zfjhfv (nhsysq hV dwjG)
kf rt iaskAj sn dwjG, pf wvDqk nfLfvBHfsh sJ jsvsY hQ pf
jvst mfbcN dbu Db sKsj Jfdvu rsq pfq.
2. dwsjG zfnofv (nhsysq sYfe dwjG)
kf rt iaskAj sn jKf hf jfu, pf wvDqsk `dwjG' hst iamfdBk rsqsY,
dj wvDqskv (zbAfbA) ltDt fvf ufbf sosY sp, kfv jkGf Db sKsj
Jfdvu rsq pfq bf.
dwsjG zfjhfv W dwsjG zfnofsvv mfsU ifKGjA }
dbsm ddJk Yj fvf kf i rsh }-
dwsjG zfjhfv dwsjG zfnofv

Db sKsj Jfdvu j'sv slq. Db sKsj Jfdvu jsv bf.
v jkGf dyvfqD v jkGf ufrffsm iashw jvstW dyvfqD
ufrffmhfnD rq. ufrffmhfnD rq bf.
nm sbj zfmtsj i nm sbj zfmtsj i j'sv slq bf. ksh sp zfmst
j'sv slq. stfj-slJfdbv dwjG rq, sn zfmtsj b j'sv slq.
nvt kfWrDl 23
jkGfv ufb-mftsj (rvB
jkGfv ufb-mftsj (rvB jvf) rftft j'sv slq bf.
jvf) rftft j'sv slq.
dwsjG zfjhfsvv iajfvsHl

dwsjG zfjhfv yfv iajfv }
1. dwjGcl lfWqfr (zfrhfsb dwjG)
E K (
E K K D H EF K H D K I0
K EKEB
-(`
D H " L E D !"EK -`(?
D H F E T(F E NE

E L '
H E 65 H E E g D %
H E N
E H K DH
h.7
40/ #xd {GIy
zKGf{, Wvf pJb utpfsb zfsvfrB jsv, kJb Wvf dhdy rsq
jdbHfsh zffrsj Ffsj. zk}iv dkdb pJb Wslvsj fv j'sv st
si]ZsY slb, kJb Wvf k]fv zQwD jsv. (zfbjfhCk } 65)
2. dwjGcb dbqAfr (dbqk W Yfv dwjG)
K K E D E -M(
"
EY (MN
E -(`+
D H E (MN D H E D K D E K f(?
E -(T E E E K E ?(

L E H (M o+ E D Q 4( H K H GI
E E E D ( E E OEB
K K K -(E v
E J
K E K E H #jd G3
D H E E (OE (+
7(: H F FY"K 4(\
E K E E 0(
E D H E D E F gz
+ D E H E DH
` 40/ #jx {G E H &7 } K E E MN
D H E OF +
E D E ?I E
K
zKGf{, pfvf wcLc ifdKGh uDhb W kfv snZlpG jfmbf jsv, zfdm kfslvsj
kfslv jxkjmGnmCr (v It) ixdKhDsk idviCBGvsi ialfb j'sv dl hQ
snJfsb kfslv ubA djYc jm jvf rq bf. vf mb stfj sp, kfslv ubA
ivjfst ufrffm YfVf zfv djYc sb, zfv kfvf pf djYc jsvsY, kf nh
ivjfst dbIt rsh hQ pf djYc jsv Kfsj, kfW dbvKGj rsh. (rCl } 15-16)
3. dwjGck kfzfr (zfbcoskAv dwjG)
D H K H (O+
+(O E E -(O
E E D E (
K K G+
E ED E _
E D 3+
K O 0E -`0+ -`0E +J
H L X ED DHE E D H E D H E E D D H EF B

40/ #{j {GIy E H K D H T
F E '?9/ E H FY"K '
"
H E E D H ` X K E "
E E K FY + D H H D E K FY"K
X E K +7
24 nvt kfWrDl
zKGf{, kfvf zffrsj sYsV dbsuslv idk-icsvfdrkslvsj iaHc hfdbsq
dbsqsY hQ mfvqAfsmv ic mnDrsjW. zKy kfslvsj wcLc zfslw jvf
rsqdYt sp, kfvf wcLcmf jj ifsnAv ifnbf jvsh, dpdb hAkDk (nkA)
ifnA zfv sj sb, dkdb kfslv zQwD dv jvf rsk idh. (kfWhfr } 31)
zfqfskv kInDv ns sjfb udetkf sb sp, iaHc mfbfv zKG } ifi
jfsu zfstm W zfshlosBv zfbcokA jvf; kfslvsj (dhisl) zfrhfb jvf
bq. spmb bhD zflD dhb rfskm -sj hAfJAf j'sv dbsqdYstb. zflD
hstdYstb, `zfmvf skf kfslv hflk jdv bf.' bhD hstdYstb,
ìfijfsu kfslv zfbcokA jvf rt kfslv hflk jvf.' (dkvdmpD
3094bQ)
4. dwjGct mfrffr (Hfthfnfv dwjG)
K X E E _ K OK J
H K F E OE

K F O+ K
4C
#jxd {_ L H E -
K 9I D H E Q H ? K G+
H E EB
nmj[ hst msb jsv hQ zffrsj Hfstfhfnfv mskf kfslvsj Hfthfsn.
(hfjfvfr } 165)
dwsjG zfjhfv W zfnofsvv jdkiq lfrvB
dwsjG zfjhfsvv lfrvB }
1. dwsjG zfjhfv uftD (i hV dwjG)
spmb, ofqvfrv sswA i pshr jvf, bpv W mfbk mfbf, ofqvfrsj
dhisl Ffjf kAfdl.
2. dwsjG zfjhfv JfID (zi hV dwjG)
spmb, mcbfdIjslv dwjG W kfslv stfj-slJfdb jmGjf. Hq; sn
jfsu ofqvfrsj Hq jvf, sp jfu zffr YfVf zbA sj jvsk ifsv bf.
dwsjG zfnofsvv lfrvB }
1. dwsjG zfnofv uftD (i sYfe dwjG)
spmb, ofqvfrv bfsm jnm JfWqf, `zffr W zfidb pf sysqsYb (kf
rsqsY)' htf, `zffr W zmcj bf Kfjst (zfmfv zhf Jfvfi rk)' htf
kAfdl.
2. dwsjG zfnofv JfID (zi sYfe dwjG)
spmb, nfmfbA stfj-ialwGb, zH t[B mfbf kAfdl.
nvt kfWrDl 25
dwjG sKsj h]fyfv jde ijfvD lczf
zfhC mCnf jkGj x hdBGk, dkdb hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr zfmfslv mfsU
HfNB dlsq htstb, sr stfj njt! dwjG sKsj nfhLfb sKsjf. jfvB,
kf di]isVv ytb zsi[f zi. zffrv Yfq j hAd htt, `sr
zffrv vnCt! kf di]isVv ytb zsi[f zi rst kf rsk jDHfsh
nfhLfb rh?' dkdb htstb, skfmvf (lczfq) hstf,
@-H E 7?D E EY K E % 3?+
E H K D E D E E ,'&
H H E 7?D E z< E K y?
X D E g E K D H G
D E OK E K 7?
D g H H E ?"FK -M
F H F

zKG}- sr zffr! dbyq zfmvf susb-wcsb skfmfv nfsK dwjG jvf rsk
zfwaq iafKGbf jvdY hQ sp dwjG bf susb j'sv sIdt, kf sKsj [mf iafKGbf
jvdY. (zfrmfl, zfthfbD vfdrmffr rflDndesj rfnfb hstsYb.)
dwsjGv dkrfn
zflm nfsbv smZdtj zhf rt kfWrDl. dwjG kfslv mfsU hfsv sKsj
zbciashw jsvsY.
hsb zffn hstsYb, `zflm W bCsrv mfsU lw wkfDv hAhLfb dYt.
v zhGkGD jfstv njt mfbcN kfWrDlhflD dYt.'
ixdKhDv hcsj nhGiaKm dwjG
ixdKhDv hcsj nhGiaKm dwjG Ose bCsrv nialfsqv mfsU. pJb kfvf sbj
stfjslvsj dbsq hfVfhfdV jsv, kfslv mCdkG hfbfq, zk}iv nhswsN
zffrsj sYsV kfslv iCuf v jsv! mrfb zffr bCr -sj kfslv mfsU
siavB jsvb, dkdb kfslvsj kfWrDslv iadk zfrhfb ufbfb.
mCnf bhDv nialfsqv mfsU dwjG
kfslv mfsU dwjG v rq, pJb kfvf hfYcvsj mf'hCl smsb sbq.
dJafbslv mfsU dwjG
nf -sj zfnmfsb kcst sbWqfv iv kfslv mfsU dwjG yftc rq. it
hst j hAd dYt. sp iakfvBf j'sv W sL]fjf dlsq iajfw jvk sp, sn
mfnDrv iadk mfb vfsJ. sn- dJaLsmG dkhfl, cw-iCuf W zfsvf zsbj
siZdtjkf iadh jsv.
zfvhslv mfsU dwjG
26 nvt kfWrDl
zfvhslv mfsU nhGiaKm dwjG yftc rq zfmXv dhb tcrf JcpfqD bfmj j
hAd jkGjx . sn- hafrDm -v LsmG idvhkGb Oefq hQ drufspv
mfdesk mCdkG zfmlfdb j'sv stfjsj kfv iCuf jvsk zfslw slq.
msk mcrfmfdlqfq dwjG
msk mcrfmfdlqfq nhGiaKm dwjG v rq ykcKG wkfDv isv IfskmD
dwqfslv rfsk. pJb kfvf jhsvv Wiv ocu dbmGfB jsv, ntfsm mDtfslv
dhlzfk W sbj stfjslv dbsq hfVfhfdVv dhlzfk yftc jsv.
zbcvi pJb kvDjfv iDv-mfwfsqJslvsj dbsq hfVfhfdV-dHdj f
nCIDhfl zfkiajfw jsv, kJbW dwsjGv iaytb Ose.
dwsjGv Hqfhrkf W kfv dhdH wfd
1. mcwdvj dhbf kfWhfq mfvf sost zffr kfsj [mf jvshb bf. bf.
40((/ #ek {Z(E (E ((KE g(
E (K
E G+ K D 'K(K y( K D EY E_ G"
E E E E D (H GE (H (%
E H ((OE (H (%+ E F KB
Z3

zKGf{, dbyq zffr kf]v nfsK zQwD (dwjG) jvfv zivfL [mf jsvb bf.
YfVf zbAfbA zivfL pfv ubA Yf [mf j'sv slb. (dbnf } 48)
2. mcwdvj Db sKsj Jfdvu W kfv ufb- ufb-mft rftft rsq pfq.
D H H H E -`(+
-`+J(\+ D H H Q E E ( E K K D HD
H D E 6Iy( D H n(N
H D E 1( H H D E E E 3(?
H H H D M(<[ EKEB
E N

40/ #d {-`++
D H H H D E
zKGf{, zk}iv dbdN mfndt zdkhfdrk rst zQwDhflDslvsj spJfsb
ifW rkAf jv, kfslvsj hlD jv, zhsvfL jv. (kfWhfr } 5)
3. mrfb zffr mcwdvsjv
wdvsjv sjfb zfmt jhct jsvb bf hQ kfv kfv iCshGv jxk
zfmt i rsq pfq.
K K ED KE EB
X H F Z`
Gn%
40/ #S{ {0UO H E D 7N
E E ; E E E & D H &E OE !"EK On+
P E E O
zKGf{, zfdm Wslv jxkjmGdtv iadk zdHmcJ j'sv sndtsj dhd[
LCdtjBf (vi dbIt) j'sv slh. (Icvjfb } 23)
nvt kfWrDl 27
K E (K nE ((OK J(K (
F !"+
E K E g( K
E ( H &
g( D E E t(
F E E (9
E E ( D E D E z(
E (I D (
E g( D D E D E K s(
E (
" E (+H (D (C
+
EEEB
K K E H EE
Oa
40/ #xd {c E K E D O E ?.
+
F E
zKGf{, (sr bhD!) skfmfv iadk W skfmfv iChGhkDGslv iadk zhwA zrD
(iakAfslw) jvf rsqsY sp, pdl kcdm zffrv zQwD dv jv, kfrst zhwA
skfmfv jmG dbIt rsh hQ kcdm rsh [dkoas lv swaBDHc. (pcmfv } 65)
4. mcwdvsjv ubA uffk rfvfm hQ ufrffm kfv dyv dyvfqD dEjfbf.
dEjfbf.
K E K F K
(O+ 0(
K E E H_ 1( CN D K D H OE 'H?"FKB
K K y
(O
D 6(^ H E D E E (u
E E H F ;+(O+ E F E D '( E F E D E E _
P E E
{05?
zKGf{, zhwA sp sj zffrv zQwD jvsh, dbyq zffr kfv ubA
shsrX dbdN jvshb W slfpJ kfv hfnfb rsh. zfv zkAfyfvDslv ubA
sjfb nfrfpAjfvD sb.' (mflfr } 72)
ntfm-dhbfwD jmGfhtD
zKGf{, sp njt jfsu mcndtsmv ntfm LQn rsq pfq, b W hfdkt rsq pfq.
mb jmG zsbj zfsY. dj zdLj Hqfbj W zdLj Oemfb jmG lwde }
1. zffrv hflsk dwjG jvf
spmb ofqvfrv swA i pshr jvf, dub hf jhsvv sswA pshr jvf.
40((/ #ek {Z(E (E ((KE g(
E (K
E G+ K D '(K (K y( K D EY E_ G"
Z3

zKGf{, dbyq zffr kf]v nfsK zQwD (dwjG) jvfv zivfL [mf jsvb bf.
YfVf zbAfbA zivfL pfv ubA Yf [mf j'sv slb. (dbnf } 48)
2. zffr W dbsuv mfsU znDtf hf mfLAm dv jvf, kfsj dhisl zfrhfb
jvf, kfv dbje ncifdvw yfWqf, kfv Wiv Hvnf jvf kAfdl. mb jfsu
nhGhfdlnmdksm mfbcN jfsIv rsq pfq.
3. mcwdvjslvsj jfsIv msb bf jvf zKhf kfslv jfsIv rWqfsk nslr
28 nvt kfWrDl
sifNB jvf zKhf kfslv LmGsj ndEj msb jvf. mb jfuW jcIvD.
4. bhD -v zflwG zsi[f zsbAv zflwGsj zdLj iCBGf msb jvf
zKhf k]fv Ifqnftf zsi[f zsbAv Ifqnftfsj zdLj m msb jvf,
spmb k]fv Ifqnftfv iv kfoCkslv Ifqnftfsj iafLfbA slWqf. mb
jfsuv jfuDW jfsIv.
5. vnCt -v zfbDk wvDskv sjfb zQwsj ziYl hf OxBf jvf. kfv
iv zfmt jvstW mb jfsuv jfuD jfsIv.
6. vnCt -v Dsbv sjfb zQw zKhf nWqfh hf wfd dbsq hA-dhi
jvf. mb jfsuv jfuDW jfsIv.
(7 D E E (n
E D E - H(%I D H K E D E EY #xd G+aM 3
D E +0J( 7 E H K D E D E - I KK
D H H '
/0+
K K _
E E K KE n
H E E ' )+ DHB
K

40/ #xx {-.?T" D H EK
zKGf{, kcdm ht, `skfmvf dj zffr, kf]v zfqfknmCr hQ vnCtsj dbsq
hA-dhi jvdYst?' skfmvf Jb (hfsu) Wuv siw jsvf bf, skfmvf skf
dbsuslvsj dhwfnD iajfw jvfv iv jcIvD jsvY. (kfWhfr 65-66)
7. pflc jvf. zbcvi zfjNGB hf dhjNGB nxdv sswA spfo hf kfhDp jvf.
sp kf jvsh zKhf kfsk nd iajfw jvsh, sn jfsIv rsq pfsh.
D H D E 2(N
40(/ #jS {(%. } E D K (9?
E E ( N E F K EY(CH E W(
H D E T(?"
P E OK GT
F E
E D
K L 7 O+B
E EH E E
4C

zKGf{, `zfmvf (rfvk W mfvk) ivD[fnvi. `skfmvf jcIvD jsvf bf'---
bf hst kfvf (rfvk W mfvk) jfsjW (pflc) dw[f dlk bf. (hfjfvfr } 102)
8. mcndtmslv dhvs mcwdvjslv nrspfdokf W ixsifNjkf jvf.
E K F 1(C

