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mrfb zffrv nhsysq mrfb bfm
jKf dhdlk sp, mrfb zffrv njt bfm nclv, njt bfm mrfb hQ nXsm
zf'pmW sn njstv zHCGk. zkh mksHl KfjstW ndEj jKf sp, sp
jj bfsm k]fv nm nclv W idviCBG BfhtD nddh zfsY, sn bfm mrfbkm bfm
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BfhtDv sJ, sn bfm rt nXsm zf'pm.
zKhf sp bfsmv jKf nrDr rflDn fvf nmdKGk, sn bfm nXsm zf'pm.
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(o) nXsm zf'pm rt, `zfvGfrmfbcv vfrDmct rfqcAt jfqCAm'.
spsrkc nrDr rflDsn vi hdBGk rsqsY. (slJcb dntdntfr nrDrfr 746bQ)
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dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb mfufr 3858, zfrmfl, rfsjm, hsb drfb)
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de nhsysq hdt. (IfkXt hfvD 18/215, kcrIfkct zfrWqfpD 8/378,
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3 4 nhfv sysq shdw
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mfbcN nxd jsv bf, jvsk ifsv bf. mfbcN zfdhjfv jsv mf. nxd-vrnA lXOfeb jsv
mf. mfbcN jfvB Oefq, nxd jsvb zffr. mfbcN hDspGv dmtb Oefq, mfbcN nxd jsvb
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LmG zfdhjfv jvsk ifsv, ilfKG nxd jsvb dkdb. lduG jfiV sjse sifwfj kdv
jsv. k]fdk ncskf dlsq jfiV kdv jsv. sj kcstf sKsj ncskf kdv jsv. yfND
kcstf yfN jsv. kcstf nxd jsvb zffr.
jmf nxdjkGf dkdb. zdkDq nxubjkGf dkdb. zfnt fhbjkGf dkdb.
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dhlc vsi fib jdv j dbvfil zfLfsv (uvfqcsk). isv zfdm dhlcsj
idvBk jdv vdis, zk}iv vdisj idvBk jdv mfQndis hQ mfQndisj
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dkdb mfbcNsj nxd jsvsYb nclv zhqsh. dkdb dhw vybf jsvsYb ziChG
hdysA. dkdb iafBD uoskv dhdH vi W vM nxd jsvsYb. dkdb dl uoskv
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skf. hvQ nDmftQObjfvDvf i dhfdsk vsqsY. (tcjmfb } 11)
dj dhf mfbcN Hct j'sv mb dudbnsj naf msb jsv hQ kfv iCuf jsv, sp
dbsu nx. hfdkt ifsnAv ifnjslv hcUf dyk sp, nxd djYc nxd jvsk ifsv bf.
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mfbcN nxd-hdy lwGb j'sv zdHHCk W mc rq. nrnf k]fv iadk dhwfn W Hd
zfjfwmtDsk Wslv sjfb zQw zfsY dj?' bfdj zfdm kfslvsj mb sjfb oa
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mrfb zffr zfmfslv nxdjkGf. dkdb njt nxdv iftbjkGf, vpDlfkf. dkdb
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dkdb nxd jsvb, fhb jsvb, sjfb iChG bmcbf YfVf nxd jsvb. nxdsj dhtDb t. dkdb slJstb sp, hlDslv msLA jub mdrtf (kfv dwde rfdvsq sost hQ
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 nhfv sysq shdw 7 8 nhfv sysq shdw
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zk}iv dkdb kfv mLA rsk jde vrmk ixdKhDsk zhkDBG jvstb. jdev
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sp skfmfv ic bsr kfsvf dikf zfsY %3 / X+ 83 2 /$ :+I/ +C E+ Q( + +:+2 8. + 8+ +,- ,-a8+ + / </ 7 (/ + a/ W/ x. (3 + (/ Q _
. 3 + :+<2 3$ :+I/ +l|
/ 3 + }
mrf zivfLD rsh kcdm kfv jfsY,
() {j G + 2 2['J%+ 3H/v 8+ 2+ j | / G + ,- / + (+ 3 T + + + E+ "
+G. 2 D QU !
+ / 52 2+ !
+ X/ +
dhyfvj. dbqfdY, dhwdhLfkfv
nhf nfb smfvf, icsv dhyfv zKGf{, sndlb (iaskAsjv rfsk) vfJf rsh mtbfmf hQ kfsk pf dtdih sY
dbqk jsvb dkdb zfibfv rfsk kfv jfvsB kcdm zivfLDslvsj slJsh HDk-n; kfvf htsh, `rfq lcsHGfo
bfvfqB, hAKf slb, hAKf ifb nfsK, mfslv! sjmb oa! skf sYfe-hV djYc hfl slqdb; hvQ nm drnfh
bkchf dhyfsv k]fv bf zdLjfv.' svsJsY!' kfvf kfslv jxkjmG nmcsJ idk ifsh; zfv skfmfv iadkiftj jfsvf
jKf nkA sp, dhwdhLfkf nhGswa dhyfvj. dkdb ivm jvBfmq, zdk lqfhfb. iadk pctcm jsvb bf. (jfrI } 49)
dkdb hstsYb, dhwdhLfkfv dhyfsv sjfb pctcm Kfjsk ifsv bf. spsrkc dkdb ivm jvBfmq.
! a ! %, () {Hf G / %7 f 3+ 2 Q 7 '/ + 7QU} `nmcsv kt zfsY ifv zfsY kfv, zifv zofL mfkxsnrifvfhfv.' dj k]fv jvBf
mfkxsnr sKsjW zsbj shdw, kctbfrDb, znDm, zbcim.
zKGf{, dbyq zffr mfbcsNv iadk zdk lqflGa, ivm lqftc. (hfjfvfr } 143) mfv hsb Jffh hstb, jhfv vfnCtcfr -v dbje djYc nQJAj hlD
+l a2 \+ 2 0 + 7 -[/ . 83 + /tQ (. 2S'/ Q . + ; /< BQ _
. \+ 2[ W- + Q%. 2S ; /< (7 H-I2 + w
7 + + D 72 + \+ H. 2 2 } t. dkdb slJstb sp, hlDslv msLA jub mdrtf (kfv dwde rfdvsq sost hQ
! %, () {Hf G / %7 f 3+ 2 Q 7 '/ + D 7QU / / . Qq'/ D QU Q%. 2S 2 + sb lcL usm Est hfyfv sJf]su zdv rsq) slZVfslZdV jvsY. rEf{ sn hlDslv
zKGf{, kcdm dj t[A jv bf sp, zffr skfmfslv jtAfsB dbsqfduk jsvsYb msLA sjfb dw sist kfsj Lsv sjfst dbsq (lcL ifb jvfsk tfot. zk}iv kfv
ixdKhDsk pf djYc zfsY kfv nmsj hQ k]fv dbslGsw nmcsla dhyvBwDt dbsuv hfyf sisq sost kfsj hcsj-sise tfdosq) lcL ifb jvfsk tfot. vfnCtcfr
sbZpfbnmCrsj. dkdb zfjfwsj Lsv vfsJb, pfsk Wef ixdKhDv iv k]fv zbcmdk htstb, skfmvf dj msb jv sp, mdrtf kfv nfbsj zfsb sItsk
YfVf idkk bf rq. dbyq zffr mfbcsNv iadk lqflaG, ivm lqftc. (rf } 65) ifsv? zfmvf httfm, `bf, zffrv jnm!' kfviv dkdb htstb,
"< !%, () {/ / #+ D v2 '/ 2['J%+ (+ + P+ . 2 #+ <2 0 + 2 F. (+ + / / W +/<2 j / + +`/ + F. (+ } . E+ / 2 ,+ '/ /t/CE+ F. (/ /t/ +#/ '/ 3HG+ %. 2 3 D 2
zKGf{, sp n{jfu jsv, sn dbsuv jtAfsBv ubA kf jsv hQ sj ml jfu mdrtfde kfv nfsbv iv pkef lqftc, zffr kfv hflfslv iv kfv sysq
jvst kfv iadkIt sn dbsu sHfo jvsh. zfv skfmfv iadkiftj k]fv lfnslv iadk zdLj lqftc. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
sjfb pctcm jsvb bf. (rf-mDm nfulfr } 46, zfsvf slJcb } zfst mvfb } 182, nckvfQ k]fv dhyfsv sjfb zkAfyfv hf sYfyfdvkf Kfjsk ifsv bf. kf lcdbqfskW
zfbIft } 51, rf } 10, jfI } 29) k]fv dhyfv nhGswa dhyfv.
() { j v/ + j T . 2 3 . 3 D F/( /?g. 83 + P+ W / m+ 83 9 ++ G
+ -[\+ QU+ !p %7 + + a2 h. (/ 3H/v 8+ 2 + 7QU} jKf Djfv j'sv nhGiaKm vnCt bCr dbu iadkiftjsj sFsj hstdYstb,
zKGf{, dbyq zffr zBc idvmfBW pctcm jsvb bf hQ kf icBAjfpG rst, zffr ,E !%, () {+ / 5/ + 3HI2 G . 2 + 2 + J@+ 2y+ . + 7QU+ ;/E. 2 F. (/ ;/ '3 7QU ^$%+ }
kfsj hsB hdLGk jsvb hQ zffr kf]v dbje rsk mrficvfv ialfb jsvb. zKGf{, sr zfmfv iadkiftj! zfmfv icde zfmfv idvhfvHc. zfv skfmfv
(dbnf } 40) iadkwadk nkA hQ kcdm nm dhyfvsjv swa dhyfvj. (rCl } 45)
{+,3 2 v 83 2 H. E3 + P+ 2 h. (/ DQU +Y_
. 83 2 <2 9/ ]+^ 7 '/ 0 T+ F+(+ P+ / h+(. 2 3 x. + 3 2 <2 9/ ++ + '/ 0 T + F+(} jKfv Djfsvfd dlsq qfjCh k]fv icslvsj hstdYstb,
zKGf{, sj n{jfu jvst, sn kfv lwB (iadklfb) ifsh hQ sj zn{jfu F (/ / +F(^ H-I + ;/ ~ - (+ + p9r2 ^ W2 :+(J p$+,'. 2 F. (/ ,- A
3 . + p G
/ + p$ '+ F/( ,- A3 . \+ 2 7;/ '+ 8+ + r2 + }
jvst, kfsj wcLc kfv nmidvmfB iadkIt slWqf rsh. zfv kfvf zkAfyfdvk rsh V ,8 !%, () {+,- 5 ,+ :+3 Q`5D ,+ :++ <2 / . 2 + + 3 5D ,+ \+ / . 2 + / / DQU 3HI 3 QQU 0p ;. +
bf. (bXm } 160) zKGf{, (sn (qfjCh) htt, `sr zfmfv icoB! skfmvf (wrsvv) j lvuf dlsq
,8 !%, () {+,3 /v 8+ H. P3 + W- 2 + 7 7FI/ 2 + ]j. + + 7 3H/v 8+ 2 + 7QU} iashw jsvf bf; hvQ dH dH lvuf dlsq iashw jvsh. zffrv dhLfsbv dhvs zfdm
 nhfv sysq shdw 17 18 nhfv sysq shdw
skfmfslv ubA djYc jvsk ifdv bf. dhLfb zffrv. zfdm kf]v iv dbHGv jvtfm
hQ pfvf dbHGv jvsk yfq kfvf zffrv iv dbHGv jvj.' (ncI } 67) nhsysq shdw NGfhfb
jKfv nmKGb j'sv ncI jfvf-nDqsj hstdYstb,
Jfsb NGf htsk sn NGfsj hcUfsk yfdY, pf nfLfvBk} ncicvNslv rsq Kfsj.
{+,3 2 #. 8+ 2 Q 7 + h+5 2 7FI/ 2 + 3H^ a2 3F8^ 2[/+ 3t 87 QU DQU 3 3#. \+ D2 + (+ 2 / / DQU 3HI 3 QQU} dbsuv Dsj zsbAv nfsK Idbd jvsk slJst zKhf siamftfi hf rfnfrfdn jvsk
zKGf{, dhLfb slWqfv zdLjfv wcLc zffrv. dkdb dbslGw dlsqsYb sp, skfmvf slJst ofsq sp uftf Lsv, sn NGf Jfsb d.
dkdb YfVf zfv jfsvf ifnbf jvsh bf. ef nvt-ndEj Db. dj zdLjfQw h icvN zfsY, pfvf dbu D-jbAfv ilGfrDbkf W sbfQvfmDv hAfifsv NGfrDb.
mfbcN ef zhok bq. (ncI } 40) jde smVf spmb NGfrDb rq, zbcvi sn `mfdev mfbcN' hf kKfjdKk `lfv' mfbcN
mrfb nxdjkGf dhLfb W dhyfsv zdkDq. dkdb mfbcsNv drnfh oarsB zdk k{iv. rsq Dv zbAfnd slsJW djYc msb sbq bf. dbu D-jbAfv zwDtkfq nmk Kfsj.
dkdb hstsYb, ubA kfsj `smVf hf sHVf icvN'W htf rq. mb icvNslv zbcvi `lfv'
# >! %, () {+ / / + 3+ . 2 ,+ E3 + 3HI 3 3 2 22 ^@+ 3HE3 2,. (+ / 2 QU J%3 7Hu3} nmfu YfVf zbA sjfKfW mpGflf Kfsj bf. zfv mb NGf W zfkmpGflfrDb icvNslv
zKGf{, zk}iv kfslv zfnt iaHcv dlsj kfvf zfbDk rq. susb vfJ, Ifqnftf sjfb mpGflf zffrv jfsYW sb. vnCt hstsYb, smVf hAdv dlsj zffr
skf kf]v hQ drnfh oarsB dkdb nhGfsi[f k{iv. (bXm } 62) djqfmsk kfdjsqW slJshb bf. (bfnf 2561 bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, dkb hAd shsrs pfsh bf; dikf-mfkfv zhfLA sYst, smVf
() {+,3#T + . \3 / . 2 QU+ 3HI 3 3 2 + !/ + A
/ + 2 -S ; /< 3 . + 3 2 ,+ E3 D QU + 2 QU 2 3 D ,+ E3 + } icvN hQ icvsNv shwLfdvBD mdrtf. (bfnf, rfsjm 1/72, hfppfv, nrDt ufsm'
3063bQ)
zKGf{, dkdb zffr, dkdb hAkDk sjfb (nkA) ifnA sb, rjft W ivjfst mfbcsNv spmb NGf zfsY, skmdb zffrvW NGf zfsY. ksh Hq NGfv msLA sjfb
njt iawQnf k]fv hQ dhLfb k]fv; skfmvf k]fv dlsj iakAfhdkGk rsh. (jfnfn }
dmt sb, sjfb kctbf sb. mrfbhD hstsYb,
70)
/ 2 + @W:( .((/ 2 + & +7 G
+ (+ 30. 2 +;\/ S+8 . 2 #+ \+ &! -
+ ~2 + %3 X+ 8+ 2 #+ \+ & 7U ))
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+ . \3 / . 2 QU+ 3HI 3 3 2 3 P+ T . + DUQ }[/ E+ p0;. + J`5- ,+ E3 D QU + 2 QU 2 + A + Pj 2 QU / D +l(+ 3. \+ 2 + }
zKGf{, dbyq zffr kfzftf NGfdhk rb. zfv zffr NGfdhk rb kJb, pJb
zKGf{, kcdm zffrv ns zbA ifnAsj sFsjf bf, dkdb hAkDk zbA sjfb (nkA)
sjfb mfbcN mb jfu j'sv sIst, pf dkdb kfv iv rfvfm jsvsYb. (hcJfvD-
ifnA sb . k]fv mcJmt hAkDk nm djYc LQnwDt. dhLfb k]fv hQ k]fv
mcndtm)
dbje skfmvf iakAfhdkGk rsh. (jfnfn } 88)
hvQ mrfb zffrv NGf nhfv yfsk shdw. mrfbhD hstsYb,
dkdb mfbcNsj iaw jvsYb,
,. 2 / D + p 7 + (3 29(7 - 8+ 3 :3(+ 2 +;/ Y. \+ . 2 3t3 . + +;/ Y. 8+ . 2 / D F. (/ 3 + ~ 2 p G
+ 2 F. (/ (+ / D + p 7 + (3 29(7 - 8+ ))
: ! %, () {+ / 5/ + QHI2 G . 2S'/ 3 D +. 2 2 }
zKGf{, zffr dj dhyfvjslv msLA swa dhyfvj bb? (kDb } 8) .((jh/ 52 H. :3. I2 + + /r2 H. :3I / m
+ 2 3H2 . 2 (+ +,3 2 #. \+
mfbcN spb kfv sv htsY, `bf-bf. mfbcsNv nxdjkGfv dhyfv nhGswa bq. hvQ zKGf{, sr mcrfmfslv mk! zffr zsi[f shdw NGfhfb sj sb sp, kfv
mfbcsNv ncsJv ubA mfbcsNv vdyk nQdhLfb zbcpfqD dhyfv nhGswa dhyfv.' dj mrfb Dklfn zKhf lfnD hAdHyfv jvsh (zfv sn kf nrA j'sv sbsh). sr mcrfmfslv
zffr dhwfnD mfbcsNv sswA hstb, mk! zffrv jnm! zfdm pf ufdb pdl skfmvf kf ufbsk, kfrst zi rfnsk
! ! %, () {+,3r/ ,38 ,. a2 j I G 3 / +F(/ 3F+ G . 2 F. (+ + +,3X. 8+ /97 /E/ _
+ +HI 3 <2 2 } hQ shdw j]flsk. (hcJfvD 1044, mcndtm 2127bQ)
jlf nf'l dhb hflfr htstb, `pdl sjfb hAdsj zfmfv Dv nfsK (hAdHyfsv
zKGf{, ksh dj kfvf iafjX-ntfmD (ufsrtD) pcsov dhyfv-hAhf sisk yfq? Jf]de
dt) sldJ, kfrst kvhfdvv Lfvfstf dljef dlsq kfsj zfOfk jvh.' jKf bhD
dhhfnD nialfsqv ubA dhyfsv zffr zsi[f sj swakv? (mfdqlfr } 50)
-v jfsY si]ZYst dkdb htstb,
+G
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+ / D ! / + . ~2 Q`T
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+ #. \+2 ))
 nhfv sysq shdw 19 20 nhfv sysq shdw
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zKGf{, skfmvf dj nf'slv NGfq zfypGfdhk rW? dbyq zfdm Wv sKsj shdw
NGfhfb hQ zffr zfmfv sKsjW shdw NGfhfb. zffrv NGfv ubA dkdb W
nshGfm jKf jfv?
iajfwA njt zwDtkf rfvfm jsvsYb. zffrv sysq shdw NGfhfb sj sb. (hcJfvD, nhGswa dpdb, nhfv sysq hV dpdb, nhsysq mrfb dpdb, zhwA k]fv jKf nshGfm.
mcndtm 3837bQ) zbcviHfsh dpdb sn nhGmrfb nfv iadk zfrhfb jsvb, sn nhGnclv nfv iadk
mfbcNsj iKialwGb jsvb, sn nhGwdmfb nfv nhGswa Dsbv iadk mfbcNsj
3. + / . 2 QU 7 G
+ 2 fG
+ 2 2+ +Fs2 '+ (+ + P+ . (/ + P+ 2 (+ +G
/ +,W2 +7 G
+ 2[/+C/+ / D +F(/ + + ~ 2 f G
+ 2 2
lfWqfk slb, dpdb nxdv snvf mfbcNsj iajk x nafv dlsj dIdvsq zfbfv nhGfkj
. 3 + W + ++ (+ 2[/+C/+ / D +F(/ iasyf yftfb, dpdb mfbcsNv rstZdjj W ifvstfZdjj nfdhGj mt yfb, dpdb mfbcNsj
zKGf{, zffrv sysq shdw NGfhfb sj sb. zffrv NGfv ubA dkdb W slfpJ-pBf sKsj mcd dlsq shsrwXskv dyvncJ lfb jvsk zfiafB iaqfn yftfb, dpdb
iajfwA njt zwDtkf rfvfm jsvsYb. zffrv sysq shdw NGfhfb sj sb. lcdbqf W zfsJvfsk dyvncsJv nfb dlsk jfdj Yfv nfsK mfbcNsj n{jfsu
zffrv yfsk shdw zfkiawQnf-diaq zbA sj sb. ubA dkdb dbsuv iawQnf zfslw W mljfsu hfLf lfb jsvb, dpdb jcvzfb-rflDsnv hfBD dbsq iK
dbsu jsvsYb. (mcndtm 7169bQ) mfbcNsj isKv dlwf slb, k]fv yfsk zfv jfv jKf m rsk ifsv?
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, mrfb zffr hstsYb,
. j . ~2 J + 2 3 D + %3 X+ 8+ 3F(/ g. 3 "< () {+ / /. 3 +F(/ ;/ 7QU + r2 + j / + +`/ + + / D 2 QU + + F7 (^ ,. r2 3F+ G
. 2 F. (+ + }
zKGf{, mc'dmsbv NGf rq. zfv zffr nhsysq shdw jdEb NGfhfb. (mcndtm zKGf{, sp hAd zffrv iadk mfbcNsj zfrhfb jsv, n{jfu jsv hQ hst, `zfdm
7175bQ) skf zfknmiGBjfvD (mcndtm)' kfv zsi[f jKfq m zfv sjfbX hAd? (rf-mDm
nckvfQ sp bfvD-icvsNvf dhhfr-hdrHCk G nijG jfsqm j'sv spZb-dmtb jsv, kfvf nfulfr } 33)
susb vfJcj sp, mrfb zffr k]fv NGfq lfvb jdEb. ubA dkdb dhhfdrk dpdb mrfb zffrv iadk zfrhfb jvshb, dkdb zhwA n{jfu jvshb. zfv sjfb
hAdHyfvD W hAdHyfdvBDv wfdv dhLfb dlsqsYb, ifKv YcsV rkAf. zfv zdhhfdrk n{jfu kJb `n{' rsh, pJb kfv jfuD rsh mcndtm. spsrkc mfb YfVf sjfbW
bfvD-icvsNv wfdv dhLfb dlsqsYb jwk shfOfk W slwfv. mLA uosk wfd n{jfu `n{' bq. zhwA sn nfsK Kfjsh jfsuv msLA zfdvjkf kKf ncmrfb
svsJsYb zfsbv ycdsk t zhfq zhfb. zfv ufrffsmv wfd zfsvf jdEb. zffrv dbsHGuft nd-jfmbf hQ k]fv vnCt jkGj x dbslGdwk idk.
NGfv jfvsB dkdb dbslGw dlsq hstsYb, dbyq k]fv jKf nshGfm, p]fv jKfq zfmt j'sv mfbcN nskAv dlwf sisq nWqfh
H. I- /+@^ + '/ DQU 3 +7 G
+ ; :/ D +W 7 ,- :3a \+ 2+ +Fs2 '+ (+ + P+ . (/ + P+ 2 (+ +G / +,W2 ,3'+ a \+ 2+ } ifuGb jvsk Kfjst dkdbW zbcvi nmfb nWqfh tfH jvsk Kfsjb!
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, sp hAd n{isKv dlsj zfrhfb jsv (lfWqfk slq),
# >! %, () {+,- a/ #. \+ H. I- D #+ 2 / '/ H. 5- 7 +
sn hAdv isKv zbcnfvDslv nmidvmfB nWqfh tfH rsh. sk kfslv nWqfh
zKGf{, iajfswA srfj djQhf sofisb srfj, skfmvf zwDt zfyvsBv dbjehkDGW sKsj djYc mf jm rsh bf. zfv sp hAd zn{ isKv dlsj zfrhfb jsv, sn hAdv
rsqf bf hQ zffr pfv rkAf dbdN jsvsYb pKfKG jfvB hAkDk kfsj rkAf jsvf isKv zbcnfvDslv nmidvmfB sofbfrv HfoD rsh. sk kfslv sofbfr sKsj
bf. skfmfslvsj dkdb dbslGw dlsqsYb, spb skfmvf zbcLfhb jv. (bXm } djYcmf jm rsh bf. (mcndtm 2674bQ iamcJ)
151) hsb mfnl hstb, j hAd bhD -v dbje sn pff jvt. dkdb
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, htstb, zfmfv jfsY mb djYc sb, pf zfdm skfmfsj lfb jvh. ksh kcdm zmcsjv
0 ! %, () { / + 0 + + 9 x+ G
/ <2 + 52 3 7QU +Y^ ,3'+ a \+ 2+ } dbje pfW. sn stfjdev dbje sot. stfjde kfsj lfb jvt. slsJ zffrv
zKGf{, skfmvf hAdHyfsvv dbjehkDG rsqf bf, dbyq kf zwDt W dbjx yvB. vnCt htstb, sp hAd jtAfsBv iadk iKdbslGw jsv, kfv ubA jtAfB
(hfbD naft } 32) niflbjfvDv nmidvmfB nWqfh tfH rq. (hsb drfb)
zbA hBGbfq zfsY, jtAfsBv iadk iKdbslGwj jtAfB niflbjfvDv zbcvi.
(hfpXpfv, nrDr kfvoDh 111bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw 21 22 nhfv sysq shdw
k]fv jKf zhwA nshGfm dpdb ncmrfb nfv hflskv ubA, nhGswa hflskv zKGf{, zffr YfVf zbA sjfb (nkA) ifnA sb. dbyq dkdb skfmfslvsj swN
ubA mfbcNsj dlhfvfs i]fy-i]fyhfv zfrhfb jsvb. k]fv sKsj zfv jfsvf jKf shdw dhyfsvv dlb j jvshb --sk sjfb nslr sb. zfv jKfq zffr zsi[f zdLj
m bq, dpdb iakAr i]fyhfv mfbcNsj hstb, `snf bfmfspv dlsj, snf nfIstAv nkAhflD sj zfsY? (dbnf } 87)
dlsj.' dpdb ncy js sOfNBf dlsq hstb, `zffr nhfv sysq mrfb. zffr YfVf j '+2 P+ </ +F8/ / A
+ %3 P+ . 2> P+ :/ . \+ F/( BQ _
. \+ p? 7T
+ H. P3 - A
/ . 3+ /? + / "
7 ,- / + + ,3(+ +F8/CD +}
sj (nkA) ifnA sb.'
0 ! %, () { r/ / +F(/ 3+ . 2 F. (+ + a+G / + . +
k]fv jKf zhwA nshGfm, dpdb mfKf ]yc j'sv hstb, `zfdm jub mcndtm. zfdm
zffrv dbje zfknmiGBjfvD. zKGf{, pfvf dhhfn jsv W n{jfu jsv, kfslvsj shsrs iashwfdLjfv lfb jvh;
zfdm jub dhwfnD mcndtm, zfdm sjfb zdhwfnD bfdj b. pfv iflslsw blDnmCr iahfdrk, snJfsb kfvf dyvjft Kfjsh. zffrv iadkwadk
zfdm jub kfWrDlhflD mcndtm, zfdm sjfb mcwdvj b. zfdm mcbfdIj b. nkA. zfv sj zfsY zffr zsi[f zdLj nkAhflD? (dbnf } 122)
zfdm siZdtj b. mrfb zffr nkA hstb. dkdb hstsYb,
zfdm jub mcndtm, zfdm jub snZHfoAhfb. zfdm qflD b, zfdm dJaefb ! %, () {+ 5/ Q x. 3 +F(/ + 52 (+ + W / G + +H E/ + '.UQ 29D (/ ,3#/ \7 <2 3 ++ + `. r- }
b, zfdm sjfb shDb b. zKGf{, ht, `zffr nkA hstsYb.' nckvfQ skfmvf jdb hafrDsmv LmGflwG
zfdm mcndtm, zfdm sjfb jfsIv b. zbcnvB jv hQ sn zQwDhflDslv ltHc dYt bf. (st mvfb } 95)
zfdm mcndtm, ntfm zfmfv ztfv, mfb zfmfv ohG. zfdm sjfb LmGrDb shmfb k]fv njt jKf nkA. k]fv hfBD dmKAf rsk ifsv bf hQ `jfsIv' YfVf k]fv hfBDsj
b. sj znkA LfvBf jvsk ifsv bf.
zfdm mcndtm, zfmfv ncy dwv. zfmfv k dwv j zffr YfVf zfv jfsvf mrfbhD sn jKfv nkAfqb j'sv iafq HfNsBv vsk zffrv iawQnfv iv
nmcsJ bk rq bf. htskb,
zfdm mcndtm. zfmfv jmf ifnA mrfb zffr. sjfb nxd zfmfv ifnA, .(/ D 3$ :+5/ /8/ + ++ . 2 7Qq<2 3 #. '+ (7 2 )
zfvfLA W iCuA bq.
zKGf{, zk}iv (hdt sp,) dbyq nhsysq shdw nkA hfBD zffrv oa. (zfrmfl
zfdm mcndtm. zfdm njt bhD-vnCtsj dhwfn jdv. zfdm sjht ntfsmv bhDv
iKdbslGwbf smsb ydt. 14334, bfnf 1578bQ)
zfdm mcndtm. zfdm sjht ntfsmv zfb mfbA jdv. dpdb nkA, k]fv hfBDW nkAkm W swakm hfBD. hvQ mrfb nkA zffrv hfBD
nhsysq nkA.
zfdm mcndtm. zfdm sjht j zffrsj Hq jdv, k]fv iadk zfwf W Hvnf vfdJ.
zfdm sjht k]fsj zfmfv rlq-mdKk Hfstfhfnf W Hd dbshlb jdv. zfdm h rkHfof mfbcN zfsY, pfvf hfBDsk dhwfn jvfv snZHfoA tfH jsvdb. hvQ
mcndtm.' mb rkHfof zfsvf zfsY, pfvf sn hfBDsj niCBH G fsh zKhf zfQdwjHfsh dmKAffb
W zDjfv jsv! zsbj pfstm kfv dhsvfdLkf jsv hQ nmfstfybfW jsv! dbsuv
wfjshyf l]fdViff dbsq ifrfV zKhf snfbf Wub jsv!!
nhsysq shdw nkAhflD ! a ! %, () {+3 / A + P+ </ H. E3 %Q 7 3$ + . 2 2[]/ 2 - +\/ 8+ /' ,3'7C52 + W2 52 +F8/CD +}
mrfb zffrv nfsK sjfb sB sjfb nxdv sjfb kctbf rq bf. khcW `nhsysq zKGf{, zfv pfvf (jfsIv) zdhhfn jsv W zfmfv dblwGbsj dmKAffb jsv, kfvf
shdw' hst zsbj Bsj dkdb dbsu sJ jsvsYb. sp B mfbcsNv jfsY iYlbDq, zdohfnD, snJfsb kfvf dyvjft Kfjsh.'(hfjfvfr } 39)
sn B mrfb zffrv zfsY, ksh zdkwq zfsY. spsrkc k]fv sBv jfsY mfbcsNv B
zdk boBA.
mfbcN nkAhflD rq. mrfb zffr mfbcNsj nkAhflD rsk c jsvb. dj k]fv nhsysq nclv hfBD
mskf nkAhflD zfv sj zfsY? dkdb hstsYb, dhswv mfbcN h hfBD wahB jsvsY, h hfBD ifE jsvsY, dj sn hfBD zsi[f
() { hj8/ G
+ / +F(/ 3+ . 2 F. (+ + / </ +8. %+ 2 /9(+ + a/ Q,. 8+ 2 QU H. I- 7#+ + _
. + 2 ,+ E3 D QU + 2 QU 3 } shdw nclv W wfwk mb sjfb hfBD wahB jsvdb W ifE jsvdb, pf sJfl mrfb
nxdjkGf dbsuv HfNfq hstsYb hQ nhGswa mfn vmpfsb, nhGswa vfk wshjlsv,
 nhfv sysq shdw 23 24 nhfv sysq shdw
nhGswa fb mfbovDsk, nhGswa dIdvwXkf duhvDt mfvI{, nhGswa mrficvN zKGf{, sn skf dyf jvt hQ dnf jvt. LQn srfj sn! sjmb j'sv sn
mcrfmfl -v isv zhkDBG jsvsYb. dnf jvt! zfhfv LQn srfj sn! sjmb j'sv sn dnfs ibDk rt! sn
sp zdmq-hfBD dubslv jde lt msbfspfo nrjfsv wahB j'sv hstdYt, `zfmvf zfhfv sysq slJt. zk}iv sn jcdk W mcJ dhjxk jvt. zk}iv sn diYsb
skf j dhmqjv jcvzfb wahB jsvdY. pf ndEj iK-dbslGw jsv; Ist zfmvf kfsk dIvt hQ lH iajfw jvt. hQ htt, ef skf stfj ivivfq iaf pflc YfVf
dhhfn fib jsvdY.' (dub } 1-2) zfv djYc bq. ef skf mfbcsNv jKf. zfdm kfsj dbs[i jvh nfjfv (ufrffsm).
zKGf{, zfmvf mb jcvzfb wcsbdY pf HfNfv ym{jfdvk W nfdrkA-wtDv dlj djsn skfmfsj ufbft, nfjfv jD? Wef kfslvsj (uDdhk zhfq) vfJsh bf, zfv
dlsq hV dhnqjv zKhf zbcslw-islswv dlj dlsq dhnqjv djQhf hjGskv dlj (mxk zhfqW) sYsV slsh bf. Wef slsrv yfmVf l j'sv slsh. Wv kfhLfsb
dlsq zdk zfypGubj. vsqsY dbw ub iarvD. (mcfNXdNv } 18-30)
sn zdmq hfBD, pf wahB j'sv lfv W mc msbv jfsIvvf ntfm oarB mfbcsNv mb nclsvv zfjNGsB zfjx rq. zk}iv lfv rst kf oarB jsv, bsy{
jsvdYt. zbclfv rst iakAfJAfb jsv. mc msbv rst dhwfnD rsq zffrv drlfqfk ifq.
ztDl dhb mcoDvfr jcvfswv jub sbkf dYt. iaHfh-iadkid W dhNq-dhHshv nclvkm hfBDv dyfjNGD hBGsb mc rq. sn hfBD wahB j'sv rlsq jib zfsn.
zdLidk dYt. lw hf kfvW zdLj icsv dikf dYt. dj sn dYt nQjDBG W zbclfv nclsvv zfstfq mb zfstfdjk rq. nclv tfsHv zfbsl dy ictdjk rq. nclsvv
msbv. mcrfmfl W k]fv nQfsvv jKf sn smfse nrA jvsk ifvk bf. jlf mrfbhD hdvNsB slriafB idvick rq. nclvkm hfBD---zftjcvzfb.
jcvzfb ifE jvdYstb. zdbYf nsW ztDslv jBGjrc sv kf iashw jvt. HfvD mrfb zffr hstb,
zhfj rt sn. kfv msb nclsvv ivw tfot. sn kfv nialfsqv jfsY dosq htt, 3 /\+ 7H u3 H. P3 '7%+ +,. x+ w
. 8+ +F8/CD 3,- T
3 3 . (/ J #/ x+ a \+ +;/ h+(7 Pj '/ x+ :+(J 'j :+5/ /8/ + +F+ G
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/ Q2 52 F. (/ 2 Q . Q Q2 52 F. (/ ,+ E3 (+ (2 52 3,-a8+ W/ 7 + (3 3#. / + . a2 2 /&+ {p E+ F. (/ 3 2 + <2 3 D ` . /m
. 83 F+(+ 0 x+ 8+ F. (+ / '/ B/ P. 8+ / D + E3 2[/+ / D Q 5 / 2 QU H. P3 '3,- r- + H. E3 3,- T
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zKGf{, zffrv jnm! jec zfso mcrfmfslv jfsY djYc hfjA btfm, kf mfbshv zKGf{, zffr zhkDBG jsvsYb m hfBD ndtk mb j oa, pfsk ifvidvj
hfBD bq, lfbshv hfBDW bq. ndkA sn hfBDsk vsqsY mLcvkf, kfsk vsqsY nflxwAiCBG j jKf bfbfHfsh hfv hfv htf rsqsY. sk pfvf kfslv iadkiftjsj
msbfrfdvk, kfv LfG Qw Itlfv (hx[) hQ dbmfQw mcwtLfv (hxd). sn hfBD iaht. Hq jsv, kfslv yfmVfv (stfm) JfVf rq, zk}iv kfslv slr-mb zffrv mvsBv
kf ivfsuq bq. iadk bvm rsq pfq. de zffrv iKdbslGw, dkdb pfsj Yf kf dlsq iKialwGb
mb wQnfhfjA sb zfhc ufrstv zfwf rt, ztDl rqskf mcntmfb rsq pfsh. jsvb. zfv zffr pfsj dhf jsvb, kfv sjfb iKialwGj sb. (pcmfv } 23)
nckvfQ sn kfsj [f W dbhx jvfv syf jvt. zhswsN ztDl jcvfswv hfBDv zfjNGsB dub nialfqW mc rsq mfb sbdYt. kfvf hstdYt,
dmtbfqksb sn htt, `mcrfmfl ifot bq, oBj bq, jdh bq, dmKcAjW bq.' njst JT
+ 2 #+ \+ 3 72 + () G
+ 2 +'^+ '/ 2yQ x. 3 F. 2 + / '/ 7(+ 2< / . J 2 QU B/ P. 8+ () _
+ + . r- +#. / + 7QU
spb jhfsjA htt, `kfrst sn jD?' rEjfvD ztDl htt, `sn jub pflcjv!'
zKGf{, jcvzfb kfv dbu vybf hQ kfv mfLAsm sn mfbcNsj pflc j'sv dbsuv () 2 + + 9 +G
/ + +Cw
+ \7( + +'^%+
lst zfjNGB jvsY. mfbcN sn pflcsk smfroa rsq dbu zfibub sYsV kfv lst zKGf{, `zfmvf skf j dhmqjv jcvzfb wahB jsvdY. pf ndEj iK-dbslGw jsv;
wfdmt rsq pfsY. Ist zfmvf kfsk dhhfn fib jsvdY. zfv zfmvf jJsbf zfmfslv iadkiftsjv
mrfb zffr kfv hAfifsv htstb, sjfb wvDj fib jvh bf. hQ dbyq nmcy zfmfslv iadkiftsjv mpGflf; dkdb
+ + '++ +++ 7Hu3 () + v2 + 7Hu3 () %+ 7 r2 +V. 52 +`:/ r- 7Hu3 () %+ 7 r2 +V. 52 +`:/ a- <2 () %+ 7 r2 + + ID <2 3 7QU} oarB jsvbdb sjfb ikD hQ bf sjfb nfb.|||||| (dub } 1-3)
sn hfBD, p]fv iv kf zhkDBG rt, dkdb rstb nhGswa bhD. sp mfsn kf
/ /. -S+ () Q x+ + 3,. r2 DQU +CE+ . QU () 3 u+g. 83 f . / DQU +CE+ . QU + a2 <2 () + +I :+. + + '+. 2 7Hu3 ()
zhkDBG rt, sn mfn rsq sot nhGswa mfn. sp vfsk kf zhkDBG rt, sn vfk rsq sot
{+ x+ + 29#+ . \/ P+ . 2 + () Q x+ + / }9G
+ 7,2 () %3 +C\+ +; /a. \3 () 3 a2 + (+ 2y+%. 2 (+ + () + a2 + nhGswa vfk. sp mfbcN kf swsJ W swJfq, sn mfbcN rsq pfq nhGswa mfbcN. sn hfBD sp
u ! %, () ifE jsv, kfv iaskAjde rvsIv dhdbmsq sn tfH jsv lwde j'sv nWqfh. jk
 nhfv sysq shdw 25 26 nhfv sysq shdw
mfrfkAiCBG sn hfBD! jk nclv sn hfBD! 7`5- + P+ \3 u++ . (3 %Q ,3(-S 7 + + p 7 + (3 3B. E+ QB. P+ +`m
+ < 2 7QU+ / D 3$ :+5/ /8/ + ++ . 2 7Qq<2 3 #. '+ (7 2
mrfbhD k]fv iafq HfNsBv HCdmjfq htskb, .(% 7 <; / p92 2 |
+ 7`5- + ) }92 2 |
+ p9+ . '/
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zfmf hf'l (zffrv iawQnf W nf[A lfb jvfv iv) db}nslsr nhsysq nkA
zKGf{, dbyq nhsysq nclv hfBD rt zffrv oa. (zfrmfl 14431, dn} nrDrfr jKf zffrv djkfh hQ nshGfm (nhsysq nclv) vDdk mcrfmfl -v vDdk. zfv
169bQ)
dbjxkm jfu (Dsb) bh zfdhjxk jmGnmCr hQ iaskAj dhlzfk kf. (zfv
jJsbf htskb,
iaskAj kf ufrffsmv iK.) (zfrmfl, bfnf 1578bQ)
.(/ D 3$ :+5/ /8/ + + . A + 7QU)
zKGf{, dbyq nhGswa hfBD rt zffrv oa. (mcndtm 2042bQ)
sn nclvkm hfBDv zbcnvB jvsk zfrhfb j'sv mrfb nxdjkGf mfbh-lfbshv
zffr hflfv nhsysq shdw
sswA hstb, dbjehkGD jJb rb?