40(/ #dj {6(^
K F K -M
E D E D (D E EY E_ G"
K F K E -.O
D H D (O '?N H F E E E O+
H D H L - E EB
4
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA sj kfslvsj hcvsi oarB jvst, sn kfslv
nvt kfWrDl 29
jub oBA rsh. dbyq zffr zkAfyfvD nialfqsj n{isK idvyfdtk
jsvb bf. (mflfr } 51)
9. mcrfmflD wvDqk sKsj sjfb sjfb stfsjv shv rWqfv zhjfw zfsY--
- dhwfn jvf. skW mfbcN jfsIv rsq pfq.
K K K K K `+ 'O K E D E NE
X K 12/w
E K E D O
{c E 4\
E E H E H D C
E H K E D K ~
E D E
K E D E O+
E EB
zKGf{, sp sj ntfm YfVf zbA LmG zshNB jvsh, kfv i[ rsk kf
jJbW oarB jvf rsh bf. zfv sn rsh ivstfsj [dkoas lv ltHc. (zfst
mvfb } 85)
10. zffrv Db sKsj mcJ dIdvsq sbWqf; bf kf dw[f jvf, zfv bf kfv
iv zfmt jvf.
E H K E H 6O
{G&C O E K K D HD OK
E ?"FK M
E D E i D E -
E E K h
K
L E E K I
F H '0
K D E O+B
E L H F -H E D E E
zKGf{, sp hAd kfv iadkiftsjv zfqfknmCr fvf islw iaf rq, zk}iv
kf sKsj mcJ dIdvsq sbq, kfv zsi[f zdLj nDmftQObjfvD zfv sj? zfdm
zhwA zivfLDslv dbje sKsj iadkswfL oarB jvh. (nfulfr } 22)
lc'de nkjGhfBD
j } isv ddJk ntfm-dhbfwD jmGnmCsrv msLA sp sj jdesk
idkk rsh, sn jfsIv rsq pfsh. v msLA sj ndkAjfsv jsvsY zKhf
irfnYst jsvsY zKhf Hsq jsvsY---kfsk sjfb ifKGjA nCdyk rsh bf.
zhwA sp hfLA rsq jsvsY, sn jfsIv rsh bf.
lc } ntfm-dhbfwD jmGdt Jch hV Hqfhr hQ mcndtmslv mfsU
zdLj OemfbW. nckvfQ mcndtsmv dyk, jmGfhtD sKsj nkjG Kfjf
hQ kf dbsuv fvf Ose spsk ifsv---mb Hq vfJf.
kfoCk zDjfv jvf

kfoCskv nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } kfoCk wdev {id G( w sKsj, pfv zKG }
nDmftQOb jvf.
30 nvt kfWrDl
wvDqskv idvHfNfq } hflf pfv hAfifsv dbu nDmftQOb jsv, yfsr sn
mf'hCl (ifnA) zKhf zbcnk x zKhf mfdbk srfj. (zffr YfVf njt
iCuAmfb hAd W h kfoCk, pdl sn iCufq nmk Kfsj.)
kfoCk zDjfv jvf Wqfsuh
mrfb zffr zflm nfsbv iv iaKm pf Ivp jsvsYb, kf rt kfoCksj
zDjfv jvf hQ zffrsj Djfv jvf. (zffrv iadk mfb vfJf.)
K K P
F (
E H (

#{x {h( D ( + D H (
H E D E E_ +( H F ((OF H (L (IH K ((U7
H D GE XY((/0 EEEB
E D E E (D (C
+
9

zKGf{, zhwA zfdm iaskAj ufdkv msLA vnCt ifdEsqdY dbslGw dlsq
sp, skfmvf zffrv ifnbf jv W kfoCk sKsj lCsv Kfj. (bfrXt } 36)
kfoCk zDjfv jvsh jDHfsh?
1. dhwfn vfJsh sp, ofqvfrv hflk hfdkt. ofqvfrv hflk W
lfnk huGb W ziYl jvsh.
2. ofqvfrv hflk W lfnkjfvDsj jfsIv ufbsh hQ kfslv iadk
dhsN sifNB jvsh.
iaLfb iaLfb kfoCskv bmcbf
(1) htDn (wqkfb). (kfv iv zffrv zdHwfi.)
(2) zffrv idvhskG pfv hflk (iCuf) jvf rq hQ sn sk nmk Kfsj.
(3) sp dbsuv hflk (iCuf) jvfv sswA mfbcNsj zfrhfb jsv.
(4) sp tsm ofsqh (ofsqhD hf zlxwA Jhv ufbfv) lfhD jsv.
(3) sp zffrv zhkDBGjkx dhLfb sYsV zbA dhLfbfbcnfsv dhyfv W wfnb jsv.
dkbde smZtbDdk
1. hflfv dbu iadkiftjsj sybf.
2. hflfv dbu Dbsj ufbf.
3. hflfv dbu bhD mcrfmfl -sj sybf.
dt rt jhsvv iaw.
iaKm smZtbDdk } hflfv dbu iadkiftjsj sybf
nvt kfWrDl 31
hAfifsv jsqjde mfnzftf zLAqbspfoA---
1. zfmfslv iadkiftj dkdb, dpdb zfmfslvsj hQ nfvf dhw-ufrfbsj
dbu dbqfmk dlsq iadkiftb jvsYb.
2. mrfb zffr jmf hflskv spfoA, dkdb YfVf zbA sj hflskv
spfoA sb.
3. zfmvf zfmfslv iadkiftjsj k]fv hV hV dblwGbfhtD W nxdjct slsJ
dysbdY.
k]fv jdkiq dblwGb } vfk-dlb, y-nCpG.
kf]v jdkiq nxd } nfk zfnmfb, nfk pmDb hQ Hsqv dHksv W
mLAhkGD fsb pf djYc zfsY.
dkDq smZtbDdk } hflfv dbu Dbsj ufbf
1. sp Db YfVf mrfb zffrv dbje zbA sjfb Db oarBspfoA bq, kf rt
ntfm.
2. ntfm rt } kfWrDslv nfsK zffrv dbje zfknmiGB jvf, zfbcoskAv
nfsK k]fv zbchkGD rWqf hQ dwjG W mcwdvjslv nfsK nijG dY jvf.
3. Dsbv dkbde ipGfq }
(j) ntfm
(J) mfb
(o) rnfb
kxkDq smZtbDdk } hflfv dbu bhD mcrfmfl -sj sybf
1. k]fv bfm W hQw-
hQw-kfdtjf }
dkdb mcrfmfl dhb zfcfr dhb zfct mcf dth dhb rfswm. zfv rfswm
jcvfw rsk, jcvfw zfvh rsk, zfvh nmft dhb hafrDm zft-JftDstv
hQw rsk.
2. kfv]fv hqn
k]fv hqn dYt 63 hYv, bhczskv iCshG 40 hYv hQ 23 hYv bhD W vnCt
zhfq.
3. kfv
]fv bhczk W dvnftk
32 nvt kfWrDl
dkdb `jvf' dlsq bhczk sisqsYb hQ `zft-mcfNXdNv' dlsq vnCt
rsqsYb.
4. kfv
]fv umHCdm W druvkHCdm
k]fv umHCdm } mf. druvkHCdm } mlDbf.
5. kfv
]fv lfWqfskv
lfWqfskv dhNqh
mrfb zffr k]fsj dwjG sKsj nkjG jvfv ubA hQ kfWrDslv dlsj
zfrhfb jvfv ubA siavB jsvdYstb.
jcIXvD
v nQf }
zfdHLfdbj zKG } Tfjf W sofib jvf
wvqD idvHfNfq } ntfsmv dhivDksj jcIvX D hst.
v iajfvsHl }
jcIvX D lc iajfv---
1. jcIXsv zfjhfv (nhsysq hV jcIvD)
2. jcIXsv zfnofv (nhsysq sYfe jcIvD)
jcIXsv zfjhfv
(j) v nQf
zffr W k]fv vnCstv iadk mfb bf zfbf, yfsr kfv nfsK dmKAfqb Kfj hf
bf Kfj.
(J) v dhLfb
jcIvX D Db W dmk sKsj Jfdvu j'sv slq.
(o) v iajfvsHl (5de)
1. dmKAffb
dmKAffb jvfv jvfv jcIvDX vD
K K * K F K -H E
E F E E K v(

-(M E D E E ;Z( L E D K 8JI
H E (FE b E F E +DE JI
X E F E E D
E E N D E O+
D E EB
nvt kfWrDl 33
K
E K E D
L UO
h.7
40/ #xk {N. XDE
zKGf{, sp hAd zffr ns dmKAf vybf jsv zKhf k]fv dbje rsk
zfok nkAsj dmKAffb jsv, kfv zsi[f zdLj nDmftQObjfvD zfv sj?
zdhwfnDslv zfwaqt dj ufrffsm bq? (zfbjfhCk } 68)
2. nkAfb jvf nsW zDjfv W zrQjfv jvfv jvfv jcIXvD
K E E . /+ K K E K E D K
E D nH "+
OE GI+ E E E D E D E WEE v E "D K FY"K +3N
D H E E E 1 E E +/D H H D .2& E DK EB
K
4C
40/ #{e { N.
E K E D
zKGf{, pJb dIdvwXkfslvsj httfm, `zflmsj dnulfr jv.' kJb
njst dnulfr jvt; dj htDn dnulfr jvt bf; sn zmfbA jvt W
zrQjfv ialwGb jvt. nckvfQ sn zdhhfnDslv zHGc rt. (hfjfvfr } 34)
3. nslr jvfv jcIXvD hf LfvBf jvfv jcIvD
K K K K D E K V
K
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( E E #{d (X E E ;J` E E K E G
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Q H E OE mn
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+ E E E 3( F
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K F K h% K
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zKGf{, Hfsh dbsuv iadk pctcm j'sv sn kfv hfofsb iashw jvt. sn
htt, `dm msb jdv bf sp, ef jJbW LQn rsq pfsh. dm msb jdv bf
sp, djqfmk iadkdk rsh. v dm pdl mfv iadkiftsjv dbje
iakAfhx r-, kfrst dm zhwA ef zsi[f {jx fb ifh.' sv
kfsj kfv hc htt, `kcdm dj kf]sj zDjfv jvY, dpdb skfmfsj nxd
jsvsYb mfde rsk W isv hDpG rsk hQ kfviv iCBfG jsvsYb mbcNA
jxdksk? dj dm hdt, dkdb fr mfv iadkiftj hQ dm
jfsjW mfv iadkiftsjv wvDj jdv bf.' (jfrXI } 35-38)
4. hmcJ rWqfv jcIXvD
K E +%I
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fC[ 40/ #{ {G7O H H T
F E F EB
H E E J
+
34 nvt kfWrDl
zKGf{, dj zdhwfnDvf kfslvsj sp dhNsq nkjG jvf rsqsY, kf rsk mcJ
dIdvsq sbq. (zfrjfI } 3)
5. mcbfdIjD hf jiekfv jcIvD
E H E D E YE -MN
GCN #{ {GMC% D K K H nH *
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zKGf{, ef ubA sp, kfvf mfb zfbfv iv jcIvD jsvsY, Ist kfslv
rlq smfrv j'sv slWqf rsqsY, nckvfQ kfvf hcUsh bf. (mcbfdIjCb } 3)
jcIXsv zfnofv
(j) v nQf }
iaskAj sn zhfLAfyvB, jcvzfb W rflDsn pfsj `jcIXvD' hst zdHdrk
jvf rsqsY, zKy kf jcIXsv zfjhfsvv ipGfsq si]ZsY bf.
(J) v dhLfb }
rfvfm W jfhDvf sofbfr. dj kf ntfsmv dmk sKsj Jfdvu j'sv slq bf.
(o) v jdkiq lfrvB }
1. dbqfmk zDjfv jvf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
9
40/ #jjS {_ K H D E K h%.N
K -7? D EE E EB
zKGf{, kfvf zffrv zbcora zDjfv jvt. (bfrXt } 112)
2. mcndtm Hfsqv dhvs pc jvf. mrfbhD hstsYb,
K } H -K K 3HD 8/K
@%I H H E E 3N
} D H '
n+ H D H E
mcndtmsj oftfofdt jvf IfsnjD hQ kfv dhvs pc jvf jcIXvD.
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
3. zisvv hQsw sJ]fef slWqf.
4. mxk hAdv swfsj mfkm j'sv jff jvf. mrfbhD hstsYb,
K ED * K E F K 7
K EED
K F K G
H E E L E 3

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+
@t H D F %I D K K
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mfbcsNv msLA (iaydtk) lc'de jmG jcIXvD; hQsw sJ]fef slWqf hQ mxskv
swfsj mfkm jvf. (mcndtm)
mcbfdIjD (jiekf)
nvt kfWrDl 35
v nQf }
zfdHLfdbj zKG } sjfb dudbnsj tcdjsq vfJf hf zi vfJf.
wvqD idvHfNfq } (mcsJ W jfsu)) ntfm iajfw jvf hQ (msb) jcIvD W
jcdetkf tcdjsq vfJf.
mcbfdIjDv iajfvsHl }
mcbfdIjD lc iajfv---
1. dbIfsj zfjhfv hf dbIfsj 'dkjflD (hV hf dhwfnok mcbfdIjD)
2. dbIfsj zfnofv hf dbIfsj zfmftD (sYfe hf jmGok mcbfdIjD)
dbIfsj 'dkjflD
(j) v nQf }
rt sn hV mcbfdIjD, pfsk mcbfdIj (mcsJ W jfsu) ntfm iajfw jsv
hQ (msb) jcIvD tcdjsq vfsJ.
(J) v dhLfb }
mcbfdIjD dhtjct Db sKsj Jfdvu j'sv slq hQ kfv jkGf
ufrffsmv nhGdbm sv fb ifq.
(o) v iajfvsHl }
mcbfdIjD 6 iajfv---
1. vnCt -sj dmKAffb jvf.
2. vnCt -v zfbDk (Dsbv) djYc dhNqsj dmKAffb jvf.
3. vnCt -sj OxBf hf ziYl jvf.
4. vnCt -v zfbDk djYc dhNqsj OxBf hf ziYl jvf.
5. vnCt -v Dsbv zhbdksk zfbdlk rWqf.
6. vnCt -v Dsbv dhusq mb}[cB rWqf.
dbIfsj zfmftD
(j) v nQf }
rlsq mfb hfjD svsJ mcbfdIjslv sjfb sjfb zfmt j'sv sItf.
(J) v dhLfb }
mcbfdIjD ntfmD dmk sKsj Jfdvu j'sv slq bf. dj kf jvf rfvfm
36 nvt kfWrDl
W jfhDvf sofbfr. mb mfbcsNv dHksv mfb W mcbfdIjD Hq Kfsj. ksh
zfyvB shdw jvfv Ist J]fde mcbfdIsj idvBk rq.
(o) v jdkiq lfrvB }
1. jKfhfkGfq dmKAf htf.
2. Wqflf sJtfi jvf.
3. zfmfbsk dJqfbk jvf.
4. jtsrv nmq zwDt htf.
5. ycd H jvf.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
K K t?I
} E 5D (\E 'N K K K D E E O+ 5
\ K X K E GI K K H O p0E
F H D } E 5\
D E E MO D E 'N t?I D E E X E CNO H E E 'N I F D E } ED
E K E 0( E K E 8J( E K E G( K H D "EK M( K (%
K
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yfvde Hfh pfv msLA Kfjsh sn J]fde mcbfdIj hst oBA rsh. zfv sp
hAdv mfsU kfv mLA rsk jde Hfh Kfjsh, kf kAfo bf jvf ipG kfv
msLA mcbfdIjslv jde Hfh sKsj pfsh. (sn Hfhdt rt,) 1. kfv jfsY
zfmfbk vfJf rst dJqfbk jsv. 2. jKf htst dmKAf hst. 3. ycd jvst
H jsv hQ 4. UoVf-dhhfsl dt rst zwDt HfNf hst. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zbA hBGbfq `Wqflfr jvst kf H jsv' zfsY.
6. mndusl ufmfzfk nrjfsv bfmfp iVsk wdKtA jvf.
7. stfj-sldJsq sbj jfu jvf.
mrfb zffr hstb,
KE K E H K E H 6CN
E K K E HD G"
D H E 425(