{+3 #3 x. \+ 2 H. :3 2 + 9 :+X. '+ 3$+C#+ 3HI- +\/ S8+ 2 Q`. r2 F^( H-I'^%7 F^( H-I. 2 QU +YQ - (+ +F+ G . 2 ,3#/ \7+} mrfb zffrv fb, lxd, nfrfpA-nrspfdokf hflfv nfsK Kfsj. k]fv dpjXv Kfsj
zKGf{, skfmfslv zfknfsv skfmfslv Wiv zkdjGsk wfd zfnfv iCshG skfmfslv mc'dmsbv rlsq. dkdb Kfsjb nfk zfnmfsbv iv zfvsw. dkdb hstsYb,
iadk skfmfslv iadkiftsjv kvI sKsj sp nclvkm (hfBD) zhkDBG jvf rsqsY, kfv Q%. 2S ; /< 3/8+ (+ 3H2 #. 8+ Q. #+ 2 + +,:+. 7Hu3 87 2 /9:7/ ;/< +%. 2S + /?+ + 7 +@2 A
+ B/CD ,+ E3 }
zbcnvB jv. (pcmfv } 55) {
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. 8+ (+ +
zfv pfvf nclvkm hfBDv zbcnvB jsv, kfslv iawQnf j'sv hQ kfslvsj
ncnQhfl dlsq mrfb zffr hstb, 8 ! %, ()
H. E3 2[ ]/ 2 . - + 3 D 3HE3 + E+ +F8/CD 2[]/ 2 . - 3 ++ G . 2 +,3#/ :7+ <2 +,. a2 +,3#/ :+. 8+ +F8/CD ( ) / +/ . x^ +<2 } zKGf{, dkdb Yq dlsb zfjfwmtD W ixdKhD nxd jsvsYb, zk}iv zfvsw
nmfnDb rsqsYb. dkdb ufsbb pf djYc HCdmsk iashw jsv W pf djYc kf rsk shv rq
(Y ! %, () {/$ + 2S ,- . -
hQ zfjfw rsk pf djYc bfsm W zfjfsw pf djYc dk rq. skfmvf spJfsb Kfj bf
zkh ncnQhfl lfW zfmfv lfnslvsj---pfvf msbfspfo nrjfsv jKf swfsb hQ sjb, dkdb skfmfslv ns zfsYb, skfmvf pf djYc jv, zffr kf slsJb. (rflDl } 4)
pf nclvkm kfv zbcnvB jsv. Wvf kfvf, pfslvsj zffr n{isK idvyfdtk 2 + H. P3 #3 '/ +% ,+ E3 D QU p9u+ 2 u+ +,_
. 7 F/( 3,-I8+ (+ Q%. 2S ; /< (+ + /?+ + 7 ; /< (+ 3H2 #. 8+ + D 72 + \+ H. 2 2 }
jsvb hQ Wvf hcdmfb. (pcmfv } 17-18)
nclvkm hfBD, nhGswa oa, nshGfm jKfq pdl mfbcN dhwfnD bf rq, , - / + + '/ H3P]3 ^+83 7H u3 ,3 52 (+ +F8. 2 H. P3 #+ (+ ,+ E3 D QU + h+5 2 2 + 2[/+ F/( +. 2 2 + H. P3 3 / + ,+ E3 DQU p9+ . A
+
? ! %, () {+,3(/ g. 83 3t+ #. '+ p8/ G
+ ^B2S/ <2 } 9 ! %, () {Hf /+ p0;. + ^`I- '/ + D 7QU /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+
kfrst kfvf v idvhskG zfv sjfbX jKfq dhhfn fib jvsh? (mcvnftfk } 50) zKGf{, kcdm dj zbcLfhb jv bf sp, zfjfwmtD W ixdKhDsk pf djYc zfsY, zffr
kf ufsbb. dkb hAdv msLA mb sjfb sofib ivfmwG rq bf pfsk ykcKu G b drnfsh
dkdb Kfsjb bf hQ if]y hAdv msLA Nub drnfsh dkdb Kfsjb bf; kfvf zsi[f
nhsysq nclv W swa vDdk-bDdk jm srfj hf shwD srfj hQ spJfsb Kfjcj bf sjb, zffr kfslv ns Kfsjb.
mrfbhD k]fv iafq Jckhfv vsk htskb, zk}iv dkdb kfslvsj djqfmskv dlb ufdbsq slshb kfvf pf jsv. dbyq zffr
J` 5- + P+ \3 u++ . (3 %Q , (3 -> J + + p 7 + (3 + E3 + P3 3 . A
+ + / D 3$ :+5/ /8/ + + . A
+ 7Qq<2 3 #. '+ (7 2 ) nhGdhNsq nmAj zhok. (mcuflftfrX } 7)
.(}92 2 |
+ p9+ . '/ dkdb LpGwDtslv nfsK Kfsjb. (hfjfvfr } 153, 249, zfbIft } 46, 66)
zfmf hf'l (zffrv iawQnf W nf[A lfb jvfv iv) db}nslsr nshGfm jKf dkdb ivsrpofvslv nfsK Kfsjb. (hfjfvfr } 194, kfWhfr } 36, 123)
dkdb mc'dmbslv nfsK Kfsjb. (zfbIft } 19)
zffrv djkfh hQ nshGfm vDdk mcrfmfl -v vDdk. zfv dbjxkm jfu (Dsb)
dkdb n{wDtslv ns Kfsjb. (bfrXt } 128, zfbjfhCk } 69)
bh zfdhjxk jmGnmCr hQ iaskAj dhlzfk kf. (mcndtm 2042bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw 27 28 nhfv sysq shdw
dkdb Kfsjb njt nxdv sLG zfvsw. (kfrf } 5) khcW dkdb hflfv dbjehkGD.
dkdb hstsYb, jfv dbje shdw tf rWqf dyk?
; '/ , 3(/ g. 3 + ;/ ,3 _
/ :+. + <2 Q + + +QU Q7 ! 2 ,+ . + 3 T
/-
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! a ! %, () {+3 3 . 8+ H. P3 D #+ 2 mfbcsNv. tfwDtkf mfsbv z. tfwDtkf jde nydvkf.
zKGf{, zfv zfmfv lfnoB pJb zfmfv (zhfb) ns skfmfsj dufnf jsv, mrfbhD hstb, iaskAj LsmG nydvkf zfsY, ntfsmv nydvkf rt
kJb kcdm ht, zfdm skf jfsY zfdY. pJb sjfb iafKGbfjfvD zfmfsj Ffsj, kJb tfwDtkf. (hsb mfufr, nrDt ufsm 2149bQ)
zfdm kfv Ffsj nfVf dl. zkh kfvfW zfmfv Ffsj nfVf dlj hQ zfmfsk dhhfn dj jfv dbje nhsysq shdw tf rWqf dyk mfbcsNv?
fib jvj, pfsk kfvf dEj isK ytsk ifsv. (hfjfvfr } 186) mrfbhD hstb, skfmfv D W DklfnD YfVf zbA mfbcN sKsj dbsuv wvmofr
dkdb vfskv swN kxkDqfQsw spHfsh k]fv ubA swfHbDq, snHfsh dbsyv zfnmfsb drIfpk jv. dbsuslv zfsifsn KfjstW pKfnfLA kf jfsj slJfsh bf hQ jfjD
zhkvB jsvb. zffrv vnCt hstb, zffrgkfzftf iakAr vfsv swN dbuGsb KfjstW (t Kfjsh bf. jfvB)
kxkDqfQsw bDsyv zfnmfsb zhkvB jsvb hQ hstb, sj zfmfsj Ffsj? zfdm . Q 7 +F(/ + . :+. 83 . 2 J@G
+ 2 3D
kfv Ffsj nfVf slh. sj zfmfv dbje iafKGbf jsv? zfdm kfsj lfb jvh. hQ sj mfbcN zsi[f zffr v shwD rjlfv sp, k]fsj tf jvf rsh. (zfhC lfl
zfmfv dbje [mf yfq? zfdm kfsj [mf jvh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, ncbfb zfvhfzfr, 4017, dkvdmpD 2794, hsb mfufr 1920bQ)
dmwjfk 1223bQ) htf hftA, mrfb zffrv dbje nhsysq shdw tf rWqf dyk. sp ifi jvsk
nckvfQ dkdb nmq hflfv nhsysq dbjhkGD rb. mrfbhD hstsYb, mfbcNsj tf jvf rq, sn ifi jvsk zffrsj shdw tf jvf dyk. mrfb zffr
iadkiftj hflfv nhsysq shdw dbjehkGD rb vfskv swN mLAfQsw. nckvfQ pdl hstb,
nmsq zffrv dpjXvjfvDslv zHc G rsk ifv, kfrst rsq pfW. (dkvdmpD + 52 + Q,. a2 +F (/ |
+ . 8+ 2 (+ +,3:^ +83 . QU H. P3 #+ (+ ,+ E3 + / +F(/ +,-Ww
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hflf pJb dnulfq pfq, kJbW mrfb zffr kfv nhsysq dbjehkGD rb. mrfbhD 0 ! %, () { s / (3 +,- + #. 8+ + '/ 3
hstsYb, zKGf{, vf mfbcNsj tf jsv (mfbcsNv lxd sKsj sofibDqkf zhtb jsv), dj
H ( t% . (( +0 + J 3 h/ 5 2S<2 f T / + ,+ E3 + / '^%+ F. (/ 3 . #+ 3,-I8+ (+ 3$+ r 2 )) zffrsj tf jsv bf (k]fv lxd sKsj sofibDqkf zhtb jvsk ifsv bf) zKy
dkdb kfslv ns Kfsjb, pJb vfs kfvf k]fv (zffrv) ziYlbDq jKf dbsq
hflf Dq iaHcv nhGfdLj dbjehkDG rq kJb, pJb sn dnulfv zhfq rq. nckvfQ ivfmwG jsv. zfv kfvf pf jsv, kf nhGskfHfsh zffrv fbfq. (dbnf } 108)
( nmq) skfmvf shdw mffq lczf jv. (mcndtm 1111bQ) tf pJb zffrsj jvf rq, kJb tfwDt hAd zffrv idviCBG zfbcokA
zfv dkdb dbjse rst, lczf jhct rWqfv zfwf shdw jvf pfq. sn ubA dbjehkGD jvsk hQ k]fv zhfLAfyvB sKsj lCsv Kfjsk zbciafdBk rq. kf bf rst pKfpKHfsh
rWqf zhfq shdw shdw lczf jvsk dbslGw slWqf rsqsY. tf jvf rq bf.
dpdb nhsysq shdw lCsv Kfsjb, dkdb nhsysq shdw dbjse. dkdb zfmfslv nfsK
jlf mrfbhD htstb, skfmvf zffrsj pKfpKHfsh tf jv. njst
Kfsjb, dkdb zfmfslv OfsV zhdk LmbD zsi[fW dbjekv. dkdb hstsYb,
htt, `sr zffrv bhD! zfmvf skf---zftrfmlc dtfr---zffrsj tf jsv
() {/ 8Q%,+ Q`. G
+ F. (/ / . 2 QU 3$+ r 2 3F. ++ 3 3 W + / '/ 3,Q . ,+ \3 (+ 3H2 #. ++ + + Qq +a 2 A
+ . a2 2 + } Kfdj.' dkdb htstb, bf, vi bq. zffrsj pKfpKHfsh tf jvfv zKG sp,
zKGf{, zhwA zfdm mfbcNsj nxd jsvdY hQ kfv mb kfsj sp jcmBf slq, kf mfKf W kfv nQpc zbAfbA z (duH, syfJ hQ jfb)sj (zShL iasqfo rsk)
zfdm ufdb. zfdm kfv OfsV zhdk LmbD zsi[fW dbjekv. (jfI } 16) drIfpk jvsh, sie W kfv nQdw z (dt, rfk, if W rlq)sj (k]fv zhfLAfyvB
zfv kfv ubA Hq, Hvnf, zfwf, iafKGbf sjht k]fv jfsY rWqf dyk. k]fv W rfvfm rsk) drIfpk jvsh hQ mvB W kfv iv rfV mfde rsq pfWqfv jKf
jfsY zfshlb ufbfsk sufsv-swfsv lczf jvf hfbDq bq. spmb dhsLq bq jfsj (nhGlf) nvsB vfJsh. zfv sp hAd ivjft (W kfv ncJmq uDhb) ifWqfv Yf
mfLAm hf znDtf hfdbsq k]fsj zfrhfb jvf. vfsJ, sn rjfstv snZlpG idvrfv jvsh. sp hAd nh djYc jsv, sn iajk x is[
 nhfv sysq shdw 29 30 nhfv sysq shdw
zffrsj pKfpKHfsh tf jsv. (nrDr dkvdmpD 2000 bQ) mrfb zffrv iv k]fv bhDsj kfv dbsuv uDhb, zfkDq-idvub W nfvf dhswv nh
dj hV lc}sJv dhNq sp, h mfbcN mfbcNsj tf jsv, dj zffrsj tf jsv djYc sKsj shdw Hfthfsn.
bf. zKy mrfbhD hstb, zfdm skfmfsj zdnqk jvdY sp, kcdm zffr dj hkGmfsb jfv Hfthfnf shdw? sj k]fsj shdw Hfthfsn? sn Hfthfnfv dblwGb jD?
kfzftfsj dEj snvi tf jvsh, spvi tf j'sv Kfj skfmfv nialfsqv sbj mrfbhD hstsYb,
stfjsj. (kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm 2541bQ) .(;/ %+ 3 72+ 3 2 (+ + 3 2E. 2 s2 . 2 3 72 H. E3 3 G
+ 2 J,+ 8+ B/ #. '+ +,3T3 w
. 8+ . 2 +,3,-I8+ f ,. r2 G
3 ;/ ;/:(7 - J + 2)
Hfhk} iaw rsh sp, mfbcN zsi[f pdl zffrsj shdw tf jvsk rq, kfrst zKGf{, zfmfv mskv msLA zfmfv iadk nhsysq shdw Hfthfnf sifNB jvsh mb
ianafh-ifqJfbf, sofnt hf D-dmtb jvfv nmqW dj dbvfhvB rWqf pfsh bf? j nialfq, pfvf zfmfv isv zfnsh. kfslv iaskAsj yfsh, dbsuv idvub W Lb-
bf, kf bq. iasqfusb bo rsk rst kJb zdkdv sofibDqkfv iasqfub sb. nislv dhdbmsq zfmfsj lwGb jvsh! (zfrmfl 21385, mcndtm 7323, hsb drfb 7231bQ)
spsrkc mrfb zffrv jfsY sjfb djYc sofib sb. mrfb zffr hstsYb, mrfb zffr spb zfmfslvsj sn nilfqHc jsvb. zfmDb.
+, 3/#. 83 (+ + +J / 83 (+ H3 2 #. 8+ H. P3 '+ + u/ +,3xX. :+. 8+ + G
/ 2 3 . (/ ,-Ww
. :+. + / H. E3 %+ 3 3 +,3h. 8+ H. P3 7QU 2 }
() {%Q 3 "
J /?+C'/ Hf /+ 3 7QU zffrv jfsY diaqkm mfbcN
zKGf{, susb vfJ, kfvf dbu dbu hcj jcdk jsv, pfsk k]fv lxd rsk tcjfsk mfbcsNv jfsY zsbj mfbcN diaqkm rsk ifsv, dj zffrv jfsY diaqkm rWqfef
ifsv. susb vfJ, kfvf pJb dbsuslv jfiV (slsr) uVfq, dkdb kJbW nh ufsbb pf hV jdEb. khcW (DbD lxdsk) mfbcsNv jfsY sp diaq, mrfb zffrv dbjse sn diaq.
djYc kfvf sofib jsv hQ pf djYc iajfw jsv. dkdb skf msbv dHksvv jKfW iahfsl htf rq, `lw spKf, sJflf snKf.' mfbcsNv dbje sp Hft, sn zffrv jfsYW
ufsbb. (rCl } 5) Hft. mrfb zffrv jfsY mfbcsNv Hft-mslv nf[D mfbcN.
zfqfkde sn njt mcndtmslv hAfifsv zhkDBG rsqsY, pfvf tfv Jfdksv zfbfn hstb, djYc stfj jef ufbfpf dbsq ifv rsq sot. stfsjvf kfv
siwfh-ifqJfbfv nmq hQ D-nrhfsnv nmq t rWqfsj ziYl jvk; iawQnf jvsk tfot. bhD htstb, zhLfdvk rsq sot. zk}iv dkDq zfv
sHsh sp, zffr kfzftf zfmfslvsj slJsYb. Ist kfvf nmq tffb zfhxk jde ufbfpf dbsq ifv rst stfsjvf kfv lcbfG m jvsk tfot. bhD htstb,
jvfv dbdms dbsuslv h[slwsj Ocdvsq dlk. zffr kfzftf hstb, vfsv zjfsv zhLfdvk rsq sot. mfv dhb Jffh htstb, `jD zhLfdvk rsq sot?'
pJb kfvf dhYfbfsk dbsuslvsj jfiV fvf zfYfdlk jsv, kJbW dkdb kfslvsj dkdb htstb, skfmvf sp v iawQnf jvst kfv ubA uffk, zfv Wv lcbfG m jvst
slsJb hQ kfslv ycsi ycsi W iajfswA zftfibsjW dkdb ufsbb. swA rt sp, kfv ubA ufrffm zhLfdvk rsq sot. skfmvf rst ixdKhDsk zffrv nf[D.
tf-wvm zfib ufqofq dEj zfsY, dj kfsk k hfVfhfdV jvf dEj bq. jfvB (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
sp nfv jfvsB kfvf vi jsv, k]fv dbje kf bq. ksh vi j jvfq tfH
zfhCt zfnWqfl hstb, zfdm mlDbfq sn jlf mfv hsb Jffh -v
dj? (zfrnfbct hfqfb)
dbje hntfm. zk}iv k]fslv ifw dlsq jde ufbfpf ifv rst kfv iawQnf jvf
rt. mfv htstb, `Wqfsuh (zdbhfpG) rsq sot.' zk}iv zfv jef ufbfpf
zffr W k]fv vnCtsj jfvf shdw Hfthfsn? ifv rst kfvW iawQnf jvf rst mfv htstb, `Wqfsuh rsq sot.' zk}iv
jKf zdk i sp, mfblfvvf zffr W k]fv vnCtsj shdw Hfthfsn. mrfb kxkDq jef ufbfpf ifv rst kfv dblf jvf rst mfv htstb, `Wqfsuh rsq
zffr hstsYb, sot.' zfhct zfnWqfl hstb, zfdm httfm, `jD Wqfsuh rsq sot? sr zfmDvt
{/ G
3 J + 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD + / ^ 3 52 H. P3 +,J/ 83 + 2 / Q3 F/( 3Cw
/ :78+ F+( Q 7 +F(/ + } mc'dmbDb!' dkdb htstb, `zfdm httfm, spmb bhD hstdYstb, sp mcntmfsbv
zfv sjfb sjfb stfj zfsY, pfvf zffr YfVf zbAfbAsj (zffrv) nmj[ hst sbj rWqfv hAfifsv yfvub stfj nf[A slsh, zffr kfsj uffsk iashw jvfshb.
msb jsv hQ kfslvsj zffrsj Hfstfhfnfv mskf Hfthfsn, dj pfvf dhhfn zfmvf httfm, `zfv dkbub?' dkdb htstb, dkbub rstW. zfmvf httfm,
jsvsY, kfvf zffrv Hfthfnfq lxPkv. (hfjfvfr } 165) `zfv lc'ub?' dkdb htstb, lc'ub rstW. zk}iv zfmvf j usbv (nf[A)
bhDv iadk Hfthfnf sjfb mcndtsmv sb? hvQ sn iCBG mc'dmb rsk ifsv bf, sp hAd nisjG zfv dufnf jvtfm bf. (hcJfvD)
mrfb zffr mfbcsNv mft (pfjfk) sKsj dbsuv rj dbsq Kfsjb mfbcsNv ubA.
 nhfv sysq shdw
mfbcsNv mfb, ufb, mfb, fb W Lb --- inil v[fv ubA dkdb wvDqskv
dhLfb dlsqsYb, jcvzfb zhkDBG jsvsYb hQ bhD-vnCt siavB jsvsYb. mfbcsNv
jtAfsBv ubA dkdb mfbcNsj jtAfB nfLsb c jsvb.
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, zffr zfpXpf zuf djqfmskv dlb htshb, `sr zflm
nfb! zfdm znc dYtfm, kcdm zfmfsj slJsk zfndb.' sn htsh, `sr iaHc! jDHfsh
zfdm zfibfsj slJsk pfh, zfidb skf nfvf ufrfsbv iftbjkGf?' dkdb htshb,
`kcdm dj ufbsk bf sp, zfmfv zmcj hflf znc dYt? kcdm kfsj slJsk pfWdb. kcdm
dj ufbsk bf sp, kcdm pdl kfsj slJsk spsk, kfrst zhwA kcdm zfmfsj kfv
jfsY sisk?
sr zflm nfb! zfdm skfmfv jfsY Jfhfv sysqdYtfm, kcdm zfmfsj Jfhfv lfWdb.'
sn htsh, `sr iaHc! zfdm zfibfsj jDHfsh Jfhfv slh, zfidb skf nfvf ufrfsbv
iaHc?' zffr htshb, `skfmfv dj ufbf dYt bf sp, zfmfv zmcj hflf skfmfv jfsY
Jfhfv sysqdYt, dj kfsj kcdm Jfhfv lfWdb? skfmfv dj ufbf dYt bf sp, pdl kfsj
Jfhfv dlsk, kfrst zhwA kf zfmfv jfsY sisk?
sr zflm nfb! skfmfv jfsY zfdm ifdb ifb jvsk sysqdYtfm, dj kcdm zfmfsj
ifb jvfWdb.' hflf htsh, `sr iaHc! zfibfsj jDvsi ifdb ifb jvfshf, zfidb skf
nmoa uoskv iaHc?' dkdb htshb, `zfmfv zmcj hflf skfmfv jfsY ifdb sysqdYt,
kcdm kfsj ifb jvfWdb. kcdm dj ufbsk bf sp, pdl kfsj ifb jvfsk, kfrst kf
zhwA zfmfv jfsY sisk? (mcndtm)
nckvfQ mfbcsNv jtAfB nxdjkGfv jfmA. mfbcNsj Hfthfnfv mfsU zffrv Hfthfnf
tfH jvf pfq. mfbcNsj Hftshsn Hft isK zfbsk ifvst, mrfb zffr n rb.
jfvsB mfbcsNv ubA sp ijfvD, sn zffrv jfsY diaq. hvQ sp dbu idvhfv-
idvusbv ubA shdw ijfvD, sn zffrv dbje shdw diaq. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(/ / + #/ / H. P3 #3 W2 . 2 2 #+ \+ /& 2 QU / +#/
zKGf{, zffr kfzftfv dbje nhsysq diaq hflf sn hAd, sp kfv nfb-ndkv
ubA nhsysq shdw ijfvD. (n} ufsm' 172bQ) dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.(Q 7 / H. P3 #3 W2 . 2 /& 2 QU Q 7 JG + 2)
zKGf{, zffr kfzftfv dbje nhsysq diaq mfbcN sn hAd, sp mfbcsNv ubA
nhsysq shdw ijfvD. (n} ufsm' 176bQ) dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.( a - A
3 H. P3 3+ G . 2 / D 2 QU / D / +/ JG
zKGf{, zffr kfzftfv dbje nhsysq diaq hflf sn hAd, pfv ydv nhfv sysq
nclv. (kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 432bQ)
sp mfbcN Dblfv hQ kfv ydv zdk nclv, sn mfbcN Dblfv mfbcNslv jfsY
zhwA zdk nclv. zfv kfv ubA sn mrfb zffrv jfsYW nhfv sysq diaq.
31 32 nhfv sysq shdw
zffrv nhsysq shdw dbjehkGD hAd sj?
mrfb zffrv hflfosBv msLA zbcok hflfoB zhwA zffrv vrmk W
bjseAv zdLjfvD. dj kfslv msLA nhfv sysq shdw zdLjfvD sj?
sp hAd nf[f{ W dhlfsqv nmq nhfv zfso nftfm slq.
mdbsk nftfm slWqfv nfLfvB bDdk rt, e, sOfVf, nfsjt hf ofdVv iv
nWqfv stfj ifsq sr]se pfWqf stfjsj, ifsq sr]se pfWqf stfj hsn Kfjf stfjsj,
zi nQJAj stfj shwD nQJAj stfjsj, hqsn sYfe mfbcN zsi[fjxk hsqfsuA
mfbcNsj nftfm slsh. (hcJfvD 6231-6232, mcndtm 2160bQ)
khcW kfslv msLA ydv W hAhrfsvv dlj sKsj nhGswa stfj sn, sp zfso-Hfso
nftfm slq. spsrkc sn iaKsm zffrv dpjXv jsv hQ zivsj kf mvB jdvsq
slq. vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
(( Q2 7 ' H. E3 2 + '+ F. (+ /& '/ Q 7 2 . 7UQ ))
stfsjslv msLA nhsysq shwD zffrv dbjehkDG sn, sp stfjslvsj iaKsm
nftfm jsv. (zfhC lfl)
zbA hBGbfq zfhC mfmfr hstb, dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! lc'usbv
nf[f{jfst kfslv msLA sj iaKsm nftfm slsh?' dkdb htstb, sp mrfb zffrv
nhGfdLj dbjehkDG rsh. (dkvdmpD)
zbcvi lc hAdv msLA msbfmfdtbA rst Hsqv msLA swa W m hAd sn, sp
nhGiaKm nftfm dlsq jKfhfkGf v jsv.
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, sjfb mcndtsmv ubA ef ShL bq sp, sn kfv Hfsqv nfsK
dkb dlsbv shdw jKfhfkGf htf h vfsJ. pJb kfvf iviv nf[f{ jsv, kJb
JG+ 2) dlsj mcJ dIvfq hQ W Wdlsj mcJ dIdvsq sbq. zfv kfslv lc'usbv msLA m
hAd sn rsh, sp nf[f{jfst iaKsm nftfm siw jvsh. (hcJfvD 6232bQ, mcndtm)
bhD -v nhsysq dbjehkGD hAd sj?
mrfbhD nxdv snvf mfbcN. dkdb zffrv JtDt. icvNslv msLA k]fv dbje nhfv
diaq zfhC hfjXv dnDj . zfv mdrtfslv msLA nhfv diaq zfsqwf (vfdpqff
+ 2) zfbrf). dkdb mfmct zfdqf, mfmct mcfjDb. k]fv nhsysq dbjehkGD hAdhoG
mcfjDboB. k]fv mskv ivsrpofv hAdoB. dkdb hstsYb.
.(/,3 52 3. G
+ + ,3 52 F. (+ +,-a:73 ; /' Q 7 2 . 2 7QU)
zKGf{, dbyq zfmfv nhsysq dbjehkGD mcfjDboB; kfvf sp srfj, spJfsb Kfj.
(zfrmfl 22052, n} ufsm' 2012bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw
zfv mcfjDboB zffrvW hc. dkdb hstsYb,
3H P3 2 () +, a- :78+ ,3 52 + , 3(+ +F8/CD ( ) +,3Y+ . 8+ H. E3 2+ H. PQ . 2 + f ,. A
+ 2 /
() {3H v/ #+ 3 ,. W2 ,+ E3 2[/+ / /? + /I2 / +`8/ . \+ 2 !/ + A
/ ; /<+ + . J ! / + ; /< + x. 3
zKGf{, msb svsJf sp, zffrv hcslv bf sjfb zfwQjf zfsY zfv bf kfvf dhNB
rsh. kfvf rsY sn stfj, pfvf dhwfn jsvsY hQ nfhLfbkf zhtb j'sv Kfsj.
kfslv ubA ncnQhfl vsqsY ifdKGh uDhsb hQ ivjfstW; zffrv hfBDnmCsrv sjfb
idvhkGb sb; ef rsY dhvfe nItkf. (bcn } 62-64)
mrfbhD -v Odbkm
hf dbjekm hAd jfvf?
iaskAj hAdv zfkDqvf dbjekm rq. dj mfbD hb zfkDqkf zsi[f
lxPkv. zfrst hfqk k]fv zfibub dEj, dj k]fv mskv mcfjDoB k]fv shdw
zfibub---spmb sn jKf iCshG ddJk rsqsY. dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
,3 52 F. (+ +, a- :73 +; '/ Q 7 2 . 2 7QU+ ; '/ Q 7 2 . 2 H. P3 72 +. 8+ /03gE ;/:. '+ +`E. 2 7U)
zKGf{, zfmfv idvhfsvv stfj msb jsv, Wvf zfmfv shdw Odbkm. zKy zfmfv
shdw Odb rt ivsrpofv stfsjvf, kfvf sp srfj, spJfsb Kfj. (zfrmfl, n}
ufsm' 2012bQ)
nxdv snvf bhD. zfmfslv njstv diaqkm dkdb. dj k]fv jfsY diaqkm hAd sj?
mb snZHfoA jfv rsh, sp djqfmsk k]fv nhsysq dbjehkGD fsb zhfb jvsh?
dbyq mcfjDoB njt nxd hvQ dbsuslv iafsBv sysqW shdw k]fsj Hfstfhfsn.
zfv pfvf k]fsj iafBfsi[f shdw Hfstfhfsn, kfvf k]fv iadk shdw shdw lvl ifE jsv.
ubA zdLjfdLj lvl ifEjfvDW mrfbhD -v Odbkm hAd. dkdb hstsYb,
.(! 2 + 7; + H. E3 3 h+5 2 /9(+ +a/ +,. 8+ ;'/ Q 7 2 . )
zKGf{, djqfmsk zfmfv Odbkm hAd sn, sp zfmfv iadk nhfv sysq shdw lvl
ifE jsv. (dkvdmpD, hsb drfb, nrDr kfvoDh 1668bQ)
iank} sJA sp, sp mcndtmvf ydvs nhfv sysq m, kfvf mrfbhD -v
diaqkm hQ djqfmskv dlb zhfsb k]fv dbjekm. dkdb hstsYb,
7; 2 QU H. I- m
/ X+ '. 2 F. (/ 7QU r2 A . 2 H. I- + / G
+ 2 /9 (+ + a/ +,. 8+ /_ . (+ ;^(/ H. I- '/ + r + 7;2 QU H. I- ^G
.(+,-aPQ . W2 :+- + +,-r^ x+ :+- + +3% u+ h7 92 (+ + a/ +,. 8+ ;^(/ H. 5- / #+ '. 2 +
skfmfslv msLA zfmfv diaqkm hQ djqfmskv dlb zhfsb zfmfv dbjekm
33 34 nhfv sysq shdw
hAdslv djYc sn stfj rsh, pfvf skfmfslv msLA ydvs swakm. zfv skfmfslv
0 + /. 2 7QU 2 } msLA zfmfv dbje OxBAkm hQ djqfmskv dlb zhfsb zfmfv dbje sKsj lCvkm
rsh kfvf, pfvf zbKGj zkAdLj zfshft-kfshft hst W hfsu hsj, mb hfyft W
hJfse stfj; pfvf zftnAHsv hf jfqlf j'sv sesb-sesb jKf hst. zfv zbcvi
zrQjfvDvfW. (dkvdmpD, n} ufsm' 2197bQ)
nhsysq shdw OxBA W lCvhkGD hAd
njstv dbje bhD zfmfslv diaqkm. dj zfmfslv njst k]fv diaq rsk ifsv
bf. hvQ zdLjfQw mfbcN mb zfsY, pfvf k]fv dbje OxBA. dj sn diaq bhD v
dbje nhsysq shdw OxBA hAd sj? sjfbX sn lcHfG of hAd, sp djqfmsk k]fv nhsysq
lCvhkGD fsb zhfb jvsh?
dkdb hstsYb,
7; 2 QU H. I- m
/ X+ '. 2 F. (/ 7QU r2 A
. 2 H. I- + / G
+ 2 /9 (+ + a/ +,. 8+ /_
. (+ ;^(/ H. I- '/ + r + 7;2 QU H. I- ^G
+ 2 F. (/ 7U)
.(+,-aPQ . W2 :+- + +,-r^ x+ :+- + +3% u+ h7 92 (+ + a/ +,. 8+ ;^(/ H. 5- / #+ '. 2 +
skfmfslv msLA zfmfv diaqkm hQ djqfmskv dlb zhfsb zfmfv dbjekm
.(,3 52 3. G + + hAdslv djYc sn stfj rsh, pfvf skfmfslv msLA ydvs swakm. zfv skfmfslv
msLA zfmfv dbje OxBAkm hQ djqfmskv dlb zhfsb zfmfv dbje sKsj lCvkm
rsh kfvf, pfvf zbKGj zkAdLj zfshft-kfshft hst W hfsu hsj, mb hfyft W
hJfse stfj; pfvf zftnAHsv hf jfqlf jsv sesb-sesb jKf hst. zfv zbcvi
zrQjfvDvfW. (dkvdmpD, nrDt ufsm' 2197bQ)
sp hAd hfsu hsj, zfshft-kfshft hst, sn hAd j swaBDv ifot. stfsj sjfb
hfyft mfbcNsj iYl jsv bf. rqskf-hf sjfb sjfb nmq sj sj kfv nfsK
irfnYst zsbj djYc hst, dj zfdvjHfsh kfsj OxBf jsv. mudtsn mb
stfjsj hnsk hfLf dlsk bf ifvstW msb msb stfsj kfsj `lCv-lCv' jsv.
sp mfbcN jKfq jKfq ddenfu jsv, bfbf Hdmfq mcJ h]fdjsq jk vjsmv efbf-
efbf jKf hst, sp mfbcsNv jKfv H]fsu H]fsu zrQjfv idvIce rq, sn mfbcNsj dj
sjfb mfbcN Hfstfhfnsk ifsv? sn mfbcNsj dj sj dbsuv dbje jvsk yfq, sn
mfbcsNv jfYfjfdY sj dj hnsk yfq? zhwA bf.
rst hf sn mcndtm, sn nmfu sKsj h lCsv. nmfsuv nlnA rsqW nmfuycAk sn.
pfv mfsU nfmfdujkf sb, nmfu kfsj fb slsh sjb? nmfsu mb hAd zfnt
+ 2 F. (/ 7U) zifMXsq. pfv mfsU zrQjfv zfsY, sn zfnt OxBA uDh.
 nhfv sysq shdw
nhsysq shdw OxBA hAd
ydvok h jfvsB mfbcN mfbcsNv dbje OxBA rq. dj sp hAd mrfb zffrv jfsY
OxBA, sn nhfv yfsk shdw OxBA.
sp njt hAdhoG mrfb zffrv dbje nhfv yfsk shdw OxBA, kfvf dbmvi }-
1. zkA UoVfse }
mrfbhD hstb,
.(H"
/w+ J 2 2> /& QU Q T + ^ 3X+ '. 2 )
zffrv dbje nhsysq zdLj OxdBk hAd sn, sp zkAfdLj UoVfse W zkA
jtrdiaq. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
h mfbcN zfsY, pfvf jKfq jKfq k jsv, boBA jfvsB UoVf hfLfq, hxKf kjG
jsv hQ kfsk kfslv ohG, zrQjfv W zrdmjf iajfw ifq. zKhf dbsuslv tXm,
dhlAf hf zbcoar ufdrv jsv. zKhf zbAfqHfsh zisvv zimfb W j jfmbf jsv.
kfsk kfslv zsbsj dbsusj `drsvf' hQ zivsj `dusvf' LfvBf jsv.
mb mfbcNvf dbsuslv pcd-ksjG zivsj kfj tfdosq slq. swaBDv mfbcN
nisjG mrfb zffr hstsYb,
Q"
+ w/ J 2 2 ,+ E3 + / / r2 ;/< (+ 2 + + 3 PQ x. 83 + + . J ! / + + ; /< 3 - ,. r2 2[3_
+ + W2 J / 83 -&+ +`. 7 + +. + 2[ /P. 83 + P+ </ + / W 3 / Q%. 2>< ; / #+ + D ,+ \+ +QU+ ()
! a ( ) {3 P+ / +]. / 2 + 3H7P+ T
+ 3 3. + <2 QHu. Q '/ !- Y7 #/
zKGf{, mfbcsNv msLA mbW stfj zfsY, pfv ifdKGh uDhsbv jKfhfkGf skfmfsj mc
jsv hQ kfv zsv pf zfsY, sn ns sn zffrsj nf[D vfsJ, dj zfnst sn
zkA UoVfse stfj. pJb sn (skfmfv jfY sKsj) iafb jsv, kJb ixdKhDsk
zwfd nxd jsv hQ wnAs[ W (uDh-uv) hQwdbifskv syf jsv. dj zffr
zwfd iYl jsvb bf. zfv pJb kfsj htf rq, kcdm zffrsj Hq jv, kJb kfv
zfkfdHmfb kfsj zdLjkv ififyfsv dt jsv. nckvfQ kfv ubA ufrffm psK
hQ dbyq kf zdk ml wqbfofv. (hfjfvfr } 204-206)
2. rfvfm nDmfbfq ififyvBjfvD
ififyvB nh ufqofsk dbdN. dj idh ufqofq ififyvB jvf dB dbdN.
nckvfQ vmpfb mfsn ififyvB, zbAfbA mfsnv ififyvsBv mskf bq. spmb mnduslv
dHksv ififyvB, zbAfbA fsb ififyvsBv nmfb bq.
i[fsv jKf dhdlk sp, mrfb zffrv dbje nhsysq shdw iYlbDq fb rt
mndul. zfv ixdKhDv hcsj nhsysq shdw idh fb rt mf W mlDbfv rfvfm. pfsj
mfbcN `rfvfm wvDI' hf `srsvm wvDI' hst Kfsj. rfvfsmv idhkf v[fsKG
35 36 nhfv sysq shdw
zsbj hL dudbnW snJfsb jvf zShL. spmb ofY jfef, dwjfv jvf kAfdl snJfsb
hL bq. kfrst sjfb ififyvB jvf jk idvmfsB zShL rsk ifsv, kf zbcsmq.
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
/ </ 3V5/ #+ 0+,+ Q 7 / 3t + #+ T
+ B/CD Q+ + / _
/ . + + / D Q` / + F+ +J "
3 8+ + 3 W2 52 +F8/CD 7QU}
! %, () {H /2 p$+C+ F. (/ 3 r /C3 H v- '/ p + Qq'/ / </ . Q 83 F+(+ / + +
zKGf{, pfvf zdhwfn jsv hQ mfbcNsj dbhx jsv zffrv iK rsk W `mfndulct
rfvfm' rsk; pfsj zfdm jsvdY fbDq W hdrvfok nhfv ubA nmfb. zfv sp Wsk
nDmftQOb j'sv ifijfspGv Yf jsv, kfsj zfdm zfflb jvfshf mmGl wfd.
(rf } 25)
hV lc}sJv dhNq sp, rfvfm nDmfbfq mb h mfbcN hnhfn jsv, pfvf kfv ipc
bq. rfvfm nDmfbfq zhfb j'sv zsbsj sL]fjfhfdu, hAdHyfv, dhlzfk W dwjG jsv!
zsbsj kfmfj snhb jsv, bfmfp kAfo jsv, zwDt Ydh lwGb jsv, zShL hAhnf jsv,
zfsvf jk jD! kfvf dbyq zffrv dbje hQ mfbcsNv dbje zdkwq OxBA.
3. ufsrtD pcsov jxd zbcnvBjfvD
h mcntmfb zfsY, pfvf ntfsmv zfstf sisqW ufsrtD pcsov zjfsv hnhfn
jvsk yfq. ntfsmv iCshGv sn zjfv pcsov vDdk-bDdk zhtb jvsk yfq.
/ #. 83 F+( Q 7 +F(/ + } ufsrtD hf mCJkG fv pcsov jcnQfv ntfmD idvshsw icbhGrft jvsk yfq. sn pcsov
stfsjslv zfyvB W zHAfn dbsuslv idvshsw iaydtk jvsk yfq.
ufsrtD pcsov jciaKf W jcnQfsvv djYc bmcbf siw jvst dhNqef idvjfv rsq
3 \. +CA
+ 2 2& Q@\7 3 2 +` r/ +QU+ () Esh.
jfsqn hsb zfhC rfspm hstb, zfhC hfjXv dnDj zfrXmfn sofsv pqbfh
bfmj j mdrtfv dbje sn slJstb sp, sn jKf hst bf. dkdb htstb, `Wv jD
rsqsY sp, jKf hst bf?' kfvf htt, `W bDvh sKsj r jvfv nQji jsvsY.'
dkdb htstb, `jKf ht. jfvB, (bDvhkf) ShL bq. rt ufsrtD pcsov jfu.'
nckvfQ sn jKf htsk tfot. (hcJfvD)
hsb mfnl jkxj
G hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstsYb, sn hAd zfmfv
ltHc bq, sp hAd (dhisl zSLpG rsq zKhf stfj slJfsbfv sswA) ofst yfiV
mfsv, otf W hcsjv jfiV IfsV hQ ufsrtD pcsov (stfsjslv) mk Ffj sYsV mfkm
jsv! (hcJfvD 1294, 2197, mcndtm 103, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb mfufr
1584bQ, zfrmfl, hsb drfb)
vnCtcfr hstb, sp sj ml ifb jvsh, kfv 40 dlsbv bfmfp jhct rsh bf.
sp hAd kfv mCKdtsk mslv djYc idvmfB vfJf zhfq mfvf pfsh, kfv ubA
uffk rfvfm rsq pfsh hQ sp sj 40 dlsbv dHksv mfvf pfsh, sn ufsrtD pcsov
mvB mvsh. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 2695bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw
mf'vv hsb ncWqfl hstb, jlf zfdm zfhC pfvG -sj slJtfm sp, kf]v ivsb
sufVf sifwfj vsqsY hQ kf]v softfsmv ivsbW zbcvi sufVf sifwfj dhlAmfb!
zfdm kf]sj sn nisjG iaw jvtfm. dkdb Oebf sJ j'sv htstb sp, `dkdb
zffrv vnCstv pcso k]fv j softfmsj ofdt dlsqdYstb hQ kfsj kfv mfsqv n
Lsv srq iadki jsvdYstb. jKf sb bhD k]fsj hstdYstb, (sr zfhC pfvG!)
dbyq kcdm mb stfj; pfv msLA ufsrdtqfk (ntfsmv iChG pcsov zHAfn) vsqsY!
Wvf skfmfslv Hf vi hQ skfmfslv snhj. zffr Wslvsj skfmfslv
mfdtjfbfLDb jsvsYb. nckvfQ sp hAdv Hfsj zffr kfv mfdtjfbfLDb jsvsYb,
sn hAd spb kfsj (lfnsj) kf JfWqfq; pf sn dbsu Jfq hQ kf ivfq pf sn dbsu
isv. zfv skfmvf Wslvsj mb jfsuv Hfv dlsqf bf, pf jvsk Wvf n[m bq. iv
pdl skfmvf mb lc}nfLA jfsuv Hfv dlsq sIt, kfrst skfmvf Wslv nrspfdokf
jv. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
jlf mczfdhqfr hsb rfjfm htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfdm ufsrtD pcsov
zkA dbjehkDG (zKGf{ zfdm zidlb rt zpco sKsj dbjxdk sisqdY) hQ
hkGmfsb zffr zfmfsj ntfsm lDd[k jsvsYb. zfmfslv djYc stfj oBjslv
dbje (HfoA-HdhNA{ ufbsk) pfq.' dkdb htstb, kcdm kfslv jfsY spW bf.
zfdm httfm, `zfmfslv djYc stfj zH t[B smsb yst.' dkdb htstb, mb
dudbn, pf kfvf dbsuslv zsv zbcHh jsv. nckvfQ (nh LfvBf) spb kfslvsj
(hfdk jsmG) hfLf bf slq. zfdm dbshlb jvtfm, `zfmfslv msLA djYc stfj lfo
sesb HfH dbviB jsv.' dkdb htstb, (iafyDbpcso) j iqov lfo efbskb.
nckvfQ pfv lfo efbfv idk iqosvv idk zbcnfsv rsh, kf ndEj hst
dhshdyk rsh (bsy{ bf). (mcndtm)
bhD hstb, yfvde jmG ufsrdtqfk pcsov pf zfmfv mk kAfo jvsh bf;
(dbsuv) hQw dbsq ohG jvf, (isvv) hQsw sJ]fef mfvf, b[sv mfLAsm hxdv zfwf jvf
hQ mxskv iv mfkm jvf. (nrDt ufsm 888bQ)
nfrfhD zfhc Wqfsjl zft-tfND hstb, vnCt -v nfsK zfmvf bfsbv isK
shv rtfm. kJb zfmvf nlA bW mcndtm dYtfm. (jcIvD W ufsrtD pcsov dbjehkGD
dYtfm.) mcwdvjslv jde jct ofY dYt; pfv dbjse Wvf LAfbmo rk hQ (hjGskv
zfwfq) kfslv z-wsj kfsk Ucdtsq vfJk; pfsj `pf-sk zfbWqfk' htf rk.
nckvfQ jlf zfmvf j jct ofsYv ifw dlsq zdkm jvtfm. (kf slsJ) zfmvf
httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfslv ubA jde `pf-sk zfbWqfk' jsv dlb spmb
Wslv vsqY. (kf wcsb) dkdb htstb, `zff zfjhfv! ef skf iKvfdu! pfv
rfsk zfmfv uDhb zfsY kf]v jnm! skfmvf sn jKf htst sp jKf hfbD naft
mCnfsj hstdYt, `zfmfslv ubA j slhkf osV dlb spmb Wslv zsbj slhkf
vsqsY!' mCnf hstdYstb, `skfmvf mCJG ufdk.' zhwA skfmvf skfmfslv iChhG kDG
37 38 nhfv sysq shdw
(ufdkv) iK zbcnvB jvsh. (dkvdmpD 2180, mcnbfl zfrmfl 5/218 bQ)
hcvflfr hstb, `zfmvf ufsrtD pcso zfmfslv jfsvf sYst nfb rst Yfot hf
sHVf pshr j'sv kfv v kfv mfKfq mfdJsq dlkfm. dj ntfm zfnfv iv zfmvf
Yfot hf sHVf (zfjDjf) pshr jvkfm, dwv mfKf sbVf j'sv dlkfm hQ kfv
mfKfq ufIvfb tfdosq dlkfm.' (zfhC lfl 2843, kfrfhD, rfsjm 4/238,
hfrfjD 9/303)
nfrfhD ufvDv dhb zfcfr hfuftD hstb, `lfIsbv iv mVf hfdVsk Jfbf W
sHfsuv zfsqfubsj hQ stfjslv umfsqksj zfmvf ufsrdtqfskv mfkm drnfsh
oBA jvkfm. (pf ntfsm rfvfm.) (zfrmfl 6905bQ, hsb mfufr 1612bQ, nrDr
hsb mfufr 1308bQ)
ufsrtD pcsov jde zfyvB ns mrfb zffr hstb,
+, Jv- 8+ H. P3 3 W- 2 H. P3 :. 7 E+ 2 . r2 }9W2 / 2e+ H. I- (^ 9 W2 / 2e x+ X. 8+ j #+ J 9 +(+ 2 ^HX+ / #. '+ F^( H-I. 2 + +Y+ 2 7Hu3}
; </ +, W- w
. 83 / D / 3 D 5- + (. 2> 7QU `. r- p0;. + F/( Q (. 2> +F(/ +D `+E +,- ,-a8+ /97 /E/ _
+ 7F2 ^@+ + . ~2 / '/
+ + +2 H. I- \/ ,3 '3 ;/< H. :3 5- ,. D `-r +E3 E+ + :/ r- (7 0f ;. + Q (. 2> +F(/ +2 + 52 ,. 2 +,- ,-a8+ 2[2 +3 . 83 2 (7 HQP/ W- 2
! %, () {H. PQ #/ T / m + (+ 2 QU 3`:. a2 3HPQ . 2 + +:/ 5- +F8/CD
zKGf{, zk}iv dkdb skfmfslvsj lc}sJv iv kfvsi dbvfif (W wfd) ialfb
jvstb, pf skfmfslv jltsj zfY jsvdYt. zfv jlt dYt pfvf dbsuv ufb
dbsq hA dYt. iafjX-ntfmD zslv bAfq zffr ns zhfv LfvBf sifNB
jsvdYt. kfvf hstdYt sp, ` dhNsq zfmfslv dj sjfb Jdkqfv zfsY?' ht, `nm
dhNq zffrv JdkqfvHc.' kfvf kfslv zsv mb djYc sofib vfsJ, pf skfmfv
dbje iajfw jsv bf. kfvf hst, `pdl hAfifsv zfmfslv sjfb Jdkqfv Kfjk,
kfrst zfmvf Jfsb dbrk rkfm bf.' ht, `pdl skfmvf skfmfslv oxsr zhfb
jvsk, khcW dbrk rWqf pfslv HfsoA zhLfdvk dYt, kfvf dbsuslv hLAHCdmsk sn
idk rk.' (st mvfb } 154)
vfsbkfv zLDb ufmfzfk sKsj dhdY Kfjf ufsrtD pcsov zfyvB. mrfbhD
hstsYb,
.(97 /E/ T
+ 9+: ( +? (+ 9+# ' a33 ;/< +. 2 + +? (+ F(+)
zKGf{, sp hAd mfvf sot zKy kfv OfsV sjfb hfqzfskv vdw sb, sn ufsrtD
pcsov mvB mvt. (mcndtm, rfsjm 1/77, dmwjfk 3674bQ)
rj-bfrj bf hcsU z i[ifdkskv hsw tVf-UoVf jvf sn ufsrtD pcsov
zfyvB. tVfsq sp mfvf pfq, kfv mvB ufsrtD pcsov mvB. (mcndtm 4892bQ)
mrfb zffr ufsrtD pcsov zbA jde zfyvB sJ j'sv hstb,
2 + + / /,3 %+ 2 + 3 :++ I/ + 3 D +Y+ 2S<2 /97 /E/ _
+ 297 / G
+ 297 / + 3HPQ '/ ,- r- ;/< 3 W2 52 +F8/CD +`#+ T
+ . QU}
 nhfv sysq shdw 39 40 nhfv sysq shdw
!%, () { j /+ p0;. + ^` I- '/ 3 D + 52 + P+ 2 E. 2 + P+ '/ 7@G
+ 2 ,3 52 + +,a :7 29+ /52 H. P3 (+ Y+ 2 + + / (/ g. 3 dj v ivW zsbsj ixdKhDsk nDmftQObjfvD vsq sot. (mfdqlfr } 32)
:W 'j+C + 3 2 7 + 2 + 3 +#+ 2 + / . 2 + 3 +m
/ ~2 + P+ </ j / A
+ 3H7P+ T
+ 3t3 Y+ _
+ <2 j ^ #+ :+(J j(/ g. (3 `. :3a 8+ F+(+ }
zKGf{, pJb zdhwfnDvf kfslv zsv sofDq zrdmjf ---zkf pcsov zrdmjf 0 ! %, () { j v/ +
sifNB jsvdYt, kJb zffr kf]v vnCt W dhwfnDslv iv Dq iawfd hNGB jvstb; zKGf{, zfv sp sj YfjxkHfsh sjfb dhhfnDsj rkAf jvsh, kfv wfd ufrffm.
zfv kfslvsj kfjWqfv hfsjA nxlPx jvstb hQ kfvf dYt v zdLjkv spfoA W snJfsb sn dyvjft Kfjsh hQ zffr kfv iadk v rshb, kfsj zdHnifk jvshb
ipc. zfv zffr nm dhNsq nmAj fb vfsJb. (IfkXr } 26) hQ kfv ubA mrfwfd iak j'sv vfJshb. (dbnf } 93)
ufsrtD pcsov zfsvf jde zfyvB ns mrfb zffr mcndtm bfvDslvsj nkjG htf hftA, mb jfu hV OxBA. Jcb jvf W Jcsbv lfhD jvf Hq OxBA. mrfbhD
j'sv hstb, hstb,
+ D +F #. e/ 2 + !2 52 Y7 + \/ + !2 2 "
7 +F . r/ 2 + 2 -S /97 /E/ _
+ +J +\+ +FT
. 7 +\+ 2 + 7FI- \/ ,3 '3 ;</ +. r2 + }
Q (. Q+ 3/sD (3 + /97 /E/ _
+ 2973 Q 2 . Qq ; /< :+. (3 + Q+ + ; /< f / (3 }9u+ 2 u+ / D 2 QU Q 7 3X+ '. 2 )
$YG>! %, () {3 2 ,3 %+ + .(3 (+ + +@8Q P+ 3 / @ G
+ Q . X+ '/
zKGf{, skfmvf oxsr zhfb jv hQ (iafjX-ntfmD) ufsrtD pcsov mk dkb hAd zffrv dbje nh mfbcsNv yfsk shwD OxdBk; sp hAd (mf-mlDbfv)
dbsuslvsj ialwGb jsv shdVsqf bf. skfmvf bfmfp iadkf jv W pfjfk ialfb jv rfvfm nDmfbfv dHksv nDmftQOb jsv ifi jfpG (dIkbf-Ifnfl nxd) jsv, sp hAd
hQ zffr W k]fv vnCstv zbcokf rW. (rXpfh } 33) ntfsm sKsj ufsrtD pcsov jxd-kvDjf zbcnfb jsv hQ sp hAd bfrj sjfb
hkGmfsb zfLcdbjkfv bfsm znHAkf W shstfibf sn ufsrtD pcsov bmcbf. mcndtmsj Jcb jvfv syf jsv. (hcJfvD 6882bQ)
zfnt snsjstibf OxBA zfLcdbjfvf ialwGb j'sv Kfsj. iaodkv bfsm lcodG kv sn
zfyvB hV iafyDb. zKy iaodk mfsb nfmsb zoanv rWqf, diYsb dIsv pfWqf bq.
mcndtmslv dyk bq, mcndtm nmfsu ufsrtD pcsov vDdk-bDdkv zbcnvB j'sv
nxdv dbjxkm uDh
dbsuslvsj OxBA j'sv skftf. mcndtmslv ubA skf mrfb zffrv dhLfb nhsysq jfsIv W mcwdvjvf nxdv dbjxkm uDh. mrfb naf zffr hstsYb,
nclv. mrfb zffr hstb, {/9 87 Q + J + H. E3 2[]/ 2 . - P+ </ +F8/ / A
+ +H7P+ T
+ %Q + ;/< + 5/ Q x. 3 + /$ :+I/ Q`E. 2 F. (/ 3 W2 52 +F8/CD 7QU}
! ! %, () {+,3r/ ,38 ,. a2 j I G 3 / +F(/ 3F+ G . 2 F. (+ + +,3X. 8+ /97 /E/ _
+ +HI 3 <2 2 } 9 ! %, ()
zKGf{, ksh dj kfvf iafjX-ntfmD (ufsrtD) pcsov dhyfv-hAhf sisk yfq? Jf]de zKGf{, dbyq zfrst djkfh W mcwdvjslv msLA pfvf jcIvD jsvsY, kfvf slfpsJv
dhhfnD nialfsqv ubA dhyfsv zffr zsi[f sj swakv? (mfdqlfr } 50) zfocsbv msLA fqDHfsh zhfb jvsh; kfvf nxdv zLm. (hfsqbfr } 6)
4. JcbD mrfbhD -v znc Kfjfv nmq k]fv djYc D rfhwfv `mfdvqfr' bfmj douGfv jKf
Jcb jvf mrfifi. djqfmsk hflfv rj nQf dhNqj iaKm dhyfv rsh Jcsbv. zfstfybf jvdYstb. k]fslv msLA sm nftfmf W sm rfhDhf druvskv nmq kf
mfbcN Jcb jvfv hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb, slsJdYstb. nckvfQ k]fvf k]fv snZlpG W Ydh hf mCdkGv jKf sJ jvstb. kf sb
+ 72SI2 <2 Q%. 2>; /< p + <2 . 2
W + Q . X+ '/ j W + +`:+r2 F+( 3 72 +` / + . QU ;/ '+ 2 + +. :+52 2[/+ Q`T . 2 F. (/ } bhD htstb,
jh/52 7QU 7Hu3 /? +^ + '/ +- 3 %3 H. P3 \. 0 T
+ . a2 2 + #j / T
+ + 7 + G
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+ + 7 +`:+r2 %+ ,+ "
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+ %3 + / /[]/ 2 -
zKGf{, jfvsB hbD nafstv iadk dhLfb dltfm sp, sp hAd bvrkAf zKhf Wvf mb stfj, pfslv sjfb sbj stfj mfvf sost Wvf k]fv jhsvv iv mndul
ixdKhDsk LQnfkj jfu jvfv llfb swA YfVf jfsj rkAf jvt, sn spb hfbfk hQ kfv mfsU k]fv Ydh hf mCdkG hfdbsq vfJk. Wvf djqfmskv dlb zffrv
ixdKhDv njt mfbcNsj rkAf jvt. zfv sj jfsvf iafBv[f jvst sn spb ixdKhDv dbje nhsysq dbjx stfj. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
njt mfbcsNv iafB v[f jvt. kfslv dbje skf zfmfv vnCtoB i iamfB sbdYt, JfWqfsvu hf dhsfrDlt } pfvf mcndtm vfsbkfv zfbcokA sKsj shv rsq pfq.
 nhfv sysq shdw 41 42 nhfv sysq shdw
mrfbhD hstsYb, dhlXzfk, iaskAj dhlXzfk kf hQ iaskAj kf ufrffsm (dbsq pfq).
3 Q _
+ 83 2 + . a- +30+ a 8+ +` #. W/ +,3] / 83 + +` a/ +,3/ . 83 f ,. r2 }9r2 . <- + f 2 A
/ ;/:(7 - ;/< 3,-I+ + ) (dkvdmpD)
mrfbhD hstb, pdl jub bfj-jfef rfhwD (zfdIjfb jxjfq) Dklfn
F. (/ QHP. 7 +3 (3 QF8^ F. (/ +,-r3 . 8+ H. PQ (/ + / +l(+ 3 (+ + / + H. PQ \/ 2 + +l(+ 3 \+ 2 + H. 5- 3 G
+ 2 3 a/ . 8+ H. P3 + r/ + \+
skfmfslv sbkf (zfmDv) vsi dbhGfdyk rq, khcW kfv jKf skfmvf mfbA jv, kfv
+,3 . 8+ 3t, - :+r2 + H. P3 2 :+ r2 F. + / '+,-e /9a2 /w
+ + Q@ w
+ J + H. E3 / r/ ,-< 2 + J \+. 8+ :7G
+ +,3#T
/ . 8+ 2 /97 (/ 7 zfbcokA jv; pk[B sn zffrv djkfh fvf skfmfslv mfsU sbkxk slq. (nrDr}
H. E3 + / (+ / D +,3 %+ 8+ ,- r2 H. P3 . (/ / D '/ 2 . 2 + 52 H. P3 2 \+ r2 F. (+ p0;. + ;/< 3 . (/ ,3 . 2 + / D /$ :+5/ 2 QU zfnX-ncfr, hsb zfhD zfsnm 1062 bQ)
hflfr dhb nfsmk jkGj x hdBGk, dkdb hstb, vnCtcfr zfmfslv dbje sKsj
.(3@ /. :7 + r2 zfmfslv JcwD W jsv dhNsq, d W zdv dhNsq hQ zfmfslv zoafdLjfv b
zfmfv mskv mfsU mkdhsvfL W dhdYkf nxd rsh. jlt rsh pfslv rstW zfbcokA W zfslw iftsbv iv hQ [mkfnDb wfnsjv dhsfr bf jvfv
jKfhfkGf nclv rsh hQ jmG rsh znclv. kfvf jcvzfb ifE jvsh, dj kf kfslv iv hfqzfk (iadkwadk) oarB jsvsYb. hstsYb, ksh rA]f, pdl skfmvf iajfwA
otslswv zHAsv iashw jvsh bf. skfmfslv sj dbu bfmfpsj kfslv bfmfspv jcIvD Oesk slJ, pfsk skfmfslv dbje zffrv kvI sKsj sjfb ltDt hkGmfb
jfsY hQ kfv svfpfsj kfslv svfpfv jfsY kcY msb jvsh. kfvf Db sKsj Kfsj (kfrst dhsfr jvsk ifv). (hcJfvD + mcndtm)
mbHfsh shv rsq pfsh, spmb kDv dwjfv sHl j'sv shv rsq pfq. kfvf (snvi zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd ufmfzfk sKsj zfL rfk idvmfB dhdY rsq
Dsb) dIsv zfnsh bf, spvi kDv Lbcsj dIsv zfsn bf. kfvf nxdv nhsysq dbjx (nsv) sot, sn zfnst kfv OfV sKsj ntfsmv otvdwsj Jcst sItt. (zKGf{,
ufdk. H idvBfm kfv ubA, sp kfslvsj rkAf jvsh hQ pfsj kfvf rkAf jvsh. ntfm sKsj Jfdvu rsq sot.) (zfnX-ncfr, hsb zfhD zfsnm 892, 1053 bQ)
kfvf zffrv djkfshv dlsj mfbcNsj zfrhfb jvsh, zKy kfvf (ndEjHfsh) kfv dkdb hstb, sp hAd mfvf sot, zKy kfv sjfb mfm (vfDq-sbkfv hfqfk)
isv iadkdk Kfjsh bf. sp kfslv dhvs pc jvsh, sn rsh hfjD mk zsi[f sb, sn zfnst ufsrdtqfskv mvB mfvf sot. ( 1057bQ)
zffrv dbjehkGD. kfslv dyr rsh mfKf sbVf. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, hsb mfufr, YfVf zfsvf h rflDn vsqsY, pfv dbslGw zmfbA j'sv JfWqfsvuvf [mkfnDb
rfsjm, nrDt ufsm' 3668bQ) mcndtm vfsbkfv dhvs dhsfr sOfNBf j'sv mfrv mfsU dIkbf W dhdYkf nxd
vf sn JfWqfsvu lt, pfslv zfdhHGfh OsedYt kxkDq JtDIf Nmfb -v jsv. kfv ubA kfvf vsv of hsq slq, jk nmfbDsj nmfbrfvf jsv, jk
pcso. zKy ntfsmv dbslGw dYt, [mkfnDb mcndtm vfsbkfv dhvs dhsfr jvf dwsj kDm hfbfq, mdrtfsj dhLhf hfbfq hQ jk wk mfbcNsj hfrfvf jsv.
pfsh bf. zKy kfvf dbsuslvsj msb jsv, nhfv sysq shdw Dblfv. dj iajk x iafsh kfvf
mrfbhD hstb, zlCv HdhNAsk skfmfslv iv mb wfnjhxl dbpc jvf rt nxdv nhGdbjx uDh.
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mfsU bfmfp jfsqm jvsh. (mcndtm) 0 ! %, () {j%,-W~2 j /G + + 52 3 7QU H. P3 + / . \+
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spsrkc skfmfslv msLA sp hAd (zfmfv mxkcAv ivW uDdhk Kfjsh, sn h mksHl dj Wslv idhkf W mdrmf sOfNBf skfmvf zbcLfhb jvsk ifv bf. dbyq dkdb
slJsk ifsh. nckvfQ skfmvf zfmfv nck (zflwGg) hQ nciKiaf JctfIfsq zkDh nrbwDt, zkA [mfwDt. (hfbD naft } 44)
vfswlDsbv nck (zflwG) zhtb jsvf, kf wHfsh LfvB jsvf hQ l fvf 3 + / . \++ 3 \+ 2 + +H/+ . r2 `5- p? <D + 3 . sD + Q%. 2S + /?+ + 7 ; /< F+( 3 2 3^+ 83 + D 72 + \+ H. 2 2 }
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 nhfv sysq shdw 43 44 nhfv sysq shdw
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ifJDlt zffrv idhkf W mdrmf sOfNBf jsv? njst k]fv iawQnf hQ idhkf W bf. (wfmXn } 11-15)
mdrmf sOfNBfv idk ufsb. zfv Wvf pf jsv, sn dhNsq zffr nmAj zhok. (bCv } 41) zfv dkDq rkHfoAde dYt zftD -v JcbD } zfcv vrmfb dhb mctdum.
mrfbhD hstsYb, nb ydw druvDv vmpfb mfsn mfv rfvfsm dkbub JfsvuD js ivfmwG jvt,
bfrvfWqfsb nfKD-nDslv rkAfv iadkswfL dbsk rsh. kfvf dnf dbt, idh
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.++; / '+ :+. 2 + s/ + x7 +F(/ + 52 bjeA tfH jvsh! nckvfQ vfk suso hflk j'sv dlsb svfpf svsJ j nmq kfvf
zKGf{, nCpG isv Est sjht wqkfb W nhsysq shdw zhfLA zflm-nfb YfVf nQji dbsq sj zbAsj sj]sl dhlfq dlsq mf kAfo jvt.
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Kfsj bf. zfmDvt mc'dmbDb zftD vfnCtcfr -v jfsY rflDn fvf Jhv sisqdYstb
hBGbfjfvD dufnf jvstb, `zhfLA zflm-nfb jfvf?' sv dkdb htstb, sp, dkdb jfsvf rfsk rkAf rsq wrDl rshb. ubA dkdb dhsfrD JfWqfsvuslv
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zKGf{, mxkcAv ubA sh]sL-sY]sl iak Kfj, jfvB dbyq mxkcA skfmfv nf[fsk
nhsysq hV rkHfoA hAd zfnsh.
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nfmCl ufdkv tftsy stfjde, sp ebD rkAf jsvsY. zfv sr zftD! sp skfmfsj dYstb. dkdb JcbDsj Lvsk zfslw jvst, kfsj Lvf rt.
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jvf rst dkdb kfsj htstb, `sr zffrv lcwmb! zfdm dj skfmfv iadk zbcoar
nfmCl nialfq zhfLAkfhwk} (nkAsj) dmKAf fb jvt. kfslv msLA sp nhGfdLj
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slrkAfo jvstb. vfdpqff zfb zzfvpfr. djqfmskv dlb zffrv dbje mfsbv dlj sKsj nhsysq uObA mfsbv j hAd
rt sn, sp fmD D-dmtb jsv hQ sp D fmD-dmtb jsv, zk}iv sj zsbAv
dmtb-vrnA (zisvv dbje) iayfv jsv. (mcndtm 1437, zfhC lfl 4870bQ)
mskv nhsysq dbjx hAd zfnmf dhs qfdpl (vf}) hstb, jlf zfdm zffrv vnCt -v jfsY dYtfm,
mskv nhsysq dbjx hAd rt zrQjfvD hAd, sp shdw dhtfdnkf iYl jsv, zfv k]fv snJfsb zsbj icvN W mdrtfW hsndYt. dkdb htstb, nhk} sjfb
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mrfbhD hstsYb, dbu fmDv nfsK pf jsv kf (zisvv dbje) hst Kfsj? jKf sb mudtsnv
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pfvf bfbf vsMv JflA H[B jsv, bfbf vsMv h idvLfb jsv hQ jKfq zftnAHfh sysq slsJ. (zfrmfl, hsb zfhD wfhfr,zfhC lfl,hfrfjD iaHdx k, zflfhcp dpIfI 143ix})
W jfqlf iajfw jsv. 3. pfvf lc'mcsJ jKf hst mb ncdhLfhflD stfj.
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zKGf{, zfmfv mskv nhsysq dbjx stfj kfvf, pfvf zbKGj zkAdLj zfshft- dbje zfv j mcsJ zfsn. (zfhC lfl, nrDt ufsm' 5793bQ)
kfshft hst W hfsu hsj mb hfyft W hJfse stfj; pfvf zrQjfsvv nfsK dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
zftnAHsv hf jfqlf jsv sesb-sesb jKf hst. zfv zfmfv mskv msLA nhGswa .(QF. P+ T . ,+ + /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ / D + . / Q 7 ^ + F. (/ 3 _ / \+ )
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zKGf{, djqfmsk nh yfsk ml stfjslv msLA jubsj ifsh, sp lc'mcsJ jKf
hst. (zfrmfl 10427, dkvdmpD 2025bQ)
dbjxkm stfj zffrv vnCt hstb, lcdbqfsk sp hAdv lc'de mcJ rsh (lc'mcsJ jKf htsh)
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 nhfv sysq shdw 47 48 nhfv sysq shdw
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zKGf{, nhsysq dbjx stfsjv isv djqfmk jfsqm rsh. (mcndtm, zfrmfl, n}
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rt kfvf, pfslv zdbsv Hsq kfslvsj nmfb jvf rq.' dhlzfk (bkcb zfmt) rt kf. (zfhc lfl 4443, dkvdmpD 2815, hsb mfufr 42 bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw
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zfmfv dbje (kctbfmCtjHfsh) zdLjkv iYlbDq.'