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E H H D E EY+E
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zKGf{, dbyq mcbfdIj (jie) hAdvf zffrsj iakfdvk jvsk yfq.
hk} dkdbW kfslvsj iakfdvk jsv Kfsjb hQ pJb kfvf bfmfsp l]fVfq
kJb SwdKstAv nfsK dbYj stfj-slJfsbfv ubA l]fVfq hQ zffrsj kfvf
zi nvB j'sv Kfsj. (dbnf } 142)
ztf W hfvf
nvt kfWrDl 37
v zfdHLfdbj zKG }
`ztf; wdev {id Y+ sKsj, pfv zKG niaDdk.
`hfvf' wde v mfnlfv, pfv zKG jfef. htf rq, - C
zKGf{, sn
jtm hf sibdnt hfVfstf hf jfestf.
v ifdvHfdNj zKG }
`ztf' } mcndtmslv nfsK niaDdk hufq vfJf, kfslvsj nfrfpA jvf,
nmfb jvf, waf jvf hQ kfslv jfYfjfdY nrfhfb jvf.
`hfvf' } jfsIvslvsj Hft bf hfnf, kfslv dbje sKsj lCsv Kfjf hQ
kfslv nrspfdokf bf jvf.
`ztf W hfvf'v vk
1. de rt ntfmD zfjDlfv zbAkm smZtbDdk.
2. de mfsbv nclPx rfkt.
3. rt hafrDm W mcrfmfl -v dmskv bDdk.
`ztf'v iajfvsHl
1. kfWqfD
2. mcWqftfr
kfWqfD
(j) v zKG }
* dwjG W mcwdvj hQ jcIXvD W jfsIvsj zv jvf.
* jfsIvslvsj mc'dmbslv dhvs nfrfpA jvf.
(J) v dhLfb }
jfu jcIXsv zfjhfv, pfsk mcndtm mckGfl rsq pfq.
(o) v ltDt }
mrfb zffrv hfBD,
K F K E -.O
4 40/ #dj {-MO
D H D '?N H F E E E O+
H D H L - E EB
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA sj kfslvsj hcvsi oarB jvst, sn kfslv
jub oBA rsh. (mflfr } 51)
mcWqftfr
38 nvt kfWrDl
(j) v zKG }
ifdKGh fsKG jfsIv W mcwdvjslv nfsK niaDdk hufq vfJf hQ
(mcndtmslv dhvs) kfslv nrspfdokf bf jvf. nrspfdokf jvst
`kfWqfD' rsq pfsh.
(J) v dhLfb
jfuW rfvfm hQ jfhDvf sofbfr.
(o) v ltDt } mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K H K F E YE O) K
E D E -I++
9 & 40/ #j {Z
+ D H F H E E +
L H E +J H E J
E Q E EB
E F
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! zfmfv w W skfmfslv wsj hcvsi oarB jsvf
bf. (mcmkfdrbfr } 1)
jfsIvslv nfsK mcWqftfskv djYc iadkYfqf
1. sthfn-sifwfj W jKfhfkGfq kfslv nflxwA zhtb jvf.
2. mB W iasmfslv ubA kfslv slsw nIv jvf.
3. kfslv slsw hnhfn jvf hQ Db h]fyfsbfv ubA mcndtm slsw dosq
hnhfn bf jvf.
4. kfslv kfvDJ hAhrfv jvf, dhswN j'sv sp kfvDJ kfslv l W LmGDq
zbcfsbv nfsK nix; spmb dJaf idjf.
5. kfslv l hf LmGDq zbcfsb zQwoarB jvf, kf lXpfib jsi kfslv
nrspfdokf jvf, sn its[A kfslvsj mchfvjhfl ufbfsbf zKhf kfslv
zbcfsb idk rWqf.
6. kfslv bfsm (dwslv) bfmjvB jvf.
`ztf W hfvf'v Wqfsuh iftsbv hAfifsv mfbcsNv iajfvsHl
`ztf W hfvf'v hAfifsv mfbcN dkb swaBDsk dhH }-
iaKm swaBD } pfslv iadk dhHfsh sjht Hfthfnf Kfsj, kfsk sjfb
iajfsvv dhsN Kfsj bf. zfv kfvf rt J]fde mc'dmboB.
dkDq swaBD } pfslv iadk OxBf W dhsN Kfsj, kfsk sjfb iajfsvv Hfthfnf
Kfsj bf. zfv kfvf rt J]fde jfsIvoB.
kxkDq swaBD } pfslv iadk j dlj dlsq Hfthfnf Kfsj hQ zbA dlj dlsq
OxBf Kfsj. zfv kfvf rt ififyfvD mc'dmboB. kfslv mfsbv jfvsB kfslv
iadk Hfthfnf Kfsj. dj jcIvD W dwjG zsi[f sYfe ifsiv ubA kfslv
iadk OxBf Kfsj.
nvt kfWrDl 39
ntfm
v zfdHLfdbj zKG }
zfbcokA, zfknmiGB W hwAkf Djfv.
wvqD idvHfNfq }
ntfm rt---
1. kfWrDslv nfsK zffrv dbje zfknmiGB jvf.
2. zfbcsokAv nfsK k]fv zbchkGD rWqf.
3. dwjG W mcwdvjslv nfsK nijG dY jvf.
zfm W Jfn ntfm
(j) zfm hf hAfijfsKG ntfm }
pJb sKsj vnCt siadvk rsqsYb, kJb sKsj djqfmk zhdL dhdLh dbqsm
zffrv hflksj `ntfm' htf rq.
(J) Jfn hf dhswN zsKG ntfm }
dhswNHfsh mcrfmfl sp wvDqk dlsq siadvk rsqsYb.
ntfsmv zfvjfb
ntfsmv vjXb (hf ) 5de }
1. nf[A slWqf sp, zffr YfVf ndkAjfv sjfb ifnA sb hQ
mcrfmfl zffrv vnCt.
2. bfmfp jfsqm jvf.
3. pfjfk ialfb jvf.
4. vmpfb mfsnv svfpf vfJf.
5. nfmKGAhfb hAdv jf'hfoxsrv r jvf.
ntfsmv vjXb lc Hfso dhH }
1. mb vjXb hf , pf hAdksvsj mfvk osV Esh bf. sj `hcdbqfdl
' htf rq.
mb vjXb 2de }
(j) lc (jfstmfv) nf[A
(J) bfmfp jfsqm
2. mb vjXb hf , pf hAdksvsj mfvk iCBG rsh bf. sj ìdviCvj
' htf rq.
40 nvt kfWrDl
mb 3de }
1. pfjfk ialfb.
2. vmpfsbv svfpf iftb.
3. jf'hfoxsrv r iftb.
ntfsmv vjXbnmCsrv ltDt }
mrfbhD hstb,
F E E HF FY"K '(
" K K
H H H E E ;(
,'
(/0+ H H D E (&=
X F E H G+ E E K EY G
D E 4M(< P D E *
E E E :v H E D K W
E E 12/w E H
E E E E 1:+ K D + ,4Ia

K D E E ,t
K K E K ,425

K K EK E
@G]O0 D E L E E E F Z "+ E E F 1n"+
ntfsmv hcdbqfl rt i]fyde; (1) nf[A slWqf sp, zffr YfVf sj
ndkAjfsvv ifnA sb hQ mcrfmfl zffrv hflf W vnCt, (2) bfmfp
jfsqm jvf, (3) pfjfk ialfb jvf, (4) vmpfb mfsnv svfpf vfJf, hQ (5)
jfhfoxsrv r jvf. (hcJfvD + mcndtm)
mfb
v zfdHLfdbj zKG }
dhwfn, nkAfqb W Djfv.
zfrst ncfr zt-ufmfzfskv dbje mfb }
1. zsv dhwfn jvf.
2. mcsJ yfvB jvf.
3. ldrj z-iakA fvf zfmt jvf.
4. zfbcoskAv Ist hxd ifq.
5. zhfLAfyvsBv Ist rfn ifq.
mfsbv zfvjfb
mfsbv vjXb hf 6de }
1. zffrv iadk mfb
2. dIdvwXkfosBv iadk mfb
3. djkfhnmCsrv iadk mfb
4. vnCtosBv iadk mfb
5. ivjfstv iadk mfb
6. kjlDsvv Hft-mslv iadk mfb
nvt kfWrDl 41
iaskAj vjXsb pf nddh zfsY, kfv dhhvB
1. zffrv iadk mfb
sk nddh zfsY 4de dhNq }
(j) zffrv zdsk mfb
(J) k]fv iadkiftjsk mfb
(o) k]fv mf'hClsk hf ifnAsk mfb
(O) k]fv bfm W BfhtDsk mfb
2. dIdvwXkfosBv iadk mfb
skW nddh zfsY 4de dhNq }
(j) k]fslv zdsk mfb
(J) pf]slv bfm zfmvf ufdb, k]fslv iadk mfb. spmb, duhvDt. hQ
p]fslv bfm ufdb bf, k]fslv iadkW umftD mfb.
(o) k]fslv ufbf BfhtDv iadk mfb
(O) zffrv dbslGwsm k]fvf sp nh jmG niflb jsvb hst ufdb, kfv
iadk mfb.
3. djkfhnmCsrv iadk mfb
skW 4de dhNq nddh zfsY }
(j) dhwfn sp, njt djkfh zffrv dbje sKsj pKfpKHfsh zhkDBG rsqsY.
(J) kfv msLA sp njt djkfshv bfm ns zfmvf zhok, kfv iadk
mfb. spmb } jcvzfb, kfWvfk, phCv, buDt.
(o) jcvzfsb hdBGk njt Jhv hQ iChGhkGD djkfhnmCsr sp njt Jhv
zdhjxk W zidvhdkGkHfsh hdBGk rsqsY hQ zfmfslv wvDqsk kf
Hfsh ddJk rsqsY, kfv iadk mfb.
(O) djkfsh hdBGk zvdrk njt dbslGswv iv zfmt jvf hQ kf ndys
smsb sbWqf; yfsr zfmvf kfv iyfsk dbdrk sjfb jfvB hf pcd hcdU zKhf bf
hcdU. zfv fkhA sp, jcvzfb fvf iCshGv njt djkfh vdrk rsq sosY.
4. vnCtosBv iadk mfb
(j) dhwfn sp, k]fslv dvnftk zffrv i[ sKsj nkA. nckvfQ
k]fslv jfsvf jusbv dvnftfskv iadk zdhwfn jvst, njt vnCtsj
zdhwfn jvf rq.
(J) pf]slv bfm zfmvf ufdb, k]fslv iadk mfb. spmb, mcrfmfl, hafrDm,
mCnf, nf, bCr (zftfdrmcn nftfm). hQ p]fslv bfm ufdb bf, k]fslv iadkW
42 nvt kfWrDl
umftD mfb.
(o) k]fslv sp njt Jhv Hfsh iamfdBk, kf nkA hst ufbf.
(O) p]fsj zfmfslv dbje siavB jvf rsqsY, k]fv wvDqskv iv zfmt jvf.
zfv dkdb rstb mcrfmfl , dpdb swN bhD hQ njt mfbcsNv ubA siadvk.
5. ivjfstv iadk mfb
(j) icbvfsbv iadk mfb
(J) drnfh W hltfv iadk mfb
(o) uffk W ufrffsmv iadk mfb
mxkcAv iv pf djYc Oesh---spmb, jhsvv ivD[f, zfpfh W wfd---kAfdl
ivjfstv iadk mfsbv zHGc.
6. kjlDsvv iadk mfb
sk 4de dhNq nddh zfsY }
(j) dhwfn sp, mrfb zffrv iaskAj hv hAfifsv umftD W kInDtD
Jhv susbsYb.
(J) dhwfn sp, sn Jhv dkdb `tfWsr mfrICp'- dtdih jsvsYb.
(o) dhwfn sp, njt nxdv Oeb-zOeb zffrv YfLDb.
(O) dhwfn sp, dhwyvfysvv njt hv nf, B W dhyvB-[mkf
mrfb zffrv nxd.
mfsbv 6de vjXsbv ltDt
1. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K (K (O) K E E K -.`+
K K D ED n
K K D ED E y
_ E E (O F K D .
+
D E
F E E 8+ D H E H H
F K D v
D Q E H GE
E D FB
K E K D E .+
E L K F E 8 .
+
4C
40/ #j {6
+ K E K ED \
E K
K 1
+
K DED E
zKGf{, iChG hQ idym dlsj skfmfslv mcJ sIvfsbfsk sjfb icBA sb; dj
icBA zfsY zffr, ivjft, dIdvfoB, nm djkfh hQ bhDoBsj dhhfn
jvst. (hfjfvfr } 177)
2. dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
P E E K ;C P E I K
&C
40/ #el {0C H E D E \E Z|
D F H ?"FB
zKGf{, dbyq zfdm iaskAj hsj nxd jsvdY dbLGfdvk idvmfsi. (jfmfv } 49)
3. duhvDstv rflDsn hdBGk sp, pJb dkdb bhD -sj dufnf jvstb,
zfidb zfmfsj `mfb' nisjG htcb. dkdb htstb,
nvt kfWrDl 43
K K E 0 K K K 1(
+
K D E D E 'K K (/0+ K K H H '( .2O+
K K K K D E
D K E (C

;~(\ E D K O( +
E D H E (\ H H E '( I+ K (K O
E E E E E F E D H G
K E
@;+L E
kcdm zffrv iadk, kf]v dIdvwXkfoB, kf]v djkfhnmCr, kf]v vnCtoB,
ivjft hQ HfsoAv Hft-mslv iadk dhhfn vfJsh. (mcndtm)
rnfb
v nQf }
zfdHLfdbj zKG } Hft jvf.
wvqD idvHfNfq } sofisb W iajfswA zffrsj LAfsb vfJf.
rnfsbv vjXb
v vjXb jde }
zfv kf rt, mbHfsh zffrv hflk jvsh, spb kcdm kfsj slJY. dj
pdl kcdm k]fsj slJsk bf ifW, kfrst dkdb skf skfmfsj slJsYb.(---
msb jvf.)
rnfsbv iajfvsHl
rnfb lc iajfv }
1. nxdv iadk rnfb
zfv kf rsh 4de dhNsq ijfv nfLsbv mfLAsm }
(j) Lb (J) il (o) dw[f (O) slr
2. nafv hflsk rnfb
v vsqsY lc'de ipGfq }
(j) zffrsj lwGb jvfv mskf zbcHCdk ipGfq. (mbHfsh zffrv
hflk jvsh, spb kcdm kfsj slJY.) de Hsqv msLA ykv ipGfq.
(J) LAfsb-msb vfJfv ipGfq. (pdl kcdm k]fsj slJsk bf ifW, kfrst dkdb
skf skfmfsj slJsYb.--- msb jvf.)
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
E H K D Q -`H J
+
9
40/ #jSk {G3= K D E F J

E F F C
K
E F pO F KB
E E E_ G"
zKGf{, dbyq zffr kfslv ns Kfsjb, pfvf nQpm zhtb jsv hQ
pfvf n{jmGivfqB. (bfrXt } 128)
44 nvt kfWrDl
duhvDstv rflDsn hdBGk sp, pJb dkdb bhD -sj dufnf jvstb,
zfidb zfmfsj `rnfb' nisjG htcb. dkdb htstb,
@ H F K E ;
E E E '?N D K E ;
D H E D VE GN
H E E . E F E E EF 7
H E E g?I D E
E H D E G
mbHfsh zffrv hflk jvsh, spb kcdm kfsj slJY. dj pdl kcdm
k]fsj slJsk bf ifW, kfrst dkdb skfmfsj slJsYb. (mcndtm)
ntfm, mfb W rnfsbv ifvidvj nijG
iaKmk}- 3de w js ddJk rst iaskAsjv dH dH zKG rsh.
zfv kJb---
(j) ntfm htsk swA rsh } hfdrAj jmGfhtD.
(J) mfb htsk swA rsh } zlxwA dhNqfhtD.
(o) rnfb htsk swA rsh } Dsbv nshGfy ipGfq.
dkDqk}- dkbde w ixKj ixKj ddJk rst kfv hAfifv k
rsh. nckvfQ
(j) ntfm ixKjHfsh sJ jvf rst kfsk mfbW wfdmt Kfjsh.
(J) mfb ixKjHfsh sJ jvf rst kfsk ntfmW wfdmt Kfjsh.
(o) rnfb ixKjHfsh sJ jvf rst kfsk ntfm W mfbW wfdmt Kfjsh.
hflk
v nQf }
zfdHLfdbj zKG } rDbkf W hwAkf Djfv jvf.
wvqD idvHfNfq } iaskAj sn W iajfwA jKf W jfsuv hAfij bfm, pf
zffr Hfthfsnb W iYl jsvb.
Hfviaf mcndtmslv wvDqskv jkGhA iftbsj `hflk' (lfnk) htfv jfvB--
-spsrkc kfvf kf rDbkf W hwAkf Djfsvv nfsK dbqdmk iftb j'sv Kfsj.
hflskv zfvjfb
hflskv vjXb 3de }
1. Hfthfnf
2. Hq
3. zfwf
hflk W jhct rWqfv wkGfhtD
wkG 2de }
nvt kfWrDl 45
1. Jtfn
v ltDt mrfb zffrv hfBD,

40/ #d {

E L '
H E 65 H H D E K Y"FK +O
E K K D H EF +7
K
H H O+
E EB
zKGf{, kfvf skf zfdl rsqdYt zffrv zfbcoskA dhwcdy rsq
jdbHfsh kf]v hflk jvsk. (hfdqbfr } 5)
2. bhD -v zbcnvB
v ltDt } dkdb hstsYb,
@0
E MN E H D E 'K D E E v
E H E ?O E D E 2& E K E O
X E E & D E
sp hAd mb sjfb jmG jsv; pfsk zfmfslv sjfb dbslGw sb kf
iakAfJAfk. (mcndtm 1718 bQ)
hflk (lfnk) lc iajfv
1. nxdok hflk
2. wvqD hflk
nxdok hflk
v nQf } zffrv nxdok dbslGswv zLDb rWqf.
hflsk nfvf nxd wfdmt, sj kfv hfsv bq. mc'dmb-jfsIv,
sbjjfv-hljfv njst k]fv lfnk jsv.
K E D F )K Y"FK i0[+ K
-O 40/ #l{ {
X D E
E E F K OE I
K D E D E h+T3
Q H G"KB
zKGf{, zfjfwmtD W ixdKhDsk mb sj sb, sp ivm lqfmsqv dbje
lfnvsi idk rsh bf. (mfvqAfm } 93)
wvqD hflk }
v nQf } zffrv wvqD dbslGswv zLDb rWqf.
zfv jfu sjht kfv ubA dbdlG, sp zffrv zfbcokA jsv hQ vnCt
-v zfbDk wvDqskv zbcnvB jsv.
K D E D * K K E D +
K
Gn%
40/ #x{ {?`
X D E i0[ E F

E H D E J

E E G& F H E EB
zKGf{, kfvf ivm lqfmsqv lfn, pfvf ixdKhDsk bmaHfsh ytfsIvf jsv.
(Icvjfb } 63)
46 nvt kfWrDl
`kfWrDlct hflfr'v hAfifsv jde vkiCBG bDdk
bDdkv wfhtD }
sp jfu hflk hst iamfdBk, kf zffrv ubA dbshlb jvf hflk hQ
ofqvfrv ubA dbshlb jvf dwjG.
bDdkv ltDt }
v zsbj ltDt zfsY, kmsLA spmb mrfb zffrv hfBD }-
X D E 'KK Iy
Z3
40/ #{x {z< D H K D H EY+E E_ ++
D HHD EB
zKGf{, skfmvf zffrv ifnbf jv W sjfb djYcsj kf]v zQwD jsvf bf.
(dbnf } 36)
H F K FY"K +7
Zw 40/ #S{ {;" D H H D E FYE g0 EE EB
E Q E n+
zKGf{, skfmfv iadkiftj dbslGw dlsqsYb sp, skfmvf dkdb YfVf zbA jfsvf
ifnbf jvsh bf. (hfbD naft } 23)
40/ #jdj {z<X D E 'KK Iy
D H K D H FYE -.
D H D E E -.0
D H Q E 1 H D E
7
E F E OE D D E E E n
DHB
17?[
zKGf{, ht, snf skfmfslv ubA skfmfslv iadkiftj pf dbdN jsvsYb,
kf skfmfslvsj isV swfbf. kf sp, skfmvf sjfb djYcsj kf]v zQwD
jvsh bf. (zfbzfm } 151)
lfrvB }
lczf jvf jde hflk-----kf ofqvfrv ubA dbshlb jvf dwjG.
Hq jvf jde hflk----kf ofqvfrv ubA dbshlb jvf dwjG.
pshr jvf jde hflk----kf ofqvfrv ubA dbshlb jvf dwjG.
bpv mfbf jde hflk----kf ofqvfrv ubA dbshlb jvf dwjG.
Hfthfnfv iajfvsHl
Hfthfnf 4 Hfso dhH }-
1. hflk
zfv kf rt zffrsj Hfthfnf
nvt kfWrDl 47
hQ zffr pf Hfthfsnb, kf Hfthfnf.
v ltDt } mrfb zffrv hfBD }
Q E E O) K
4C
40/ #jxd {_LK
H < E F EB
D H E J
+
zKGf{, pfvf dhhfn jsvsY, kfvf zffrv Hfthfnfq lxPkv. (hfjfvfr } 165)
2. dwjG
zfv kf rt ofqvfrsj sn rDbkf W kf'pDsmv nfsK Hfthfnf, pf zffr
YfVf zbA jfsvf ubA ipc bq.
K X E E _ K OK J
H K F E OE

K F O+ K
4C
#jxd {_ L H E -
K 9I D H E Q H ? K G+
H E EB
nmj[ hst msb jsv hQ kfslvsj zffrsj Hfstfhfnfv mk Hfthfsn.
(hfjfvfr } 165)
3. sofbfrv jfu
zfv kf rt dhdH ifi jfu, dhlzfk W zShL hsj Hfthfnf.
K K H E K E D p
K E Q K H J

K F KB
E D Q K -(

?(
} E 8J(
} E E -(
D H E O) E F K %

H E J
E E GE G E F G"
K K D
E H E 7
0((
40/ #jl {G& D H E E -H E 7
D E YE - ?+ D E HF+E 4\+
E E
zKGf{, pfvf dhhfnDslv msLA zwDtkfv ianfv jfmbf jsv, kfslv ubA
zfsY rstfsj W ivstfsj mmGl wfd. zfv zffr ufsbb, skfmvf ufb
bf. (bCv } 19)
4. hL Hfthfnf
iajdx kok Hfthfnf, spmb nfb, D, dbsuv iafB kAfdlsj Hfthfnf.
K K E E HD ~(
K K (C
+ E (K
+
E E D E 6( K K K (F K
(
(E (O 4(E (C E D E Z3(
E (L
(
E (O hM(E E F (
(Q (H ( E (o
L HB
K D O E K E A+
K D 17?[+ K K F K D `J

H_+E ?(

E D Q 4(E E H E E g
D E E K E D E E O3 K D E D E ]%
+
E F E HD c+ E K E F
G& m) 40/ #je {8 K ED 3 K
H D H ;
HE
zKGf{, bfvD, nfb-ndk, umfjxk snfbf-vifv Hffv, iYln (dydrk)
48 nvt kfWrDl
sOfVf, ykcil u W s[k-Jfmfsvv iadk zfnd mfbcsNv dbje stfHbDq
jvf rsqsY. nh ruDhsbv sHfoA h. zfv zffrv dbjse m
zfwaqt vsqsY. (zfst mvfb } 14)
Hq
v nQf
kf mb j so, pf LQn, [dk hf jsv zfwfq rsq Kfsj.
Hsqv iajfvsHl
1. dwsjG zfjhfv
kf rt Hq } ofqvfrsj mb dhNsq Hq jvf, pfsk zffr YfVf zbA
jfsvf [mkf sb.
E K K D Q - I
G& m) 40/ #jd {6OO K N\+
H H G"K G D H H E E 2N
H E E -`N E EB
zKGf{, nckvfQ pdl skfmvf dhhfnD rW, kfrst skfmvf kfslvsj Hq jsvf
bf, hvQ zfmfsj Hq jv. (zfst mvfb } 175)
2. rfvfm
mfbcsNv Hsq sjfb Wqfsuh jmG kAfo jvf zKhf sjfb rfvfm jmG niflb jvf.
K E D

4 40/ #ee {G\+ D H E D E 2N
E EB
D E E F
zKGf{, nckvfQ skfmvf mfbcNsj Hq jsvf bf, zfmfsj Hq jv. (mflfr } 44)
3. ShL
iajdx kok Hq hL. spmb hfO, w, zkAfyfvD wfnj kAfdlsj Hq jvf.
5C
40/ #jk {n X K E
H F E E E %\
K E K ED K :NE E B
EE D
zKGf{, zk}iv HDk-nkjG zhfq sn bovDsk kfv (mCnfv) iaHfk rt.
(jfnfn } 18)
4. hflk
sjht wvDjdhrDb zffrsj Hq jvf.
nvt kfWrDl 49
K E F '0
K K

40/ #ex {G E E E f\
E L E 1CO D E EB
E E +
zKGf{, sp hAd kfv iadkiftsjv nfmsb idk rWqfv Hq vfsJ, kfv
ubA vsqsY lc'de (uffskv) hfofb. (vfrmfb } 46)
zffrsj Hq jvfv iajfvsHl
kf lc iajfv }
1. iawQbDq
zfv kf rt sn Hq, pf skfmfv W skfmfv ififyvsBv mfsU zvfq rq
hQ skfmfsj Wqfsuh jmG jvsk W rfvfm jmG huGb jvsk zbcifa dBk jsv.
2. dblbDq
zfv kf rt sn Hq, pf hflfsj zffrv jvBf rsk rkfw W dbvfw
jvsk c jsv.
zfwf
v nQf
kf rt sjfb hv iadk stfH hf zfjf[f jvf, diaq dudbsnv iakD[f jvf.
v iajfvsHl
zfwf 3 iajfv }
1. hflk
zfv kf rt sjht wvDjdhrDb zffrv jfsY zfwf jvf.
deW 2 iajfv }
(j) iawQbDq
zfmt W zfbcokA jvfv nfsK zfwf jvf.
(J) dblbDq
zfmt W zfbcokA bf jsv zfwf jvf.
2. dwjG
ofqvfrv jfsY mb djYcv zfwf vfJf, pf iCvB jvfv mfdtj zffr YfVf
sj bq.
3. hL
iajdx kok zfwf. sjfb hAdv jfsY mb zfwf jvf, pf sn iCvB jvsk
50 nvt kfWrDl
ifvsh. spmb jfsj htf, `zfwf jdv kcdm zfnsh.'
zfwfv ltDt
K 47
K K D K D Y+ K K ZC
EK GI
{ L E E E K y
X E E '0 H E E :
X E 2& D E D E D NE '0
X E E &7 LE H D E E E &N
E EB
zKGf{, nckvfQ sp kfv iadkiftsjv nf[f{ jfmbf jsv, sn spb n{jmG jsv
hQ kfv iadkiftsjv hflsk jfsjW wvDj bf jsv. (jfrXI } 110)
Hvnf
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } snfilG jvf, dbHGv jvf
wvqD idvHfNfq } jmf zffrv iv rlsqv Hvnf vfJf.
wvqD Hvnf
pfsk 3de jmG jdk rq }-
1. zffrv iv iajkx is[ ndkAjfv dbHGv jvf.
2. zffrv iadk zff vfJf hQ dhwfn jvf sp, njt dhNq zffrv
rfsk.
3. hL znDtf hAhrfv jvf. (klhDv jvf.)
Hvnfv iajfvsHl
1. hflk
jmf wvDjdhrDb zffrv iv Hvnf vfJf.
2. dwjG
ofqvfrv iv mb dhNsq Hvnf vfJf, pf mrfb zffrv hdwA.
zKhf znDtf W jfpGjfvsBv iv zfQdwj zKhf idviCBG Hvnf vfJf.
3. hL
skfmfv i[ sKsj sjfb jfu jvsk jfsj iadkdbdL hfdbsq kfv iv
dbHGv jvf, sp jfu jvfv nfLA kfv zfsY.
kfWqfct W kfWjDstv mfsU ifKGjA
kfWqfct (Hvnf jvf) rt zsvv jmG.
nvt kfWrDl 51
zfv kfWjDt (iadkdbdL hfbfsbf) rt hfdrAj jmG.
kfWqfct hf Hvnf vfJfv ltDt } mrfb zffrv hfBD,
E K K D Q - I
4 40/ #S{ {6OO H H G"K
D H I N
F E E E _K *+
EE EB
zKGf{, skfmvf dhhfnD rst zffrv iv dbHGv jv. (mflfr } 23)
lczf
lczf jvf hflk
lczf, iafKGbf hf zfrhfb jvf jde vkiCBG hflk. mrfbhD hstsYb,
K
@47

E E È H Z

H E Q
lczf rt hflk. (dkvdmpD)
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
X E E F
u 40/ #jk { K pO
E E
H D E 2N E K E ED G+
E E FK 3 F EEB
zKGf{, zfv sp, mndulnmCr zffrv ubA. nckvfQ zffrv nfsK
skfmvf zbA jfsjW sFsjf bf. (dub } 18)
lczfv iajfvsHl
lczf lc iajfv }
1. lczfsq hflfr
zfv kf rt iaskAj sn zfmt, pfv fvf mfbcN kfv iadkiftsjv hflk
jsv.
lfrvB }
bfmfp, r, nljfr, svfpf kAfdl.
zfmtsj `lczf' htfv jfvB sp, kfsk ìafKGbf'v zKG zfsY. spsrkc
mfbcN pJb njt zfmt jsv, kJb kfv msb zffrv jfsY iafKGbf Kfsj sp,
kfv znDtfq dkdb spb kfsj lqf jsvb hQ uffk lfb jsvb.
2. lczfsq mfnzftfr
pfsk iafKGbf W yfWqf Kfsj.
lfrvB }
sr zffr! zfmfv iadk lqf jv. sr zffr! zfmfsj [mf jv. kAfdl.
ofqvfrv jfsY lczf
52 nvt kfWrDl
dhisl ofqvfrsj Ffjf, zfrhfb jvf zKhf djYc yfWqf dwjG. spsrkc lczf
hflk. zfv kf zffr YfVf zsbAv ubA dbshlb jvf dwjG. sp jsv, sn
mcwdvj W jfsIv.
K K ( K K F K E 'KK '
E G`
( H F K '(0
H %D H YE '(?" L E E '3(
H H E T?(N
E E E X "E K F
H E E D H YE \) K pO
E E
H D E O+
E EB
GO 40/ #jj {G+N.
E HK E D
zKGf{, sp hAd zffrv nfsK zbA ifnAsj zfrhfb jsv, (zKy)
dhNsq kfv dbje sjfb iamfB sb; kfv drnfh kfv iadkiftsjv dbje zfsY,
dbyq zdhwfnDvf nItjfm rsh bf. (mc'dmbCb } 117)
vjf (UfV-I]cj)
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } vjf n0 wsv hhyb. v zKG v[fm.
wvqD idvHfNfq } zfqfk, dpjXv W lczf, pf dlsq svfoD UfVf rq.
v iajfvsHl
UfV-Icj] lc iajfv }
1. dhsLq UfV-Icj]
2. zShL UfV-Icj ]
dhsLq UfV-Icj
]
pfsk dkbde wkG iCvB rq. dhNsq tfmfoB jmk.
1. kf i zfvhD HfNfq zKGshfLj rsk rsh.
2. zffrv jftfm, k]fv bfm zKhf BfhtD fvf rsk rsh.
3. kfv iv dhtjct Hvnf jvf pfsh bf. hvQ dhwfn vfJsk rsh sp, UfV-
Icj
] nvfndv sjfb iaHfh zfsb bf; zffrv kjlDv zbcnfsv iaHfh zfsn.
zShL UfV-Icj ]
ipGc dhsLq UfV-Ics] jv wkGfhtDv msLA j zKhf jfdLj wkG ziCBG
rst, zShL oBA rsh.
rflDn sKsj UfV-Ics] jv ltDt
zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
nvt kfWrDl 53
} D K

+
@ K
E E E L E -T
+ FK
E Q G"
E E F E Wn

dbyq m-k, kfhDp-jhy hQ spfo-pflc hAhrfv jvf dwjG.
(zfrmfl, zfhC lfl)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
} D K 'N
@ K K . E Q K
D H E D VE OE Wn
E D E EY -In0
D H E H * H KD
F E E
skfmvf skfmfslv UfV-I]csjv mdt zfmfv dbje siw jv. UfV-I]cj
jvfq slfN sb; pk[B kfsk dwjG bf Kfsj. (mcndtm)
kfmfsqm (kfhDp-jhy)
v nQf
zdHLfsb } (kfmfsqm) kfmDmfr wsv hhyb.
wvqD idvHfNfq } hl-buv kAfdl lCv jvfv sswA dw iaHdx kv otf
kAfdlsk pf tejfsbf rq.
v iajfvsHl
kfhDp lc iajfv }
1. jcvzfbD zfqfk zKhf bhhD lczf fvf dtdJk.
ndEj sp, mb kfhDp hAhrfv jvf dbdN 3de jfvsB }-
(j) kfhDp hAhrfv jvfv dbsNLff hAfij, kfv ixKj dbslGw zfsndb.
(J) pfsk dwsjGv syfvfiK h rq hQ zShL kfhDpW hAhrfv jvfv iK
sJftf bf pfq.
(o) zfqfk W rflDn zhmfbbfv dwjfv rsh, pJb hAhrfvjfvD kf dbsq
hfKvm iashw jvsh (zbcvi zidh rsh) kAfdl.
2. jcvzfbD zfqfk W bhhD lczf YfVf zbA djYc fvf kdv kfhDp.
spmb dub-wqkfbslv bfm dtsJ zKhf skstmfdk zshfLA drdudhdu dtsJ
(zKhf i-i[Dv stfm, iftj, rfV hf udVhcde Hsv) hfbfsbf kfhDp dhtjct
rfvfm. kfhDp hAhrfv jvf dwjG. spsrkc kfsk ofqvfrv jfsY dbvfmq-
zfwfq mb zfwfLfvD Kfsj.
nfvnQs[i
njt iajfv kfhDp-jhy hAhrfv jvf rfvfm, yfsr kf jcvzfbD zfqfk fvf
hfbfsbf srfj zKhf zbA djYc dlsq. zhwA zbA djYc fvf hfbfsbf rst kf
54 nvt kfWrDl
hAhrfv jvf rfvfm W dwjG.
v ltDt } zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
} D K

+
@ K
E E E L E -T
+ E Q GFK"
E E F E Wn

dbyq m-k, kfhDp-jhy hQ spfo-pflc hAhrfv jvf dwjG.
(zfrmfl, zfhC lfl)
kfhfvGj
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } sjfb dudbsnv zfdLjA hf iafycpG.
wvqD idvHfNfq } sjfb hsk hjGk jfmbf jvf, hjGskv zfwf jvf zKhf
dhwfn jvf.
kfhfvGsjv iajfvsHl
kfhfvGj 2 iajfv }
1. dhsLq
2. zShL
1. dhsLq kfhfvGj
(j) bhD -v slr hf slr sKsj dhdY sjfb dudbn (yct, sifwfj
kAfdl) dbsq hjGk oarB.
zhwA kfhfvGj k]fv uDhwfsk nDmfh dYt.
(J) wvD-nmk mb djYc jKf W jfu fvf hjGk jfmbf jvf, pf hAhrfv
jvst hflf jtAfB W iafycpG tfH jvsk ifsv.
spmb jcvzfb ifE, zffrv dpjXv W tXmD mudtsn zQwoarB kAfdl.
(o) zffr hjGk svsJsYb mb ufqofq hjGk jfmbf jvf.
spmb, mndul, (slswv msLA) mf, mlDbf W wfm.
v fvf hjGk oarB jvfv zKG } njt fsb dhsLq jtAfBmCtj jmG j'sv
hjGk tfH jvf. v mfde, slWqft, kAfdl Y]csq hjGk sbWqf swA bq.
(O) zffr sp nmq-jfst zdkdv mt W hjGk svsJsYb, sn nmq-jft
fvf hjGk oarB jvf.
spmb, vmpfb mfn, pctrsv iaKm 10 dlb, wshjlv, vfdv swN
kxkDqfQw kAfdl.
nh nmsq kfhfvGj sbWqf rsh dhsLq jtAfBmCtj jmG hQ zffrv
nvt kfWrDl 55
hflk j'sv.
(M) sp JfslA zffr hjGk svsJsYb, sn JflA fvf kfhfvGj oarB.
spmb, pqkcb skt, mLc, lcL, jfstf duvf, pmpsmv ifdb kAfdl.
2. zShL kfhfvGj
(j) fb W uVilfKG fvf kfhfvGj oarB.
B.
spmb }
* (iajkx zKhf ziajk x ) hjGkmq fsbv slWqft kAfdl iwG j'sv,
lvuf, ufbftf hf J]cde ycb j'sv zKhf mfde ofsq smsJ hf sJsq zfsvfoA
jfmbf jvf.
* sbj stfsjslv jhv hf mfpfv fvf kfhfvGj oarB.
* dkrfdnj fbnmCr fvf kfhfvGj oarB, spmb bhD -v umfb,
drvf rf, nWv rf iaHdx k.
(J) nmq-
nmq-jft fvf zShL kfhfvGj oarB.
B.
* wvDqsk iamfdBk hjGkmq nmsq zdhsLq hf dhlzfkD hflk jvf.
* mb dlb-nmq fvf kfhfvGj oarB jvf, pfv hjGkmqkf wvDqsk
iamfdBk bq.
spmb } bhD -v umdlb (bhDdlhn), wshdm'vfu, wshhvfk zKhf
dkrfdnj sjfb mvBDq dlb hf vfk.
(o) sbj stfsjslv slr hf kA h fvf zShL kfhfvGj oarB.
sjfb mfbcsNv slr fvf kfhfvGj oarB jvf hL bq. sjht dhswNHfsh bhD
-v slr W kA dudbn fvf kfhfvGj oarB Lc k]fv uDhwfq hL dYt.
kfhfvGj nQf uvvD djYc bDdk
1. kfhfvGj rt hflk. zfv sp sjfb hflk zfnst dbdN, pk[B kfv
dhdLhkfv ltDt bf ifWqf pfsh.
2. njt iajfv hjGk sjht zffrv kvI sKsj zfsn. dkdb hjGskv
mfdtj, dkdb hjGklfkf. nckvfQ kf zsbAv jfsY jfmbf jvf hL bq.
3. sp dudbsnv hjGk iamfdBk, kfv fvf kfhfvGj sjht sn kWrDlhflD
mc'dmbsj ijxk jvsh, sp zffr W vnCt -v iadk ndEj mfb vfsJ.
4. sp dudbsnv hjGk wvDqsk iamfdBk, kfv fvf kfhfvGj oarB jvsk
rsh wvqD idk zbcnfsv. kfsk mb vDdk-idk zfdhjfv jvf pfsh bf, pf
iChGhkGD ntIoB hAhrfv j'sv pfbdb.
56 nvt kfWrDl
jfpGjfvB nQf vkiCBG jdkiq bDdk