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hwhkDG rsq kf huGb jvsk nrsu n[m rq bf. nHhk} kfslv zShLkf-fsbv
Ist jJsbf kf idvrfv jvskW ifsv. spsrkc sofbfrofv mfbcsNv s[s kWhf,
zbcswfybf hQ nmCst ml jfu huGb jvfv zdLj nHfhbf W zfwf Kfsj; pkef
dhlzfksj LmG fbjfvD dhlzfkDv s[s Kfsj bf.
hsb zfhD zfsnm iaHdx k hBGbf jsvb sp, bhD hstsYb, wqkfb hst zfdm
mfbcNsj dhdH ifi fvf nhGbfwoa jsvdY; dj Wvf zfmfsj `tf tfrf ffr' W
doIfv fvf LQn jsvsY. zk}iv pJb zfdm kf t[A jvtfm, kJb Wslv msLA
jciahdx iad[ jvtfm. nckvfQ Wvf ifi jvsh; dj zfv doIfv jvsh bf. jfvB,
kfvf LfvBf jvsh sp, kfvf Hfstf jfu jvsY.
mfm hbct jfsqm (v}) hstb, nfLfvB ifiDv ifsiv [dk kfv dbsuv iv
hkGfq, dj dhlzfkDslv dhlzfskv [dk W zdb swaBD (h mfbcsNv) iv hAfij
rq. dhlzfkDv dI{bf rq mCt Dsb zKy nfLfvB ifiDv dI{bf kfv iahdx sk rq.
dhlzfkD nru W nvt isKv iv hsn mfbcNsj sn isK ytf rsk dhvk jsv, dj
ifiD snvi jsv bf. dhlzfkD zffrv Boafm W k]fv idviCBk G fq zfOfk rfsb, zKy
ifiD kf jsv bf. dhlzfkD vnCt jkxj G zfbDk wvDqskv idviD rq, dj ifiD
kf rq bf. dhlzfkD mfbcNsj zfsJvfskv ndEj iK rsk dhycAk jsv, dj ifiD
49 50 nhfv sysq shdw
dbsu nDq ifsiv jfvsB mxlcofmD rq. (zft-ufWqfhct jf-ID)
dhlzfkDslv dhlzfk Jb jvsk sost kfvf `rfq-rfq' j'sv hst WsE, `Db
sot, Db sot. vf rqskf bfmfp-svfpfW zfv vfJsh bf slJdY! sp ifqufmf
Jfefsk Jfefsk zffv-iAfeX rsq pfsh slJdY. jstv sv]fqf hfYsk hfYsk jt
swN rsq pfsh msb rq.' spsrkc kfvf wvDqskv smZdtj hflknmCsrv mskf
zdkdv W nQspfduk dhlzfksjW `hflk' LfvBf jsv.
dhlzfkDvf sjht sofbfrv ubA sofbfrofv rq bf, hvQ kfvW zdLj djYc rq.
jfvB, sofbfrofv pJb sofbfr jsv, kJb kfsk zisvv ubA wvDqk-dhLfqDv
iadkdkf j'sv sjfb zflwG hf dyviftbDq vDdkv vi lfb jsv bf; spmb dhlzfkD
j'sv Kfsj. zkh kfv lcjmG nfLfvB lcjsmGv sysq h sB dbjx.
nhsysq shdw OxBA zfmt
JfNzfm sofsv j hAd kfv djYc nD-nfKDv nfsK sn zffrv vnCt -sj
dufnf jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! sjfbX zfmt zffrv dbje nhsysq diaq?'
sv dkdb htstb, zffrv iadk mfb zfbf.
sn htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! kfviv jD?'
dkdb htstb, kfviv zfkDqkfv hb hufq vfJf.'
sn htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! kfviv jD?'
dkdb htstb, kfviv Hfstf jfsuv zfslw W ml jfsu hfLf lfb jvf.
sn zfhfv dufnf jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! sjfbX zfmt zffrv dbje nhsysq
OxBA?'
dkdb htstb, zffrv ns dwjG jvf.
sn htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! kfviv jD?'
dkdb htstb, kfviv zfkDqkfv hb dY jvf.
sn htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! kfviv jD?'
dkdb htstb, kfviv ml jfsuv zfslw W Hfstf jfsu hfLf lfb jvf. (zfhC
qAf'tf, n} kfvoDh 2522bQ)
nhsysq hV jxiB
jxiB rt sn hAd, sp dbsuv Lb ivsj lfb jvsk yfq bf. hAqjc mfbcN dbu
idvhfv W nfb-ndkv ubA nrsu djYc hAq jvsk yfq bf. iasqfusb efjf Jvy
jvsk yfq bf hJDt.
dj kfv yfsk hV hJDt zfv sj rsk ifsv, sp dbsuv ubAW djYc hAq jvsk yfq
bf? efjf b rWqfv Hsq dJsl sist Jfq bf, hvQ zbfrfsv Kfsj. wDskv jfiV q
 nhfv sysq shdw
jsv bf, hvQ wDksHfo jsv. dydj{nf jvfq bf, hvQ zncJ sHfo jsv.
kfv yfsk hV jxiB zfv sj rsk ifsv, sp zisvv dudbn lfb jvskW jfiGBA
jsv? isvv Lsb siffdv j'sv lfsbv dudbn lfb jvsk hV zfbl ifWqf dyk.
dj kf bf sisq jxiB zisvv mftW hAq jvsk yfq bf. nckvfQ sn dj nhfv sysq hV
jxiB bq?
kfv yfsk hV hJDt zfv sj rsh, sp lfsbv dhdbmsq hV iadklfb ifsh ufbf
nsW lfb jvsk yfq bf? lfsbv dhdbmsq lwB iadklfb tfsHv jKf susbsbW
lfb dlsk jfiGBA jsv sp, kfv sKsj hV jxiB zfv sj rsk ifsv?
kfv sysq hV jxiB zfv sj rsk ifsv, sp mb lfb dlskW iak rq bf, pf zdk
nrunfLA?
jlf mrfbhD j hAdv dbje sKsj zbA j hAdv ubA jde sJucv ofY
lfb yfstb. dj stfjde kf dlt bf. dkdb kfsj mCstAv dhdbmsq kf dhd jvsk
htst kfskW sn vfdu rt bf. idvswsN uffskv jde ofsYv dhdbmsq kf lfb
jvsk {nfdrk jvstb, dj kfskW sn nmk rt bf! stfjdev jfiGBA slsJ
htstb,
.(Q 7 3`w+ '. 2 +CE+ )
zKGf{, rt nhsysq hV jxiB. (zfrmfl 23085bQ)
uffskv ofY mfsb, uffsk pfWqfv dbyqkf. kf susbW sn lcdbqfv jde ofsYv
dhdbmsq dbsuv ubA uffsk fb j'sv dbsk jfiGBA jvt. nckvfQ kfv yfsk hV
jxiB zfv sj rsk ifsv?
zbcvi j hAd ufsb, bhD -v iadk jhfv lvl ifE jvst kfv lwB
ijfv tfH rq. dkdb hstsYb, sp hAd zfmfv iadk jhfv lvl ifE jvsh,
zffr kfv lvb kfv iv lwde vrmk (jvBf) zhkDBG jvshb. (mcndtm)
jvBfdbdLv jvBfv mcJfsi[D mfbcN nhG nhGlf. uDhsb ytfv isK k]fv jxif W
jvBf jmf nt. zKy sn jvBf rfk sisk dbsk sp mfbcN zftnA W jfiGBA
jsv, kfv sysq hV jxiB zfv sj rsk ifsv?
zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
.(^;2 + ^`"
+ 83 H. 2 <2 3t+ . / 3?. 5/ 3 F. (+ Q 7 +`w
+ '+2 7QU)
zKGf{, nh yfsk hV hJDt stfj sn hAd, pfv dbje zfmfv bfm sJ jvf rt,
zKy sn (zfmfv bfm sbW) zfmfv iadk lvl iVt bf. (nrDr kfvoDh 1684bQ)
iajkx jxiB sn hAd, pfv jfsY zfdm ddJk rtfm (zfmfv bfm yfdvk rt),
zKy sn zfmfv iadk lvl ifE jvt bf. (dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb drfb, rfsjm)
zfhC vfvf hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr zdHwfi dlstb sp, sn hAdv
bfj LCtf-LCndvk srfj, pfv jfsY zfmfv bfm sJ jvf rt, zKy sn (zfmfv bfm
51 52 nhfv sysq shdw
sbW) zfmfv iadk lvl iVt bf. (zKGf{, `nfff zftfdr znffm' htt bf.)
(dkvdmpD)
zbcvi sn hAdW hV hJDt, sp kfv mcndtm Hfsj nftfm dlsk zKhf kfv
uhfh dlsk hJDtD jsv. nftfm slWqf nck, dj kfv v slWqf Wqfsuh. zfv
kfsk zfsY lw sKsj dwde nWqfh. iv mcsJv jKfq kf yfvB jvsk sjfb j hf
idvwamW rq bf. khcW jxiB `diic-dI'v mskf mcJ Jctsk yfq bf; pdlW tfH
dbsuv.
nftfsmv mfLAsm niaDdk hxd ifq nmfsu. dj sn niaDdk zfbqb jvsk yfq bf
nmfsuv swaBDv jxiB stfsjvf. Lb lfb jvst spmb mfbcsNv mb uq rq, skmdb
`nftfm' lfb jvstW uq rq mfbcsNv mb. iaKmdesk zKG hAq rq hst sj bf
jvstW jvsk ifsv, dj dkDqdesk sjfb zKG hf wam hAq rq bf. kf nsW
dbJvyfv mb jtAfB sKsj dbsusj W zivsj hdk jsv j swaBDv mfbcN.
db}nslsr kfvf nhfv yfsk shdw hJDt.
mrfbhD hstb,
.(Q 2 7 '/ +`w
/ '+ F. (+ 7 ` +w'. 2 7QU)
zKGf{, stfsjslv msLA nh yfsk hV hJDt sn hAd, sp nftfsm hJDtD jsv.
(kfhfvfbD, nrDr zflfhct mcIvfl 799, dn} nrDrfr 601bQ)
zrfh dhb mcbfdr hstb, nhsysq hV dhNq-dhvfoD sn hAd, sp rftft YfVf
zbA ifuGb iYl jsv bf; pdlW sn nhsysq hV lcdbqflfv.
nhsysq hV dhNqfn sn hAd, sp ifuGsb rftft-rfvfm djYc hfY-dhyfv jsv
bf; pdlW sn nhsysq hV dhNq-dhvfoD.
nhsysq hV lfbwDt sn hAd, sp zffrv rj lfb jsv; pdlW zbA hAfifsv stfsj
kfsj nhsysq hV `jxiB' hst ufsb.
zfv nhsysq hV jxiB sn hAd, sp zffrv rj lfb jvsk jfiGBA jsv; pdlW
zbA hAfifsv stfsj kfsj nhsysq hV `lfbwDt' hst ufsb. (drtXqAfkct zfWdtqf 4/49)
lcdbqfq nhsysq shdw dhiloa mfbcN
ixdKhDv mbcNA-nQnfsv dyvncJ jfsvf rq bf. sjfb bf sjfb hftf-mcnDhk, swfj-
lc}J hf pBf-j mfbcNsj dj jsv. zhwA kf zfsn nxdjkGfv kvI sKsj. zfv kf
zfsn }-
1. ifsiv nkv wfdvi.
2. mc'dmsbv ifi [q jvfv ubA.
3. mc'dmbsj ivD[f jvfv ubA.
4. mc'dmsbv mpGflf hLGsbv ubA.
 nhfv sysq shdw
dj nhsysq shdw dhiloa rq jfvf?
jfsIv W mcbfdIjvf? bfdj mcndtm W mfblfvvf?
nhsysq shdw dhiloa Jfvfi stfsjvf rq bf. hvQ pfvf Hfstf stfj, kfvf
dhiloa rq shdw. pfvf pk Hfstf, kfvf kk shdw dhiloa rq.
nf'l hstb, jlf zfdm dufnf jvtfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! nhsysq dhiloa
jfvf rq?' sv dkdb htstb, njt mfbcN zsi[f bhDoB zdLjkv jdEb
dhislv nmcJDb rb. zk}iv k]fslv sysq dbmmfsbv hAd hQ kfviv kfslv sysq
dbmmfsbv hAdoB zsi[fjxk rfjf dhisl zff rb. mfbcNsj kfv Dsbv
(iCBkG fv) idvmfB zbcpfqD dhiloa jvf rq; nckvfQ kfv Dsb pdl muhcdk Kfsj,
ksh (sp idvmfB muhcdk zfsY) dEj sn idvmfB kfv dhilW jdEb rsq Kfsj. zfv
pdl kfv Dsb lcht G kf Kfsj, ksh kfv Db zbcpfqD kfv dhilW (rfjf) rq. iv
dhil sn sn hflfv swsN zhf rq sp, sn umDsb ytf sIvf jsv zKy kfv
sjfb ifi zhdw Kfsj bf. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, nrDt ufsm' 992 bQ)
zffrv vnCt zfsvf hstsYb, mcdmsbv hAfifvef zfypGubj. kfv iadkde
jfsu kfv ubA mt vsqsY. ef mc'dmb hAkDk zbA jfsvf ubA bq. nckvfQ kfv ncJ
st zffrv jxkkf iajfw jsv. Ist ef kfv ubA mtmq rq. zfv lc}J
si]ZYst sn LpG LfvB jsv. Ist efW kfv ubA mtmq rq. (mcndtm)
dhil mc'dmbsj Lc j slq bf, hvQ dhil kfsj dw[f W nmxd lfb j'sv pfq.
lc}J sjht kfv syfsJv ifdb hsq pfq bf, hvQ lc}J kfv syfJ JcstW dlsq pfq.
swfj W lc}J Hfstf mfbcNsj zfsvf Hfstf j'sv osV skfst.
nckvfQ sp Hfstf mfbcN, kfsj dhisl LpGLfvB jvfv ubA iak Kfjsk rsh. ksh
Hfstf mfbcN rsk jJsbf dhil iafKGbf jvsh bf. jJsbf iafKGbf jvsh bf,
`lc}J pdl dlsqf iaHc, wd dlsqf ndrhfsv.
uDhb zfmfv LbA jsvf skfmfv hfBD hdrhfsv.'
jfvB, kfsk iakA[Hfsh lc}J iafKGbf jvf rq. hvQ iafKGbf j'sv htsh,
`lc}J smfsv dlsqf bf iaHc, wd bfdr ndrhfsv.
uDhb zfmfv LbA jsvf skfmfv hfBD hdrhfsv.'
spmb iafKGbfW jvf dyk bq,
`dhisl smfsv v[f jsvf bsr smfv iafKGbf
dhisl zfdm bf spb jdv Hq,
lc}J kfsi hAdKk dysk bfhf dlst nfbf
lc}J spb jdvsk ifdv uq.
nrfq smfv bf pdl ucse, dbsuv ht bf spb ecse
nQnfsvsk Odest [dk tdHst Lc hbf
dbsuv msb bf spb mfdb [q.'
53 54 nhfv sysq shdw
hvQ iafKGbfq htf dyk,
`dhisl smfsv bfdr sIstf rt smfv iafKGbf
dhil dlsq dlsqf bf zfmfq Hq,
lc}J kfsi hAdKk dysk yf bf zfdm nfbf
lc}J spb sldJsk bfdr rq.
nrfq smfv spb sof ucse, dbsuv ht bf spb ecse
nQnfsv bf OefW [dk bf lfW smfsv hbf
dbsuv msb bf spb mfdb [q.'
nhGswa zfmt, zffrv diaqkm zfmt
1. zffrv iadk mfb
ef rt nh zfmstv mCt. zfmt bf rst, zbA sjfb zfmt ItianC bq. jfu
pk hV W pk shdw ijfvD srfj bf sjb, pdl kfv nfsK zffrv iadk mfb bf
Kfsj, kfrst kfv sjfb mCtA sb. ixdKhDv hcsj sjfb mfbcN pk iadn W JAfdkmfb
srfj bf sjb, pdl kfv mfsU mfb bf Kfsj, kfrst kfv sjfb mfb sb. iv sn
mfb rsk rsh nhGswN lCk `mcrfmflD' mfjGf. bsy{ zbA sjfb mfjGfv mfb hkGmfb
dhsw ijfvD bq.
2. zffrv isK nQoafm
spsrkc zffrv iadk mfb W k]fv dhLfbsj ixdKhDv hcsj iadkfjsi hQ kfv
isK pfhkDq hfLf lCvDjvBfsKG nQoafsmv hV vk zfsY.
zfhC pfvG hstb, jlf zfdm dufnf jvtfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! sjfbX zfmt
nhfv sysq m?' dkdb htstb, zffrv iadk dhhfn fib jvf hQ zffrv
vffq durfl jvf. zfdm httfm, `jD Lvsbv Dklfn mc jvf m?' dkdb
htstb, sp Dklfn kfv mfdtsjv jfsY nhGfdLj zfjNGBDq hQ nhfv sysq shdw
mCtAhfb. (hcJfvD)
3. pKfnmsq bfmfp
zfcfr dhb mfnl hstb, zfdm zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf jvtfm, `sjfb
zfmt nhGfsi[f mfrfkAiCBG?' dkdb sv htstb, iaKm zs (bfmfspv nmq v
rWqfv nfsK nfsK) bfmfp zflfq jvf. zfdm httfm, `kfviv sjfbXde?' dkdb
htstb, dikfmfkfv snhf-pk jvf. zfdm httfm, `kfviv sjfbXde?' dkdb
htstb, zffrv vffq durfl jvf. (hcJfvD 2782 bQ, mcndtm 95 bQ)
bfmfp Dsbv J]cde, ntfsmv dkDq vjXb. mcndtsmv uDhsb bfmfspv vk
zidvnDm. zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
.(Ff (/ g. (3 D QU /0,|
3 ,3 2 + 2 </ + 83 F. 2 + !- 2 "
7 H. I- / + . 2 + . A
+ 72 ,3 2 . + ,3". \3 F. 2 + ,3 a/ :+. )
 nhfv sysq shdw 55 56 nhfv sysq shdw
skfmvf (iaskAj dhNsq) jkGhAdb vr; zfv kfsk jJb n[m rsh bf. susb zffrv jfsY zbA djYc bq. (zfhC qAftf, n} kfvoDh 1572bQ)
svsJf, skfmfslv nhGswa zfmt rt bfmfp. zfv mcdmb hAkDk sj Wpcv drIfpk 6. zivsj JcwD jvf
jvsh bf. (zfrmfl 22378, hsb mfufr 277, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 190bQ) zisvv msb JcwD Hsv slWqfv jfsu j iajfv kxdjv zfbl zfsY. zivsj
mrfbhD zfsvf hstsYb, zfbdlk jvfv mfsU idviCBG zfbslv fl zfsY. ubA sn jfuW mrfb nxdjkGfv
.(F+ G
+ @ - A
3 + Q + /?+ Q2 + + !/ 2 " 7 +F(/ +`m+ < 2 ] + ++ 3F' +`/ + (+ ) dbjse nh yfsk diaq. mrfbhD hstsYb,
zKGf{, zflm-nfb mb sjfb jfu jsvdb, pf bfmfp, nfh iadkf W nydvkf .QH/. - 2 + %Q 3 J 3 A
+ . QU Q/ + W2 + #. '+ 2 #+ \ / D 2 QU Q + . 2 7G
+ 2 7QU
sKsj zdLj swa rsk ifsv. (hcJfvD kfvDJ, dn} nrDrfr 1448bQ) zKGf{, Ivp zfmtnmCsrv iv mrfb zffrv dbje nhsysq shdw diaq zfmt rt,
zfcfr dhb zfmXv hstb, j hAd zffrv vnCt -v dbje idk rsq mcndtsmv msb zfbl Hsv slWqf. (kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 906bQ)
dufnf jvt, `nhGswa zfmt jD?' sv dkdb htstb, bfmfp. sn zfhfv htt, sp sjfbHfsh ijfv j'sv zivsj zfbl slWqf pfq. [cLfkGsj zlfb j'sv,
`kfviv jD?' dkdb htstb, bfmfp. sn zfhfv htt, `kfviv jD?' dkdb htstb, hrDbsj hlfb j'sv, zHfhDv zHfh lCv j'sv mfbcNsj zfbl slWqf pfq. zfv
bfmfp. vi dkbhfv htstb. (zfrmfl, hsb drfb, n} kfvoDh 378bQ) sn zfbl lfsb dbsuv msbW hV zfbl ifWqf pfq.
4. mrfb zffrv dpjXv zfbl zfsY lfsb, oarsB zfbl sb. hvQ oarsB zfsY tf. jdh hstsYb,
zffrv dpjXv hf mvBW nhGswa zfmt. jlf mczfp dhb ufhft bhD -sj `zfkncJ zshNsB zfbl bfdrsv
dufnf jvstb, `sjfbX zfmt zffrv dbje zdLj diaq?' sv dkdb htstb, hfsv hfsv zfsn zhnfl,
/ D Q 5 / F. (/
f e %+ 2[3 + /+ +?,3 \+ . 2 ivfsKG sp jsv jmG dkdk OmG bDsv
sn tsH soGv iafnfl.'
zKGf{, zfuDhb zffrv dpjXsv skfmfv duH dHsu Kfjf. (kfhfvfbD, hfpXpfv, n}
ubA ivfKGiv mfbcN hV ncJD rq. zfv sn ubA zfksjdj bf rsq nlf
kfvoDh 1492bQ)
isvfijfsv mbspfoD rsk rq. jdh hstsYb,
jlf dkdb htstb, zfdm dj skfmfslvsj skfmfslv m jfsuv nfb slh bf? pf
`isvv jfvsB fKG dlqf hdt-
skfmfslv iaHcv dbje nhsysq idh, skfmfslv mpGflfq nh sysq y, snfbf-y]fdl lfb
uDhb-mb njdt lfW,
jvfv sysq m hQ wv nmcJDb rsq olGfb jfef W jfefsbfv sysq swaq. njst
kfv mk ncJ sjfKfW dj zfsY?
htstb, `dbyq hst dlb.' dkdb htstb, zffr kfzftfv dpjXv. (dkvdmpD 5/458,
zfibfv jKf Hcdtqf pfW.
hsb mfpfr 2/1245, nrDt ufsm'2629bQ)
isvv jfvsB mvsBW ncJ
ubA mrfbhD hstsYb, mcIfdvGloB zfso shsV sosY. njst dufnf jvt, ncJ ncJ jdv sj]slf bf zfv,
`sr zffrv vnCt! `mcIfdvGl jfvf?' dkdb htstb, zffrv zdLj zdLj dpjXvjfvD pk j]fdlsh pk Hfdhsh
icvN W bfvD. (mcndtm 6984bQ) kk hfdVsh rlq-Hfv.'
iajfw Kfsj sp, durfl Ivp rst, snef nhGswa zfmt. bIt rst ddJk 7. dbvhdYHfsh zfmt jvf
zbAfbA zfmt zdLj swa. sjfb zfmt jvst kf dbvhdYHfsh j'sv pfWqf dyk. jm rstW kf
5. mrfb zffrv iawQnf Lfvfhfdrjkfv nfsK sjfb I]fj-dhvdk bf dlsq pKfnmsq j'sv pfWqf dyk. Hft
spsrkc mrfb zffr dbsuv iawQnf Hfstfhfsnb. mrfbhD hstsYb, jfu jJbW jJbW jvf hQ mfsU-msLA h j'sv slWqf dyk bq. zi rstW kf
& QU 7G
+ 2 p0;. + F. (/ (+ + & +F(/ + 8/ #+ (+ 3 h+5 2 f G
+ 2 (+ + Q s2 . x7 +F(/ -92 _
+ #+ & +F(/ ;^S:7 ) hvfhv j'sv pfWqf dyk. mb jfu mrfb zffrv dbje diaqkm.
.(/ . 2 +F(/ zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf jvf rt, `sjfbX zfmt zffrv dbje nh yfsk shdw
zKGf{, LDv-dvkf zffrv i[ sKsj hQ utdlhfdu wqkfsbv i[ sKsj. diaq?' sv dkdb htstb, dbvhdYHfsh pf jvf rq; pdlW kf jm rq.
zffrv sysq shdw Wuv jhct jvfv sj sb. zfv iawQnfv sysq zdLj diaq (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, bfnf, hsb mfufr, n} ufsm' 1228bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw 57 58 nhfv sysq shdw
2yJ m
3 8+ 2 .3 +5 2 3 + 3 DQU + 2 QU 2+ / 3 . + + / + + . 3 :lf '+%. 2 / 2 QU Q2 I2 JG
+ 2
nhsysq diaq jKf, nhsysq m jKf .+? + '+ 7FPQ 8^ 2S'/
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rWqfv dkDq wkGfbcpfqD---zKGf{, ncfrv vDdk zbcpfqD hst. kfv msLA mrfb rsh bf. (mcndtm 5724bQ)
zffrv dbjse nhsysq shdw iYlbDq jKf jD? zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, ( hfjAdt) nhGswa hfjA. (zfrmfl, n} kfvoDh 1548bQ)
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zdhrfmdlr.' (mcndtm 7102bQ)
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dbu hflfosBv ubA dbhGfdyk jsvsYb } `nchrfbffdr zdhrfmdlr.' (mcndtm 7101, dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
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sp hAd dlsb jwhfv `nchrfbffdr zdhrfmdlr' iVsh kfv bfrnmCr smfyb
mcrfmfl! kcdm skfmfv mksj zfmfv nftfm siw jvsh hQ kfslvsj hst slsh
jvf rsh; pdlW kf nmcslav sIbf hvfhv rq. (hcJfvD 6405, mcndtm 7018bQ)
sp, uffskv mfde idh W {jx, kfv ifdb dm. zfv kf jde hx[rDb nmktHCdm.
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(mcndtm 7019bQ)
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2. yfvde jKf mrfb zffrv dbje nhfv yfsk diaq. mrfbhD hstsYb,
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kfsj lcdbqf lfb jsvb, pfsj dkdb Hfstfhfsnb hQ pfsj dkdb Hfstfhfsnb bf. dj (dn} nrDrfr 3336bQ)
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jvsk jfiGBA jsv, wv dhvs durfl jvsk Hq jsv hQ vfd suso hflk hfjA.
jvsk Hq jsv, kfv dyk shdw shdw `nchrfbffr', `zftrfmlc dtfr', `tf tfrf mrfbhD hstsYb,
ffr' W `zff zfjhfv' htf. (kfhfvfbD iamcJ, dn} nrDrfr 2714bQ) 2yJ T+ 2 #+ \++ 2[3 . 2y%+ +\++ 2y/ . + '/ + 7HP3 D 2[+ + . 3 : 3 #+ +,a- 8+ 2 /& +U Q2 I2 7G 7U)
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ffr' W `zff zfjhfv' ht. spsrkc dt djqfmskv dlb zoaBD rsq, zfpfh- dbhGfdyk jsvsYb, `nchrfbf vfD zdhrfmdlr' 3 hfv. (dkvdmpD, rfsjm, n} ufsm' 175bQ)
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zfv fqD n{jmGnmCr ns mrfb zffr hstsYb, zsbj jKf mfbcN hst Kfsj, zsbj sbfQvf W zdiaq jKf hst Kfsj. dj mrfb
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zffrv jub dbhGfdyk hflf.
ncI dmtsb nmk rstb bf. pctfJf k]fsj hfvhfv Icntfsk tfot. zhswsN
sn k]fv nfsK uhvld v jvt. ncI kfv dbje sKsj v[f ifWqfv mfbsn
iftfsk v jvstb. slZsV lvufv dlsj sost pctfJf diYb rsk (k]fsj sesb
vJsk dosq) k]fv ufmf Lsv efb dlt. ufmf dY]sV sot, dj dkdb Kfmstb bf. hvQ
lvuf Jcst shv rsq sostb.
dj lvuf Jctsk slJstb vfuf lvufv jfsY l]fdVsq zfsYb. h j[ sKsj
lc'ubsj shv rsk slsJ vfufv nslr rWqfv jKf. dbsusj h]fyfhfv ubA D
pctfJf ncsIv OfsV slfN yfdisq hst Et, `sp skfmfv idvhfsvv nfsK jcjmG
jfmbf jsv, kfv ubA jfvfofsv siavB zKhf zbA sjfb shlbflfqj wfd hAkDk jD
l rsk ifsv?'
ncI htstb, `sn zfmfv jfsY spZb-dmtb jfmbf jsvdYt. (zfmfv sjfb slfN
sb.) sn zfmfsj jcjsmG dt rWqfv ubA hfLA jvfv syf jsvsY. zfv zfdm kfv
iwG sKsj h]fyfv ubA hfsvv lvufv dlsj Ycse ifdtsq sndY.'
fmDv msb nslr iadh rt. dkdb slfND-dbslGfN iamfB jvsk yfst pctfJfv
idvhfsvv jub nf[D nf[A dlt, `pdl kfv ufmfv nmcJ dlj dY jvf rsq Kfsj,
kfrst mdrtfde nkA jKf hstsY hQ sn dmKAfhflD. zfv pdl kfv ufmf diYb dlj
rsk dY jvf rsq Kfsj, kfrst mdrtfde dmKAf jKf hstsY hQ sn nkAhflD.'
nckvfQ vfuf pJb slJstb sp, k]fv ufmf diYb dlj sKsj dY jvf rsqsY, kJb
dkdb Dv sswA htstb, `ef skfmfslv (bfvDslv) Ytbf; dbyq skfmfslv Ytbf
dhvfe! sr ncI! kcdm dhNqsj si[f jv. (jfsvf dbje iajfw W iayfv jsvf
bf.) zfv sr bfvD! kcdm skfmfv zivfsLv ubA [mf iafKGbf jv, dbyq kcdm
zivfdLbD.'
vfuf fmDW [mf j'sv dlstb Dsj. dkdb hcsU sostb, ncI dbslGfN. k]fv msb
sjfb siam hf ifi dyf dYt bf. nckvfQ mfb-nm hufq vfJfv ts[A dhNqde pfsk
iayfv bf rq, kfv syf jsvdYstb hflwf. dj spvi jfisVv ilGf fvf nchfn sofib
jvf pfq bf, siam-Hfstfhfnfv dhNqdeW zbcvi. dmnsvv zfpDp ncI -sj
Oebf Hcst pfWqfv ubA htstb. zfv nkA dkdb k]fv idh mcsJ v sjfb yyGf
jsvbdb. kfv isvW Oebfde zbA jfsvf fvf ustv zfsbv mskf YdVsq iVt
hQ dmnsvv mdrtfslv mfsU v lfvB yyGf rsk tfot. bosvv mdrtfvf zfypG rt
sHsh sp, (fmD KfjskW pctfJf zbAfnf!) pdl siam jvfv Jch Yf dYt,
kfrst jub nclwGb (fLDb) icvsNv nfsK jvk. vfbD rsqW sn zfib lfsnv iadk
siasm mf rsq isVsY! ef kfv hV mCJfG dm!
 nhfv sysq shdw
pctfJf pJb wrsvv mdrtfslv iyfsk nmfstfybf hQ dblf W H{Gnbfv jKf
bt, kJb sn kfslvsj sFsj ifEft hQ jde hEsjv zfsqfub jvt. Lc
hfh iamfB jvfv ubA sp, sn pfv iadk zfnf rsq isVdYt, sn Lc jub lfn hf
nfLfvB hAd bq; hvQ sn hfdrAj W zfHAdvj mb znfLfvB snZlspGv zdLjfvD
sp, kfsj slsJ mb mc W iafB tcdk rWqf sjfb zfyspGv dhNq bq.
nckvfQ It hf zbA djYc sjse JfWqfv ubA sn kfslv iaskAjsj jde j'sv Ycdv
dlt hQ k]fsj htt, `kfslv nfmsb shv rW.' zk}iv kfvf pJb k]fsj slJt,
kJb kfvf k]fv (vi-mfLcspG) zdHHCk rt hQ (It jfesk dosq) dbsuslv rfk
sjse sItt. kfvf htt, `zffr idh! skf mfbcN bq. skf j mdrmfdhk
dIdvwXkf!'
spsrkc ncI -sj (nxdv) zsLGj vi lfb jvf rsqdYt. (mcndtm) dkdb
dYstb nhfv sysq nclv W nclwGb pchj.
pJb zfpDspv D slJt sp, kfv Ytbf W yf zfrCk W nmshk mdrtfslv dbje
nIt W jxkjfpG rsqsY hQ ncsIv vi slsJ nmfstfyj mdrtfvf zdHHCk rsq
isVsY, kJb sn htsk tfot sp, `kfsj j Utj slJfsk skfmfslv zhf rsq
sot, kfrst dj Jb kfv siam-ufst zfh rWqfv jfvsB skfmvf zfmfv dblf
jvsh? skf sn vihfb kvB, pfv ns skfmvf zfmfsj H{Gnbf W dblf jsvY.'
hvQ nmfstfyj mdrtfslvsj zdHHCk rsk slsJ kfv iLGf zfsvf shsV sot hQ
tf-wvsmv nm zfhvB Jcst dlsq sn kfv zn{ jfmbf zfsvf jhfv iajfw
jvt. hfsv zDjfv zhfq kfsj mdj slJfsbf rt. spsrkc sn dYt vfbD. zfv
vfuA yftfq vfuf hQ vfuf yftfq vfbD.
nckvfQ nmshk mdrtfslv nfmsb sn htt, `zfdm skf kfv jfsY spZb-dmtb
jfmbf jsvdY; dj sn dbsusj idh svsJsY. Jb zfdm kfsj pf zfslw jdv, sn
pdl kf iftb bf jsv, kfrst zhwA sn jfvfv rsh hQ tfdkslv zH Gc
rsh.'
ncI sn vfu-idvhfsv Dklfnvsi dYstb. iv wrsvv mdrtfvfW kfv
nmKGsb jmk rt. zkh dkdb iadkhfsl jfsj jD htsk ifvskb? rqskf hf ef
zihfl dlsq zfhfvW pctfJf fmDv jfsY k]fsj slfND nfhA jvfv syf jvsh.
nckvfQ dkdb dIkbf sKsj v[f ifWqfv mfbsn mrfb iadkiftsjv dbje zfjct
zfshlb ufdbsq htstb, `sr zfmfv iadkiftj! mdrtfvf zfmfsj pfv iadk
zfrhfb jvsY, kf zsi[f jfvfofv zfmfv jfsY zdLj diaq. kcdm pdl kfslv Ytbf
rsk zfmfsj v[f bf jv, kfrst zfdm kfslv iadk zfjx rsq iVh hQ zslv
zH cG rh.'
zk}iv kfv iadkiftj kfv zfrhfsb nfVf dlstb hQ kfsj kfslv Ytbf rsk
v[f jvstb. dkdb skf nhGswafkf, nhG.
65 66 nhfv sysq shdw
dj iamfB W dblwGbfhtD slJfv ivW kfslv msb rt sp, ncIsj djYcjfstv
ubA jfvfv jvsk rsh. k]fv dbslGfdNkf W idhkf iajfw rWqfv isvW ncI
-sj sutJfbfq ifEfsbfsk zfpDspv lxdsk pcd W jtAfB Kfjsk ifsv sp,
dkdb ncI -sj k]fv D sKsj lCsv vfJsk yfdYstb, pfsk sn icbvfq ncI
-sj dbu siam-ufst I]fnfsbfv syf bf jvsk ifsv, spmb kfv YfW k]fv sut-
rfuk dYt.
nckvfQ k]fsj jfvfofsv hlD j'sv vfJf rt. sjfb zivfsL k]fv nfsK lc'ub pchj
jfvfofsv iashw jvt. jdlb kfslv jub htt, `zfdm si slJtfm, zfdm
(zfcv) dbMXsV ml kdv jvdY' hQ zivub htt, `zfdm si slJtfm zfdm
zfmfv mfKfq vde hrb jvdY hQ ifdJ kf rsk JfsY. zfmfslvsj zfidb v
kf{ipG ufdbsq dlb, zfmvf zfibfsj n{jmGivfqB slJdY.'
ncI htt, `skfmfslvsj sp JflA slWqf rq, kf zfnhfv iCshG zfdm skfmfslvsj
siv hAfJAf ufdbsq slh, fb zfmfv iadkiftj zfmfsj pf dw[f dlsqsYb kfv
zHc G . sp nialfq zffrsj dhhfn jsv bf W ivstfsj zdhhfnD, zfdm kfslv
mkhfl huGb jsvdY.
nckvfQ zfdm sp kf{ipG hth, kf suAfdkND W oBjslv mk LfvBf hf zbcmfsbv
dHdsk bq, pfsk dEj W Hct Hsqv nfhbf Kfsj. hvQ zfmfv kf{ipG nclPx
fsbv iv dHd j'sv rsh, pf zffrv i[ sKsj zfmfsj ialfb jvf rsqsY. pfsk
Hcstv sjfb zhjfw sb.'
zk}iv ncspfso dkdb lfWqfskv jfuW v j'sv dlstb. jfvfv sKsjW
mfbcNsj nhGiaKm kfWrDslv lfWqfk dlsq dwjG huGb jvsk islw dlsk tfostb.
zfv iaskAj bhDv nhGiaKm lfWqfk ef dYt. nckvfQ dkdb htstb, `zfdm zfmfv
dikxicvN hafrDm, nrfj hQ qfjCshv Db zbcnvB jdv. zffrv nfsK sjfb
hsj wvDj jvf zfmfslv jfu bq. ef zfmfslv hQ nm mfbcsNv iadk zffrv
zbcoar; dj zdLjfQw mfbcN jxkkf iajfw jsv bf. sr zfmfv jfvf-nDq! dH
dH h iadkiftj swaq, bf ivfmwftD j zffr? kfs]j sYsV skfmvf wcLc mb
jkjdt bfsmv ifnbf jvY, pf skfmvf hQ skfmfslv dikxicvNvf svsJ dbsqY.
dtv sjfb iamfB zffr zhkDBG jsvbdb. dhLfb slWqfv zdLjfv wcLc zffrv.
dkdb dbslGw dlsqsYb sp, skfmvf dkdb YfVf zfv jfsvf ifnbf jvsh bf. ef
nvt-ndEj Db. dj zdLjfQw mfbcN ef zhok bq.'