1. jfpGjfvB hAhrfvjfvDv ubA Wqfsuh, sjht zffrv iv Hvnf jvf,
sJfl jfpGjfvsBv iv bq. spsrkc mrfb zffr jfpGjfvsBv nxdjkGf W
nQOej.
2. ufbsk rsh sp, njt jfpGjfvB zffrv kjlDv W Ifqnftfv nfsK
zfh.
3. sjfb dudbsnv jfpGjfvB iamfB jvfv ifq (2de) }
(j) wvqD ifq
spmb } mLc svfo dbvfmsqv jfvB. kfv iamfB mrfb zffrv hfBD,
K F K
Z%<
9
40/ #xl { E K 'N
K KB
zKGf{, kfsk mfbcsNv ubA vsqsY svfomcd. (bfrXt } 69)

(J) zdHkf W zbcmfb (hf hfdbj)
hfdbj) ifq
ifq
spmb } zfb icsV pfWqfv jfvB.
zhwA sjfb dudbsnv jfpGjfvB iamfB jvsk rfsk-jtsmv zdHkfq
i iamfB rsk rsh. bsy{ zi iamfB sjht lfhD W zmCtj LfvBf rsk
ifsv. spmb LfvBf sp, (stfrf hf kfmfv) hftf ivst hl-buv lCv rq.
znDtf Lvf
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } znDtf hf mfLAm, pfv fvf sjfb dudbn ipG si]ZYsbf
pfq, hf kfv bjeA tfH jvf pfq.
wvqD idvHfNfq } dhsLq sjfb mfLAm oarB jvf, pf mrfb zffrv bjeA
lfb jsv.
v iajfvsHl
znDtf 2 iajfv }
1. dhsLq znDtf oarB
2. zShL znDtf oarB
dhsLq znDtf oarB
3 iajfv }
1. mrfb zffrv sjfb bfm hf sBv znDtf oarB.
nvt kfWrDl 57
2. lczfjfvDv jxk sjfb sbj zfmstv znDtf oarB.
3. sjfb uDdhk sbj stfsjv lczfv znDtf oarB.
zShL znDtf oarB
isv ddJk dhsLq 3 iajfv znDtf YfVf zbA djYcv znDtf oarB. spmb}
1. sjfb hAdv mpGflfv znDtf Lsv zffrv bjeA jfmbf jvf.
2. zfWdtqf W hcpcoGslv bfsm bpv mfbf, k]fslv jfsY iafKGbf jvf.
3. zfWdtqfv zfkfv sswA pshr jvf hQ k]fslv jhsvv ifsw
zhfb jvf.
pshr
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } dhlDBG jvf zKhf zbcvi sjfb zKG.
wvqD idvHfNfq } dbdlG idksk jfsvf nmfb ialwGb zKhf bjeA
tfsHv sswA iafB hL j'sv v iahfdrk jvf.
v iajfvsHl
pshr 3 iajfv }
1. dhsLq pshr
2. hL pshr
3. dwjGD pshr
iaKmk} dhsLq pshr
spmb,
1. jcvhfbDv i pshr.
2. zffrv sswA bpv mfbf i pshr.
3. rsv rflX (jcvhfbD) pshr.
4. r-mvfv dIlXqfr (lm) pshr.
5. dwv zfjDjf pshr.
6. zffrv bjeA tfsHv sswA nfljf vi i pshr.
7. smrmfsbv Jfdkv jvsk i pshr.
dkDqk} hL pshr
spmb,
1. mfQn dhdv ubA jnfsqv i pshr jvf.
58 nvt kfWrDl
2. mfQn JfWqfv ubA pshr jvf.
kxkDqk} dwjGD pshr
spmb,
1. mCdkGv sswA i hdtlfb jvf.
2. dusbv sswA i pshr jvf.
3. jhv hf mfpfsvv sswA i pshr jvf.
4. dub sKsj v[f sisk bkcb hfdVsk hfn v jvfv zfso i pshr jvf.
5. hv-jsb hfdV iashswv zfso i pshr jvf hQ kfv vsv iv
Hsqv ytf.
6. zffrv sswA pshr jvf; dj zsbAv bfm yfvB j'sv.
nfvjKf }
1. pshr j iajfv zffrv hflk. kf ofqvfrv sswA dbshlb jvf
dwjG. v ltDt mrfb zffrv hfBD,
E K E E D 80
40((/ #jxS {6((7
K E E E ((=+
L E _K ((+
K H 2((:
H E K E E G"
E E D E E s.3((?+ F K ((n
D HB
17?[
zKGf{, ht, `dbyq zfmfv bfmfp, zfmfv ifnbf (jcvhfbD), zfmfv uDhb
W zfmfv mvB, dhh-uoskv iadkiftj zffrv ubA. (zfbzfm } 162)
2. ofqvfrv ubA pshr dwsjG zfjhfv hst oBA hQ kfv jkGf zdHw.
bhD hstsYb,
K D E K
@FK ~
E E E O E EE
D E HF 7
zffr kfsj zdHwfi jvb, sp ofqvfrv ubA pshr jsv. (mcndtm)
bpv
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } hfLA jvf
ifdvHfdNj zKG } jfsvf kf'pDsm Hfviaf mfbcsNv sjfb zfbcokA jvsk
dbsusj hfLA jvf, pf jvsk sn hfLA dYt bf.
bpv mfbf hflk
susb vfsJf sp, bpv mfbf jmf zffrv jde hflk, pf ofqvfrv
nvt kfWrDl 59
ubA dbshlb jvf pfsh bf. sp hAd ofqvfrv ubA kf dbshlb jvsh, sn hV
dwjG jvsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K D F K GN
G3?w 40/ # {0J
E H HB
zKGf{, kfvf mfbk iCBG jsv. (lfrXv } 7)
sp hAd ofqvfrv sswA bpv mfbsh, kfv ubA kf iCvB jvf hL bq.
bpv mfbf dwjG jJb?
pJb sjfb mfbcN ofqvfrv bfsm kfv kf'pDm ialwGb W bjeA tfsHv
sswA djYc dlsk hf jvsk dbsusj hfLA jsv, kJb kf dwjG rq. spmb }
1. zffr pdl zfmfv svfoDsj nc j'sv slq, kfrst zmcj ztDv mfpfsv
k Jfdn slh, zKhf efjf slh.
2. zfmfv nfb rst zmcj ztDv mfpfsv (ov hf Jfdn) pshr jvh.
3. zmcj ztD hf dusbv bfsm bpv mfbdY, dkbde (Jfdn hf mcvoD) pshr
jvh.
4. zbcvi mCdkGv bfsm bpv mfbf.
5. y-nCspGv bfsm bpv mfbf. (jcdmv hf jYsiv bfsm bpv mfbf.)
dzfbfr, dofNfr W dzfpfr

nshv zKG }
dzfbfr } nfrfpA iafKGbf jvf.
dofNfr } dhil sKsj fv yfWqf.
dzfpfr } zfwaq iafKGbf jvf.
3de jmG hflk, kfv ltDt }
dzfbfr } mrfb zffr hstsYb,
H K E D E "+
%
40/ #d {67 3? E F K 7? E FK B
H H D E "
zKGf{, zfmvf sjht skfmfv hflk jdv hQ skfmfv jfsY nfrfpA yf.
(Ifdkrfr } 5)
dofNfr } mrfb zffr hstsYb,
D H E 8 /N
m%?[ 40/ #l {-.
E E E D E -.0 E H K E D E "
D H F E GU 3 D KB
zKGf{, nvB jv, pJb skfmvf skfmfslv iadkiftsjv dbje njfkv iafKGbf
60 nvt kfWrDl
jsvdYst, zfv dkdb kf jhct j'svdYstb. (zfbIft } 9)
dzfpfr } mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K F 8

40/ #j {
L E K
H H E n
DHB
zKGf{, ht, zfdm zfwaq iafKGbf jvdY mfbcsNv iadkiftsjv dbje. (bfn } 1)
ofqvfrv jfsY nfrfpA iafKGbf jvf, dhil sKsj fv yfWqf W zfwaq
iafKGbf jvfv dhLfb
v dhLfb 2de }
j } hL } pdl kfsk 4de wkG iCvB rq }
(j) sp dhNsq nfrfpA iafKGbf jvf, sp dhil sKsj fv yfWqf hf sp dhNsq
zfwaq iafKGbf jvf rsY, kfv hAfifsv 2de wkG }
1. kf spb zffrv hdwA bf rq.
2. kf lfb jvfv [mkf spb nxdv Kfsj.
(J) pfv dbje nfrfpA iafKGbf jvf rsY, sp dhil sKsj fv yfWqf W sp
dhNsq zfwaq iafKGbf jvf rsY, kfv hAfifsv 2de wkG }
1. sn spb uDdhk Kfsj.
2. sn spb nfmsb idk Kfsj.
lc } dwjG
iCshG ddJk jef wkG iCBG bf rst dwsjG idvBk rsh.
wfIfzfk
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } wfIfzfk wde p%( p%< v mfnlfv. pfv mfsb sjfb
dudbnsj lc'sef jvf. wfIf' rt dhkXsvv dhivDk.
ifdvHfdNj zsKG } sjfb jtAfB zfbqb hf zjtAfB lCvDjvsBv sswA
zisvv mLAkf jvf. (ncifdvw jvf.)
wfIfzfskv iajfvsHl
1. zyt ncifdvw (pf djqfmsk ytsh bf).
2. nyt ncifdvw (pf djqfmsk ytsh).
zyt ncifdvw
nvt kfWrDl 61
(j) v nQf
sp dhNsq zffr YfVf jfsvf wd sb, sn dhNsq ofqvfrv jfsY ncifdvw
yfWqf.
(J) v ltDt } mrfb zffrv hfBD,
K K p FY 1 H E D E E FK C%?
D H K E O) K
} F \H EY+E 'N } D E } D E E K D E GE n
K D E OL -Ino0 E F
D H E J
E Q E EB
K H F -` G+N.
+ K
4C
40/ #Sde {GE^
H H E H E D E %<
} E E E EY+E
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! zfdm skfmfslvsj sp vpD lfb jsvdY, kf sKsj
skfmvf lfb jv, sn (swN dhyfsvv) dlb zfnfv iCshG, spdlb sjfb iajfv
q-dhq, hck hQ ncifdvw Kfjsh bf. zfv zdhhfnDvf nDmftQObjfvD.
(hfjfvfr } 254)
nyt ncifdvw
(j) v nQf
sp ncifdvw zffrv jfsY yfWqf hf jvf rsh.
(J) v wkGfhtD
1. ncifdvwjfvDsj ncifdvw jvfv ubA zffrv zbcmdk rsh.
2. ncifdvwjfvD W pfv ubA ncifdvw jvf rsh kfv iadk zffrv nd
Kfjsk rsh.
(o) v ltDt } mrfb zffrv hfBD,
K K D K K FY"K ; K
K E D J

4C
40/ #Sdd {'? H E F E OEB
H E D p%
zKGf{, sj zfsY sp k]fv zbcmdk YfVf k]fv jfsY ncifdvw jvsh? (hfjfvfr }
255)
K OK Y"FK z< K D H YE h+T3

K P
E E D E GE (7
HF G( DE D H H E E E s
X D E -M %< E E F K g E OF OL -I+
E EB
-
40/ #Sx {+ E E K E
E D E E Z
zKGf{, zfjfwmtDsk jk dIdvf vsqsY, kfslv sjfb ncifdvw ItianC
rsh bf, pk[B zffr pfsj Yf hQ pfv iadk n kfsj zbcmdk bf slb.
(bfuXm } 26)
ncifdvsw nmKG sjfb uDdhk hAdv dbje ncifdvw yfWqfv dhLfb
1. pdl kfv dbje sjfb dhsLq hf hL dudbn yfWqf rq, kfrst kf hL.
2. pdl kfv dbje mb djYc yfWqf rq, pf slWqfv [mkf zffr YfVf zfv
jfsvf sb, kfrst kf dwjG.
62 nvt kfWrDl
jhv dpqfvk
de 3 iajfv }
1. wvqD (dhsLq) dpqfvk } zfv kf rsh 3de jfvsB,
(j) ivjftsj mvB.
(J) jhvhfnDslvsj nftfm.
(o) kfslv ubA lczf.
2. dhlzfkD dpqfvk
mb dpqfvk iCBG kfWrDslv idviD. zfv kf dwsjGv zbAkm znDtfW
hse. spmb,
(j) jhsvv dbje zffrv hflk jvfv Yfq dpqfvk.
(J) snJfsb hjGk tfsHv zfwfq dpqfvk.
(o) jhvhfnDv ubA nfst nWqfshv sswA dpqfvk.
(O) dpqfvskv sswA (lCv sKsj) nWqfvDsk nIv jvf. kAfdl.
3. dwjGD dpqfvk
mb dpqfvk kfWrDslv dhtjct idviD. spsrkc sk sjfb sjfb hflk
jhvhfnDv ubA dbshlb jvf rq. spmb }
(j) zffrsj sYsV jhv-Wqftfv dbje iafKGbf jvf, kfsj zfrhfb jvf.
(J) kfv dbje nfrfpA dH[f jvf, dhisl kfsj Ffjf.
(o) kfv sswA pshr jvf, kfv bfsm bpv mfbf. (dnulf jvf, kfWqfI
jvf) kAfdl.
pflc
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } pfv jfpGjfvB Kfsj.
ifdvHfdNj zKG } mk, kfhDp-jhy, udVhcde hf WNcL, pf (zffrv
zbcmdksm) slr-msb iadkdqf nxd jsv.
pflcv iajfvsHl
pflc 2 iajfv }
nvt kfWrDl 63
1. dwsjG zfjhfv
pflc dub W wqkfb fvf jvf rq. pflcjv pflcjk
x hAdv iv kfslvsj
iaHfhwDt jvfv ubA sn kfslv iCuf jsv, (bshlA siw j'sv) kfslv
bjeA tfH jvfv syf jsv hQ kfslvsj dnulfW jsv!
2. zbAfq W ififyfv
mb pflc sjfb udVhcde hf WNcLfdl fvf jvf rq. swaBDv pflc, pf rfskv
sHd sldJsq hQ stfjy[csj sL]fjf dlsq jvf rq. (pfsj mAfduj htf rq.)
pflcjsvv dhLfb
(j) pflc iaKm swaBDv (dwjGD zdHyfv) rst sn jfsIv. zfv kfv wfd rt
mckGfsv bAfq rkAf.
(J) pflc dkDq swaBDv (sHd) rst sn jfsIv rsh bf. ksh sn Ifsnj
sofbfrofv hst oBA rsh. zfkmdj iadksvfsLv ipGfqHc j'sv vfsbkf
kfv wfd mckcAl dlsk ifsvb.
pflc jvf jcIvDv ltDt } mrfb zffrv hfBD,
D H D E 2(N
40(/ #jS {(%. } E D K (9?
E E ( N E F K EY(CH E W(
H D E T(?"
P E OK GT
F E
E D
K L 7 O+B
E EH E E
4C

zKGf{, `zfmvf (rfvk W mfvk) ivD[fnvi. nckvfQ skfmvf jcIvD
(nkAiakAfJAfb) jsvf bf'--- bf hst kfvf (rfvk W mfvk) jfsjW
dw[f dlk bf. (hfjfvfr } 102)
htf hftA, sp hAd pflc dwJsh, jvsh zKhf kfsk nmk rsh, sn hAd
jfsIv W mckGf rsq pfsh.
bcwvfrv dhLfb
`bcwvfr'v zKG } pflcoa hAdv pflc jfefsbf.
kf rt 2 iajfv }
1. zbcvi pflc dlsq pflc jfefsbf
mb jfu hL bq. jfu wqkfsbv.
2. wvqD UfVI]cj, lczf-dpjXv hf hL WNcL dlsq pflc jfefsbf.
jfu hL. sk sjfb [dk sb.
pflcjv nisjG zdHspfo W nkjG jvfv vk
64 nvt kfWrDl
pflcjv nisjG jkGxis[v dbje zdHspfo jvf hQ mfbcNsj nkjG jvf
Wqfsuh. spsrkc kf ml jfsu hfLflfb W mcndtm ubnfLfvsBv drkfjf[fv
ipGfqHc.
pflcjsvv jdkiq t[B
sjfb WUf hf IjDsvv jfsY dbsmf sjfb jef t[B ifWqf sost, sn
db}nslsr pflcjv }-
1. sn svfoDsj kfv bfm W kfv mfsqv bfm dufnf jvsh.
2. sn svfoDv hAhrk sjfb dudbn yfsh. (spmb ufmf, sod, vmft
kAfdl)
3. skstmfdk drdudhdu zshfLA stJf dtJsh.
4. zshfLA mk ifE j'sv UfVI]cj jvsh.
5. jJsbf jJsbf dbdlG dtqfv i zfbsk htsh hQ kf zffrv bfm bf
dbsq pshr jvsh. kfv v svfoDv hAKf-shlbfv fsb stsi slsh zKhf sjfb
LQnfhswN isVf ufqofq sIst zfnsh.
6. svfoDsj mb kfhDp slsh, pfv dHksvv jfosu ykcHGcsu bfbf z[v hf
nQJAf stJf Kfjsh.
7. zshfLA hcdt zfWVfsh.
8. svfoDsj jfosuv kfhDp slsh, pf icdVsq kfv sL]fqf bfsj hf ofsq dbsk
htsh.
9. svfoDsj mb djYc dudbn slsh, pf sjfb mfdesk i]cksk htsh.
oBj
v nQf
sp hAd dub W wqkfbslv mfLAsm HdhNAskv Jhv hst Kfsj.
zlxwA
sp hAd sofib idksk hkGmfsbv zlxwA (spmb ycdv hf dbsJ]fu rWqf
dudbsnv) Jhv hst Kfsj.
ofqhD hf zlxwA Jhsvv lfhD
mb jfu jcIvD. sjbbf, kfsk zft-jcvzfsbv icsvf dmKAfqb rq. spsrkc
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K
&
40/ #xd {HF Y"FK
E E F K OE -H E 7
K D E D E h+T3