`sp bfm skfmvf hQ skfmfslv dikxicvNvf svsJ dbsqY'---v j zKG sp,
kfslv `ifnA' bfmde skfmvf dbsuvf dlsqY. iajk x is[ bf kfvf ifnA, zfv bf sn
nisjG sjfb iamfB zffr kfzftf zhkDBG jsvsYb. dkDq zKG sp, sn
ifnAslv dhdH bfm pf skfmvf dlsq svsJY; spmb hkGmfsb, Jfuf ovDh sbWqfp, o
hJw, djvbD Wqftf, jfvm]f Wqftf, oWsn zfpm, loDv, mcwdjt jcwf (zbcvi lfkf
 nhfv sysq shdw 67 68 nhfv sysq shdw
nfsrh, Jfufhfhf, n]fhfhf) kAfdl nh skfmfslv dbsuslv mboVf bfm, zffr nckvfQ pJb lCk kfv jfsY idk rt, kJb ncI htstb, `kcdm skfmfv iaHc
kfzftfv i[ sKsj v sjfb iamfB zhkDBG jvf rqdb. (vfuf)v jfsY dIsv pfW hQ k]fsj dufnf jv, sp mdrtfvf kfslv rfk sjse
zk}iv dkdb kfslv i-hxf htsk tfostb, `sr zfmfv jfvfnDq! sIstdYt kfslv zhf jD? zfmfv iadkiftj kfslv Ytbf ns nmAj zhok.'
skfmfslv jub ns jKf sp, sn kfv iaHcsj mlA ifb jvfsh hQ zivub ncI pJb slJstb sp, Jb hflwfr nmfb dlsk iak, kJb dkdb
ns jKf sp, sn wCtdh rsh, zk}iv kfv mj rsk ifdJ zfrfv jvsh. sp Hfsh Lc zbcoasrv if rsq sut sKsj shv rWqf iYl jvstb bf. hvQ zfib
dhNsq skfmvf ufbsk sysqY kfv dnf rsq sosY.' ydvsj y hQ dbsuv idhkfsj nfhA jvfsj iafLfbA dlstb, pfsk ixdKhDv
ncI kfslv msLA sp mcd ifsh msb jvstb, kfsj htstb, `skfmfv iaHvc nfmsb k]fv dbmGt ydv W ncy mpGflf idvIcdek rsq pfq. jfvB jub (lfqD)
jfsY zfmfv jKf hstf.' (pfsk zfdmW mcdtfH jvsk ifdv.) dj wqkfb kfsj zffrv isK zfrhfbjfvDv ubA idhkf W mrfb ydv Jch uvvD.
kfv iaHcv jfsY k]fv dhNq hthfv jKf Hcdtsq dlt; nckvfQ dkdb jsqj hYv jfvfofsv vfuf mdrtfslvsj htt, `jD hAfifv skfmfslv? pJb skfmvf ncsIv jfsY spZb-
sKsj sostb. dmtb jfmbf jsvdYst, (kJb dj sn nmk rsqdYt?)' kfvf htt, `zffr idh!
dkmsLA vfuf i slJstb hQ kfv hAfJAf ufbsk yfstb. dkdb htstb, `zfdm zfmvf kfv msLA sjfb slfN sldJdb.' zfv zfpDspv D htt, `[sB nkA iajfw
si slJtfm, nfkde Ctjfq ofHD; Wdtsj nfkde wDBGjfq ofHD H[B jvsY hQ sisq sot. zfdm kfv jfsY spZb-dmtb jfmbf jsvdYtfm, zfv sn zhwA nkAhflD.
nfkde nhcu wDN W ziv nfkde wcj. sr iaLfboB! pdl skfmvf siv hAfJAf jvsk ef ubA sp, pfsk sn ufbsk ifsv sp, kfv zbciddksk zfdm kfv iadk
ifv, kfrst zfmfv i ns zdHmk lfW.' dhwfnOfkjkf jdvdb hQ zffr dhhfnOfkjslv NVp nIt jsvb bf. zfdm
kfvf htt, `ef jef zfshft-kfshft (zKGrDb) i hQ zfmvf vi i dbsusj dbslGfN msb jdv bf, mfbcsNv mb zhwA mljmG-iahB, dj sn bq pfv iadk
hAfJAfq zdH b.' zfmfv iadkiftj lqf jsvb. dbyq zfmfv iadkiftj zdk [mfwDt, ivm lqftc.'
lc'ub jfvf-hlDv msLA sp mcd sisqdYt hQ lDOGjft isv ncsIv jKf kfv zk}iv vfuf htstb, `ncIsj zfmfv jfsY dbsq n, zfdm kfsj zfmfv jf
nvB rt, sn htt, `zfdm v kf{ipG skfmfslvsj ufdbsq slh, nckvfQ skfmvf nryv dbpc jvh.' nckvfQ vfuf pJb k]fv nfsK jKf htstb, kJb dkdb htstb,
zfmfsj ifdEsq lfW.' `zfu kcdm zfmfslv jfsY mpGflfhfb W dhhfnHfub.'
nckvfQ sn zbcmdksm sust dosq htt, `sr ncI! sr mrf nkAhflD! nfkde ncI htstb, `zfmfsj slswv sjfNfLA[ dbpc jvb. dbyq zfdm
Ctjfq ofHD, Wdtsj nfkde wDBGjfq ofHD H[B jvsY hQ nfkde nhcu wDN W ncnQv[BjfvD, ncdh.'
ziv nfkde wcj wDN ns zfidb zfmfslvsj hAfJAf dlb, pfsk zfdm stfjslv dkdb (wnAfofsvv) hAhfibfv lfdqk dbu rfsk sbWqfv Yf ubA iajfw
jfsY dIsv spsk ifdv hQ pfsk kfvf zhok rsk ifsv.' jvstb, pfsk (siv kf'hDv hf hAfJAf zbcnfsv) zfn lcdHGs[v ubA dyk hAhf
hAfJAfq ncI htstb, `skfmvf nfk hYv jfdlsm yfN jvsh, zk}iv skfmvf oarB jvf spsk ifsv hQ ipGf idvmfsB wnA nQvd[k vfJf spsk ifsv. nfLfvB
sp wnA nQoar jvsh kfv msLA sp nfmfbA idvmfB skfmvf H[B jvsh, kf hAkDk zhfq pdlW il hf sbkxk iafKGbf jvf ShL bq, dj ncI -v ils[i
nm wnA wDN nsmk svsJ slsh. viv zfnsh nfkde jdEb (lcdHGs[v) hYv, oarB sKsj ufbf pfq sp, dhswN zhfq pdl sjfb stfj ef msb jsv sp, ufdk W
nfk hYv pf iCshG nq j'sv vfJsh, stfsj kf Jfsh; wcLc nfmfbA djYc pf skfmvf vfsv iv zfok nsev dyk hAhfv pKfpK spfoAkf zfmfv msLA dhlAmfb, pf
nQv[B jvsh kf hAkDk. viv zfnsh j hYv, sn hYv mfbcsNv ubA iayvc zsbAv msLA sb, kfrst sn dbsuv spfoAkf zbcnfsv dhswN il iafKGbf jvsk
hxdifk rsh hQ sn hYv mfbcN Istv vn dbMXVfsh.' ifsv. i[fsv ncI mCtk} il iafKGbf jsvbdb. hvQ pJb dmnsvv vfuf k]fv
pJb sn hAd hAfJAf dbsq hflwfv dbje sot W hAfJAf hBGbf jvt, kJb sn nfmsb v iafh dlsqdYstb, kJb dkdb mb il oarsBv Yf hA jvstb, pfsk
hAfJAf W ncI -v htf klhDv wahB j'sv hflwfr hV iaHfdhk rstb hQ zdLdk sKsj dkdb ufdk W vfsv snhf nclv W nruHfsh jvsk ifsvb.
dkdb zbcmfb jvstb sp, hAd, p]fsj shw djYcdlb sKsj sust vfJf rsqsY, dkdb mrfb zffr hstb, Hfsh zfdm ncIsj sn slsw iadkdk jvtfm; sn
znfLfvB fb, mpGflf W y spfoAkfv zdLjfvD. nckvfQ hflwfr k]fsj lvhfsv slsw spJfsb Yf zhfb jvsk ifvk. zfdm pfsj Yf kfv iadk lqf j'sv Kfdj.
idk jvfv ubA zfslw dlstb hQ htstb, `skfmvf ncIsj zfmfv jfsY dbsq zfv zfdm n{jmGivfqBslv wamIt b jdv bf. zhwA pfvf dhwfnD W nfhLfbD
n.' kfslv ubA ivjfstv icvfv m.
 nhfv sysq shdw
mrfb zffr ncI -sj slswv iv mb wd W sjZwt ialfb jvstb
sp, dmnsvv vfuf k]fv dbslGw zbcpfqD jfu jvskb hQ dkdb dmnsvv mfdesk mb
zdLjfv iasqfo jvskb, spmb sjfb mfbcN dbu oxsr iasqfo jsv Kfsj. dkdb spJfsb
Yf snJfsb zhfb jvskb, icvf dmnv dYt k]fv idviCBG zLDb.
ef dYt k]fv sn nhsvv ncIt, pf dkdb Hfslv zbAfq-zkAfyfsvv iv
jsvdYstb hQ nclPx ils[siv (hltf dYt) pf dkdb pctfJfv ifsiv zfrhfsbv
smfjfdhtfq Jdkqfv jsvdYstb hQ sn lxPkfv (hltf dYt), pf dkdb jsqlJfbfv
uDhsb zhtb jsvdYstb. ncI -v il sn il dYt, pfv iv
dkiCshG dmnsvv sn vfuf zdLdk dYstb, p]fv D ncI -sj hAdHyfsv c
jvfv zisyf jsvdYt.
jfsvf jfsvf mhA sp, vfuf ncI -v lf'Wqfk W khtDso mcntmfb
rsq dosqdYstb. zbcvi jfsvf jfsvf mhA sp, dmnsvv vfuf kIDsvv mxkAc v iv
ncI -v nfsK pctfJfv dhsq rsqdYt hQ lcde nfbW rsqdYt; jusbv
bfm zfIvfm hQ dkDqusbv bfm mDwf dYt. zfIvfm dYt wf' dhb bCb W
zfh -v D `vfrmfk'-v dikf. (kfInDv hsb jfNDv) dj jKf sjfb if. zfv ncIsj ifEfhfv nmq sp Hq jsvdYstb, sn Lvsbv Hq jvshb bf. v
dhw nCs iamfdBk bq, kf dhhfr nQf jKfef dh hst msb rq bf. YfVf v[Bfsh[sBv lfdqk zfmfslv.'
mdrtfv i[ sKsj iCshG sp hAdHyfv-mCtj znlfyvB ialdwGk rsqdYt, kfv
jfvsB j bhD idvhfsvv nfsK kfv hhfdrj nijG jfsqm rWqfv jKf sbrfk
zbcdyk msb rq.
djYc jft iv v rsq sot lcdHG[. pf dmwv slswv nm tfjf W wrvsj
zfmB jvt, mbdj jfbzfb ipG v iaHfh YdVsq iVt, spJfsb qfjCh W kfslv iBAmCtA kfslvsj sIvk slWqf rsqsY. kfvf htt, `sr zfmfslv dikf!
ncI -v HfoB hnhfn vk dYstb. ncI lcdHGs[v ubA
ncsjZwstv nfsK sp nchAhf dbsqdYstb, kf nIt rt hQ wnAiafdv ubA nh dlj
sKsj stfjub k]fv jfsY zfnsk tfot. ncI -v iadnd jfbzfb ipGW
si]ZsY sot sp, dmnsvv hflwf Hfsh wnA dhd jvsYb. nckvfQ dikfv zfslsw
ncI -v HfsqvfW hfdV sKsj icd] u dbsq wnA iafdv ubA vfulvhfsv idk
rt, spJfsb ncI vfudnQrfnsb zdLdk dYstb. ncI kfslvsj dybstb,
dj kfvf k]fsj dybsk ifvt bf.
ncI zidvdyk sKsj Dq Hfslvsj djYc jKf dusn jvst kfvf zbAfbA
jKf htfv nfsK nfsK efW hst sItt sp, zfmvf lw Hf Jfsb idk vsqdY,
dj zfsvf lcub Shmfsq Hf zfsY, kfslv jub skf ust LQn rsq sosY hQ
dkDqubsj zff nfbf vi dbsuv jfsY svsJ dbsqsYb, zfmfslv nfsK ifEfbdb.
kJb ncI kfslv JflA-nfmoaDv hAhf j'sv dlstb hQ htstb, `skfmvf
zfmfv dbje skfmfslv hmfsq Hfsj dbsq snf. skfmvf dj slJY bf sp, zfdm
69 70 nhfv sysq shdw
mfsi iCBG mffq dl hQ zfdm m zdkdKivfqB? dj skfmvf pdl kfsj zfmfv
dbje dbsq bf zfn, kfrst zfmfv dbje skfmfslv ubA sjfb JflA-nfmoaD Kfjsh bf
hQ skfmvf zfmfv dbjehkDG rsh bf.'
kfvf htt, `Wv dhNsq zfmvf Wv dikfsj nmk jvfv syf jvh hQ zfmvf
dbyq ef jvh.'
zk}iv ncI k]fv (jmGyfvD) pchjslvsj htstb, `kfslv slWqf iBAmCtA
kfslv mftisv msLA svsJ lfW; pfsk Wvf ubosBv dbje dIsv pfWqfv iv kfvf
kf dybsk ifsv, kfrst nHhk} kfvf icbvfq dIsv zfnsh.'
nckvfQ pJb kfvf kfslv dikfv dbje dIsv t, kJb htt, `sr zfmfslv dikf!
zfmfslv ubA JflA-nfmoaD dbdN jvf rsqsY. nckvfQ zfmfslv nfsK zfmfslv Hfsj
ifdEsq dlb; pfsk zfmvf JflA-nfmoaD sisk ifdv. zfmvf zhwA kfv v[Bfsh[B
jvh. zfofmDv wnAiafd dhbXqAfmDbsj ifEfsbfv iv dbHGvwDt. pdl sn zfmfslv
nfsK pfq, kfrst wnA ifWqf pfsh. zfv pdl bf pfq, kfrst wnA ifWqf pfsh bf.
nckvfQ kfsj zfmfslv nfsK zhwA ifEfb, spb ok hfsvv mk dkDqhfvW wnA
dj dikf htstb, `zfdm dj skfmfslvsj Wv ns snvi dhhfn jvh, spvi
dhhfn Wv Hf ns iCshG skfmfslvsj jsvdYtfm? nckvfQ zffr swa
v[Bfsh[BjfvD hQ dkdb swa lqftc.'
zk}iv pJb kfvf kfslv mfti Jctt, kJb kfvf slJsk sit mfstv nfsK
zfmvf zfv jD iakAfwf jvsk ifdv? skf zfmfslv slWqf iBAmCtA zfmfslvsj
sIvk slWqf rsqsY. icbvfq zfmvf zfmfslv idvhfvhoGsj JflA-nfmoaD sb slh
hQ zfmvf zfmfslv Hfsqv v[Bfsh[B jvh hQ zfmvf zdkdv zfv j ebD
shfUf iBA zfbh. pf sbdY kf idvmfsB zi.'
spsrkc iaskAj hAdsj kkef idvmfB wnA slWqf rq, pkef kfv e hrb jvsk
ifsv. nckvfQ dhbXqAfmDsbv jfvsB jde sev shfU idvmfB wnA zfsvf shdw ifWqf
pfsh.
dj dikf htstb, `zfdm Wsj j[sbf skfmfslv nfsK ifEfh bf, pk[B bf skfmvf
zffrv bfsm zDjfv jv sp, skfmvf kfsj zfmfv dbje zhwA dIdvsq zfbsh;
ksh skfmvf zhv rsq iVst sn jKf dH.' zk}iv pJb kfvf kf]v dbje
zDjfv jvt kJb dkdb htstb, `zfmvf pf djYc htdY, zffr kfv dhLfqj.'
zfwf Kfjf nsW spsrkc wsnAv zkA iasqfub dYt, kf dikf dhbXqAfmDbsj
kfslv nfsK ifEfsk zDjfv jvf dyk msb jvstb bf hQ zffrv iv Hvnf
j'sv kfsj ifEfhfv ubA kvD rsq sostb.
 nhfv sysq shdw 71 72 nhfv sysq shdw
zk}iv dkdb htstb, `sr zfmfv icoB! skfmvf (wrsvv) j lvuf dlsq iashw jvsk zfdndb hQ zfmvf syfvW b.'
jsvf bf; hvQ dH dH lvuf dlsq iashw jvsh. zffrv dhLfsbv dhvs zfdm vfufv stfsjvf htt, `pdl skfmvf dmKAfhflD rW, kfrst kfv wfd jD?'
skfmfslv ubA djYc jvsk ifdv bf. dhLfb zffrv. zfdm kf]v iv dbHGv jvtfm Hfsqvf htt, `v wfd sp, pfv mftisv msLA ifde ifWqf pfsh, sn rsh
hQ pfvf dbHGv jvsk yfq kfvf zffrv iv dbHGv jvj.' kfv dhdbmq. (sn lfn rsq skfmfslv lfnk jvsh.) Hfsh zfmvf nDmftQObjfvDslv
j ns spsk dbsNL ubA jvstb sp, j dikfv ofsvf ub ic pfvf wfd dlsq Kfdj.'
slsrv ykf hQ zfjfv-zfjxdkskW swa, pJb jnfsK j fb zKhf zk}iv ncI dbu (nsrflv) fkfv mfti kfdw jvfv iCshG Wslv
lthHfsh sjfKfW dlsq zdkm jsv, kJb nfLfvBk} stfsjvf zfypG hQ drQnfv mfti kfdw jvsk tfostb. zKGf{, iaKsm zbA Hfslv mftisv kfdw dbstb
lxdsk slsJ, zfv ef buv tfofv jfvB rsq l]fVfq. nckvfQ dkdb kfslvsj hQ nhswsN dhbXqAfmDsbv mfti slJstb, pfsk j'sv kfslv nslr bf rq sp, ef
hlbuv sKsj h]fyfhfv ubA ifq vi dbslGwbf dlstb. sjfb ncidvjdik sjZwt.
nckvfQ pJb kfvf kfslv dikf kfslvsj spHfsh zfslw jsvdYt snHfsh (dmnv) nckvfQ k]fv nsrflsvv mftisv mLA rsk ifde shv jvf rt.
iashw jvt, kJb zffrv dhLfsbv dhvs Wef kfslv sjfb jfsu zfnt bf; qfjCh mrfb zffr hstb, Hfsh zfdm ncsIv ubA sjZwt jvtfm. zffr Yf bf
wcLc k]fv msbv jde zdHiafq iCBG jsvdYstb mf. zfv dkdb zhwA fbD jvst vfufv zfsb kfv nsrflvsj sn (lfn hfdbsq) zfej jvsk ifvk bf. zfdm
dYstb. k]fv dbslGwbf hfdrAj ifq, nkjGkf W nchAhf vi; pf zhtb jvfv pfsj Yf mpGflfq Dk jdv. zfv iaskAj fbhfb hAdv iv zfsY zdLj
zfslw mfbcNsj jvf rsqsY. dj v mfLAsm zffrv i[ sKsj dbLGfdvk HfsoA sjfb fbD.
idvhkGb Oesk ifsv bf. Oesh snef spef k]fv dnf hf Ifqnftf zbcnfsv k]fv jcm zKGf{ vfufv sp zfb kKf dbqm dmnsv iaydtk dYt, sn smfkfshj dhbXqAfmDbsj
rsh. Hfsh zfejfsbf nh dYt bf, kf kfvf pfDltsj dusn jvt sp, ht,
j nmq kfvf pJb ncI -v nfmsb rfduv rt, kJb dkdb k]fv (nsrflv) zivfsLv l jD rWqf dyk? spsrkc ef qfjCh -v wvDqsk wfd dYt, kf
Hfsj dbsuv jfsY vfJstb hQ htstb, `zfdm skfmfv (nsrflv) Hf, nckvfQ sn smfkfshj ncI -v Hfsqvf wfdv iafh siw jsvdYt.
kfvf pf jvk kfv ubA kcdm lc}J jsvf bf.' Lvf sJsq kfvf htt, `sn pdl ycdv j'sv Kfsj, kfrst kfv (nsrflv) HfW skf
j jde vsm lc'ub j'sv Hfsj Kfjfv hAhf j'sv slWqf rt, mdbHfsh dkiCshG ycdv jsvdYt.' dj ncI iajk x hAfifv dbsuv msb sofib vfJstb hQ
dhbXqAfmDb pJb jf zhdw vsq sostb, kJb ncI k]fsj jde ixKj vsm kfslv jfsY iajfw jvstb bf. dkdb (msb msb) htstb, `skfmfslv zhf skf
Kfjfv hAhf j'sv dlstb. zk}iv dbuGsb k]fv nfsK zftfi-zfstfybf jvstb hQ rDbkv hQ skfmvf pf htY, sn ns zffr ndhswN zhdrk.'
iCshGv Oebf sJ j'sv htstb sp, Hfsqvf zfmfv nfsK sp zfyvB jsvsY kfv Hfsqvf dbsuslv idhkf W nfLckf iajfw jvfv ubA jKf htt. sjbbf
ubA lc}J jsvf bf. zfv sn nmq dhbXqAfmDbsj zfejfsbfv ubA sp Idl hf hfrfbf ncI W dhbXqAfmDb Hq kfslv nsrflv Hf dYstb bf; hvQ hmfsq Hf
jvfv dYt, sn nisjGW k]fsj zfofm ufdbsq dlstb, pfsk dkdb sisvwfb bf rb. dYstb.
zk}iv ncI pJb kfslv nfmoaDv hAhf j'sv dlstb, kJb ycdinfsv dkdb jdkiq hAfJAfjfvD ncI -v ycdvv hAfifsv lcde vrnAmq jKf sJ
k]fv (nsrflv) Hf-v mftisv msLA ifbif (nf') svsJ dlstb. zk}iv j jsvsYb, pf sjfb dbHGvspfoA iamfsBv iv dHdwDt bq. dh jKf ef msb rsY
zfrhfqj yD{jfv j'sv htt, `sr pfDlt skfmvf dbyq syfv.' sp, Hfsqvf dbsuslvsj skf sbrfk nfLckf W nydvsv zdLjfvD iamfB jvt. zfv
ycdvv slfNfsvfi fsb hfdhj dYt. sjbbf zfrhfqj snhj ncI -v ncI W dhbXqAfmDbsj rDb ydvsv nfhA jvt hQ dmKAfv zfwaq dbsq
idvjdik sjZwt nisjG zhok dYt bf. k]fslvsj syfv W shmfb iadki jvfv zisyf jvt!
Hfsqvf kfslv dlsj sysq htt, `skfmvf jD rfdvsqY?' hf `skfmfslv jD zk}iv pJb kfvf slJt sp, dhbXqAfmDb ycdvv zivfsL lfn rsq Jfsb sKsj
rfdvsqsY?' pfsh, kJb htt, `sr zfpDp! v dikf zfsYb zdkwq hx, nckvfQ v st zfidb
kfvf htt, `zfmvf vfufv ifbif (nf') rfdvsqdY; sp Wef sb slsh (hf sIvk zfmfslv jubsj vfJcb! zfmvf skf zfibfsj slJdY mrfbcHh hAdslv jub.'
slsh), sn (icvfvvi) j e shfUf mft ifsh hQ zfdm kfv ufdmb.' dikf skf zhwA hx dYstb, dj Jfsb kfslv mCt swA dYt dhbXqAfmDbsj mc
Hfsqvf htt, `zffrv wiK! skfmvf skf ufb sp, zfmvf slsw zwfd nxd jvf. k]fslv mfKfq ncI nQf jKf mvB rdYt sp, mb zfhfv bf rq sp,
 nhfv sysq shdw
dhbXqAfmDbsj sYsV dikfv jfsY zfmfslvsj dIsv spsk rq hQ dkdb zfmfslvsj hstb
sp, skfmvf zfmfv dhbXqAfmDbsj ncsIv mk rfdvsq st. kf kfvf ncI -v zfmvf sndYtfm kfslvsjW dufnf jvb; kfrst hcUsk ifvshb sp, zfmvf
mrfbcHhkf W zbcoasrv iawQnf j'sv jKf htt, rqskf dkdb zbcoarecjcW jvshb
sp, dhbXqAfmDbsj sYsV dlsq kfv st zbA sjfb Hfsj svsJ sbshb.
dj dmnsvv `zfpDp' ifdLiaf ncI htstb, `pfv dbje zfmvf zfmfslv
mft sisqdY, kfsj YfVf zbAsj vfJfv zivfL rsk zfmvf zffrv jfsY zfwaq
iafKGbf jvdY! vi jvst zfmvf zhwA nDmftQObjfvD rh.'
dkdb jKf htstb, spsrkc dhbXqAfmDbsj zfesj vfJf skf k]fv mCt swA dYt.
zk}iv pJb kfvf k]fv dbje rsk niCBG dbvfw rt, kJb kfvf dbuGsb dosq
ivfmwG jvsk tfot. dhbXqAfmDbsj sYsV pfWqf kfslv is[ HDNB jdEb dYt.
spsrkc kfvf dikfsj mcJ slJfsbfv spfoA dYt bf. kf kfvf iviv ivfmwG jvsk
tfot sp, Jb jD jvf pfq?
Wslv msLA sp hsqfsuA dYt sn htt, `skfmvf dj ufb bf sp, skfmfslv dikf
skfmfslv dbje rsk zffrv bfsm zDjfv dbsqsYb hQ iCshGW skfmvf ncsIv
hAfifsv de jsvdYst. nckvfQ zfdm djYcsk slw kAfo jvh bf, pk[B bf
zfmfv dikf zfmfsj zbcmdk slb zKhf zffr zfmfv ubA sjfb hAhf jsvb hQ
dkdb swa dhyfvj.
zKGf{, zfdm kk[B ipG Jfb sKsj pfh bf; pk[B ipG bf zffufb dbsu
kl j'sv slsJ zfmfv dbslGfN rWqfv jKf dhwfn j'sv sbshb hQ zfmfsj zfnfv
zbcmdk slshb. zKhf sjfb iajfsv zfpDp (dmnsvv hflwf) dhbXqAfmDbsj sYsV dlsq
zfmfv nfsK pfWqfv zbcmdk slshb. zKhf zffr kfzftf zfmfsj kef wd lfb
jvshb sp, zfdm dhbXqAfmDbsj kvhfdvv sufsv zKGf{ wdv sufsv mc j'sv zfmfv
nfsK dbsq spsk ifvh.
skfmvf skfmfslv dikfv dbje dIsv pfW hQ ht, `sr zfmfslv dikf! zfibfv
ic ycdv jsvsY hQ zfmvf pf ufdb, kfv iakA[ dhhvB dltfm. zfv zlxswAv
hAfifsv zfmvf zhdrk dYtfm bf.
zKGf{, zfmvf sp jKf dlsqdYtfm sp, zfmvf dhbXqAfmDbsj njcwt dIdvsq dbsq
zfnh, kf zfmfslv fsbv iv dHd j'sv dlsqdYtfm, isv sp Oebf Oet hQ pfv
jfvsB dhbXqAfmDbsj svsJ zfnsk rt, ef skf zfmfslv LfvBfkDk dhNq. dkDq zKG
rstf sp, zfmvf ycdvv sp wfdv jKf hstdYtfm sp, syfvsj ycdvv idvhskG svsJ
sbWqf srfj, kf zfmvf zfmfslv fbfbcnfsv dbLGfvB jsvdYtfm, sk sjfb iajfv
znlcswA dYt bf. (spsrkc zfmvf ncdbdyk dYtfm sp, zfmfslv msLA sj ycdv
jvsk ifsv bf.) dj Oebfsm pJb nfmfsbv kfdw sbWqf rstf, kJb ycdvjxk
ifbif dhbXqAfmDsbv mfti sKsj shv rstf. nckvfQ hAfifsv zfmfslv sjfb
slfN sb.
73 74 nhfv sysq shdw
kfYfVf sp ubisl zfmvf dYtfm Wv zdLhfnDslvsj hQ sp pfDlstv nfsK
zhwA nkAhflD.'
htf hftA, hfjD Hfsqvf dIsv sot hQ dikfv jfsY zbcvi jKf htst dikf
htstb, `hvQ skfmfslv mb skfmfslv ubA jde jfdrbD nfdusq dbsqsY; nckvfQ iCBG
LpG swaq; rqskf zffr Wslv njtsj zfmfv jfsY sb slshb. dbyq dkdb
nhG, iafmq.'
ncsIv i-hxf sp nkA rsh, kf k]fv dhwfsn dYt hst swaBDv zfwf k]fv
hcsj hfnf sh]sLdYt. dj zlxswAv Jhv dkdb ufbskb bf. kf dkdb lc}dJk W
lcdyfoa dYstb. dhbXqAfmDb rfvfsbfv efejf Of ncI rfvfsbfv icvfkb OfsjW
kfuf jsv kctt.
dkdb Wslv dlj sKsj mcJ dIdvsq dbstb hQ htstb, `zfIsnfn ncsIv ubA!'
zfv swfsj kfv y[clq nflf rsq sot hQ znrbDq mbfsi dkdb dj rsk tfostb.
ncsIv iadk drQnfv uftf hcsj dYt. kf kfvf k]fv bfm dikfv mcsJ nrA jvsk
ifvt bf. kfvf htt, `zffrv wiK! zfidb skf ncsIv jKf mvB jvsk
Kfjshb, pk[B bf zfidb mcmCNcG rshb zKhf mxkcAhvB jvshb.'
zfwfHvf hcj W mcsJ qfjCh htstb, `zfdm zfmfv znrbDq shlbf W lc}J
wcLc zffrv dbje dbshlb jvdY hQ zfdm zffrv dbje rsk kf ufdb, pf skfmvf
ufb bf. sr zfmfv icoB! skfmvf pfW, ncI W kf]v nsrflsvv zbcnfb jv hQ
zffrv jvBf rsk dbvfw rsqf bf, jfvB zdhwfnD nialfq hAkDk sj zffrv
jvBf rsk dbvfw rq bf.'
nckvfQ kfvf zfhfv dmnv dIsv sot hQ pJb kfvf ncI -v dbje
idk rt, kJb htt, `sr zfpDp! zfmvf W zfmfslv idvhfv-idvub dhi rsq
isVdY hQ zfmvf kcY iBA dbsq sndY; zfidb zfmfslv vnl iCBG mffq dlb hQ
zfmfslvsj lfb jvb; dbyq zffr lfbDslvsj iadklfb dlsq Kfsjb.'
pJb kfvf zdk bmakfv nfsK lfb-Jqvfk jvfv zKhf Hfsj mc jvfv ubA
zfiDt jvt hQ nfsK nfsK dikfv hfLGjA, lcht G kf W ic-dhsYslv zfOfskv jKfW
sJ jvt, kJb ncI -v rlq zfjct rsq iVt, y[cq zwanut rsq
sot hQ hfh Oebf hA jvsk hfLA rstb. dj dkdb Hfslv Cvkfv jKf sJ
jvfv nfsK nfsK lfv ydvsv dhjfw Oefsk Hctstb bf. nckvfQ dkdb htstb,
`skfmvf dj ufb, skfmvf ncI W kfv nsrflsvv iadk jDvi zfyvB jsvdYst, pJb
skfmvf dYst (idvBfm ns) z?'
Hfsqvf pJb dmnv-zdLidkv mcJ sKsj sn ncsIv jKf wcbt, pfsj hftAjfst
kfvf jfbzfsbv j zjfv jCsi dbs[i jsv dlsqdYt, kJb kfvf zhfj rt hQ
kfv dlsj msbfspfo nrjfsv kfdjsq Hfht, hAfifv mb skf bq sp, dpdb zfmfslv
 nhfv sysq shdw
nfsK zftfi jvsYb, dkdb ncI? kf bfrst ncsIv bfm W Oebf dkdb jDHfsh
ufbsk ifvstb? nckvfQ kfvf iaw jvt sp, `ksh dj kcdm ncI?'
ncI htstb, `zfdm ncI hQ zfmfv nsrflv; zffr zfmfslv
iadk zbcoar jsvsYb; sp hAd nQpm W LpG zhtb jsv, zffr snvi
n{jmGivfqBslv wamIt b jsvb bf.'
kfvf htt, `zffrv wiK! zffr dbyq skfmfsj zfmfslv iv iafLfbA dlsqsYb
hQ db}nslsr zfmvf dYtfm zivfLD.'
lfvmbf ncI htstb, `zfu skfmfslv dhvs sjfb zdHspfo sb.
zffr skfmfslvsj [mf jvb hQ dkdb nhGswa lqftc. skfmvf zfmfv ufmfde
dbsq pfW hQ ef zfmfv dikfv mcJmstv iv vfsJf; dkdb lxd wd dIsv ifshb.
zfv skfmvf skfmfslv idvhfsvv njtsj zfmfv dbje dbsq n.'
zk}iv pfDlt shv rsq iVt, kJbW kfvf hfdV si]ZsYdb. dlsj qfjCh
mrfb zffrv i[ sKsj ncnQhfl sisq idvhfsvv stfjdlosj htstb, `skfmvf pdl
zfmfsj HfvnfmArDb msb bf jv, kfrst hdt, `zfdm ncsIv OafB ifdY.'
kfvf htt, `zffrv wiK! zfidb skf zfibfv iChG dhfdsk vsqsYb.'
dj pJb ncnQhflhfrj idk rt hQ k]fv mcJmstv iv ufmfde vfJt,
kJb dkdb lxdwd dIsv sistb. dkdb htstb, `zfdm dj skfmfslvsj hdtdb sp,
zfdm zffrv dbje rsk kf ufdb, pf skfmvf ufb bf?'
kfvf tdk W tfdk rsq htt, `sr zfmfslv dikf! zfmfslv ifsiv ubA
(zffrv jfsY) [mf iafKGbf jvb; dbyq zfmvf zivfLD.'
dj qfjCh nfsK nfsK kfslv ubA [mf iafKGbf jvstb bf. hvQ HdhNAsk
lczf jvfv Wqflf jvstb. swA dYt sp, vfskv swN iarsv sp nmqde zffrv
hflskv ubA k]fv diaq hflfslv dhswN nmq sn nmsq zffrv jfsY skfmfslv ubA
[mf-iafKGbfv lczf jvh. dkDq jKf sp, kfvf ncsIv iadk zbAfq jsvdYt,
snsrkc kfv ivfmwG sbWqf uvvD dYt. kf dkdb nkv [mf-iafKGbfv lczf bf j'sv
isv jvfv Wqflf jvstb hQ htstb, `zfdm zfmfv iadkiftsjv jfsY skfmfslv
ubA [mf iafKGbf jvh, dkdb zhwA zdk [mfwDt, ivm lqftc.'
zk}iv j nmq qfjCh nidvhfsv dmnv pff jvstb. nckvfQ k]fvf pJb
ncsIv dbje idk rstb, kJb ncI k]fv dikf-mfkfsj dbsuv jfsY fb kf]v dbje. (kfofhcb } 3)
lfb jvstb hQ htstb, `zfibfvf zffrv Yfq dbvfisl dmnsv iashw jvb.'
ncI dbu dikf-mfkfsj dnQrfnsb hnfstb hQ k]fvf nhf k]fv nfmsb
dnulfq tcdesq iVstb.
ncI htstb, `sr zfmfv dikf! ef zfmfv iCshGjfv (wwsh slJf) siv
hAfJAf; zfmfv iadkiftj kf hfsh idvBk jsvsYb hQ dkdb zfmfsj jfvfofv rsk
mc j'sv hQ wqkfsbv zfmfv W zfmfv Hfslv mfsU nijG b jvfv ivW
75 76 nhfv sysq shdw
zfibfslvsj mv zt rsk Jfsb sb dlsq zfmfv iadk zbcoar jsvsYb. zfmfv
iadkiftj pf Yf kf dbicBkfv nfsK j'sv Kfsjb, dkdb skf nhG, iafmq.'
mrfb zffrv zbcoarnmCsrv msLA jCi sKsj shv jvfv jKf sJ jvstb bf dkdb,
spb kfsk k]fv Hfsqvf tdk bf rb. rt bhhD ydv. zfv efW lfv ydvsv
jde bmcbf sp, Hfslvsj jecW slfNfsvfi bf j'sv wqkfbsj jDdkGjtfsiv
jfvB hfbfstb!
jD mrfb sn ydv, jk nclv jfdrbD!
idvswsN ncI mrfb zffrv jfsY jxkkf iajfswv nfsK iafKGbf jvstb,
`sr zfmfv iadkiftj! kcdm zfmfsj vfuA lfb jsvY hQ siv hAfJAf dw[f dlsqY;
sr zfjfwmtD W ixdKhDv nxdjkGf! kcdm rstfj W ivstfsj zfmfv zdHHfhj.
kcdm zfmfsj zfknmiGBjfvD (mcndtm) drnfsh mxkcA lfb jsvf hQ zfmfsj
n{jmGivfqBslv zH cG jv.' (nCvf ncI W kfv kInDv } zfrnfbct hfqfb)
nclvkm zhqh
mrfb zffr mfbcN nxd jsvsYb. nclv Hchsb fb dlsqsYb. mfbcsNv ubA ixdKhDv
nh djYc nxub jsvsYb. dj nhsysq nclv vi W zfjxdk dlsqsYb mfbcNsj. dkdb
mfbcNsj nclv hfdbsq nmfb dlsqsYb, dIdvwXkfhoGsj dnulf jdvsq nmfb dlsqsYb.
fb-hcd dlsq nclvkm jsvsYb. dkdb hstsYb,
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zKGf{, zffr skfmfslv ubA ixdKhDsj hfsnfispfoD jsvsYb hQ zfjfwsj
jsvsYb Yflvi hQ dkdb skfmfslv zfjxdk oEb jsvsYb hQ skfmfslv zfjxdk
jsvsYb {jx hQ skfmfslvsj lfb jsvsYb {jx uDdhjf; dkdb skf zffr
skfmfslv iadkiftj. nckvfQ jk mrfb dhwuoskv iadkiftj zffr! (mc'dmb } 64)
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zfjxdk lfb jsvsYb hQ skfmfslv zfjxdk nclv jsvsYb. zfv iakAfhkGb skf
siadmj kfv siadmjfsj Hfstfshsn vi-snZlspG kfsj jde Ice Icstv nfsK
kctbf jsv. kfv nclv W tfhBAmq mcJmt lwGb j'sv kfsj y]fslv nfsK kctbf
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 nhfv sysq shdw 77 78 nhfv sysq shdw
kfv nclvD Dsj zkA Hfstfhfnk. j suAf{nf-ictdjk iCdBGmfv vfsk mc () {2[+5D %+ +0 +
zfjfswv dbsy dbuGsb hsn siamftfi jvsk jvsk y]fslv dlsj kfdjsq sn kfv Dsj zKGf{, sr mfbcN! djsn skfmfsj skfmfv mrfmdrm iadkiftj rsk iakfdvk jvt?