E D E D i0[+ D E YF nHB
nvt kfWrDl 65
zKGf{, ht, `zffr hAkDk zfjfwmtD W ixdKhDsk sj zlxwA dhNsqv
fb vfsJ bf. (bfmXt } 65)
zlxwAslv iajfvsHl
1. sp hAd dub fvf ofqhD Jhv hst, kfsj `jfsrb' (oBj) htf rq.
2. sp hAd mfdesk lfo sesb ofqhD Jhv hst, kfsj `vfmft' htf rq.
3. sp hAd b[ fvf ofqhD Jhv hst, kfsj `mcbfdm' (suAfdkND)
htf rq.
4. sp hAd sofib idksk zlxswAv Jhv hst Kfsj, kfsj `zfvGfI'
(zlxwA) htf rq.
pflcjv W ob{jfvslv dbje pfWqfv dhLfb
pfvf kfslv dbje pfq kfvf 2 swaBDv mfbcN }
1. sp hAd kfslv dbje sn dufnfhfl jsv, dj dhwfn jsv bf.
kfv jfu rfvfm W jfhDvf sofbfr. kfv 40 dlsbv bfmfp jhct rq bf.
v ltDt } bhD hstsYb,
P E '
3N
E K E D E 42:
@X E
D E 670 H E C
} E E '
D D E H E E E E N
D E D H D VE ZW< X F E W EE O
D E
`sp hAd oBsjv dbje sn sjfb (ofqhD) dhNsq iaw jsv, kfv ydw
dlsbv bfmfp jhct jvf rq bf.' (mcndtm)
zKGf{, dlbdtv bfmfspv sjfb nWqfh rq bf.
2. sp hAd kfslv dbje sn zlxwA dhNsq dufnf jsv hQ kfvf pf hst,
kfsk dhwfnW jsv.
sn hAd jfsuv ubA mcrfmfl -v iadk zhkDBG (jcvzfsbv) jfsIv
rsq pfq.
@&FE =H *EE mEa?KH TEK E%EIE CENE m K IE +E N
H CHE TEK 'HnEF5ENE X` D X FE W EE DOE
sp hAd sjfb zlxwA hf oBsjv dbje idk rsq (sn pf hst kf)
dhwfn jsv, sn hAd mcrfmfl -v zhkDBG (jcvzfsbv) nfsK jcIvD
jsv. (zKGf{ jcvzfbsj sn zdhwfn W zmfbA jsv. (jfvB, jcvzfsb
sOfNBf jvf rsqsY sp, zffr YfVf sj ofqshv Jhv ufsb bf.) (zfrmfl, zfhC
lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, nrDr hsb mfufr 522bQ, rfsjm)
dkqfvfr
66 nvt kfWrDl
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } `dkqfvfr' wde ~( sKsj oxrDk. kfv mfsb } sjfb
dudbnsj jct[B hst LfvBf jvf.
ifdvHfdNj zKG } sjfb slJf, swfbf zKhf ufbf dudbsnv Ist zH
LfvBfv nxd rWqf.
zH LfvBf jvfv dhLfb
zH LfvBf kfWrDslv idviD. zfv kf lcHfsh }
1. zH LfvBfjfvD zffrv iadk zffrDb rsq ofqvfrv iadk zffwDt
rsq isV.
2. kf mb jde dhNsqv nfsK mbsj h]fLf, pfv sjfb iajk x k sb. hvQ
kf j swaBDv jibf W msbv sL]fjf.
zH LfvBf jvf dbsNL rWqfv ltDt } mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K K
E K -`
K
f[ 40/ #j{j {G&E H E 7 D H E E D E .
+
D E EY -ÙI F E E _ E F K YEB
D H H E T?"
zKGf{, swfb! kfslv zwcH zffrv dbqBfLDb, dj kfslv zdLjfQw
kf ufsb bf. (zf'vfI } 131)
bhD hstsYb,
E E O`
E E E Y+
@%: E E E Y+ E E E K Y+
E E 4~ E E +
E D E YE
svfsov nQmB W zH t[B htsk djYc sb. si]yfv Ffsj zH
djYc sb, nIv mfsnW zH djYc sb. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dkdb zfvW hstsYb,
} D K 4~

@ H EEL
zH t[B mfbf dwjG. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)
zH LfvBfjfvDv zhf
mb hAdv lc zhf rsk ifsv }
1. dhvk rsh hQ zH LfvBfv hwhkGD rsq jmG huGb jvsh. zfv
rt nhsysq hV Lvsbv zH LfvBf W dbvfwfhfdlkf.
2. zhAfrk Kfjsh, dj sn do, lcdyfoa W wdk Kfjsh.
jct[sBv iadkdqfsj Hq jvsh. efW j iajfv dbvfwfhfdlkf, ksh
iChGfsi[f rff.
htf hftA, Hq zhf kfWrDl zniCBGkfv iamfB hQ hflfv ubA
nvt kfWrDl 67
[dkjv.
pfv msb zH t[B hfnf sh]sLsY, kfv iadkjfv }
sn htsh,
E F H EY+E m( K E
E D E FY"K hz3(

E D E EY+E t(? K E D K W
E D E FY"K h3 K D EY -MF

4(n H E D E EY+E t?
L F pN EE E F H
E K FY"K
@g
zKGf{, sr zffr! kcdm YfVf sj mt zfbsk ifsv bf hQ kcdm YfVf
sj zmt lCv jvsk ifsv bf. zfv skfmfv kWIDj YfVf (jfsvf) bVf-
nvfv wd sb. (zfhC lfl, rflDnde lchtG )
zbcvi htsh,
@~ E K EY+E ,~\
E H D E '
" E H D E FY"K ~\ E H D E FY"K ~
E D E EY+E ,~ E D E _Y -M
F H _
E
zKGf{, sr zffr! skfmfv (nx) zwcH YfVf zbA djYc zwcH sb, skfmfv
mt YfVf zbA sjfb mt sb hQ kcdm YfVf sjfb nkA ifnA sb.
(zfrmfl 2/220, dn} nrDrfr 1065bQ)
kfv isvW kfv dyk,
1. jct[B mfbfv zijfdvkf ufbf.
2. msbv dhvs durfl jvf.
3. zffrv Ifqnftf W kjlDsvv iadk dhwfn nclPx jvf.
4. zffrv iadk ncLfvBf sifNB jvf.
5. zffrv jfsY dJfvf (lc'vfjzfk bfmfp isV dbdlG lczfv mfLAsm
mt iafKGbf) jvf.
dbdN jct[B mfbfv mff
bhD hstsYb,
E F E +DE ]O
@0 E E D E OE 4~
EFK
H E E L T?"
jct[B rt kf, pf skfmfsj (sjfb jfsu) c jsv zKhf dhvk
vfsJ. (zfrmfl, rflDnde lchtG )
(zKGf{, msbv dHksv fb sisq iadkdqf nxd bf jvst jct[B mfbfv
odsk iVsh bf.)
If't (H t[B)
v zKG } sjfb H jKf sb mfbcsNv ncnQhfl sbWqf.
68 nvt kfWrDl
lfrvB } j hAd nIsv shv rsY. mb nmq sn bt, `sr nfstm!'
(zKGf{, sr dbvfil!) Ist sn kfsk ncnQhfl dbt (sp, kfv nIv dbvfil
rsh).
v dhLfb } hL
K K
H D E D W7+
@m%
H DHE
If't (H t[B) zfmfv iYl. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
dkqfvfr W If'stv msLA ifKGjA
dkqfvfr (jct[B mfbf) } zffrv iadk jcLfvBf jvf, k]fv zdLjfv zsbAv
ubA dbshlb jvf hQ mb nxdv nfsK mbsj h]fLf, sp bf sjfb ijfv
jvsk ifsv, bf zijfv.
i[fsv If't (H t[B) oarB jvf } zffrv iadk ncLfvBf jvf. zfv kf
iasqfubDq djYc jvsk hAfrk jsv bf.
kfbuDm
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } -(?
_ v mfnlfv. pfv zKG suAfdkdhGlAf dw[f jvf zKhf
b[sv iaHfh zfsY hst dhwfn jvf.
ifdvHfdNj zKG } b[sv mfLAsm dbdlG sjfb dhNq dbviB jvf.
(oarb[fdlv odk-ddk W nfv zbcnfsv HfH dbviB jvf.)
suAfdkdhGlAfv iajfvsHl
de 2 iajfv }
1. dbviB W iaHfh dhlAf
2. jfpGjfvB W nfvB dhlAf
dbviB W iaHfh dhlAf 3 iajfv
(j) dhwfn sp, b[vfduv iaHfhwftD jkGk
x zfsY. (zKGf{, kfv Oeb-
zOesbv nxub-[mkf zfsY.) dhwfn dwsjG zfjhfv.
(J) b[vfdusj mb mfLAm msb jvf, pfv fvf zlxswAv Jhv ufbf pfq.
mb msb jvf jcIXsv zfjhfv.
(o) dhwfn sp, b[vfdu mt-zmt nQOesbv jfpGjfvB. mb
nvt kfWrDl 69
dhwfn rfvfm W dwsjG zfnofv.
jfpGjfvB W nfvB dhlAf
dhlAf 2 iajfv
1. b[-nfvB t[A j'sv DbD jtAfB oarB jvf. ef hfbDq jmG.
spmb } b[ slsJ djhtf dbBGq jvf.
2. b[-nfvB t[A j'sv ifdKGh jtAfB oarB jvf.
zfv kf rsh lcHfsh }-
(j) b[ slsJ dlj dbBGq jvf. jfu hL.
(J) b[ slsJ kc dbBGq jvf. jfu ndEj msk mjvr bq.
sbfe } b[ nxdv iyfsk drjmk
1. b[ zfjfswv snZlpG.
2. b[ wqkfbslv iadk yfhcj.
3. b[ isKv dlwfvD.
df dht-zfbWqf'
v zKG } df mfsb hxd jfmbf jvf.
zfbWqf' `bfW'-v hhyb. kfv mfsb b[vfduv j[iK. zfv kf
rt 28de.
df dht-zfbWqf'-v swA rt, b[sv j[isKv nfsK hxdv
n ucVf.
v iajfvsHl (3 iajfv)
1. dwsjG zfjhfv
v Lvb 2de }-
(j) nvfndv b[sv jfsY hxd jfmbf j'sv iafKGbf jvf. spmb htf, `sr
zmcj b[! hxd hNGB jv. sr zmcj b[! zfmfslvsj hxd lfW.' kAfdl.
(J) hxd hNGsBv n b[dtv nfsK ucVf. zKGf{, LfvBf jvf sp,
zffrv Yf YfVf sndt hNGsBv [mkf vfsJ. pdlW sndtv jfsY iafKGbf
bf jvf rq.
2. dwsjG zfnofv
pdl msb jvf rq sp, b[dt hxd hNGsBv jfvB.
70 nvt kfWrDl
3. hL
pdl msb jvf rq sp, b[dt hxd hNGsBv dblwGb W zftfmk. (zKGf{,
zmcj b[ zmcj js[ st hxdv smZnm zfsn.) kf hxd hNGsBv jfvB bq
zKhf kfsk ixKj iaHfhwftD bq. kfrst kf lCNBDq bq.
vfdw hf b[sv mfLAsm hxd jfmbf rfvfm rWqfv ltDt
mrfb zffr hstb,
E H L E H -.?
7n
40/ #kS {GJ. D H E D K G
D H F E -.no0 E DE EB
E H 7+
zKGf{, skfmvf dmKAffbsj skfmfslv iuDhA j'sv sbsh? (Wqfdjzfr } 82)
mcufdrl hstsYb, zKGf{, b[sv hAfifsv kfslv htf, `zmcj zmcj
b[sv Ist zfmfslv mfsU hxd rt.'
pfsql hsb Jfstl hstb, jlf lfdhqfsk vfsk hxd rst zfmfslvsj
Iusvv bfmfp iVfsbfv iv bhD njstv dlsj mcJ j'sv hsn htstb,
skfmvf ufsbf dj, skfmfslv iadkiftj jD hstb? njst htt, `zffr
W klDq vnCt Hft ufsbb.' dkdb htstb,
F
K ](% E D K H :m(n
K D E K (?O E E (O
D E ON
K
} E E WK OO
F E E ,NI+
K
} D H
K K OK :E :H mn
E D EE D E E
K E K ?OK K
K E D E D K NI+ K E K E E ,' 0+
KKED
E E E JI
,JI+ E E Z
D E D H :mn E E O
D E O+F E E ,I.
} E E WK OO
} D H g
JN EE
K E D E D K OO K K E KEE
@I.
} D H WK NI
} E g
JN
zffr hstb, zfmfv hflfslv msLA djYc hflf mc'dmb rsq hQ djYc
jfsIv rsq iaHfk jsvsY. nckvfQ sp hAd hstsY sp, zffrv zbcora W
k]fv lqfq zfmfslv iv hxd rt, sn skf zfmfv iadk dhhfnD (mc'dmb)W
b[sv iadk zdhhfnD (jfsIv). zfv sp hAd hstsY sp, zmcj zmcj
b[sv Ist zfmfslv iv hxd rt, sn skf zfmfv iadk zdhhfnD (jfsIv)
hQ b[sv iadk dhhfnD (mc'dmb). (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dvqf'
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } zivsj slJfsbfv ubA djYc iajfw jvf.
wvqD idvHfNfq } stfjsj sldJsq ncbfm sbWqfv sswA Hft jfu jvf.
dvqf'v dhLfb
nvt kfWrDl 71
(j) nfmfbA dvqf'. de dwsjG zfnofv.
(J) icsvf zfmt zKhf zdLjfQw zfmtef dvqf'q HdkG.
de dwsjG zfjhfv. mbde mc'dmb jkGj x rsk ifsv bf. spsrkc zfyvB
mcbfdIjslv.
dvqf'v Hqfhrkf
(j) dvqf' hf stfj-slJfdb jfu sYfe dwjG.
bhD hstsYb,
H E D E D y(

(E (:[ H D L (O+ H E D E D y

H E ,(:[
E E :
(n H D L -. H E E OE f\
D H D E E f\ FK
E E D E G"
@Z
E E ?F
H E L :mn E H E
K m/0
zfdm skfmfslv hAfifsv sp dudbsnv nhsysq shdw Hq jdv, kf rt dwsjG
zfnofv. stfsjvf dufnf jvt, `kf jD?' dkdb htstb, dvqf. (zfrmfl)
(J) dvqfjfv stfj kWhf bf j'sv mfvf sost, zffr kfsj [mf jvshb bf.
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
40((/ #ek {Z(E (E ((KE g(
E (K
E G+ K D '(K (K y( K D EY E_ G"
Z3

zKGf{, zKGf{, dbyq zffr kf]v nfsK zQwD (dwjG) jvfv zivfL [mf
jsvb bf. YfVf zbAfbA zivfL pfv ubA Yf [mf j'sv slb. (dbnf } 48)
dhLfb dwsjG zfjhfv, zfnofv Hsqv ubA.
(o) sp zfmst dvqf' dmdwak rsh, sn zfmt i rsq pfsh.
vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
E E D E 2(&
E K E (O
X E E (& K L ( K E
K E ZIy
E D E ?EE :!7 + E E E E HF mn
E E E E 0 E E
D E ,y(