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skfmfsj dkb kftfj.' jsvsYb. sp zfjxdksk sysqsYb dkdb skfmfsj oEb jsvsYb. (bdIkfv } 6-8)
Dsj bfbf jKf hst zflv-zfrfl jvf pfq, dj `kftfj' w hst sjfb iajfv zk}iv kfv v dkdb dbsu dlsqsYb,
sJt-kfmfwf hL bq. D ufbk sn jKfv mfsb. `zfidb jD jKf htstb? zfdm
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zfv zfibfv ubA rftft b' hst sn fmDv dbje sKsj sE sot hQ ilGf jvsk
tfot. jfvB kfv msk sn pk nclvD W tfhBAmqD srfj, nmLcv suAf{nfmq y]fslv zKGf{, bf jJb bf, hvQ skfmvf swN dhyfvsj dmKAf msb j'sv Kfj; zhwA
sKsj sn shdw bq. skfmfslv iv (dbpc zfsY) nQv[joB; nmfdbk (zfmt) stJjhoG (dIdvf);
nf isV sot nmnAfq. hV lcdyfoa zhfq ixKj vfdhfn j'sv njfst JtDIf kfvf ufsb, pf skfmvf j'sv Kfj.( bdIkfv } 9-12)
mbnCsvv lvhfsv idk rsq Oebf Jcst htt. JtDIf IjDroBsj zfrhfb j'sv sn spsrkc dkdb mfbcsNv nxdjkGf. dkdb ufsbb kfv zfyvB W iajdx k. khcW dj
hAfifsv Iskfqf yfstb. njst j hfsjA htstb, `kftfj rsq sosY. jfvB mfbcN `mfbcN' rsh bf?
y]fslv tfhBA mfbcsNv kctbfq zsbj shdw.'
dj qAfrqAf dhb zfjNfm bfsm jub IjDr bDvh hsn dYstb. k]fv sswA
JtDIf htstb, `zfidb bDvh sjb? zfidb djYc htcb.' nhGswa LmG
dkdb htstb, `kftfj rqdb.' sk sjfb nslr sb sp, nhGswa LmG rt ntfm. ntfm mrfb zffrv msbfbDk
njst htt, `zfidb dj zfibfv Wfpslv dhsvfdLkf jvshb?' LmG. njt mrficvNslv LmG dYt ntfm. zhdw njt LmG kfv ziQw, fQw.
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bovD (mf)v. dbyq zfdm nxd jsvdY mfbcNsj nclvkm oEsb. (kDb } 1-4)
jsvbdb; ef skfmfslv dikf hafrDsmv dmfk (LmGflwG); dkdb iCshG skfmfslv
zk}iv htstb, `sr zfmDvt mc'dmbDb! mfbcN rsY mrfb zffrv nclvkm
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pfjfk zflfq jv hQ zffrsj zhtb jv; dkdb skfmfslv zdHHfhj, jk
rqdb. nf W kfv D dv db}wfn sItstb.
m zdHHfhj hQ jk m nfrfpAjfvD dkdb! (rf } 78)
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nhGswa Db rt ivsrpofvD. (nrDt ufsm' 3308bQ)
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zKGf{, sp sj ntfm YfVf zbA LmG zshNB jvsh, kfv i[ rsk kf jJbW mrfbhD hstsYb,
oarB jvf rsh bf. zfv sn rsh ivstfsj [dkoaslv ltHc. (st mvfb } 85) .(3t3 + 8. 2 H. I- / 8/ 3 . A
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mrfb zffr dbu hflfoBsj htsk zfslw jsvsYb,
! a ! %, () {+' / + 3 2 3F. ++ 9 X+ . / / +F(/ 3F+ G . 2 F. (+ + / 29X+ . / } nhGswa Db rt, pf (iftb jvf) nru. ( 3309bQ)
bhD hstb, Dsbv hAfifsv dbsuv i[ sKsj jsEfvkf zhtbjfvDvf LQn
zKGf{, (zfmvf oarB jvtfm) zffrv vQ (zffrv LmG hf kf]v iajdx k). vsM zffr rsq sot. (zKhf LQn srfj.) jKf dkdb dkbhfv htstb. (hcJfvD)
zsi[f sj zdLjkv nclv? zfv zfmvf kf]v ifnbfjfvD. (hfjfvfr } 138) dkdb zfsvf hstb, dbyq Db nru. sp hAd zsrkcj Dbsj jdEb hfbfsh, kfv
dJaefbslv jfsY j iajfv rtcl vsMv ifdb Kfsj; pf iaskAj dJaefb dwsj hQ iv Db uqD rsq pfsh. (zKGf{ mfbcN ivfduk rsq zfmt sYsV dlsh.) nckvfQ
iaskAj sn hAdsj ifb jvfsbf rq; pfsj dJaefb hfbfsbf swA rq. skfmvf snfuf isK Kfj hQ (hflsk) mLAmif zhtb jv. skfmvf ncnQhfl
zbcfsbv bfm kfslv dbje `hAfiXdeum' (idh hfdv fvf zdHdndk jsv dJaeLsmGv bfW. zfv njft-nAf W vfskv djYc zQsw hflk jvfv mfLAsm nfrfpA bfW.
lD[flfsbf{nh). ef kfslv dbje zkAdLj uvvD hAfifv. YfVf kfvf jfsjW (hcJfvD)
idh oBA jsv bf. mrfb zffr kfslv dhwfn Jb j'sv hstb, zfnt vM skf
jlf bhD zfcfr hsb zfmXv hsb zf'n -sj htstb, zfdm dj
zffrv vM. v sysq m sjfb vM sb. zfv zffrv vsMv kf{ipG rt, iafjxdkj
nQhfl ifdb sp, kcdm dlsb svfpf vfJY hQ vfsk bIt bfmfp iVY? zfdm httfm,
LmG ntfm, pfv iadk iaskAj bhD dbu dbu pcso mksj zfrhfb jsvsYb; pf
`niCBG nkA, sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb, icbvfq jfu jsvf bf. kcdm
dYt kfWrDslv zfrhfb.
svfpfW vfJ hQ (jJsbf) sYsVW lfW. dblafW pfW hQ bfmfpW iV. jfvB skfmfv
iv skfmfv slsrv zdLjfv zfsY. skfmfv iv skfmfv y[csqv zdLjfv zfsY.
swakm DblfvD skfmfv iv skfmfv Dv zdLjfv zfsY hQ skfmfv iv skfmfv zdkdKv zdLjfv
sk sjfb nslr sb sp, pcso pcso zffrv msbfbDk jmf Db rt ntfm. sn zfsY. skfmfv ubA iaskAj mfsn dkb dlb svfpf vfJf psK. sjbbf, iaskAj sbjDv
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zfknmiGB jsv hQ jdbHfsh hafrDsmv LmfGlwG zbcnvB jsv? zfv zffr (kfrst jk bf Hft rk)!'
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mrfb zffrv dbje diaqkm DblfvD
mrfb zffrv dbje nhsysq shdw iYlbDq DblfvD rt dbvhdY zfmt. pf
mLAmif zhtb jvst jvf pfq. pfsk hfVfhfdV W zdkvb Kfjsh bf hQ
zhf W wdKtAW Kfjsh bf.
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dj djYc nmq hf djYc dlb iv dbsu rsq isV. sp jfu j bfofsV j'sv pfWqf
dyk, sn jfsu hfVfhfdV jvfv Ist kf hvfhv yfdtsq spsk z[m rsq isV. dj
mrfb zffr iYl jsvb, jfu zi srfj, dj kf dbvhdYHfsh rsk Kfj. k]fv
diaq vnCt -W kf iYl jvskb.
zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf) hstb, jlf bhD k]fv dbje sostb, kJb j
mdrtf k]fv jfsY (hsn) dYt. dkdb htstb, de sj? zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf)
htstb, `(zfnfl sofsv) zmcj mdrtf, sp iaycv bfmfp isV.' dkdb htstb,
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bf skfmvf jf rsq iV. zfv sn zfmt k]fv dbje diaqkm dYt, spef kfv
zfmtjfvD tfofkfv j'sv Kfsj. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
`zffr jf rb bf' jKfv zKG sp, dkdb nWqfh dlsk jf rb bf. zKGf{,
dkdb skfmfslvsj nWqfh W skfmfslv zfmstv iadklfb slWqf h jsvb bf hQ
skfmfslv nfsK jfsv mk hAhrfv jsvb bf; sp ipG bf skfmvf dbsuvf jf rsq
zfmt kAfo j'sv hn. nckvfQ skfmfslv dyk, skfmvf sn zfmt oarB jvsh, pf
jefbf jsv spsk n[m rsh. pfsk k]fv nWqfh W k]fv zbcoar skfmfslv ubA
dbvhdY Kfsj.
mrfbhD hstb, sn (Lvsbv) zfmt zffrv zdLj iYlbDq, sp zfmt
dbvhdYHfsh jsv pfWqf rq; pdlW kf idvmfsB jm rq. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk
1242bQ)
mrfbhD hstb, skfmvf mLAif zhtb jv. spsrkc zffr (nWqfh lfsb)
dhvdshfL jvshb bf, pk[B bf skfmvf (zfmst) dhvdshfL jsv hnsh. (nrDt
ufsm' 2747bQ)
skfmvf (zfmst) zdkvb W zhf ialwGb jsvf bf. skfmvf ncnQhfl bfW W
susb vfJ sp, skfmfslv msLA sj zfv bf zfdm (zffrv vrmk YfVf) dbu
zfmstv hst idvfB sisk ifvh. pdl bf zffr zfmfsj k]fv jvBf W zbcoar fvf
zfYfdlk jsvb. (zfrmfl, mcndtm, hsb mfufr)
mrfb zffrv dbje sn DblfvD iYl, pfsk nvtkf W nrukf zfsY. mrfbhD
81 82 nhfv sysq shdw
hstsYb,
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+ 2)
zKGf{, zffrv dbje nhsysq iYlbDq Db rt jdb nvt. (zfrmfl 2108,
zft-zflfhct mcIvfl hcJfvD 283, dn} nrDrfr 881bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstYb, dbyq Db nru. sp hAd zsrkcj Dbsj jdEb hfbfsh,
kfv iv Db uqD rsq pfsh. (zKGf{ mfbcN ivfduk rsq zfmt sYsV dlsh.) nckvfQ
skfmvf snfuf isK Kfj hQ (hflsk) mLAmif zhtb jv. skfmvf ncnQhfl
bfW. zfv njft-nAf W vfskv djYc zQsw hflk jvfv mfLAsm nfrfpA bfW.
(hcJfvD)
hcJfvDv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, skfmvf nvt isK Kfsjf, mLAmif zhtb jv,
njft-nAfq yt (hflk jv) hQ vfskv djYc zQsw. zfv skfmvf mLAmif
zhtb jv, mLAmif zhtb jv, kfrst ohAst si]ZsY pfsh.
zKGf{, zhnv nmsq lAmwDt msb zffrv hflk jv; sp nmsq hflk j'sv
+F(/ H. I- . 2 + kxd ifWqf pfq hQ kf msb HfvD hf dhvdjv bf rq. zfv kfrst zHDtfH
jvsk ifvsh. spmb hcdmfb mcnfdIv nmsq nIv jsv hQ pKfnmsq sn W kfv
nWqfvD dhwafm oarB jsv. (bf LDsv yst hQ bf kfVfVf jsv.) Ist sn dhbf js
pKf nmsq ohAst si]ZsY pfq.
smfe jKf, mcndtsmv dyk, jYsiv mskf LDv odksk rstW zfmt yfdtsq pfWqf.
Jvsofswv mskf Ycse dosq zfmt h j'sv slWqf dyk bq. bsy{ nIt rWqf pfsh
bf.
msbv zhfq kfvkmA KfjstW sjfb zfmt dhtjct h j'sv slWqf dyk bq.
zKhf Yfmskf Lvtfm W YfVtfm---kf jvfW dyk bq. spsrkc zffrv vnCt
hstb, iaskAj jsmGv lAm zfsY hQ iaskAj lAsmv zfsY dbvlAmkf. nckvfQ
pfv dbvlAmkf zfmfv ncfrv odv dHksv Kfsj sn drlfqfkiaf rq hQ pfv
dbvlAmkf YfVf zbA djYcsk (nck huGsb) zdkm jsv sn LQn rsq pfq.
(hsb zfhD zfsnm, hsb drfb, zfrml, kfrfhD, nrDr kfvoDh 53 bQ)
nhGswa ufdk
ixdKhDsk h ufdk hnhfn j'sv sosY, jvsY W jvsh. kfslv msLA nhGswa ufdk
drnfsh mrfb zffr mcndtmslvsj msbfbqb jsvsYb.
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+ QA
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zKGf{, skfmvf swakm ufdk. mfbhmtDv ubA skfmfslv zHcAfb rsqsY,
skfmvf n{jfspGv dbslGwG lfb jvsh, zn{ jfpG (jvf sKsj) dbsNL jvsh, zfv
zffrsk dhhfn jvsh. (zfst mvfb } 110)
 nhfv sysq shdw 83 84 nhfv sysq shdw
zfqfsk mcndtm mfrsj nhGswa mk oBA jvf rsqsY hQ kfv jfvB jD- H8 ( !%, () { j . %Q + uj u+2 3F+ G . 2 H. E3 . r2 F^( H3P2 .r2 +I 2 E. 2 H. 52 + }
--kfW hst slWqf rsqsY. zfv kf rt, Hft jfsuv zfslw slWqf, ml jfsu dbsNL zKGf{, kfslv iCshG jk ufdksj zfdm dhbfw jsvdY, pfvf kfslv zsi[f nfu-
jvf hQ zffrv iv mfb vfJf. zKGf{, mcndtm mfv msLA pdl (Hft jfsuv nvfm W hfrA lxdsk swa dYt. (mfvqAfm } 74)
zfslw slWqf, ml jfsu dbsNL jvf hQ zffrv iv mfb vfJfv) hdwA Kfsj, zKGf{, lcdbqfv nm dudbn mb bq, pf dbsq iviv ohG jvf spsk ifsv hf
ksh kfvf swa mk. zbAKf ifdL sKsj kfvf hdk rsh. rj W hfdkt (nkA W znkA)v msLA ifKGjA dbhGfyb jvf spsk ifsv. nh skf
zfnst mfr sn ifdL sKsj hbfv dwjfv rsqsY. jfvB, ufdkv hdwA iChhG kDG mskv jfsYW dYt, kf nsW nkAsj zDjfv jvfv Ist kfslvsj LQn
sHfo-dhtfsnv mfqfq stfi sisk ystsY. ufdkv dYt nhGswa LmGDq oa. kfv dYstb j'sv slWqf rsqsY. ixdKhDv Lb-nil kfslvsj zffrv zfpfh rsk h]fyfsk
nhGswa bhD. kfv dYt nhGswa Db. kf nsW swakm ufdkvsi iadkftfH jvsk ifsvdb.
n[m bq. kfrst kfslvsj ixdKhDv wpG ialfb jvf rt sjb? kfslvsj ncJ-dhtfnD hfbfsbf
spsrkc ufdk mCt Db sKsj lCsv nsv sosY. ltfldt j'sv wkLfdhdY ufdksk rt sjb? mrfb zffr hstb,
idvBk rsqsY. sHfo-dhtfsnv mfqfq mc rsq ifdKGh uDhbsj iafLfbA dlsqsY. uDhsb
(7 QU+ +$+C #+ ( 7 QU +3 + ,38 (+ .2 %+ +QU :7G
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7 ; /< + 52 F+( `. r- }
ytfv isK zjfv lCvDjvsB jcvzfsbv zfstf dbsk zftnA W wdKtA ialwGb
jsvsY. Ist isl-isl sr]fye JfsY. bf DblfvDsk zoanv rsY, zfv bf H8 ( !%, () {j T 3 3V#+ |. 2 + j I2 (7 + ,+ E3 F. (+ +,3 2 #. + + <2 29+ 7
lcdbqflfvDsk. zfu ufdk bf mfbD wdsk htDqfb, zfv bf ifdKGh wdsj htDqfb. zKGf{, ht, `pfvf dhfdsk zfsY, ivm lqfmq kfslvsj iaycv dTt slshb;
Ifft mczfb, zzftfdrk kcjtfb. idvswsN pJb kfvf sp dhNsq kfslvsj nkjG jvf rsY kf iakA[ jvsh; kf wfd
srfj zKhf djqfmk srfj; kJb kfvf ufbsk ifvsh, sj mpGflfq dbjx W sj
jfslv mudtn nhGswa? lthst lcht G .' (mfvqAfm } 75)
jfslv mudtn nhGswa? LbDslv, bfdj ovDhslv? mcndtmslv, bfdj jfsIvslv? zKGf{, nh ifdKGh ncJnfv iK W jfsIvslvsj zhjfw W dTt slWqfv ubA
jfsIvvf zhwA LfvBf jsv, kfslv mudtn, kfslv uDhb-Lfvf, kfslv mBftq, lfb jvf rq. zkh kf slJfv dhNq bq. mCtk} Hft-mslv ifKGjA nmq nCdyk
kfslv jfh W idvNl nhGswa. spsrkc kfslv rfsk zfsY ifdKGh [mkf, ufodkj rsh, pJb zfmstv zhjfw nmq swN rsq dosq zffrv zfpfh sn iVsh hf
wpG. dj kfslv lfhD dj nkA? djqfmk sn iVsh. dj nmsqv fb sjfb ijfv slsh bf. jfvB nmq LXsv
mrfb zffr hstb, sbWqfv zKhf nQswfLsbv sjfb ncspfo Kfjsh bf.
nckvfQ nfmdqj ncJ slsJ swaskv dhyfv jvf Hct. swaskv dhyfv jvsk rst
3F+ G
. 2 + (j a2 (7 f . A
+ QF. a2 8Q W2 JB2 ,3(+ +F8/CD / 3 W2 52 +F8/CD + r2 p? +^ '+ +\3 8+ H. PQ . 2 + 2 :. \3 +QU+ }
dyvncJ slsJ jvsk rsh. pfvf dyvncJD kfvf rt nhGswa. mrfb zffr hstb,
H8 ( !%, () { 8 / + () {+ (7 f . A
+ + 'j+,u+ 2['^%+ + / f . A
+ 3? + / "
7 3? +r/ + + j E3 .+ :+E. +F8/CD 3 D 3 8QY8++ }
zKGf{, kfslv dbje zfmfv zfqfknmCr iHfsh zfhx rst zdhwfnDvf zKGf{, pfvf n{isK yst zffr kfslv iKiafdsk hxd lfb jsvb; zfv fqD
dhwfnDslvsj hst, `lc'lstv msLA sjfbXde mpfGlfq swakv W mudtn drnfsh sjfbXde n{jmG skfmfv iadkiftsjv dbje icvfv iafdv ubA swa hQ iadklfb drnfshW
m?' (mfvqAfm } 73) swa. (mfvqAfm } 76)
mfv jfsIvvf ldvla mcndtm W LbD jcvfw kKf kfslv nHf W Ov-hfdVv msLA spmb jcvzfb fvf pfslv zsv jcIvD, dwjG kKf kfv hAfdL vsqsY, kfslv
kctbf j'sv jcvzfbD zfrhfsbv smfjfshtf jsvdYt. mcndtmslv msLA zfmfv, hlmfsqdw W kf zfsvf hxd ifq, skmdb pfvf mfblfv kfslv mfb W drlfqfsk
dhtft, ncrfshv mskf ldvla mfbcN dYstb. k]fslv ivfmwGorx (mBftq) dYt `lfvt zfsvf shwD lxPkf zfsn.
zfvjfm'. zbA dlsj jfsIvslv msLA dYt zfhc ufrt, bpv dhb rfdvN, khf, wfhf zfqfknmCsr ldvla mcndtmslvsj nfbf slWqf rsqsY sp, jfsIv W mcwdvjvf
iaHdx kv mk sbkxfbDq stfj, kfslv ]yc ]yc iafnfl dYt hQ mBfnHfv ubA dYt sp nh Lb-nil dbsq ohG, zrQjfv jsv kf j nmq LQn rsq pfsh. zfv skfmvf sp
`lfvb bflWqfr' pf zdk nclv. dj zffr kfzftf hstb, n{jmG jvY kf dyvjft hfjD Kfjsh; pfv nWqfh W sbjD skfmvf skfmfslv
iadkiftsjv dbje zhwA iaf rsh hQ kfv m iadklfb W ijfdvkf skfmvf
 nhfv sysq shdw
snJfsb tfH jvsh. (zfrnfbct hfqfb })
nckvfQ sr mcndtmoB! ixdKhDsk skfmvf ldv rstW, skfmvf swa. skfmfslv nh
djYc swa. ksh wkG rt, iajkx mcndtm rsk rsh. bsy{ bf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
! %, () { + / (/ g. (J H3: 5- QU +,. 2 . 2> 3H:3 2 + ,3Y+ . \+ 2+ ,3PQ \+ 2+ }
zKGf{, zfv skfmvf rDbht rsqf bf hQ lc}dJk rsqf bf, skfmvf rsh nshGfidv
(dhuqD); pdl skfmvf mc'dmb rW. (st mvfb } 139)
nhsysq shdw Hqfbj pf
1. dwjG hf sYfe dwjG
hV dwjG pdlW hV, khcW kf nsykb mfr jvsh bf. dj sp dwjG Ose pfWqfv
nfhbf Jch shdw, sp dwjG sKsj h]fyf jdEb, kf rt sYfe dwjG.
mfrmCl dhb tfhDl rsk hdBGk, zffrv vnCt hstb,
.(3 X+ . 2> -y. x^ 3HI- . 2 + 3 A
+ 2 (+ + ,+ A
. 2 7QU)
skfmfslv iv zfmfv nhsysq zdLj sp dudbsnv Hq rq kf rt sYfe dwjG.
nfrfhfoB iaw jvstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! sYfe dwjG jD dudbn?' sv dkdb
htstb, dvqf (stfjialwGsbv sswA zfmt). zffr zfpXpf zufX pJb
(djqfmsk) stfsjslv zfmtnmCsrv hltf lfb jvshb, kJb njstv sswA
htshb, `skfmvf kfslv dbje pfW, pfslvsj ialwGb j'sv lcdbqfsk zfmt jsvdYst.
zk}iv slJ, kfslv dbje sjfb iadklfb ifW dj bf! (zfrmfl, hsb zfdhcbqAf,
hfrfjDv pcrl, nrDr kfvoDh 29 bQ)
jfbf lffstv dIkbf mfbcsNv dkrfsn nhsysq hV dIkbf. dj kfv sKsjW hV
dIkbf rt dwsjGv dIkbf. spsrkc lfft iajfw rst kfsj sybf pfsh, kfv
jht sKsj h]fyfW pfsh. dj dwjG sKsj h]fyf hV jdEb.
zfhC nfl JclvD hstb, jlf zffrv vnCt zfmfslv dbje stb. kJb
zfmvf jfbf lfft dbsq zfstfybf jvdYtfm. dkdb htstb,
(B/ . / Q / + F. (/ H. I- . 2 + 3 ,+ A
. 2 ,+ E3 + '/ H. 5- 3 / A
. - 22)
zfdm skfmfslvsj mb dudbsnv jKf hst slh bf dj, pf zfmfv dbje skfmfslv
ubA jfbf lfft zsi[fW zdLj Hqfbj?
zfmvf httfm, `zhwA hst dlb, sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb, dwjG;
zfv kf sp, j hAd bfmfp iVsk l]fVfq. zk}iv zbA sj kfv bfmfp iVf
t[A jvsY slsJ sn kfv bfmfpsj zfsvf zdLj nclv j'sv isV. (hsb mfufr,
hfrfjD, nrDr kfvoDh 27 bQ)
85 86 nhfv sysq shdw
sjb Hq?
sjfb nrDr zfmst zffrv nd YfVf zbA sjfb dbqskv sHuft zbciashw jvst
sn zfmt i rsq pfq. spsrkc zfmt jhcstv iaKm W iaLfb wkG (Jtfn)ef dhtDb
rsq pfq. mrfb zffr hstb,
() {j G + 2 / '^%+ !/ + +#/ '/ yQ x. 83 2 + j / + + + `. + #. + <2 / '^%+ 0 a2 / ,3T. 8+ + 52 F+ <2 }
zKGf{, nckvfQ sp kfv iadkiftsjv nf[f{ jfmbf jsv, sn spb n{jmG jsv hQ
kfv iadkiftsjv hflsk jfsjW wvDj bf jsv.' (jfrI } 110)
2[ ]/ 2 . - +,3 w
+ . 83 2 P+ </ H. E3 + P+ </ H. P3 2 + . 2 H. PQ . 2 QU ^ ,+ 3 P+ :++8Q+ + . J ! 2 + + 3 8Q 83 + 52 F+(}
{+,- + #. 8+ ,3 52 (7 `f e/ '++ P+ </ ,3#++ (+ 2 / G + + %3 7 DQU !/ + A/ ; /< H. P3 2 +. 2 +F8/CD
zKGf{, pfvf wcLc ifdKGh uDhb W kfv snZlpG jfmbf jsv, zfdm kfslvsj kfslv
jxkjmGnmCr (v It) ixdKhDsk idviCBvG si ialfb j'sv dl hQ snJfsb kfslv
ubA djYc jm jvf rq bf. vf mb stfj sp, kfslv ubA ivjfst ufrffm YfVf
zfv djYc sb, zfv kfvf pf djYc jsvsY, kf nh ivjfst dbIt rsh hQ pf djYc
jsv Kfsj, kfW dbvKGj rsh. (rCl } 15-16)
zffr ifj rflDsn jclnDsk hstb, zfdm dwjG rsk nm wvDjslv sysq
shisvfqf. sp sj mb zfmt jsv, pfsk sn zfmfv nfsK zivsj wvDj (zQwD)
jsv, zfdm kfv dwjG-nr kfsj iakAfJAfb jdv. (mcndtm)
2. hfoD mcbfdIj
Q + QH /+ @ </ +(3 J`5- ;/:(7 - 2 + 3 A + 2 (+ + ,+ A . 2 7QU
mrfbhD hstb, zfdm zfmfv mskv iv mcsJv (dushv) fbD hf idk
hfoD mcbfdIjslvsj zdLj Hq jdv. (mcnbfsl zfrml 1/22,44)
mrfbhD hstb, tfwDtkf W mcJsyfvfdm mfsbv lc'de wfJf. zfv mcJ dJd
jvf W hfjXiec rWqf mcbfdIjDv lc'de wfJf. (dkvdmpD)
mrfb zffr mcbfdIjslv zfyvsBv jKf jcvzfsb xk jsvsYb,
{Q"
+w/ J 22 ,+ E3 + / /r2 ;/< (+ 2+ + D 3 PQ x. 83+ +.J ! / ++ ; /< 3 -,. r2 2[3_ / #. 83 F. (+ Q 7 F. (/ + }
zKGf{, mfbcsNv msLA mbW stfj zfsY, pfv ifdKGh uDhsbv jKfhfkGf skfmfsj mc
jsv hQ kfv zsv pf zfsY sn ns sn zffrsj nf[D vfsJ, dj zfnst sn
zkA UoVfse stfj. (nCvf hfjfvfr 204 zfqfk)
7` 5- +,3+ . 8+ }!+ 7+ (J f x3 A 3 H. P3 72S 52 H. PQ /,. a2 / l. + . \+ ,- ,-a8+ QU+ H. P3 (3 + T
. 2 2[3_ / #. \3 H. P3 :+8. 2 %+ +QU+ }
() {+,-I<2 g. 83 72 3 D 3HP3 2 \+ r2 H. E3 %. +CG
. <2 J 3 #+ 3HE3 H. PQ . 2 + p9+ . +
zKGf{, kcdm pJb kfslv dlsj kfjfW kJb kfslv slrfjxdk skfmfsj mc jsv hQ
kfvf pJb jKf hst, kJb kcdm nfoasr kf wahB jv; kfvf spb slWqfst sEjfsbf
jfsEv J]cde, kfvf sp sjfb swfvsoftsj msb jsv kfslv dhvs. kfvf w zkh
 nhfv sysq shdw
kfslv nisjG nkjG rW, zffr kfslvsj LQn jvb! dhf rsq kfvf sjfKfq
ystsY? (nCvf mcbfdIjCb 4 zfqfk)
3. b[ hf vfdwys dhwfn
b[sv zhfb W vfdwy lwGb j'sv zflfsu-zbcmfsb HdhNA{ W zlxswAv bfbf
Jhv htf. zmcj vfdwv Ist hxd rq LfvBf jvf. zmcj b[sv Ist zmcj jtAfB hf
zjtAfB rq dhwfn jvf. mb dhwfsnv Ist mcndtm jfsIv rsq pfq.
pfsql hsb Jfstl hstb, jlf lfdhqfsk vfsk hxd rst zfmfslvsj
Iusvv bfmfp iVfsbfv iv bhD njstv dlsj mcJ j'sv hsn htstb, skfmvf
ufb dj, skfmfslv iadkiftj jD hstb? njst htt, `zffr W klDq vnCt Hft
ufsbb.' dkdb htstb, zffr hstb, zfmfv hflfslv msLA djYc hflf mc'dmb rsq W
djYc jfsIv rsq iaHfk jsvsY. nckvfQ sp hAd hstsY sp, `zffrv zbcoar W k]fv
lqfq zfmfslv iv hxd rt', sn skf zffrv iadk dhhfnD (mc'dmb)W b[sv iadk
zdhhfnD (jfsIv). zfv sp hAd hstsY sp, `zmcj zmcj b[sv Ist zfmfslv
iv hxd rt', sn skf zffrv iadk zdhhfnD (jfsIv) hQ b[sv iadk dhhfnD
(mc'dmb). (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
4. kjlDv hf HfoAsj zdhwfn
mrfb zffr nxd vybfv iCshG kfv HfoA dbLGfvB jsvsYb--- jKf zsbj stfsj
dhwfn jsv bf. kfvf LfvBf jsv, mfbcN kfv dbsuv jift dbsu osV. kfvf mfsb bf
sp,
(j) mrfb zffrv iaskAj hv hAfifsv umftD W kInDtD Jhv iCshG
susbsYb.
(J) sn Jhv dkdb `tfWsr mfrICp'- dtdih jsvsYb.
(o) njt nxdv Oeb-zOeb zffrv YfLDb.
(O) dhwyvfysvv njt hv nf, B W dhyvB-[mkf mrfb zffrv nxd. rt b[-dhwfn, kjlDv zdhwfn W wfnsjv zbAfq-zkAfyfv. (n} ufsm'
kjlDsvv iadk dhwfn mfsbv jde vjXb. kf kfsk zdhwfn jvst mfbcN
mc'dmb Kfsj bf. mrfbhD zfmfslvsj nkjG jsv hstsYb, `iaskAj mskv mfsU
mucn (zdoiCuj nialfq) zfsY. zfv zfmfv mskv mucn kfvf, pfvf hst,
kjlDv hst djYc sb.' Wvf pdl svfoff rq, kfrst Wslvsj dufnfhfl jsvf bf
hQ Wvf mvst Wslv ufbfpfq zQw oarB jsvf bf.' (nrDt ufsm' 5039bQ)
diaq bhD zfsvf hstsYb, dkb hAdv dbje rsk djqfmskv dlb zffr Ivp,
bIt djYc oarB jvshb bf; dikf-mfkfv zhfLA nfb, lfb jsv iayfvjfvD hQ
kjlDv zDjfvjfvD hAd. (nrDt ufsm' 3060bQ)
kjlDsv dhwfn vfsJ bf hst mfbcN dhisl sHs isV. swfsj-lc}sJ sjfb nfbf ifq
bf. nckvfQ zdhwfn Db-lcdbqf Hsqv hAfifsv hV Hqv.
5. wfnsjv zdhyfv W zkAfyfv
87 88 nhfv sysq shdw
[mkfnDb wfnsjv zdhyfv mskv ubA hV [dkjv W Hqv.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG spfoA-zspfsoAv mfsU nmkf hufq jvsk sysq
spfoAslv iadk zbAfq jsv.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG LmG-zLsmGv mfsU nfmA iadkf jsv hQ nskAv
zitfi Odesq dmKAfv uqofb ofq.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG zifs zspfoAsj lfb slq. Ist spfoAvf hdk rq.
[mkfnDb wfnj dwv mskf dbvDr uboBsj 10 efjfv 5/6de sbfe dlsq kfslv
rfk sKsj 100 efjfv sbfede Hcdtsq sjsV sbq. zKGf{, hfrAk} shdw dlsq jfpGk}
shdw tcse sbq.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG nmswaBD niaDdkwDt mfbcNslv mfsU sHlfsHl nxd
jsv.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG dbvivfL mfbcNsj l ialfb j'sv Kfsj.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG slswv nQJAfodv mfbcNslv mb v[f j'sv yst.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG slswv zdLjfQw mfbcsNv mb vfJsk zffrv zfb
sYsV dbsuslv mboVf zfb yftfq.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlv fsKG sYfyfdvkf yftfq. [mkfv zrQjfsv sn z rsq
pfq.
[mkfnDb wfnj odlsj ncspfo msb jsv kfv nAhrfv jsv hQ lcbDG dk iasqfo
j'sv dbsuv zfsJv dYsq sbq, ubsifNB jsv, slswv zfm nilsj Jfn hfdbsq
sbq. nckvfQ zfm ubosBv ubA sn wfnj rq hV Hqv.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(Q s2 J 3V. G
+ + Q%+ a2 38/CI \++ 3,3_J : P+ / (+ + Q A
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+ 2 (+ + ,+ A
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zKGf{, dbyq zfdm zfmfv mskv ubA kfv swN pfmfbfq pf shdw Hq jdv, kf
1553bQ)
6. jfvD mfm, ubsbkf
sbkf hf wfnj, mfm hf mfbAhv sp idvshw nxd jsv, dbvDr ubnfLfvB sn
zbcnfsv osV WsE. sbkxfbDq hAdhsoGv zfbcjvB j'sv dbsuslvsj jsv.
jfj pdl jfsvf isKv rq vfrhfv,
yftfsh sn isK, sp isK HfofV.
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, zhwA zffr skfmfslvsj sp tXm lfb jsvsYb, kf
skfmfslv dbje sKsj dYdbsq sbWqfv mskf kcst sbshb bf. hvQ tXm-Wqftf (dh)
tfmf kcst dbsq tXm kcst sbshb. mkfhfq pJb sjht ufsrtvf zhdw Kfjsh,
kJb stfsjvf kfslvsj sbkf hfbfsh hQ kfslvsj Iskfqf dufnf jvsh. Ist
kfvf dbsuslv vfq fvf Iskfqf slsh, pfsk kfvf dbsuvf rsh hQ zivsjW
 nhfv sysq shdw 89 90 nhfv sysq shdw
jvsh. (hcJfvD 7307 W mcndtm 2673 bQ) zfmfslvsj djYcmf v[f jvsk ifvsh?' kfvf htsh, `zffr zfmfslvsj n{isK
dbyq mb sbkf zfm ubnfLfvsBv ubA hV Hqv. mrfbhD hstsYb, idvyfdtk jvst zfmvfW skfmfslvsj n{isK idvyfdtk jvkfm; Jb zfmfslv
.(+,m / 3 -97 / 2S ; /:(7 - 2 + 3 A + 2 (+ + ,+ A. 2 7QU) LpGycAk rWqf zKhf SLpGwDt rWqf j jKf; zfmfslv sjfb dbjxdk sb.'(hafrDm
zKGf{, dbyq zfdm zfmfv mskv ubA nhsysq shdw sp dudbsnv zfwf jdv, kf } 21)
rt jfvD sbkxhoG. (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 1551bQ) 7+ +, 3X. (J H3: 2 `. P+ <2 #j +\+ H. I- 2 75- 7QU 3 +I :+. +F8/CD / 0 W2 #+ m
J 3,-a+ <2 %Q 7 ; /< +,JT + :+8+ . QU+ }
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, zfmfv mskv ubA lfft zsi[f shdw Hqv rt < ~ () {/ +#/ +F. '+ +HI2 G
+ . r2 + D 7QU P+ </ `5- 7QU 3 +I :+. +F8/CD + r2 () %Q 7 +F(^ j " /+
zlfft hAdk } jfvD sbkxhxl. (zfrmfl, n} ufsm' 4165bQ) zKGf{, pJb Wvf ufrffsm iviv dhksjG dt rsh, kJb lchsG tvf iahtslvsj
HdHfub W mfbAhsvvf pfslvsj jsv, kfslv hQ dbsuslv kfv htsh, `zfmvf skf skfmfslv zbcnfvD dYtfm, Jb dj skfmvf zfmfslv sKsj
ifiHfv djqfmsk zhwA hrb jvsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb, ufrffsmv zfsbv djqlQw dbhfvB jvsh?' iahstvf htsh, `zfmvf njst skf
/9 (+ + a/ +,. 8+ 9 2 (/ 52 H. E3 %+ +. 2 ,- / . + / () + /7 2> 3 e/ + 2 ,- r2 H. I- 'J%+ +Y+ 2 +( + H. P3 2 +` r/ +QU+ } ufrffsm zfdY, dbyq zffr k]fv lfnslv mfsU Ifqnftf j'sv dlsqsYb.' (mc'dmb }
` ( ) {+3%YQ 8+ (+ +0 + 2 H / Q . X+ '/ H. P3 +,m / 83 +F8/CD %Q +. 2 F. (/ + 47-48)
zKGf{, pJb kfslvsj htf rq, `skfmfslv iadkiftj jD zhkDBG jsvsYb?' sv +F8/C D + r2 + () 3$ +. 2> 3HPQ '/
. #+ sD a2 \++ +$+C#+ 3 2 %+ + ,3#+\7 +F8/CD +F(/ ,3#/ \J +F8/CD 2 7 +\+ . QU}
kfvf hst, `iChhG kDGslv ijKf.' Ist djqfmk dlhsn kfvf hrb jvsh kfslv H E3 (+ + H. PQ . 2 + p?+ + G
+ H. P3 2 + . 2 3 3HPQ 8Q 83 2[/+C52 7(/ 37 +\+ + 52 H. P3 . (/ 2 7 +:++<2 ! 7 52 +2 72 ,. 2 ,3#+\7
ifiHfv iCBGmffq hQ kfslvW ifiHfv pfslvsj kfvf zkf srkc dhf jsvsY. ! a ! %, () {%Q 7 +F(/ + T
/ %Q w
+ '/
slJ, kfvf pf hrb jvsh, kf jk bf dbjx. (bfrXt } 24-25)
zbcok zbcnfvD kKf Hhxl kfslv sbkxhsoGv jf HxskA idvBk rq. zsv zKGf{, (mvB jv,) pJb zbcnk x hAdhoGvf zbcnfvDslv iadk dhmcJ rsh hQ kfvf
mskf zbcjvB j'sv dbsuslvsj nhGbfwoa jsv. zfv sn zbcjvsBv mfnct dlsk wfd iakA[ jvsh W kfslv ns nm nijG dY rsq pfsh. zbcnfvDvf htsh, `rfq!
rsh svfu djqfmsk. ifsk rsh sndlb, spdlb ifdb sjfb jfu slsh bf. pdl jdehfv (ixdKhDsk) dIsv pfhfv ncspfo zfmfslv Oek, kfrst zfmvfW kfslv
ns nijG dY jvkfm, spmb kfvf zfmfslv nfsK nijG dY jvt!' Hfsh zffr
7QU +'7%+ ,- r2 + () +, 3 7 +#. e2 2 + 2& +#. e2 2 +:+. 2 8+ +,- ,-a8+ %Q 7 ; /< H. P3 E3 ,3T3 3D a2 \3 +,. 8+ }
kfslv jfpGfhtDsj kfslv idvkfivsi slJfshb. zfv kfvf jJbW zfocb rsk shv
() / 52 #. 2 H. P3 . #+ + /$+C#+ F. (/ QF. W2 #. |
/ H. PQ \/ +'7%+ () +` / 7 +,|
+ 2S<2 ++0+ +5- + +\++ + +#. e2 2 rsk ifvsh bf. (hfjfvfr } 166-167)
$YG>! %, 7. hAdHyfv W jciahxd
zKGf{, spdlb zdosk Wslv mcJmt seifse l jvf rsh sndlb Wvf htsh, mrfbhD hstsYb,
`rfq! zfmvf pdl zffrv zfbcokA jvkfm W vnCtsj mfbA jvkfm!' kfvf zfsvf .-97 W/
2 ! - ,+ P7x Y^ : H-I 2 + 3 A2 ( + ,+ A2 7QU
htsh, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmvf zfmfslv sbkf W hV hV stfj (hcpcoG)slv zKGf{, skfmfslv iv zfmfv nhsysq zdLj sp dudbsnv Hq rq, kf rt hAdHyfv
zfbcokA jsvdYtfm, nckvfQ Wvf zfmfslvsj iK jsvdYt. sr zfmfslv W jciahdx . (kfhfvfbD, n} kfvoDh 2390bQ)
iadkiftj! Wslvsj dB wfd lfW hQ mrf zdHnifk jv.' (rXpfh } 66- dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, zfdm skfmfslv ubA sp dudbn nhsysq shwD Hq jdv, kf
68) rt skfmfslv lv W spZb-nQf jfvD jciahdx hQ jfvD dIkbf. (zfrmfl
F. (/ 7+ +, 3X. (J H3: 2 `. P+ <2 #j +\+ H. I- 2 75- 7QU 3 +I :+. +F8/CD / 0 W2 #+ m
J + a2 <2 #j / T
+ / / 3+ '++ } 4/420, 423)
spsrkc iCshG sp spZb-fLDbkf dYt, sn spZb-fLDbkf dIsv zfnsh. bfvD-
{
/ (7 F (/ +2 (+ +. ++ . 2 +. YQ T
+ 2 +. 2 + 0+,+ H. 5- +8. + P+ 2 3 ++ E+ ,. 2 ,- r2 p0;. + F/( / /$+C+
fLDbkfv bfsm bfvDv slr-fLDbkf hAfij rsh. dhdH iayfv mfLAsm t bfvDslr
H E' U !%, () W hAdHyfv slJf pfsh. pchj-pchkDv zhfL smtfdmwf hxd ifsh. kfslv zfsifsn
zKGf{, nhf zffrv dbje idk rsh; pfvf zrQjfv jvk lchsG tvf kfslvsj spfofspfsov mfLAmW hAfij rsh. zShL siam dhdbmsqv dbdlG mcfb kdv rsh.
htsh, `zfmvf skf skfmfslv zbcnfvD dYtfm; Jb skfmvf dj zffrv wfd rsk nmc-njk W hbfbD-ifsjG iajfswA hAdHyfv idvlx rsh. bkGjD W shwAfv nQJAf
 nhfv sysq shdw
hLGb tfH jvsh. Ist zShL slrdmtb hfVsk Kfjsh. Osv-Osv hAdHyfsvv lcoG
si]ZsY pfsh. mbdj H W Dblfv OsvW zfLcdbj hAdHyfv zbciashw jvsh.
ilGfbwDb shfvjf-WqftDvfW zlvmrst sKsj sofib siasmv h]fdw hfufsh.
zfv jciahdx W bfvDv sbwf. bfvDv sbwf icvsNv msb iajdx kok hAfifv. dj
ydvhfb stfsj kf vfsJ hQ ydvrDb kf iajfw j'sv slq.
bfvDv sbwf dmefsk icvsN jfdLj `oftGs' oarB jvsh. sj jfdLj dhhfr
jvsk yfst slswv zfb W D hfLf lfb jvsh. mdrtf dbHGv rWqfv Ist
kftfsjv rfv hxd ifsh. mdrtf icvN-mrst yfjdv j'sv zsKGfifuGb jvsh. ilGfv
dhLfb skf `jcnQfv' rsq l]fVfsh idvshsw. nfmfduj W zfdKGj bfbf jfvsB pchj-
pchkD dhhfsr zbDrf iajfw jvsh. njt jfvsB hQ zfsvf zsbj jfvsB
hAdHyfsvv hfufv vmvmf rsq Esh.
jciahdx ydvkfKG jvsk zsKGv iasqfub rsh. zfv kfv ubA rfvfm hAhnf-
hdBuAW hAfij rsh. Ist j nfsK hfdV-bfvD-ofdVv sbwf mfbcsNv msb Hqv vi
LfvB jvsh.
8. icvN-omb
zsbj nmq bfvDv sbwf lCv jvf lcvr jfu rst zKhf kf hAqht rst lcsLv nfL
sOfst dmefsk icvsN icvN hAhrfv jvsh. zfv icvN hAhrfsvv sbwf zHAfsn idvBk
rst, sn bfvD jfmbfW jvsh bf. nmdmtbsj zfbD Djxdk slWqf rsh. fLDb
`hfbv' sKsj rWqf `bv'oB bvfdLjfv W hAd-fLDbkf v[fv mfbsn jlpGkfsj
hLkf lfb jvsh! bfvD-zdLjfv v[f jvsk dosq bfvDsj bo j'sv isK bfmfsh hQ
icvNfdLjfv v[f jvsk dosq icvsN-icvsN dmtb hL jvsh. nmfu W idvshswv
zhf kJb jk sp Hqv rsh, kf zbcsmq.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(p ,- Q,. r2 3`+ + ;/:(7 - 2 + 3 A
zKGf{, skfmfslv iv zfmfv nhsysq zdLj sp dudbsnv Hq rq kf rt tCk-
jWsmv jmG. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, rfsjm)
spsrkc icvsN-icvsN spZb-dmtsbv jfu tCk
rq, kf zwDtkfsj kfslv dlsj n jvf rsqsY. tCk
hstdYstb,
Q3 F. (/ ! ,+ P. + + T
+ ^ +,3\S:+2 H. I- 7QU () + / 2 #+ F. (/ p G
() {+,-<Q . (3 f ,. r2 H. :3. 2 `. '+ /0 + ^
zKGf{, `skfmvf mb jcjmG jvY, pf skfmfslv iCshG dhsw sj jsvdb. skfmvf skf
jfm-kxdv ubA bfvD sYsV icvsNv dbje omb jv, skfmvf skf nDmftQObjfvD
nialfq.' (zf'vfI } 80-81)
+ 2 (+ + ,+ A. 2 7QU)
-v ufdkv msLA nhGiaKm v
k]fv ufdksj
+ 2 F. (/ P+ '/ H. I- a2 ++ (+ 29x+ G
/ W2
91 92 nhfv sysq shdw
f ,. r2 H. :3 . 2 `. '+ /0 + ^ Q3 F. (/ ! ,+ P. + + T
+ ^ +,3\S:+2 H. I- 7/ 2 () +3 "
/ . \3 H. :3. 2 + 29x+ G
/ W2 +,3\S\+2 }
() {+,- P+ _ . \+
zKGf{, `skfmvf dj susb sb zwDt jfu jvsh? skfmvf dj jfm-kxdv ubA
bfvDsj sYsV icvsN iok rsh? skfmvf skf j z nialfq.'
dj kfv sv k]fv nialfq hstdYt,
() {+3 P7 s2 :+8+ f +- H. P3 7QU H. I- :/ 8+ . r2 F. (/ p ,- + ,3TQ A. 2}
zKGf{, tCk-idvhfvsj skfmfslv ubil rsk hdrjfv jv, vf skf mb stfj
pfvf idh nfusk yfq.
mrfb zffr hstb,
{+F8Q%+C 3 3 s2 (+ +0 + <2 s2 (+ H. PQ . 2 + +. s2 (. 2 + () +F8Q '/ X+ F. (/ E+ +%. 7 r2 3 \+2 + (. DQU 3 2 E. 2 + 3t +.
2 2S<2 }
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nckvfQ kfsj W kfv D hAkDk kfv idvubhoGsj fv jvtfm. kfv Dv ubA
zhdw stfjslv HfoA dbLGfvB jvtfm. kfslv iv dhswN Lvsbv hxd hNGB jvtfm;
pfslvsj HDdk ialwGb jvf rsqdYt, kfslv ubA hNGB dYt jk mfvfkj!
(bfmXt } 54-58)
9. durf
mfbcsNv duH sYfe rstW hV Hqv. duH bvm rstW kf dj jde kvhfdv. if
diYst sost mfbcN bfW mvsk ifsv, dj duH diYst sost dbOGfk mvB zfnsk ifsv.
zfhfv mvsBv iv slfpJ-hvsBv iftfW zfnsk ifsv. ubA mrfbhD dusHv
hAfifsv hV nkjG jsvsYb.
jlf mczfp htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfsj islw dlb.' dkdb htstb,
mbHfsh zffrv hflk jv, spb kcdm k]fsj slJY hQ kcdm dbsusj mxkslv
msLA oBA jv. zfv pdl yfW, kfrst zfdm skfmfsj mb jfsuv jKf hth, pf skfmfv
is[ nshv sysq zdLj nrunfLA. zk}iv dkdb dbu rfk lfvf dbsuv dusHv
iadk dk jsv htstb, ef (nQpk vfJ). (hsb zfdhlX lcbqAf)
zbA hBGbfq dkdb mczfpsj htstb, skfmfsj njt dhNsqv mj, H W wDsNGv
jKf hst slh bf dj? mczfp htstb, `dbyq; sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb,
njt dhNsqv mj rt ntfm. v H rt bfmfp hQ wDNG rt durfl.'
+,3\S\+2 } zk}iv dkdb htstb, zfdm dj skfmfsj nh djYcv mCt nisjG hth bf? mczfp
htstb, `dbyq sr zffrv bhD!' kJb dkdb dbsuv durf LfvB j'sv htstb,
efsj nQpk vfJ. mczfp htstb, `sr zffrv bhD! zfmvf sp jKf hdt, kfskW
dj zfmfslv drnfh sbWqf rsh?' dkdb htstb, skfmfv mf skfmfsj rfdvsq sItcj,
sr mczfp! mfbcNsj kfslv dbu dusH ufk ifi YfVf zbA djYc dj kfslv mcJ zKhf
 nhfv sysq shdw
bfj sY]yXsV slfpsJ dbs[i jvsh? (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, mfbcN dyf-Hfhbf bf j'sv mb jKfhfkGf hst sIst, pfv
fvf kfv ilJtb O'se iChG-idysmv mLAhkGD lCvk sKsj shdw lCvk slfpsJ dosq
idkk rq. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
duH zdk Hqfbj z hst mrfbhD nfrfhfhoGsj hfvhfv nkjG jvskb.
ncIXqfb hsb zfcfr hstb, jlf zfdm dbshlb jvtfm, `sr zffrv vnCt!
zfmfsj mb jKf hfkXst dlb, pf muhckHfsh Lsv vfJh.' dkdb htstb, kcdm ht,
zfmfv vh zffr, zk}iv kfv iv iadkdk Kfj. zfdm icbvfq dbshlb jvtfm,
7;2 + 3 w
+ \+ (+ 3 ,+ A
. 2 (+ /& +,3 %+ 8+
`sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfv ubA zfidb sjfbX dudbnsj nh yfsk shdw Hq jsvb?'
dkdb Dq durfsj (rs) LfvBiChj G htstb, efsj. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr,
hsb drfb, rfsjm)
10. shzfmt zfstm
mb zfstmW ntfm W nmfsuv ubA hV Hqv, sp jcvzfb-rflDn ufbfv isvW
mfsb bf, sn zbcpfqD zfmt jsv bf. jcvzfsbv zfstfsj zfstfjiaf rq bf. hvQ
slwDq idvshswv zfstfsj dbsusj zfstfjiaf hfbfq.
mb zfstm, sp jcvzfb-rflDsnv zsbj jKf dhwfn jsv bf, kfv fsb Lsv bf
hst sn kfsk nslr sifNB jsv.
mb zfstm, sp ifyfskAv vfubDdksk sI]sn dosq jcvzfsbv zihAfJAf jsv.
mb zfstm, sp zShL hAhnf W nCl rftfstv Iskfqf slq.
mb zfstm, sp i]fy-Wqf bfmfpefW dEjmskf isV bf.
mb zfstm, sp DblfvD sYsV ifjf lcdbqflfv rsq pfq.
mb zfstm, pfv hfdV ofb-hfubfsk mcJdvk hQ shilGf mdrtfsk zfsmfdlk.
mb zfstm, pfv zfJtfj-ydv svfiDq nfsrhslv mskf!
mb zfstm, pfv LfvBf rt, ntfsmv zflh W zfJtfj zfmfslv idvshsw bf
mfbstW yst.
mb rfsIpW hse. ksh pdl sn jcvzfsbv mfsb shfsU kfrst. bsy{ sn mb
hAd, sp dydb hrb jsv, dj kfv fl dm bf dk, kf ufsb bf. mb z, pfv
rfsk zfstf Kfsj, zKy sn zfstf fvf dbsu ijxk rsk ifsv bf.
mb zfstm W rfsIp, sp tXsmv zrQjfsv ifjf shlfbfv mskf sIse isV, dj
zfmst hV ej W ei lcdbqflfv.
mb zfstm W rfsIpsj slsJ nmfsuv nfLfvB mfbcNW shzfmt rsk c rq.
kfv fKG-sOnf Iskfqfq nmfsu dIkbf nxd rq. Iskfqfhfdu j'sv zivsj `ufsrt'
hf `jfsIv' hfbfq! nckvfQ sn zhwA hV Hqv.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
93 94 nhfv sysq shdw
Q2 . Q/ 0. %Q + 52 + / . 2 + 3 :3_
+ P. '+
. + / %3 +QU :7G
+ + . a- 2 + r2 `f T
3 %+ H. I- . 2 + 3 A
+ 2 (+ + ,+ A
. 2 7QU)
.(/y. x^ '/ 3t (+ %+ + /V. 7 '/ /t%Q T + 2 + #+ + + /tQ P. 2 +0%+ + 3t+C+++ 3 . (/ +2 + .
zKGf{, skfmfslv iv zfmfv nhsysq zdLj sp dudbsnv Hq rq kf rt mb
hAd, sp jcvzfb iVt. zk}iv pJb kfv ym{jfdvk kfv iv slJf sot hQ sn
ntfsmv j nfrfpAjfvDW rt, kJb sn kf rsk nsv iVt hQ kf dbu iyfsk
sIst dlt. zfv dbu iadkshwDv iadk kvhfdv LfvB jvt hQ kfsj mcwdvj hst
zihfl dlt. (hsb drfb 81, dn} nrDrfr 3201bQ)
swaBDv jcvzfb-uffsj mrfb zffr jcjcsvv ns kctbf jsvsYb. dkdb hstsYb,
,. 2 + () +F8Q X+ +F(/ + I2 <2 3 s2 . x7 3 #+ +\. 2S<2 P+ . (/ +2 + <2 +\/ 8+ 3t +. \+ +B/CD 2S++ H. PQ . 2 + 3`\. +}
. 2
. P+ 8+ / . 2 + `. / . \+ QU / I2 Q`h++ 52 3 - h++ <2 3t+,E+ +l+\7+ Q%. 2> 2 QU + 2 A
. 2 3 7I/ 2 + P+ '/ 3t +#. <2 + 2 +]. /
h+ (+ 0 + () +3 ID W2 :+8+ H. P3 D #+ 2 +"
+ a2 Q"
3 r <2 +\/ 8+ /' ,3'7C52 +F8/CD Q,. a2 3`h+(+ 2[/7 +P 8+ 3 5 3 :. \+
! > %, () {+,3 /v 8+ ,3 52 H. P3 + W- 2 + +\/ 8+ /' ,3'7C52 +F8/CD 3,. a2
zKGf{, kfslvsj hAdv hxf isV swfbfW, pfsj zfdm zfmfv zfqfknmCr lfb
jsvdYtfm, zk}iv sn sndtsj huGb jsv, kfviv wqkfb kfv diYsb tfso, Ist
sn dhiKofmDslv zH cG rq. zfdm Yf jvst (zfqfknmCr) fvf kfsj y
mpGflf lfb jvkfm, dj sn lcdbqfv iadk zfn rq hQ dbu jfmbf-hfnbfv zbcnvB
jsv. kfv lfrvB jcjcsvv mskf, Wsj kcdm kfVf jvst sn duH shv jsv rf]ifq
hQ kcdm Wsj mdb sYsV dlstW sn duH shv jsv rf]ifsk Kfsj. sp nialfq zfmfv
zfqfknmCrsj dmKAf msb jsv, kfslv lfrvB ef. nckvfQ kcdm jfdrbD dhhxk jv,
pfsk kfvf dyf jsv. sp nialfq zfmfv zfqfknmCrsj dmKAf hst W dbsuslv iadk
zbfyfv jsv, kfslv lfrvB jk dbjx! (zf'vfI } 175-177)
swaBDv djkfshv Lfvj W hfrjsj mrfb zffr ofLfv nfsKW kctbf jsvsYb.
dkdb hstsYb,
+F8/C D Q,. a2 3` h+(+
+ ]. '/ j% W2 . 2 3` / . 8+ %Q + / Q`h++ 52 E+ ,- / . 8+ H. 2 7Hu3 !2 +%,. :7 ,- ^ G
3 +F8/CD 3`h+(+ }
9# ! %, () {+ / / vD +,. a2 B/ P. 8+ 2 3 D + / D ?
/ 8+ /' ,3'7C52
zKGf{, pfslvsj kfWvfskv lfdqkHfv ziGB jvf rsqdYt, zk}iv kf kfvf hrb
jsvdb, kfslv lxf icj hrbjfvD olGH. jk dbjx sn nialfsqv lxf, pfvf
zffrv zfqfknmCrsj dmKAffb jsv. zfv zffr zkAfyfvD nialfqsj n{isK
idvyfdtk jsvb bf. (ucmcr } 5)
zfmtrDb zfstm, It-IctrDb ofsYv mskf. sp ofsYv YfqfW sb. ofY slJsk
smfef. pf uftfdb YfVf zbA sjfb jfsu tfso bf.
zffr zfmfslvsj ufrffsmv uftfdb rWqf sKsj v[f jvb. zfmDb.
 nhfv sysq shdw
nhsysq hV nCl
nCl JfWqf jfhDvf sofbfr. mrfb zffr nClsj rfvfm sOfNBf jsvsYb.
nClsJfv zdHw.
mLAuosk nClsJfsvv nfuf rt, vsv blDsk sn n]fkfv jfesh. zfv blDv kDsv
jub dIdvwXkf Kfjshb hQ dkdb kfv jfsY zsbjstf ifKv jdk j'sv
vfJshb. zfv nClsJfv n]fkfvvk hAd shw djYc[B n]fkfv jfefv iv sn
dIdvwXkfv jfsY dIsv zfnsh, dpdb k]fv dbje ifKv jdk j'sv vfJshb. snJfsb
sn sn kfv nfmsb dbu mcJ Jcst slsh hQ dIdvwXkf kfv mcsJ jde ifKv Tcdjsq
slshb. kfviv sn yst dosq zfhfv n]fkfv jfesh hQ zfhfv k]fv jfsY dIsv
zfnsh. zfv pJb dIsv zfnsh, kJb dIdvwXkf kfv mcsJ ifKv Tcdjsq slshb!
j dlvrfm idvmfB nCl sJst 36 hfv hAdHyfv jvf rq! hvQ zffrv jfsY kfv
sKsjW hV ifi rq.
zfv zbA ifVfv smsqv nfsK hAdHyfv jvfv yfsk iadkshwDv sjfb smsqv nfsK
hAdHyfv jvf lwB ifi. kfv yfsk hV ifi dbsuv hfdVv sjfb omA bfvDv nfsK
hAdHyfv jvf. kfv yfsk hV ifi hfdVv sjfb zomA bfvDv nfsK hAdHyfv jvf. kfv
yfsk hV ifi dbsuv shfsbv nfsK hAdHyfv jvf. kfv yfsk hV ifi dbsuv smsqv
nfsK hAdHyfv jvf. kfv yfsk hV ifi dbsuv mfsqv nfsK hAdHyfv jvf. iv nCl
JfWqfv nhsysq sYfe ifi rt nhsysq hV hAdHyfv mfsqv nfsK hAdHyfv jvfv mskf!
bfpc dhfdr dmb pfdtj.
kfv mfsb nCl JfWqfv zfsvf hV ifi zfsY. zfv kf rt mfsqv nfsK hAdHyfv jvfv
ifsiv sysq 70-73 ocB hV! dj nh sKsj hV nCl jD? nCl JfWqfv sKsjW hV ifi
jD? mrfbhD hstsYb,
; </ Q` T
3 7 -92 s/: . ' +^ ' +%. 2 7QU+ 3 (7 - Q` T
3 7 Q\ . QU 3`h. (/ E+ +. ' '+ +,3#. + + Q u. ) ^'
.(/ A
/ 2 Q. /
nCl (JfWqfv ifi rt) 72 iajfv. pfv msLA nhsysq sYfe ifi rt mfsqv nfsK
hAdHyfv jvfv mskf! zfv nhsysq hV (ifsiv) nCl rt dbu (mcndtm) Hfsqv nm
b jvf. (kfhfvfbDv zfnfk, dntdntfr nrDrfr 1871bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.(/ A
/ Q. / /0. 2 -92 s/:. ' ^' +%. QU 3 (7 - 3I/ . 8+ BC 5 '^ 3,+ E. )
zKGf{, nCl JfWqfv nhsysq sYfe ifi mfsqv nfsK hAdHyfv jvfv mskf. zfv
nhsysq hV nCl rt dbu (mcndtm) Hfsqv nm b jvf. (n} ufsm' 2531bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
95 96 nhfv sysq shdw
.(+ . > 3H:. + '+^ ' +%. 2 )
zKGf{, nhsysq hV nCl rt ofdt dlsq nmfb b jvf. (dn} nrDrfr 1433bQ)
db}nslsr jub mcndtm Hfsqv mpGflf W mfb-nmfb k shdw sp, kf b jvst
dbu mfsqv nfsK nv-dkqfv hfv hAdHyfv jvfv yfskW shdw ifi rq. dj
nmfsuv zrQjfvDvf kf ufsb bf.
mrfbhD hstsYb, skfmfslv Jcb, nil, nm skfmfslv ivisvv iv rfvfm
W mpGflfiCBG; spmb skfmfslv zfusjv dlb, mfsn hQ wrsv rfvfm W
mpGflfiCBG. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
jlf zfcfr dhb mfv jf'hfv iadk lxjXifk jsv htstb, jD mrfb kcdm!
skfmfv mpGflf jk mrfb! dj mcdmb skfmfv sysq zdLj mpGflfiCBG. (of-qfkct
mfvfm 435 bQ)
dj hQwDq Hcsqf mpGflf zKhf tXsmv smdj ymj dbsq zrQjfvDvf isvv k
b jvsk jncv jsv bf. pfvf idvhfvok sjfb de Lsv zivsj oftfofdt jsv
zKhf kf h zfjfsv sYsi iayfv j'sv `Yfljfsq ufdvqfr' jsv. pfv ifi ofdt W
h stfj-mfsU zhdw Kfjf zhdL stJsjv mvsBv isvW ufdv Kfjsh bwfzffr.
H mfbcsNvf vfso oftfofdt jvstW H ofdt hAhrfv jsv. zH sYfestfjslv
mskf mf-hfi kcst oftfofdt jsv bf. bfhftj-hfdtjfvf sJtf jsv. sjfb dhNq dbsq
UoVf rst mf-shfb kcst oftfofdt jsv. z sYfestfsjvfW mb oftfofdt j'sv
Kfsj. ksjG srsv dosq iadkis[v idvhfsvv stfjsj sesb dbsq sn kfsj srq
iadki jsv. mb stfsjvf sn ufsrtD pcsov ufsrt hdj?
mf'vv hsb ncWqfl hstb, jlf zfdm zfhC pfvG -sj slJtfm, kf]v ivsb
sufVf sifwfj vsqsY hQ kf]v softfsmv ivsbW zbcvi sufVf sifwfj dhlAmfb!
zfdm kf]sj sn nisjG iaw jvtfm. dkdb Oebf sJ j'sv htstb, `dkdb zffrv
vnCstv pcso k]fv j softfmsj ofdt dlsqdYstb hQ kfsj kfv mf kcst srq iadki
jsvdYstb. jKf sb bhD k]fsj hstdYstb, (sr zfhC pfvG!) dbyq kcdm mb
stfj; pfv msLA ufsrdtqfk (ntfsmv iChG pcsov zHAfn) vsqsY! (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
skf sot mb de Lsv oftfofdt jvf, pf iadkis[v mfsU zfsY. dj sp de
iadkis[v mfsU sb, kf vybf j'sv vebf jvfv ifi W kfv wfd jD?
vnCt hstb, sp hAd sjfb mcdmb ns mb slfN sJ jsv pf kfv msLA
sb, sn hAdsj zffr kfzftf ufrffmDslv v-iCs] u hfn jvsk slshb; pk[B
ipG sn pf hstsY kf sKsj shv rsq bf zfsn. zfv sn shv rsk ifvsh bf. (nrDt
ufsm' 6072)
sp hAd sjfb mcndtmsj hlbfm jvfv ubA kfv iadk sjfb zihfl slq, zffr
 nhfv sysq shdw
kfsj ictdnvfsk zfesj vfJshb---pk[B ipG sn pf hstsY, kf sKsj shv bf rq.
(nrDr zfhC lfl 4883bQ, zfthfbD)
mb tXm-odhGk zrQjfvDslvsj mrfb zffr ivjfstv zfso rjfst kfslv
zfibub fvf tfdk jvb. zfmDb.
nh yfsk zdLj vkiCBG iftbDq wkG
mfbcsNv nfsK sjfb wkG jvst kf iftb jvf uvvD. spsrkc wkG rt ycdv dhwl
dhhvB. zfv ycd W zDjfv iftsbv hAfifsv mrfb zffrv dbslGw rt dbmvi }-
! ! %, () {/,-a#3 '/ ,-<. 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+}
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! skfmvf zDjfv (W ycdnmCr) iCBG jv. (mfdqlfr } 1)
0 ! %, () { 3g. (+ + 52 + P. #+ 7QU / P. #+ '/ ,-<. 2 + }
zKGf{, iadkwadk iftb jsvf; dbyq iadkwadk nisjG jdIqk kth jvf rsh.
(hfbD naft } 34)
nckvfQ stbslb, hAhnf-hfdBuA W zfyfv-hAhrfsvv njt ycd W zDjfv zhwA
iftbDq. dj sjfbX ycd W wkG nhGfdLj shdw iftbDq?
dhhfr-wflDv wkG zdLj vskv nfsK iftbDq. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(+3 W- / '/ H. :3 2 . :+. ( + / '/ ,-<,3\ . 2 / 3 xJ J@G
mrfbhD hstb, sp njt wkG skfmfslv ubA iftb jvf uvvD, kmsLA nh
yfsk zdLj vkiCBG wkG rt kf---pfv fvf skfmvf skfmfslv (ivisvv)
sofibf rftft j'sv Kfj. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 3143 bQ)
spsrkc kf rt mfbcsNv mfb-nmfb W skv ycd. zbAfbA ycd zsi[f kfv
vk shdw.
dhhfsr sp nh wkGfhtD rsq Kfsj, kf nfLfvBk} lc swaBDv }-
1. W hL, pf iftb jvf uvvD.
2. z W zShL, pf iftb jvf uvvD bq.
W hL wkG spmb } D pdl wkG tfofq sp, dhsqv iv sn mfsqv hfdVsk
Kfjsh, kfrst fmD kf smsb dbsq kfsj dhsq jvst kf iftb jvf uvvD. iftb bf
jvst D dhhfr-dhsYl Oefsk ifsv.
D pdl smfrsv udm yfq zKhf hfdV yfq, kfrst kf smsb dbsq dhsq jvst fmDv
ubA kf iftb jvf uvvD.
D pdl wkGfsvfi jsv sp, kfv iaKm fmDv vnufk sYst kfv nfsK Kfjsh,
kfrst fmD kf smsb dbst sn kf iftb jvsk hfLA.
D YfD zKhf yfjdv-WqftD rst pdl sn wkG tfofq sp, dhsqv ivW sn iVfswfbf
97 98 nhfv sysq shdw
yfdtsq pfsh zKhf yfjdv jsv pfsh hQ fmD kf smsb dbsq dhsq jvst sn wkG iftb
jvsk hfLA.
zbcvi D pdl nQnfsv lfnD vfJfv wkGfsvfi jsv, kfrst fmD smsb dbst kf iftb
jvsk hfLA.
z W zShL wkG spmb } fmD pdl wkG zfsvfi jsv sp, kfsj k efjf hf udm
(iB hf spZkcj) tfosh, kfrst Dv ubA kf iftb jvf uvvD bq. zfv v ubA fmD
kfv iv yfi iasqfo jvsk ifsv bf hQ kfsj kftfj dlsk ifsv bf.
fmD pdl wkG tfofq sp, sn Dsj sjfb smfrv ialfb jvsh bf, kfrst kf iftbDq
bq. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7FP3 . (/ / '/ H3:#. :+. :+ . + <2 + / </ + (3 + . ~2 + / "
/ . (J H-I/+,(. 2S'/ ,3X:+. \+ 2 H. I- /+ 0+%+ (7 H-I2 7`G
/ - + }
0 ! %, () {9 m + 8Q <2 7FE3 %+ ,3T- 7FE3 ,3\2<
zKGf{, ddJk bfvDoB hAkDk zfv njtsj dhhfr jvf skfmfslv ubA hL jvf
rt; wskG sp, skfmvf kfslvsj dbu nislv dhdbmsq dhhfsrv mfLAsm oarB
jvsh, zShL spZb-nisjGv mfLAsm bq. zk}iv skfmvf kfslv msLA pfslv (mfLAsm
lfikAncJ) isHfo jvsh, kfslvsj dbLGfdvk smfrv ziGB jv. (dbnf } 24)
kfYfVf dhbf smfrsv dhsq rst mdrtfv i[ sKsj dbsusj `srhf' jvf rq. zfv kf
sjht zffrv vnCt -v ubA Jfn dYt.
+ 2) fmD pdl wkG tfofq sp, sn Dv HvB-sifNB jvsh bf, kfrst kf iftbDq bq.
spsrkc wvDqk fmDv iv Dv HvB-sifNB Ivp jsvsY. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
.[: s { ]3 D 3t \+ 7 (/ @. W/ . 3 <2 3 r- . %Q / . 2 + %+ / r- F. (+ + / :/ #+ + F. (/ p9#+ + 3@ . W/ . 3 /}
zKGf{, nfmKGAhfb dbu nfmKGA zbcpfqD hAq jvsh hQ pfv uDhsbfijvB nDdmk, sn
zffr kfsj pf lfb jsvsYb kf rsk hAq jvsh. (kftfj } 7)
zhwA sjfb LbD D pdl sn wkG iftb jvsk nmk rq, kfrst dhhfr . spmb
hkGmfsb h slsw dhhfsrv hqsnfDBG h mdrtf sjht `zfhcsVf' bfm Ocyfhfv ubA
mb fmD oarB j'sv Kfsj. sp dbsuv hfdVsk Kfsj, dbsuv HvB-sifNB dbsu
jsv. fmD sjht mfsU-msLA sn kfv sJ]fu-Jhv dbsq hQ fmD-Dv nijG hufq
j'sv pfq.
pdl D wkGfsvfi jsv sp, iaKm Dv kctbfq kfv jfsY shdw nmq zhfb jvsk
rsh, kfrst kf fmDv ubA iftbDq bq. jfvB kf bnfsIv idviD.
pdl D wkG tfofq sp, sn ilGfq Kfjsk ifvsh bf zKhf sn kfv sYst-hcv ns
slJf-nf[f{ hufq vfJsh zKhf kfv fLDbkfq hfLf slWqf pfsh bf kAfdl, kfrst
kf iftbDq bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(p . + 29+ (/ + 52 . QU+ `f e/ '+ ,+ P3 <2 /& /$ :+5/ ;/< +. 2 p . + J`5- )
zKGf{, iaskAj sn wkG, pf zffrv djkfsh sb (hf zffrv djkfh-dhvfLD), kf
 nhfv sysq shdw
hfdkt, pdlW sn wkG jw'de rq. (kfhfvfbD, hcJfvD 2735bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.( G + +7 G + . 2 (j + G + 7`G + 2 e . + DQU H. PQ e/ 3 3 2 + +,3 /. 3 )
zKGf{, mcndtmvf njt wkG iftb jvsk hfLA. zhwA sn wkG bq, pf rfvfmsj
rftft jsv zKhf rftftsj rfvfm jsv. (dkvdmpD 1352bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.(@+ +@<2 + (+ H. PQ e/ 3 3 2 + 3 7 + )
zKGf{, stfsjvf njt wkG iftb jvsk hfLA, pf bAfqnmk rq. (hfpXpfv, n}
ufsm' 6732bQ)
dhhfsrv nmq pdl sjfb mdrtf wkGfsvfi jsv sp, kfv uDhwfq fmD dkDq D
oarB jvsk ifvsh bf, kfrst sn wkG fmDv ubA iftb jvf uvvD bq. jfvB kfsk
sn dudbn rfvfm jvf rq, pf mrfb zffr icvsNv ubA hL jsvsYb.
dkDq dhhfr jvfv iCshG pdl mdrtf wkGfsvfi jsv sp, iaKmfsj kftfj dlsk rsh,
kfrst kf hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, sjfb hAd kfv (mcndtm) Hfsqv
dhhfr-iafshv iv dbsuv iafh slsh bf. sjfb mdrtf kfv shfsbv (nkDsbv)
kftfj yfsh bf; pfsk sn kfv ifs pf zfsY kf sTst sIst slq. (hQ jf fmD-
siasmv zdLjfdvBD rq.) (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dkdb hstsYb,
.( P+ :/A
. - + e2 !- 2 . +
zKGf{, mdrtf spb kfv shfsbv (nkDsbv) kftfsjv wkGfsvfi bf jsv. (zfrmfl
2/311)
fmD pdl dhhfsrv iCshG wkGfsvfi jsv sp, D kfv Wqfsvn rsh bf; spmb h
idvshsw mb Ose Kfsj. hfdVsk lfnD yf. dj sn hfdVsk zbA sjfb stfj sb.
jub mdrtfsj hfdVv dHksv jfdjbD jfu jvfst dhil Oesk ifsv. omA bfvD-
icvsNv jfjD dbuGbkfhtb wvDqsk dbdNW hse. nckvfQ pf Oefv kf pdl wvqD
dhsqv mfsU Ose, kfrst slfN sb. dj kfv nfbvf Jvy W mDvfn Hfsov Hsq nf
mdrtfsj dhhfr jvsk hfLf slq. hfLA rsq hq hfhf mb j lfnDsj dhhfr j'sv
kfv dbje sKsj lfnDv jfu sbq, pfsj mDvfn sKsj hdk jvfv ubA iaKsm
wkGfsvfi jsv. zbcvi `zfhcsVf' bfm lCvDjvBfsKG sjfb LbD D kfv fmDv iv
Wqfsvn bf rWqfv wkGfsvfi jvst kfW iftbDq bq. spsrkc mb wkG hfdkt, ksh
dhhfr . spsrkc fmD-Dv mfsU mDvfsnv zfb mrfb zffrv djkfsh zfsY.
nckvfQ kfv idviD sjfb wkG iftbDq bq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
F (/ +F5 + \+ 7 (/ 3l'3J 3HI- 2 <2 f 2 + 7FP3 2 + 52 Qq<2 f 2 + 7FP3 D F-I8+ H. D QU H. I- T
99 100 nhfv sysq shdw
7F P3 2 <2 f 2 + H. I- 2 + 52 Qq <2 f 2 + H. I- D F-I8+ H. D QU H. :35 + \+ 7 (/ 3l'3J F7 P3 2 + F 8. + . 2 P+ '/ + / ,38 p97 / + / #. '+
0 ! %, () {F 8. + . 2 P+ '/ +,3 ,3\ p97 / + / #. '+ F^( H3:5 + \+ 7 (/ 3F3 hJ
zKGf{, skfmfslv Dslv idvkA nidv zLGfQw skfmfslv ubA, pdl kfslv
sjfb nfb bf Kfsj, dj kfslv nfb Kfjst skfmfslv ubA kfslv idvkA
nidv j-ykcKfG Qw. kfvf pf zdnq{ jsv, kf jfpGjv W B idvswfL jvfv
iv. zfv skfmfslv idvkA nidv j-ykcKfG Qw kfslv ubA, pdl skfmfslv sjfb
nfb bf Kfsj, skfmfslv nfb Kfjst, kfslv ubA skfmfslv idvkA nidv
j-zmfQw. skfmvf pf zdnq{ jv, kf jfpGjv W B idvswfL jvfv iv. (dbnf
} 12)
zft-jcvzfsbv swafQw
mrfbhD hstsYb,
. { F. / 2 #+ ^ $%+ /& 3 . + 2 } Q . a- 3`m
+ < 2
zKGf{, jcvzfsbv nhGswa rt, zft-rfmlc dtfdr vfdt zftfmDb (nCvf Ifdkrf).