D E Q W
K H D E ~ K K K
H E K D E W7OE 'N
H E D E ' I
@'I+
mrfb zffr hstb, zfdm nm zQwDlfvslv yfsk zQwDlfdv (dwjG)
sKsj zdLj zmcJfsi[D. sj pdl mb jfu jsv, pfsk sn zfmfv ns zbA
jfsj zQwDlfv fib jsv, kfrst zfdm kfsj kfv zQwDlfdv (dwjG) nr
huGb jdv. (zKGf{ kfv zfmt b j'sv dl.) (mcndtm)
(O) dvqf' jfbf lffstv dIkbf sKsjW shdw Hqfbj.
zfhC nfl JclvD hstb, jlf zffrv vnCt zfmfslv dbje stb.
kJb zfmvf jfbf lfft dbsq zfstfybf jvdYtfm. dkdb htstb, zfdm
72 nvt kfWrDl
skfmfslvsj mb dudbsnv jKf hst slh bf dj, pf zfmfv dbje skfmfslv
ubA jfbf lfft zsi[fW zdLj Hqfbj? zfmvf httfm, `zhwA hst
dlb, sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb,
@H0E KÊ?E DOK EE KE 'H E2
E :E ELaEHNE >L5EH HH
K D Hy

F 1ECHF GDE sQ%c
E L
dwjG; zfv kf sp, j hAd bfmfp iVsk l]fVfq. zk}iv zbA
sj kfv bfmfp iVf t[A jvsY slsJ sn kfv bfmfpsj zfsvf zdLj nclv
j'sv isV. (hsb mfufr, hfrfjD, nrDr kfvoDh 27 bQ)
zfmst dvqf' dmdwak rst
v 3de zhf }
j } zfmstv zfnt swA stfj-ialwGb.
de dwjG hQ hflkde hfdkt.
lc } zfmstv zfnt swA zffrv nd, dj isv dvqf' zbcisa hw jsv.
v zfhfv 2de zhf rsk ifsv }-
1. sn msbv dhvs nQoafm jvsh, dvqf'sj iawqa slsh bf hQ kfv iadk
d iajfw jvsh bf. mkfhfq zfmstv iv sjfb iaHfh iVsh bf.
2. dvqf' dbsq sn [f rsh, kf msb iawqa slsh hQ kf lCv jvfv syf jvsh bf.
mkfhfq hflskv mfb
(j) pdl sn zfmstv swNfQw iaKmfQswv iv dHdwDt bf rq, kfrst
iaKmfQw . zfv sp zQsw dvqf' TcsjsY, sn zQw hfdkt.
lfrvB } j hAd Jtfsnv nfsK 100 efjf lfb jvt. kfviv jubsj
sldJsq zfsvf 100 efjf lfb jvt. iaKm lfbde hQ swsNv lfbde hfdkt.
(J) pdl sn zfmstv swNfQw iaKmfQswv iv dHdwDt rq, kfrst
hflskv nhecjc hfdkt.
lfrvB } j hAd bfmfp iVsk l]fVft. dkDq vfjzfsk kfv msb dvqf'
Tcsj sot. kfviv sn kf lCv jvfv syf bf j'sv iawqa dlt. mkfhfq icsvf
bfmfpef hfdkt oBA rsh.
dkb } hflk swN rWqfv isv msb dvqf' nfv rq.
mkfhfq hflsk sjfb iaHfh isV bf.
mfnzftfr }
pdl sjfb hAd stfj-mcsJ dbsuv iawQnf sb sJfw rq, kfrst kfv Ist
kfv zfmstv sjfb [dk rsh bf. spsrkc jlf vfnCtcfr -sj dufnf jvf
nvt kfWrDl 73
rt, `htcb, sp mfbcN n{jfu jsv, zfv stfsj kfv iawQnf j'sv Kfsj,
(kfrst vi jfu dj dvqf hst oBA rsh?)' dkdb htstb,
K K D HD y
@O H K E gE D K ef mc'dmsbv nkv ncnQhfl. (mcndtm)
E D H
mfnzftfr } stfsjv ubA zfmt huGb jvf
sp hAd sjfb stfjsj Hq j'sv zKhf sJfw j'sv sjfb zfmt huGb jsv,
snW dvqf' jsv. (spmb } mAfsbufv hf Dv ubA lfdV bf vfJf.)
dvqf' W ncmzfrv mfsU ifKGjA }
`dvqf' rt stfj sldJsq jfu jvf, pf stfsj slsJ kfv iawQnf jsv.
zfv `ncmzfr' rt stfj dbsq jfu jvf, pf sb stfsj iawQnf jsv.
dvqf'v dydj{nf }
1. Jtfsnv mfrfkA mvB jv.
2. dvqf'v Hqfhrkf mvB jv hQ susbf sp, kf zfmt-dhbfwD.
3. zfsJvfksj mvB jv.
4. susbf sp, mfbcN sjfb ijfv W zijfsvv mfdtj bq.
5. lczf jv,
D E EY K E % /+
@-H E E H K D E D E E ,-H E
D E ?+ E K
E E E g E K D H G E K
D E g H D H E " K F H _
E
D L -M
zKG}- sr zffr! dbyq zfdm susb wcsb skfmfv nfsK dwjG jvf rsk zfwaq
iafKGbf jvdY hQ sp dwjG bf susb jsv sIdt, kf sKsj [mf iafKGbf jvdY.
74 nvt kfWrDl
hflskv swA lcdbqf rst

v swA }
sjfb mfbcN J]fde hflk jsv, dj kfv mfLAsm sn nvfndv ifdKGh sjfb
fKGdnd yfq.
v lfrvB }
1. zKG jfmfsbfv sswA hlt r jvf.
2. obDmskv mfstv stfsH durfl jvf.
3. shkb sbWqfv sswA zfpfb slWqf.
4. nfdeGdIsje W yfjdvv ubA DbD tXm dw[f jvf.
v dhLfb }
nvt kfWrDl 75
2 iajfv }-
(j) pdl zfmstv nhef zKhf zdLjfQwef lcdbqf tfsHv sswA rq,
kfrst kf dwsjG zfjhfv.
(J) pdl lcdbqf tfsHv sswA sjfb dbdlG zfmt jvf rq, kfrst kf dwsjG
zfnofv rsh hQ zfmtde hfdkt rsh.
lcdbqf tfsHv sswA Dsbv zfmt jvf rsk nkjGDjvB
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K K E D E -M(
"
EY (MN
E -(`+D H E (MN D H E D K D E K f(?
E -(T E E E K E ?(

L E H (M o+ E D Q 4( H K H GI
E E E D ( E E OEB
K K K -(E v
E J
K E K E H #jd G3
D H E E (OE (+
7(: H F FY"K 4(\
E K E E 0(
E D H E D E F gz
+ D E H E DH
` 40/ #jx {G E H &7 D H E OF +
E D E ?I } K E E MNE
K
zKGf{, pfvf wcLc ifdKGh uDhb W kfv snZlpG jfmbf jsv, zfdm kfslvsj
kfslv jxkjmGnmCr (v It) ixdKhDsk idviCBGvsi ialfb j'sv dl hQ
snJfsb kfslv ubA djYc jm jvf rq bf. vf mb stfj sp, kfslv ubA
ivjfst ufrffm YfVf zfv djYc sb, zfv kfvf pf djYc jsvsY, kf nh
ivjfst dbIt rsh hQ pf djYc jsv Kfsj, kfW dbvKGj rsh. (rCl } 15-16)
bhD hstsYb,
K K 5(
K K FY"K '& F 7 E EY + K E E K T D K - F 7 E O
(
X E E '( E H H H E E F E E a F E F H D E 'K W
K '+ DH F X E E D E
K K D 1 u K D K E D VE ?
K
E E E D E F E D f
@OC
E D E E D Q O
E
sp hAd mb sjfb fb zuGb jvt pfv fvf zffr zfpXpf zuffv
nd tfH jvf pfq, kf sn sjht ifdKGh fKG tfsHv sswA zuGb jvt,
djqfmskv dlb sn hAd uffskv nco ipG ifsh bf. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl)
rtI
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } zdhsYl Kfjf.
ifdvHfdNj zKG } rtsIv sjfb rvIspfso mfbbDq djYc sJ j'sv sjfb
dhNqsj ncdbdyk jvf.
zfvhDsk rtsIv rvI dkbde } Wqf, hf W kf.
76 nvt kfWrDl
rtsIv bfmfv
qfmDb, jnm. (hfQtfq } djvf, wiK, iadkf, dlhA)
dhsLq jnm
(j) pf zffrv bfm dbsq jvf rq. spmb, zffrv jnm!
(J) zKhf k]fv sjfb Bhfyj bfm dbsq jvf rq. spmb vrmfsbv jnm!
(o) k]fv sjfb B sJ j'sv jvf rq. spmb, zffrv pXpskv jnm!
zffrv vrmskv jnm! zffrv tXsmv jnm!
zShL jnm
ofqvfrv bfsm jnm JfWqf zShL. jnm 2 iajfv }
1. sp ofqvfrv bfsm rtI jvf rsY, sn pdl rtIjfvDv msb zffrv
mskf zKhf k]fv sKsjW shdw mpGflfhfb rq, kfrst kf dwsjG zfjhfv.
2. sp ofqvfrv bfsm rtI jvf rsY, sn pdl rtIjfvDv msb zffrv
mskf mpGflfhfb bf rq, kfrst kf dwsjG zfnofv.
ofqvfrv bfsm rtI jvf zShLkfv ltDt }
bhD hstsYb,
E E D E + %I
@ E E E CN
D E E F KDEK
K ~ E E E O
D E
sp hAd ofqvfrv bfsm jnm Jfq, sn jcIvD zKhf dwjG jsv.
(zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)
ofqvfrv bfsm rtI jvfv jdkiq lfrvB }
1. zdt-zfWdtqf hf iDsvv bfsm jnm jvf.
2. bhD hf ztDv mpGflfv jnm JfWqf.
3. hAdv uDhsbv jnm JfWqf.
4. zfmfbk hf nsmv jnm JfWqf.
(hfQtfq mf-hfi, sYst, mfde, JflA, h, syfJ, t[D kAfdlv bfm sJ
j'sv zKhf Ycs] q djsv jvf rq.)
rtsIv dhLfb dhNqj ijfvD nfvnQs[i
1. ofqvfrv bfsm rtI jvf rfvfm hQ kf dwjG.
2. zffrv bfsm dmKAf jnm JfWqf rfvfm. zfv sj òfmCn' htf rq.
3. ziasqfusb jKfq jKfq zffrv bfsm jnm JfWqf rfvfm; pdlW kf
nkA jnm rq. jfvB sk zffrv bfsmv iadk kfdYtA ialwGb rq.
4. iasqfusb zffrv bfm dbsq nkA jnm JfWqf hL.
nvt kfWrDl 77
ofqvfrv bfsm rtI jvfv jfIXIfvf
`tf tfrf ffr' htf.
K F '%K KK
@HF Y"FK '
"
E E K EY C
D H E D NE a7
+ E E K mCN
F H D E h2
+ E EE
E E E O
D E
sp hAd jnm j'sv hst, `tfk W pXpfv jnm!' sn spb `tf tfrf
ffr' hst. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
zffr W sjfb nxdv mfsU nmj[kfv dhLfb

swA } sjfb jfsuv jKf htsk dosq zffrv nfsK sjfb nxdsj sJ
jvsk rst `W', `zfv' hf `hQ' dlsq nQspfub hL bq. spmb }
1. zffr W zfidb pf sysqsYb (kf rsqsY).
2. zffr hQ zfibfv jfsY zfwf jdv.
3. zffr zfv zfibfv nfrfpA jfmbf jdv.
4. zffr zfv zfidb YfVf zfmfv sj sb.
5. zffr hQ zmcj bf Kfjst zfdm LQn rsq spkfm. kAfdl.
swaBDv jKf htfv dhLfb
2 iajfv }
(j) pdl zffrv nfsK ddJk hAd hf h W zffrv mfsU hf
nmj[kfv dhwfn vfsJ, kfrst kf dwsjG zfjhfv. pdlW `kfviv' wspfso
hst.
(J) nmj[kfv dhwfn bf vfJst dwsjG zfnofv rsh.
jKfdt htsk rst ndEj hfjA dbmvi 2 ipGfsqv }
(j) nmj[kfv dhwfn bf svsJ `kfviv' wspfso htsh.
spmb, zffr kfviv zfidb pf sysqsYb (kf rsqsY). zffr kfviv
zfibfv nfrfpA jfmbf jdv. kAfdl.
(J) sjht zffrv iadk iCBG dhNqde snfilG jvsh.
spmb, zffr pf sysqsYb (kf rsqsY). zffrv nfrfpA jfmbf jdv.
kAfdl.
ef nhsysq m W swa.
hfjAfhtDsk `zfv' W `kfviv'-v mfsU ifKGjA
`W', `zfv' hf `hQ' spfso htst v zfso-isv ddJk Hq nmj[
78 nvt kfWrDl
W nmipGfsqv LfvBf rq.
i[fsv `kfviv' spfso htst, zLDbkf hcUfq.
`pdl' spfso jKf

`pdl' wspfso hfjAfhtDv 3 zhf }
1. hL
pdl Lcmf sjfb Jhv slWqfv ubA iasqfo jvf rq. spmb, pdl kcdm lsnG
zfnsk, kfrst ijxk rsk.
E K

6( K F pOE E tH D E +
E E E H D H OE h /
E D E D tC/ K D E O
H D E D E D OE O K
D tH D C / DE
E D E D
@ Q E
pf rsq sosY kf pdl zfhfv dIsv zfnk, kfrst ns `rflX' zfbkfm bf
hQ stfsjslv nfsK rftft rsq spkfm, pJb kfvf rftft rsqsY. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
2. mcfrfh
pdl sjfb Hft jfsuv zfwf W jfmbf j'sv htf rq, kfrst kf mcf rfh.
spmb, pdl zfmfv jfsY Lb Kfjk, kfrst zfdm lfb jvkfm.
v ltDt } yfv hAdv rflDn, pfslv jub hst, `pdl zfmfv Lb
Kfjk, kfrst zmcsjv mk zfmt (lfb) jvkfm.' zKGf{, Hft jfsuv
jfmbf iajfw jvt. bhD hstsYb, sn kfv dbqk zbcpfqD (nWqfh
ifsh), nckvfQ kfvf Hsq nWqfsh nmfb. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD)
3. dbdN
dkbHfsh `pdl' w iasqfo jvf pfq bf }
(j) wvDqskv iadk zdHspfo j'sv.
G& m) 40/ #jxk { H K nH OE ?
E H E E
D EB
zKGf{, Wvf pdl zfmfslv jKf mk ytk, kfrst dbrk rskf bf. (zfst
mvfb } 168)
(J) kjlDsvv iadk zdHspfo j'sv.
nvt kfWrDl 79
D H K nH O+
G& m) 40/ #jdx { E E K ?I
D H E OE ?
E E O D FB
D H E
zKGf{, `kfvf pdl zfmfslv jfsY Kfjk, kfrst kfvf mvk bf hQ dbrk
rk bf.' ( } 156)
(o) zn{ jfmbf j'sv.
j'sv.
v ltDt } yfv hAdv rflDn, pfslv jub hst, `pdl zfmfv Lb
Kfjk, kfrst zmcsjv mk (Jfvfi) zfmt jvkfm.' zKGf{, zn{ jfsuv
jfmbf iajfw jvt. bhD hstsYb, sn kfv dbqk zbcpfqD (sofbfr
ifsh), nckvfQ kfvf Hsq sofbfrsk nmfb. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD)
pcosj ofdt
swA } pco, jft hf nmqsj ofdt slWqf, kfv dblf jvf.
v dhLfb
pcosj ofdt dkbHfsh slWqf rq }
1. dblf bf j'sv pcsov hfh vi hBGbf jvf.
mb jvf hL. spmb htf, `zfusjv jdEb ovsm ufb shdvsq pfsY!'
spmb tCk hstdYstb, zfusjv dlbde zdk jdEb. (nCvf rCl } 77)
2. pcosj ofdt slWqf dhwfn j'sv sp, pco Hft-mslv jkGf.
spmb dhwfn vfJf sp, pco njt dhNsqv idvhkGb Odesq Kfsj. Hft
sKsj ml, ml sKsj Hft pco Odesq Kfsj. mb dhwfn dwsjG zfjhfv.
3. pcosj ofdt slWqf sHsh sp, pco zdiaq dhNsqv if. zhwA
zffrsj jkGf hst dhwfn vfJf rq. mb ofdt slWqf rfvfm W jfhDvf sofbfr.
pco-pfmfbfsj ofdt dlst zffrsj j slWqf rq
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, zffr kfzftf hstb,
K K
H L nE H `

E E F E E D F

@0M
+ E E E `

H D F ?+ E D F 3
Q H E 1)
E E
H D WD H
zflm-nfb zfmfsj j dlsq Kfsj; sn jft-sj ofdt slq. zKy zfdm
skf jft (dhhkGbjfvD). zfdm dlhf-vfdsj zfhkGb j'sv Kfdj. (mcndtm
2246, iamcJ)
iajfw Kfsj sp, `zflX-lfrv' hf pco dj zffrv sjfb bfm bq.
jKfhfkGfv lc'de ijfvD bDdk
1. zShL jKf yfvB jvf rsk durfsj nQpk vfJf Wqfsuh.
80 nvt kfWrDl
spmb, oDhk, ycotD, dmKAf kAfdl.
zbcvi dwjGD jKf sKsjW, spmb } ofqvfrv bfsm jnm JfWqf kAfdl.
spsrkc mfbcN pf mcsJ yfvB jsv, kfsj kfv drnfh dlsk rsh. mrfb
zffr hstsYb,
} K E n0
40/ #jk { K K E E Y"FK mn
} E '
D P D E OK %
H K D E OEB
zKGf{, mfbcN sp jKf yfvB jsv (kf dtdih jvfv ubA) k{iv iarvD
kfv dbjse vsqsY. (jfI } 18)
mfbcN jJsbf mbW jKf hst, pfv Ist sn ntfm sKsj Jfdvu rsq spsk
ifsv. kf jKf htfv nmq w W hfjA nQpkHfsh hAhrfv jvsk pkhfb
rWqf Wqfsuh.
2. sp njt w W hfsjA dwsjGv o Kfsj, kfv iasqfoW hL bq. spsrkc
kfv Ist dwsjG idkk rWqfv zfwf Kfsj zKhf kfv mfLAsm dwsjGv sjfb
lcqfv Jcst pfq.
dhlzfk
v nQf
zfdHLfdbj zKG } iCshGv sjfb bmcbf YfVf bh zfdhjk
x dudbn.
wvqD idvHfNfq } dhbf ltDst wvDqsk pf fhb jvf rq.
bh zfdhjfsvv bfbf Lvb
1. ifdKGh zfdhjfv
spmb zfLcdbj bfbf hfdbj zfdhjfv. mb zfdhjfv hL. spsrkc
ufodkj dhNsqv bDdk rt, mCtk} kf hL.
2. Dsbv hAfifsv zfdhjfv
zfdhjfv rfvfm. jfvB, DbD dhNsqv bDdk rt, mCtk} kf iamfB-nfsi[.
DbD dhNsq zfdhjfv (dhlzfsk)v bfbf Lvb
v 3de Lvb zfsY }-
1. dhwfnok zfdhjfv (dhlzfsk ' 'dkjfdlqAfr)
kf rt zffr W k]fv vnCt sp dhNsqv hBGbf dlsqsYb, kfv dhivDk dhwfn vfJf.
spmb, zffrv nlxw dv jvf, zffrsj BrDb Hfhf, kjlDvsj zDjfv
jvf kAfdl.
nvt kfWrDl 81
2. jmGok zfdhjfv (dhlzfsk zfmfdtqAfr)
zfmfdtqAfr)
kf rt zffrv dhLfb YfVf zbA djYc dlsq k]fv hflk jvf. spmb }-
(j) wvDqskv sp hflskv zdk sb, kf fhb jvf.
(J) dhdLh hflsk sjfb iajfv rfn-hxd jvf.
(o) dhdLh hflk mboVf idksk niflb jvf.
(O) dhdLh hflskv mb nmq dbLGfvB jvf, pf wvDqk dbLGfvB jsvdb.
lfrvB }
jhsvv iv ocu dbmGfB, bkcb bkcb l hf ihG lXpfib kAfdl.
3. kAfoLmGD dhlzfk
hflskv dbqsk hL W hfdk dudbn kAfo jvf.
spmb, hflskv dbqsk mfQn JfWqf hf dhhfr jvf kAfo jvf.
mfb zbcnfsv dhlzfskv iajfvsHl
dhlzfk 2 iajfv }
1. jfsIvjfvD dhlzfk
sp dhlzfk jvst mfbcN jfsIv rsq ntfm sKsj Jfdvu rsq pfq.
lfrvB }
vfsIpDslv dhlzfk (sjfb nfrfhDsj jfsIv msb jvf), jcvzfbsj zffrv
nxd msb jvf kAfdl.
2. IfsnjjfvD dhlzfk
sp dhlzfk jvst mfbcN Ifsnj (sofbfrofv) rq, ksh ntfm sKsj Jfdvu
rsq pfq bf.
lfrvB }
ufmfzfkhHfsh dpjXv jvf, zLG wf'hfsbv vfs dhswN hflk jvf
kAfdl.
dhlzfk Jb W kf rsk nkjGDjvB
hAfifsv jde zfqfk W lc'de rflDn psK }
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
K K -.(
H K E E s( &7? K H E tH D &I
E E D K -(.
12(/w H H E t(0+ H D E D E E -.

E D D H D E E t(&+ D H E -.
D E D E 1

E DED B
X K
{
zKGf{, zfu skfmfslv ubA skfmfslv LmG (ntfm) iCBGf jvtfm W
82 nvt kfWrDl
skfmfslv iadk zfmfv zbcora niCBG jvtfm hQ ntfmsj skfmfslv LmG
drnfsh msbfbDk jvtfm. (mflfr } 3)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
K K E K D E K A
E E D E O
@0
E MN E D E OE J`
E H E 'N v
E E ?O D E
sp hAd zfmfslv Dsb (dbsuv i[ sKsj) sjfb bkcb jKf hf jfu
fhb jvt, pf kfv msLA sb---kf iakAfJAfbspfoA. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
mcndtsmv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY,
@0
E MN E H D E 'K D E E v
E H E ?O E D E 2& E K E O
X E E & D E
sp hAd mb jfu jvt, sp hAfifsv zfmfslv dbslGw sb kf huGbDq.
dkdb zfsvf htskb,
Q H E ,
2( P E D K QI+
} E E E ( P E E D H I+
E D K = Q H E ,= K H H +
(I+ H E , E H E E D H 0O[ Q E E @@@
P EE E
F K
2
@0

|||||zfv dbjxkm jfu (Dsb) bh zfdhjxk jmGnmCr, (iaskAj bh
zfdhjxk jmG dhlzfk) hQ iaskAj dhlzfk iKkf. (zfv iaskAj
kf ufrffsm dbsq pfq). (mcndtm, hbDv mfsU hfjA lc'de bfnfv)
`dhlzfsk rfnfbfr W nfdqzfr' hst djYc zfsY dj?
pfvf dhlzfksj `dhlzfsk rfnfbfr W dhlzfsk nfdqzfr' bfsm lc'de
Hfso Hfo jsv, kfvf zfnst Hct jsv hQ bhD -v hfBDv idviD jfu
jsv. spsrkc dkdb hstsYb, iaskAj dhlzfk kf. sk dkdb njt
iajfv dhlzfksj kf hst zfJAfdqk jsvsYb. zfv kfvf hst, ìaskAj
dhlzfk kf bq; hvQ djYc dhlzfk rfnfbfr (Hft)W zfsY!'
dhlzfk nxdv jdkiq jfvB
1. Dsbv dhLfb ns zkf
2. msbv sJqft-JcwDv zbcnvB
3. dbdlG vfq W hcpcsoGv z i[ifdkk
4. jfsIvslv nflxwA oarB W zbcjvB
5. dHdrDb uft rflDsnv iv dbHGvwDtkf
6. wvDqk W dhshj-dhsvfLD jcnQfv W stfjfyfsv dhwfn
dhlzfk sybf W Jb jvfv lc'de ijfvD bDdk
nvt kfWrDl 83
1. hflk mCtk} dbdN W iamfB-nfsi[. wvDqsk kfv dhdLhkfv ltDt
bf ifWqf ipG kf jvf pfsh bf.
2. iaskAj sn hflk, pf jvfv zfjNGj W Dij dhNq bhD -v pcso
hkGmfb dYt, klXnsW dkdb hf k]fv nfrfhfsq djvfm (vfdpqff zfbm) kf
jsvbdb, ef jKfv ltDt sp, sn hflk dhdLh hf dhsLq bq.
lc'de vkiCBG nkjGhfBD
1. mfm mfstj (vfdrmffr) hstsYb, `sp hAd ntfsm sjfb dhlzfk
vybf jsv hQ kf icsBAv jfu msb jsv, sn hAd LfvBf jsv sp, mcrfmfl
dvnftskv dJqfbk (zffrv iakAfslw iayfsv dhhfnOfkjkf) jsvsYb.
spsrkc zffr kfzftf hstb, zfu zfdm skfmfslv ubA skfmfslv Dbsj
iCBGf j'sv dltfm. (mflfr } 3) zkh sndlb pf Db dYt bf zfuW
(bkcbHfsh) kf Db bq. (zft 'dknfm 1/49)
2. wfqJ zfthfbD (vfdrmffr) hstsYb, ùfbf Wqfsuh sp, mfbcN Dsb
pk sYfe dhlzfk vybf jvj, kf rfvfm. spsrkc dhlzfknmCsrv msLA
mb sjfb dhlzfk sb, pf sjht mfjvr-v ipGfqHc---spmb djYc
stfsj LfvBf jsv.'
nmfsu iaydtk djYc dhlzfskv bmcbf
1. bhDdlhn nr zbAfbA zfsvf zsbj umdlhn iftb jvf.
2. wsh-dm'vfu iftb jvf.
3. wshhvfk iftb jvf.
4. umdlb iftb jvf.
5. (idh) fb, iakh, uDdhk zKhf mxk (hcpcoG) hAd fvf kfhfvGj oarB.
6. ufmfzfkD dpjXv.
7. dhdH its[A mxk hAdv bfsm IfskrfJfdb jvf.
8. vuh mfsn dhswNHfsh mvfr W zbAfbA hflk jvf.
9. bfmfspv iCshG dbqk mcsJ yfvB jvf.
10. (hcpcoG) hAdv mpGflfv znDtf Lvf.
dhlzfk nisjG ufbsk djYc ijfvD h-icj (zfvhD HfNfq)

1. zfkX-kfrpDv dmbft dhlf' } wfqJ zfct zfpDp dhb hfp
(vfdrmffr)
2. zfnX-ncbfbc zt-mchkflfzfk } wfqJ mcrfmfl zfcn nftfm zft-
84 nvt kfWrDl
jcwfvD
3. zft-dhlf zt mcrlfNfkc zmf tf zfnXtf tfr } rfmCl zft-mfkfv
4. zft-hlf' ID mfpfdvGt hdklf' } wfqJ zftD mfrICp
5. zft-dhlft rfWdtqAfr } wfqJ zfcfr zfkX-kcWqfduvD
sbfe
(iaskAj zfmt jhct rWqfv wkG lc'de } Jtfn W zbcnvB.)
zbcnvB kk[B hfhfqb rsh bf, pk[B bf zfmt 6de dhNsq wvDqskv
smfkfshj rsqsY }-
nQ zbcnvsBv wkG dhsvfdLkfv lfrvB
1 jfvB spmb, hxd hNGsBv ubA lc'vfjzfk bfmfp iVf.
2 swaBD spmb, dIkvfv pfjfsk efjf slWqf.
3 idvmfB spmb, Yfjxk mfodvshv bfmfp 4 vfjzfk iVf
4 idk spmb, WpC jvsk iaKsm if W swsN syrfvf sLfWqf.
5 nmq spmb, vmpfb mfsn jcvhfbD slWqf.
6 fb spmb, mvHCdm hf ust 'dkjfI jvf.
(fkhA sp, zbcnvB ndEj bf rst zfmt dhlzfk rsh.)
kfWrDslv iadk zfrhfb

zffrv iadk mfbcNsj zfrhfb jvfv mpGflf dhwft, kfv mfrfkAW hV.
zfv kf rt bhD-vnCtosBv hxd, nfstrDb W zfWdtqfosBv mqlfb.
mrfb zffr hstb,
nvt kfWrDl 85
K K F K -+
K K E D ^+
K K K D KD K g0 K K E !"KK
H E D E s`
{3 E s
E E E D ED E &.
H D E E 3 E E L E / HD B
zKGf{, kcdm mfbcNsj skfmfv iadkiftsjv isK zfrhfb jv drjmk W
nlcislw fvf hQ kfslv nfsK zfstfybf jv nfsh. (bfrXt } 125)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
K F (O+ P K *( K !"EK ( K K ;J(`
K K n
E E K E E (?
40(/ #jk {s(7 D E E 4~5(
E E E E _ H D E >(/E E DHB
/
zKGf{, kcdm ht, èf zfmfv iK. zffrv iadk mfbcNsj zfrhfb jdv
nfsb zfdm hQ zfmfv zbcnfvDoBW. (ncI } 108)
mrfbhD hstb,
K E F
@-7
E E G. D E O
E H E G K E E ~\E +
K X H E g K DEE
E K HF
H D H g
D g
} D X E 20 E D E G[
zffrv jnm! pdl zffr kfzftf skfmfv fvf jde mfbcNsj drlfqfk
jsvb, kfrst kf skfmfv ubA (zfvshv swa nil) tft ebD zsi[fW
m. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
gE (K
E C H E K E O
H H D E EY , '7 D E 0 H D K [
K H H UO K D E OK E GI
E '
H E E ` X H !"EK
E E O
D E
K K
@z< D K H H O
X D E -`0 D
sp hAd jfsj drlfqfskv dlsj zfrhfb jsv, kfv hAdv bAfq sbjD
rsh, sp kfv zfrhfsb nfVf dlsq zfmt jvsh. sk kfslv sbjD sKsj djYc
jm jvf rsh bf. (mcndtm)
lfWqfskv iaKm dhNq kfWrDl
iaKm sp dhNqde ufbf, hcUf, hfhfqb jvf W kfv iadk lfWqfk slWqf
Wqfsuh, kf rt kfWrDl.
v ltDt } bhD mczfp -sj qfmfb ifEfhfv nmsq (kf]v sswA)
hstsYb, |||||nckvfQ kfslvsj nhGiaKm sp lfWqfk slsh, kf rt zffr YfVf
sjfb nkA ifnA sb--- jKfv nf[Alfb|||||.
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, kf rt sp, kfvf zffrsj j hst mfbsh.
(hcJfvD W mcndtm)
kfWrDslv iadk zfrhfsbv jdkiq mfLAm
86 nvt kfWrDl
Jfsb djYc mfLAm sJ jvf rt, pf njstv ubA ispfoD hQ kf shdw
jnfLAW bq.
1. kfWrDslv iadk zfrhfbjfvD h-icj W iayfvi Yfif W dhkvB
jvf.
2. kfWrDl W zfjDlf dhNqj h-icj Yfif W iayfv jvsk nrspfdokf
jvfv hAfifsv (dhwftD) hAhnfqDslv nfsK jKf htf.
3. kfWrDslv iv zfstfjifk jsv, kfWrDl hBGbf jsv hQ kfv dlsj
lfWqfk slq---mb (zdFW-dHdFW-dndF) jAfsne dhkvB jvf.
4. nfmKGA Kfjst kfWrDl dhNsq hxkf, Wqfp-bnDrk, Jckhf W lnG
slWqf. zKhf kfWrDl-dhswN zfstm W lfqDv mfLAsm sn jfu niflb
jvf.
5. hfdVsk idvhfv-idvubsj kfWrDslv mCt bDdk dw[f slWqf, zfjDlfv
h-icj iVsk slWqf hQ v ubA icvfv W zbcsiavBf nxdjfvD dhNq W
h hvf jvf.
kfWrDl W zfjDlf dhNqj djYc h-icj
(zfvhD HfNfq)
Jfsb kfWrDl W zfjDlf dhNqj ItianC jde kfdtjf nQspfduk rt.
Hf kfstsh tXm! dt nQoar j'sv iVfv islw dldY. pfsk skfmfv
DbD fb hxd ifq, idvfB W nfIstAv iK dybsk ifv, sp isK sj ytst,
sn nIt W tfHhfb rq. zfv sp sn iK sKsj mcJ dIdvsq sbq, sn dhIt W
[dkoa rq.
snsrv Hfde! susb svsJf sp, kfWrDl zLAqb W zfjDlfr dw[f DbD
dIjsrv nhsysq hV dhNq. tfmfosBv sj sj dIjXrsj lc Hfso Hfo
jsvsYb }-
1. dIjsr zfjhfv
sKsj k]fslv swA, kfWrDl W zfjDlfv mfnfsqt.
2. dIjsr zfnofv
zfv sKsj k]fslv swA zfrjfm, hflk W hAhrfdvj uDhsbv stb-
slb nQf mfnfsqt.
Jb icj-kfdtjf hA }-
1. zft-nCtcn nftfnfr
2. zft-jfWqflct zfvhfzfr
3. jfwIcw hcrfk
4. djkfhck kfWrDl
nvt kfWrDl 87
dtv iasBkf wfqJ mcufdl mcrfmfl dhb zfct Wqfrrfh
(vfdrmffr)
5. mfumCzfkck kfWrDdlb bfudlqAfr
6. Ifkt mfuDl, wfv djkfdhk kfWrDl } wfqJ zfcv vrmfb dhb
rfnfb
7. kfnDvt zfpDdpt rfmDl, wfv djkfdhk kfWrDl } wfqJ nctfmfb
dhb zfcfr
8. mfzfdvuct jfhCt
9. zf'tfmcn ncfdkt mfbwCvfr } lc'dev iasBkf } wfqJ rfsIp zft-rfjfmD
10. zft-jfWtct mcIDl zftf djkfdhk kfWrDl } wfqJ mcrfmfl dhb
nfstr zft-NfmDb
11. djkfhck kfWrDl
12. zft-vwfl tf nfrDdrt 'dkjfl } lc'dev iasBkf } wfqJ nfstr
zft-Ifpfb
13. zft-zfjDlfkct WqfdndkqAfr } wfqJct ntfm hsb kfdmqAfr
14. wfvt zfjDlfkct WqfdndkqAfr } wfqJ mcrfmfl dhb nfstr zft-
NfmDb
15. wfvt zfjDlfkct WqfdndkqAfr } wfqJ nfstr zft-Ifpfb
16. zft-jfWqflct mcNtf ID dnIfdkfdr zzfnmfdrt nbf } wfqJ
mcrfmfl dhb nfstr zft-NfmDb
17. zft-zfjDlfkck kfrfdhqAfr zwfvrf } hbc zfdht pXdpt rfbfID
idvswsN zfsvf hdt, dbsm ddJk idk tfmfosBv
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nvt kfWrDl 1

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