(rfsjm, n} ufsm' 1125bQ)
zft-jcvzfsbv nhsysq hV mpGflfiCBG nCvf rt nCvf Ifdkrf. zfhC nfl vfsI'
hsb mczff rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr zfmfsj htstb,
/ Q :+x. \+ ) mndul sKsj shv rhfv iCshG skfmfsj dj jcvzfsbv nhsysq hV (mfrfkAiCBG) nCvf
dwdJsq slh bf? nfsK dkdb zfmfv rfk Lvstb. zk}iv pJb zfmvf hfsv
pfWqfv Yf jvtfm, kJb zfdm dbshlb jvtfm, `qf vfnCtcfr! zfidb sp zfmfsj
htstb, skfmfsj zhwA jcvzfsbv nhsysq hV (mfrfkAiCBG) nCvf dwdJsq slh?'
nckvfQ dkdb htstb, (kf rsY) `zftrfmlc dtfdr vfdt zftfmDb' (nCvf
Ifskrf). de rsY `nfh mfnfbD' (zKGf{, bfmfsp hfvhfv idEkhA n zfqfk) hQ
mrf jcvzfb; pf zfmfsj lfb jvf rsqsY. (hcJfvD 4474bQ)
nCvf Ifdkrfv k vk sp, nCvf IfdkrfdhrDb bfmfp bq. bfmfp spmb
ntfsmv J]cde, zbcvi IfdkrfW bfmfspv J]cde. bhD hstsYb, sn hAdv bfmfp
rq bf, sp hAd kfsk nCvf Ifdkrf ifE jsv bf. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
nCvf Ifdkrf rt bCv, suAfdk hf zfstf. Jfn bhD -sj nCvf lfb jvf rsqdYt.
zbA sjfb bhDsj swaBDv sjfb nCvf slWqf rqdb. nCvfv ncnQhfl dbsq Jfn
dIdvwXkf zhkvB jsvb. nCvfsk iafdKGk njt dhNq lfb jvfv iadkwadk slWqf rq
bhD -sj.
3 +. 2 2y+ \+ (+ 3V"
. / H. I- 2 + } zfcfr hsb zffn rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, jlf duhvDt bhD -
v dbje idh dYstb; mb nmq iv dlj rsk j w bstb. iv dlsj
 nhfv sysq shdw
mfKf kcst dkdb htstb, wde zfnmfsbv j lvufv w, pf zfu sJftf rt; pf
zfu YfVf dkiCshG j[sbf sJftf rqdb. lvuf dlsq j dIdvf zhkvB jsvb.
zk}iv dkdb htstb, dkdb mb j dIdvf dpdb (zfu) ixdKhDv iadk zhkvB
jvstb, zfu YfVf dk iCshG sjfbdlb dkdb zhkvB jsvbdb. zk}iv dkdb nftfm
dlsq htstb, `(sr mcrfmfl!) zfidb lc'de suAfdkv ncnQhfl dbb; pf zfibfsj lfb
jvf rsqsY hQ pf iCshG sjfb bhDsj lfb jvf rqdb; (kf rt,) nCvf Ifdkrf W
hfjfvfv swN (lc) zfqfk. pJb zfidb Hqsj ifE jvshb, kJb zfibfsj
Hsqv iaskAj hfsjAv (iafdKGk dhNq zKhf nWqfh) ialfb jvf rsh. (mcndtm
1877, bfnf 913bQ)
hf dhb jf'h rsk hdBGk rsqsY, zffrv vnCt hstb, mct jcvzfb
(jcvzfsbv ubbD nCvf Ifdkrf)v mk zffr zfpXpf zufX kfWvfsk W Dst sjfb
djYc zhkDBG jsvbdb. (nCvf) rt (bfmfsp iaskAj vfjzfsk) idEkhA 7de
zfqfk hQ mrf jcvzfb, pf zfmfsj lfb jvf rsqsY. (mcWqff, zfrmfl, bfnf,
rfsjm, dkvdmpD, dmwjfk 2142 bQ)
nCvf Ifdkrfv zsbj bfm zfsY. zfv zsbj bfm mrsv ltDt. iaskAj dudbn
kfv dbu hdwA zbcnfsv mr{ rsq Kfsj. spmb mrfb zffr nhsysq mrfb hst
k]fv h bfm vsqsY. zbcvi bhD -v h bfm zfsY. dEj j jfvsB djqfmk,
uffk, ufrffm, hfO, kvhfdv kAfdlvW h bfm zfsY.
jcvzfb-rflDsn hdBGk nCvf Ifdkrfv bfm spmb, Ifdkrfkct djkfh, mct
jcvzfb, zfnX-nfht mfnfbD, zft-jcvzfbct zfpDm, zfnX-nftfk kAfdl.
zfv kfv B hBGbfq htf rsqsY, bCv, vjXqAfr kAfdl. (slJcb } zft-kjfb ID
tCdmt jcvzfb, ncqCkD 1/167-171, oas nCvf Ifdkrfv h bfm W BfhtD
ddJk rsqsY.)
nhsysq shdw zfwfhAj zfqfk
mc'dmb zfmt jsv, dj Hq jsv, kf jhct rsh dj bf? ksh zffrv jfsY zfwfW
vfsJ. zffrv vrmk sKsj dbvfw rq bf. dbvfw rWqf hL bq.
njt zfmt rqskf dEjmskf rq bf. bfmfsp mb hsn bf. iafkAdrjD mb dhwft
hflsk l]fdVsqW mb Jfsb-snJfsb Ycse pfq. mb W wqkfsbv dhvs tVsk tVsk
nftfm sIvf rq!
mcndtm Hq W Hvnf svsJ, syf W zfwf svsJ zfmt j'sv pfq. iaht zfwfq hcj
sh]sL idvfsBv iK zbcnfb jsv. dj sn zfwf zfsn sjfssj?
jcvzfb mfuDsl iafq 6666de zfqfk zfsY. kf iVsk iVsk h zfwfhAj
zfqfk ifWqf pfq. kf isV msbv dHksv zfwf ufso, bwfzffr idvfB ifh.
101 102 nhfv sysq shdw
nhsysq shdw zfwfhAj zfqfkdt jD?
1. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
/ D Q` / + ;/< +F8Q T
/ P+ 3 + + 5/ + + +' +. a- ; /. - ,3\g. 83 2 /9#+ 7 + H. I- (/ Q`m
. W2 ,- . - Q`\+S8+ 2 + }
%, ! %, () {Hf G
/ %7 %f ,-W~2 3 D + H. I- 2 3 D + W/ X. 8+ 2 +,J/ \3 2 2 ,3 W2 "
. + + ,-W#. + +
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA pfvf hpG W iafycspGv zdLjfvD kfvf spb wiK oarB bf jsv
sp, kfvf zfkDq-ub W zHfhoasj hQ zffrv vffq pfvf oxrkAfo jsvsY,
kfslv djYc slsh bf; kfvf spb Wslvsj [mf jsv hQ Wslv slfN-de mfuGbf
jsv. skfmvf dj iYl jsvf bf sp, zffr skfmfslvsj [mf j'sv dlb? zfv zffr
yvm [mfwDt, ivm lqfmq. (bCv } 22)
dmnkfr bfmj j nfrfhD, dpdb zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf)v ydvs zihfl vebfv
Oebfq udVsq isVdYstb, dkdb jub ovDh mcrfduv dYstb. zfkDqkfv dlj dlsq
zfhc hfjXv dnDj -v Jftfskf Hf dYstb. ubA dkdb k]fv kfhLfqj W
HvBsifNsBv lfdqkwDt dYstb. pJb dkdbW (jbAf) zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf)v
dhvs yfs wvDj rsq isVb, kJb zfhc hfjXv dnDj zkA mmGfrk W
lc}dJk rb; zfv kf dYt fHfdhj hAfifv. nckvfQ idhkfv zfqfk zhkDBG rWqfv
iv dkdb jnm j'sv hnstb sp, zfofmDsk dkdb dmnkfrsj sjfb iajfv nfrfpA-
nrspfdokf jvshb bf. zfhc hfjXv dnDj -v wiK pdlW mfbh iajdx kv
zbcjCt dYt, khcW dnDsjv mpGflf v yfsk y ydvsv lfhDlfv dYt. nckvfQ kf
zffrv iYl dYt bf. pfv jfvsB dkdb zfqfk zhkDBG jvstb, pfsk zkA
snr-hf{nstAv nfsK kf]v wDOakfiahB mfbhDq zfyvsBv iv nkjG jvstb sp,
skfmfslv Hct-fd rsq Kfsj. zfv skfmvf yfW sp, mrfb zffr skfmfslv sn Hct-
desj [mf j'sv slb. kfrst skfmvf zsbAv nfsK [mf-nclv zfyvB jv bf sjb?
skfmvf dj yfW bf sp, mrfb zffr skfmfslv Hct-de [mf jvb?
nckvfQ jcvzfsbv hBGbf-Hd k iaHfhwftD dYt sp, kf swfbfv nfsK nfsK
nrnf zfhc hfjXv -v mcJ rsk shv rt, `sjb bq? sr zfmfslv iaHc! zfmvf dbyq
yf sp, kcdm zfmfslvsj [mf jv.' viv dkdb jnsmv jfIXIfvf dlsq iCshGv bAfq
dmnkfrsj nfrfpA-nrspfdokf jvsk wcv jvstb. (Ifkt jflDv, hsb jfnDv,
zfrnfbct hfqfb)
zfqfk W Oebf sKsj hcUfq pfq sp, dmKAf zihfl dlst mfbcN jfsIv rsq pfq
bf hQ kf sbj zfmt i jsv bf. spsrkc dmnkfrv druvk i rqdb. mrfb
zffr sn jKf sJ jsv dmnkfrv iadk nlq rsk c jsvsYb. nckvfQ zfwf
jvf pfq sp, jfhDvf sofbfr jvstW hflf mcdv zfwf jvsk ifsv. ubA
tfmfoB hstb, zfqfk jcvzfb jfvDsmv zbAkm nhGfdLj zfwfhAj zfqfk.
(zfpWqft hfqfb 5/488)
 nhfv sysq shdw 103 104 nhfv sysq shdw
2. mrfb zffr hstsYb, @f '/ + H. P3 . (/ + f "
/ :+a (3 H. P3 . (/ + / / W +/ Hf / 2 H. P3 . / <2 +/ +/ F. (/ +. W2 s2 . +F8/CD +$ :+I/ +u. %+ . 2 7Hu3}
[:$YG>{ ]/ 52 m . <2 / D +F(/ H. P3 2 72S'/ + / (/ g. 3 Q x^ '++ } pE+ + F. (/ %+ Q + 2 F. (/ P+ </ +,. D + 83 P+ +,- A
3 . 8+ . + 3? 7T
+ .
3 / I2 3`m
. W2 ,+ E3 2[/+ / D Q. Qq'/ /?+ . w
+ '/
zKGf{, kcdm dhwfnDslvsj ncnQhfl lfW sp, kfslv ubA zffrv dbje mrf zbcoar
B/C D .%f ,-I + %f , W- X+ 2 +'7%+ 7QU +Y+ + 7+ +E+ . 2 B/CD / D / 3 . + ,- r2 + .f 8Q G
+ P+ </ H. P3 3 +/+ g- g. - +
vsqsY. (zfrpfh } 47)
zfv mrf zbcoasrv hAfJAf vsqsY zbA zfqfsk. mrfb zffr hstsYb, [ e <] {$ f ,3X- P+ </ +J + 8+ +
f "
+ + P+ </ +J + 8+ / /m . <2 F. (/ /9(+ a2 3 %+ + +D G
+2
3`m
. W2 ,+ E3 2[/+ H. PQ '^%+ + . / +30 x+ 8+ (+ H. P3 2 /? 7_ + /? | + . %+ ;/< /? + / " 7 ,- / + + ,3(+ +F8/CD +} zKGf{, zk}iv zfdm zfmfv hflfslv msLA kfslvsj oasv zdLjfvD jvtfm
[ :%,x {] 3 / I2 pfslvsj zfdm msbfbDk jsvdY; ksh kfslv sj dbsuv iadk zkAfyfvD, sj
dmkfyfvD hQ sj zffrv dbslGsw jtAfBjv jfsu zoaofmD. de mrfzbcoar.
zKGf{, pfvf dhwfn jsv W n{jfu jsv, kfvf uffskv hfofbnmCsr iashw jvsh, kfvf iaashw jvsh fqD uffsk, spJfsb kfslv BG-dbdmGk jB W mcf fvf ztQjxk
kfvf pf djYc yfsh, kfslv iadkiftsjv dbje rsk kf ifsh. de skf mrf jvf rsh hQ spJfsb kfslv sifwfj-idvYl rsh svwsmv. kfvf htsh, `nm
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+ 2 +FX. 2 +<2 0 + ^ 3H:3a D e2 +QU+ } pkdlb bf zwDtkf W jxiBkf hAfij rsh, dJqfbkjfvDsj zfmfbklfv hQ
2 H. :3 2 + 3H 2 #. 8+ 3 + 3 P+ e 2 + H. I- 2 52 . 2 H. I- /+ Q A
/ Q ,. + + / '/ 3F(/ g. 83 H. I- (/ + 52 F+( / '/ - + ,83 2[/+ zfmfbklfvsj dJqfbkjfvD dhshybf jvf rsh, y mpGflfni stfj LQn rsq pfsh
hQ rDb W bDy stfj iajfw (iafLfbA W sbkxk) ifsh. (dn} nrDrfr 3211bQ)
! a ! %, () {+,3 2 #. \+
diaq ifEj! bhczskv HdhNAfBD dj nkA bq? hkGmfb vfubDdkv sia[fise
zKGf{, zfv skfmvf pJb Dslv (vuqD) kftfj lfW hQ kfvf kfslv k njt jKf dj hfh bq?
(dbdlG nmq) iCBG jsv, kJb kfvf pdl dhdLmk iviv nmk rq, kfrst DoB
dbsuslv fmDslvsj icbdhGhfr jvsk yfst kfslvsj hfLf dlW bf. kfvf
skfmfslv msLA sp sj zffr W ivjfst dhhfn jsv kfsj islw slWqf rsY. nhGswa hflk W nhGswa zfshl
skfmfslv ubA wckm W idhmk. hk} zffr ufsbb skfmvf ufb bf. (hfjfvfr } nhGswa hflk rt lczf. mrfbhD hstsYb,
232) .(0 + J ! / + +#/ 3`m+ < 2 )
sp mfbcsNv ydv W mb idh W idvY, sn mfbcN dbdy Kfjsk ifsv sp, kfsj zKGf{, nhGswa hflk rt lczf. (rfsjm, n} ufsm' 1122bQ)
sbfQvf W mqtf jfisVv mskf sLfifhfdV dosq ifKsvv iv zfOfk sJsk rsh bf. dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.(!+ +#/ ,+ E3 30 + J )
nhsysq hV ncJD lcdbqflfv zKGf{, lczf rt hflk. (zfhC lfl 1329, dkvdmpD 2969, hsb mfufr
zfsJvD pfmfbfq djqfmskv iChG mcrCskG wvqD lxdsk zilfKG W rDb mfbcsNvf nhsysq 3828bQ)
shdw ncJD rsh. zShL zsKG kfslv dhtfnht hfdV-ofdV rsh. wvDqsk pf jvf rfvfm, zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
kf j'sv zsKGfifuGb j'sv ixdKhDv iaHfhwftD hAd rsh kfvf. mfb-pwrDb stfsjvf {+F8Q A
/ + +H7P+ T
+ +,- A
3 . + + ;/\+ +/ F. + + 3 / I :+. 8+ +F8/CD 7QU H. I- 2
. _
/ :+. 2 ;/ ,3 . 3HI- 'J%+ + r2 + }
mfbcNslv sbkf W wfnj rsh. Db bf mfbfv Ist Dblfv nmfbD hAdhoGsj lcdbqfv zKGf{, skfmfslv iadkiftj hstb, skfmvf zfmfv jfsY lczf jv, zfdm skfmfslv
hAfifsv sjfb vk slWqf rsh bf. mrfbhD hstsYb, lczf jhct jvh. pfvf zrQjfsv zfmfv hflsk dhmcJ rq, kfvf tfdk rsq
 nhfv sysq shdw
ufrffsm iashw jvsh. (mc'dmb } 60)
bfmfp Dsbv J]cde, zfv bfmfspv icsvfef rt lczf. kfv 8 ufqofsk zfsY
iafKGbfmCtj lczf hQ hfjD ufqofdtsk zfsY dpjXvmCtj lczf. ubA nftfskv
zfnt mfsbW lczf.
i[fsv mrfb zffrv nhGswa zfshl rt iawQnfjfdvoB. pfvf zdLjfdLj
zffrv iawQnf jsv. ncsJ-lc}sJ k]fv iawQnf j'sv Kfsj. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(+. 3 7 + /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ /& / +/ +`m+ < 2 7QU)
zKGf{, djqfmskv dlb zffrv nhGswa zfshl rsh iawQnfjfdvoB. (kfhfvfbD, dn}
nrDrfr 1584bQ)
mrfb zffr dbsuv iawQnf dbsu jsvsYb. kf k]fv iawQnjfvDsjW dkdb iYl
jsvb. dkdb hflfsj iawQnf jvsk zfslw dlsqsYb. mrfbhD
zffr iYl jsvb sp, hflf Jfhfv sJst kfv iv sn (zft-rfmlc dtfr hst) k]fv
iawQnf jvsh hQ ifbDq ifb jvst sn k]fv iawQnf jvsh. (mcndtm 2734bQ)
sjfb dbqfmskv iv iawQnf jvst mrfb zffr sn dbqfmsk hxd lfb jsvb.
spsrkc iawQnf rt jxkkfv mCt. mrfb zffr hstb,
a ! %, () {+ I2 + F+( BQY_ . + 2[/+C52 +/ / F. (^ 9 + #. / }
zKGf{, (tCk idvhfvsj zfdm fv jsvdYtfm sHfv vfsk) zfmfv dhswN zbcoar
vi; pfvf jxk, zfdm Hfsh kfslvsj icvxk j'sv Kfdj. (jfmfv } 35)
zfv lc}sJ-swfsj iawQnf jvst, ksh zfnt iawQnf rq. bsy{ ncsJ iawQnf skf
nhf jsv. sn ubA lc}sJv nmq iawQnfjfvDv dhswN mpGflf vsqsY zffrv jfsY.
vfnCtcfr hstb, pJb sjfb hflfv nfb mfvf pfq, kJb mrfb zffr Dq
dIdvfslvsj hstb, `skfmvf zfmfv hflfv nfsbv uDhb rbb jsvY dj?' k]fvf
hstb, `rA]f.' dkdb hstb, `skfmvf kfv rlsqv Itsj rbb jsvY?' k]fvf hstb,
`r]Af.' dkdb hstb, `sn nmq zfmfv hflf jD hstsY?' kfvf hst, `sn zfibfv rfmXl
(iawQnf) jsvsY W f dtfdr zf tfdr vf-dub (zKGf{, zfmvf skfmfv hQ
skfmfv jfsY zhwA dIsv pfh) ifE jsvsY.' mrfb zffr hstb, `zfmfv
(nfbrfvf) hflfv ubA uffskv msLA jde oxr dbmGfB jv, zfv kfv bfm vfJ,
`hfqkct rfmXl' (iawQnfHhb). (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD 1021bQ)
nhsysq shdw mpGflfiCBG hflk
iaskAj hflk mrfb mf'hCslv dbje iYlbDq, mpGflfiCBG. dj kfv msLA nhsysq
shdw mpGflfiCBG hflk sjfbXde? hflfv dbje sKsj dkdb shdw sjfbX dudbn iYl
jsvb.
111 112 nhfv sysq shdw
mrfb zffr yfb, hflf k]fsj Ffjcj, kfv Ffj k]fsj Jch Hft tfso. sn yfst
dkdb Jch Jcdw rb. hvQ sn k]fv jfsY bf yfst dkdb kfv iadk vfofdhk rb. dkdb
yfb hflf kfv lc}sJ-swfsj, zfisl-dhisl, iasqfusb-ziasqfusb nhGlf sjht
k]fsj zfrhfb jvj, k]fv jfsY zfshlb ufbfj, k]fv jfsY iafKGbf jvj, pf
yfWqfv k]fv jfsY yfj.
ubA k]fv dbje nh yfsk mpGflfiCBG dudbn rt lczf. mrfbhD hstb,
.(/0 + J +F(/ / D 2 + ++ 5 2 0f ;. + +. 2 )
zKGf{, zffrv dbje lczf zsi[f zbA sjfb dudbn zdLj mpGflfiCBG bq.
(dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, rfsjm, n} kfvoDh 1629bQ)
lczfsk vsqsY mrfb zffrv ivfmwfdtkf hQ lczfjfvDv z[mkfv dhjfw.
hstb, dbyq lczf fvf kjlDvW Jb rq.
mrfb zffr hflfsj lczf jvsk zfslw dlsqsYb. dkdb hstsYb,
! > %, () { P+ '/ 3t,3 . <2 +. 3 0 + . 2> / /+ }
zKGf{, m bfmnmCr zffrv. nckvfQ skfmvf sn nh bfsm k]fsj Ffsjf.
(zf'vfI } 180)
dkdb YfVf zbA jfsj zfrhfb jvsk dbsNL jsvsYb. dkdb hstsYb,
() {+ / / vD +F(^ jQU 2[7Qq<2 + #+ <2 Qq<2 2yJ m 3 8+ 2+ 2[#3 W2 8+ 2 (+ / Q3 F/( 3. \+ 2+ }
zKGf{, zfv zffrsj sYsV mb djYcsj zfrhfb jsvf bf, pf bf skfmfv sjfb
ijfv jvsk ifsv, bf sjfb [dk jvsk ifsv. hk} pdl vi jv, kfrst kcdm
zhwA pfstmslv zH cG rsq pfsh. (bcn } 106)
spsrkc lczf rt hflk. (zfrmfl, ncbfsb zfvhfzfr, n} ufsm' 3407bQ)
kf mrfb zffr hstsYb,
{+F8Q A
/ + +H7 P+ T
+ +,- A
3 . + + ;/\+ +/ F. + +3 / I :+. 8+ +F8/CD 7QU H. I- 2
. _/ :+. 2 ;/ ,3 . 3HI- 'J%+ + r2 + }
< ~ !%, ()
zKGf{, skfmfslv iadkiftj hstb, skfmvf zfmfsj Ffsjf, zfdm skfmfslv Ffsj
nfVf slh. pfvf zrQjfsv zfmfv ifnbfq dhmcJ, Wvf tfdk rsq ufrffsm iashw
jvsh. (mc'dmb } 60)
ncsJ-lc}sJ nhGlf zffrsj Ffjf, tfbf W hbfq k]fv jfsY iafKGbf jvf, dbvfwfq
zfwfq hcj sh]sL k]fv jfsY zfshlb ufbfsbf, Db W lcdbqfv nfdhGj dbvfif sysq k]fv
jfsY lczf jvf dyk hflfv. hflf pf yfq, kf sit zKhf bf- sit, yfWqfv Ist
dkdb skf sJfw rshb. k]fsj sJfw jvfefW dj jm hV jKf?
 nhfv sysq shdw
nhGfdLj jhctspfoA lczf
zfhC mfmfr rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, vfnCtcfr -sj dufnf jvf rt, `sjfbX
lczf nhGfdLj swfbf (jhCt jvf) rq?' dkdb htstb,
. (( /? ',3:I 2 /?,2 "
7 + '33+ Q A
/ Q`. D + ,. T
zKGf{, vfdv swNHfso hQ Ivp bfmfpnmCsrv swNfQsw. (dkvdmpD 3499, bfnf
jchvf 9936, mcnffI zfcv vfpXpfj 3948, n} kfvoDh 1648bQ)
mrfb zffrv nfLfvB Wqflf rt,
< ~ !%, () {H. I- 2
zKGf{, skfmvf zfmfsj Ffj zfdm skfmfslv Ffsj nfVf slh. (mc'dmb } 60)
; '/ , 3(/ g. 3 + ;/ ,3 _
/ :+. + <2 Q + + +QU Q7 ! 2 ,+ . + 3 T/- f 8Q r2 ;^Qq<2 ;^+ B/ +/ 2[2 2S+ +QU+ }
! a ! %, () {+3 3 . 8+ H. P3 D #+ 2
zKGf{, zfv zfmfv hflfoB pJb zfmfv ns skfmfsj dufnf jsv, kJb kcdm
ht, zfdm skf jfsY zfdY. pJb sjfb zfrhfbjfvD zfmfsj Ffsj, kJb zfdm kfv
Ffsj nfVf dl. zkh kfvfW zfmfv Ffsj nfVf dlj hQ zfmfsk dhhfn fib
jvj, pfsk kfvf dEj isK ytsk ifsv. (hfjfvfr } 186)
khcW djYc nmq mb zfsY, sp nmsq lczf jvst jhct rWqfv zfwf shdw jvf pfq.
rflDsn lc'de nmsqv jKf sJ jvf rsqsY. kfv msLA iaKm nmqdev hAfifsv
sjfb mksHl sb sp, kf rt vfdv swN kxkDqfQw kfrfcslv nmq.
mrfbhD hstsYb, zffrgkfzftf iakAr vfsv swN kxkDqfQsw bDsyv
zfnmfsb zhkvB jsvb hQ hstb, sj zfmfsj Ffsj? zfdm kfv Ffsj nfVf slh.
sj zfmfv dbje iafKGbf jsv? zfdm kfsj lfb jvh. hQ sj zfmfv dbje [mf yfq?
zfdm kfsj [mf jvh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, ncbfb zfvhfzfr, dmwjfk 1223bQ)
dj mksHl rt dkDq nmqde dbsq. `lchcvfn nftfWqfk' htsk Ivp bfmfspv
nftfm sIvfv zfso, bf nftfm sIvfv isv?
zfvhDsk `lchcv' mfsb ifYf, swNfQw, iyf{. kfrst `lchvc fn nftfWqfk' hf
bfmfpnmCsrv ifYf, swNfQw hf iyf{ htsk sjfbX nmqsj hcUfq?
sjfb dudbsnv ifYf htsk dj kfv dbsuv swNfQwsj hcUfq, bfdj kfv diYsbv
hfsvv zQwsj hcUfq?
`hfsnv diYsb mfm nfsrh zfsYb' mfsb dj hfsnv dHksv, bfdj hfsnv hfsv
vffq?
Hq hcUf spsk ifsv. skmdb `lchcvn nftfk' mfsb bfmfspv iyfsk dHksv-
hfsv Hq hcUf spsk ifsv.
113 114 nhfv sysq shdw
kf pdl rq, kfrst nslsrv dbvnb rsh jDHfsh? ufbh jDHfsh, lczf jhCt
rWqfv sn nmq nftfm sIvfv zfso, bf isv?
jcvzfsbv jde zfqfk spmb zbA jde zfqfskv hAfJAf jsv, skmdb jde
rflDn zbA rflDsnv hAfJAf jsv. nckvfQ zfidb zbAfbA rflDn sKsj dbLGfvB jvsk
ifsvb, rflDsn `lchcv' hf iyfskv zKG bfmfspv swNfQsw nftfm sIvfv zfso,
+ )) bfdj bfmfspv isv hf nftfm sIvfv isv.
bfmfspv nftfm sIvfv isv dj jvf dyk, sn hAfifsv zffrv j dbslGw rt,
0 ! %, () {...... + 3 5- . <2 !2 2 "
7 3H:3. m
+ r2 +Qq<2 }
zk}iv pJb skfmvf bfmfp nmf jvsh, kJb zffrv dpjXv jv----. (dbnf }
. _/ :+. 2 ;/ ,3 . } 103)
kfskf zffrv bhD -v zfmt W zHAfn dYt nftfm dIvfv iv zffrv dpjXv
jvf.
mf zfsqwf (vf}) hstb, zffrv vnCt zff-mf zffn nftfm--- htfv
mk nmsqv sysq zdLj nmq nftfm sIvfv iv hnskb bf. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 960 bQ)
nfWhfb (vf}) hstb, zffrv vnCt pJb bfmfp swN jvskb, kJb dkbhfv
doIfv jsv zf-mf zffn nftfm---- htskb.
zfcfr dhb pchfv (vf}) hstb, zffrv vnCt pJb nftfm dIvskb, kJb ]yc
ws htskb, tf tfrf ff- zrlf ---. (mcndtm, dmwjfk963 bQ)
nftfm sIvf rst dkdb mdrtfslv ubA jec zsi[f jvskb, pfsk kfvf icvNslv
zfso mndul kAfo jvsk ifsv. zk}iv dkdb sE spskb. (hcJfvD 837bQ)
nfmcvfr dhb ucblch hstb, Ipsvv bfmfp swN j'sv zffrv bhD zfmfslv
dlsj dIsv hsn htskb, ok vfs skfmfslv msLA sj ni slsJsY? zk}iv sj
slJst sn hBGbf jvk. bsy{ dkdb dbsu ni slJst kf hBGbf jvskb.
(hcJfvD,dmwjfk 4621 bQ)
i[fsv nftfm sIvfv iCshG dkdb (iafKGbfmCtj) lczf iVsk zfslw dlsq hstb,
viv (kfwfrslv iv) skfmfslv pfv pf Yf W iYl sn mk lczf shsY dbsq
lczf jvf dyk. (hcJfvD 835, mcndtm,dmwjfk 909 bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
Q . a2 /$+C + F. (/ + +H7 P+ T
+ /$+C+ F. (/ l '+%. 2 F. (/ / D '/ . ,7 #+ :++ <2 Q A
/ / PJ x+ :7 +F(/ H. 5- 3 G
+ 2 ++ <2 +QU))
.(([3 2 + '+ + '/ / / W +/ ,3 . 8+ 7Hu3] Q T
7 7 Q / + ^ + F. (/ + /? + + + + . + /9+:. </ F. (/ +
zKGf{, pJb skfmfslv msLA sj (swN) kfwfrl ni jvsh, kJb sn spb
zffrv dbje yfvde dudbn sKsj ifbfr yfq; ufrffsmv zfpfh, jhsvv zfpfh,
lffstv dIkbf hQ uDhb W mxkAcv dIkbf sKsj. (mcndtm, zfhc zfWqfbfr, zfhC
lfl 983bQ, bfnf, hsb mfufr, iamcJ, dmwjfk 940bQ) viv sn Yfmk
 nhfv sysq shdw
dbsuv ubA lczf jvsh. (bfnf 1310, hfrfjDv ncbfsb jchvf 2699, ncovf
450, rfsjm 990, hsb zfhD wfhfr 3026bQ)
nftfm dIvfv iCshG kfwfrslv iv dkdb dbsuW dhdhL iajfv lczf isV iafKGbf
jsvsYb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 939bQ)
iv pdlW zfstfyA rflDsn `lchcv' wsv zKG nftfm sIvfv isv Lsv sbWqf pfq,
khcW kfsk rfk kcst ufmfzfkD mcbfufk iamfB rq bf. spsrkc wfhtDsk rfk kcst
lczfv jKf sb. kfYfVf bfmfspv iv mrfbhD zdLjfQw dpjXv ifE jsvsYb.
jJsbf jJsbf lczf jvstW rfk kcst jsvbdb. nckvfQ Ivp bfmfspv iv
mcbfufkDslv mcbfufk-iaDdk dhlzfk h djYc bq.
(ndhfv } `nftfsk mchfwXdwv' W `dhkdjGk mcbfufk')
dj hV lc}sJv dhNq sp, klXnsW lflciD so]fVfvf dbsuslv Iskfqf W
zHAfnok zfmt huGb jvsk ifvsY bf, sjht kfslv dbsuslv `mfb' W `siadeu'
hufq vfJfv mfbsn. iv sp kfslv Hct iamfB j'sv kfslvsj ndEj isK dIdvsq
zfbsk yfsY, kfv iadk kfvf Jff rsq hAdok uDhsbv vebfjxk zihfl zfsvfi
j'sv srq iadki jvsk yfsY. zftfdrm dmbffdr mf qAffdrCb.
nhGswa lczf
lczf j iajfv hflk. hvQ lczf rt zfnt hflk. lczf mfsb Ffjf W zfrhfb
jvf. ubA mcndtm njt iajfv lczf sjht zffrv ubA dbshlb jsv.
lczf nfLfvBk} lc iajfv. (1) lczfsq mfnzftfr W (2) lczfsq dpjXv. lczfsq
mfnzftfq Kfsj iafKGbf W yfWqf. lcdbqf W zfsJvfskv sjfb djYc yfWqfv zKG. dj
lczfsq dpjXsv iafKGbf hf yfWqfv sjfb zKG Kfsj bf. kfsk sjht zffrv mvB hf
iawQnf Kfsj.
lczfsq mfnzftf hf iafKGbfmCtj lczfnmCsrv msLA nhGswa lczf rt dbmvi }-
.!+ A
/ + + J <; / !2 <2 #+ 3 2[- 2S. 2 ;^QU 7HP3 D 2
zKGf{, sr zffr! dbyq zfdm skfmfv dbje rjfst W ivjfst dhilmcd yfdY.
(hsb mfufr 3851bQ)
zKhf
.! A
/ 3 ; /< 29 < #+ ,+ W+# 2[- 2S. 2 ;^QU 7HP3 D 2
zKGf{, sr zffr! dbyq zfdm skfmfv dbje rjfst W ivjfst [mf W dbvfif
yfdY. (zft-zflfhct mcIvfl, zfthfbD 637bQ)
yfWqf W ifWqf nhGswa sjb? spsrkc ifWqfsk vsqsY r-ivjfstv ncJ
W wfd.
lcdbqfv nQnfsv mfbcN zdbvfifq Hcost msb ncJ Kfsj bf. djYc bf djYc Hq Kfjst
115 116 nhfv sysq shdw
uDhsb wfd Kfsj bf.
mfbcsNv Hq } syfv-Ffjfk, nfnD-zfkkfqD, lcwmb-zkAfyfvD iaHdx kv Hq
mfbcsNv ncdbf sjsV sbq.
dub-HCskv Hq mfbcsNv uDhsb zfk zfbqb jsv.
drQna uDh-uv Hq mfbcsNv mb sKsj dbvfif rvB jsv.
iafjxdkv lcspGfo W lcOeG bfv zfwf mfbcsNv rlsq lcdyf W lcHfG hbf nxd jsv.
wfvDdvj bfbf svfo-pBf mfbcNsj zdk j'sv kfv uDhb lcdhGNr j'sv skfst.
nckvfQ iafKGbf pdl mrfb zffr mcv j'sv sbb, kfrst lcdbqfv iajk x ncJ W
wfd tfH rsq Kfsj.
htf hftA, iafKGbfv mfsb rsh, sr zffr!------
kcdm zfmfsj syfv-Ffjfk, nfnD-zfkkfqD, lcwmb-zkAfyfvD iaHdx kv Hq sKsj
dbvfif lfb jv.
wqkfb dub sKsj zfmfsj dbvfif lfW.
iafjxdkv lcspGfo W lcOeG bfv zfwf sKsj zfmfsj dbvfil jv.
wfvDdvj bfbf svfo-pBfv jht sKsj v[f sisk zfmfv dbvfif dhLfb jv.
i[fsv ivjfstv dyfW zfnt dyf. mvsBv iv jhsvv zfpfh. djqfmskv mfsE
rfwsvv zfpfh. drnfh-dbjfswv Hq. ictdnvfk ifv rWqfv Hq. ufrffsmv
dhHDdNjfmq zfsbv Hq. njt Hq sKsj pdl mrfb zffr dbvfif lfb jsvb,
kfrst zfv jDsnv lcdyf? mrfb zffrv [mf W dbvfif tfH rst skf mrftfH,
YfncsJv uffk tfH. kf skf lczf nhGswa lczf. kf skf mrfbhD -v yfyf
zffn lczf dwJsk yfst, dkdb k]fsj lczf dwdJsqdYstb. (dkvdmpD 3514bQ,
zft-zflfhct mcIvfl 253ix})
mrfbhD dbsuW iaskAj njft-nAfq iafKGbf jvskb. (zfrmfl, 4785, zfhC
lfl 5076, bfnf jchvf 10401bQ)
zfv lczfsq dpjXsvv lczfnmCsrv msLA nhGswa lczf rt dbmvi }-
.f 8/ r2 p0;. + ^`5- 2 + ,+ E3 + 3 . + 3 2 + [- 3 3 2 3 2 2[8Q + 2 3t+ G . + 3 D DUQ + 2 QU 2
`tf tf-rf ff- zrlf tf wfvDjf tfr, tft mctjc ztft rfmlc zWqf
zftf jcd wfb jflDv.' (zffr YfVf sj nkA ifnA sb. dkdb jj, k]fv
sjfb wvDj sb. k]fv nfvf vfuk hQ k]fv njt iawQnf. zfv dkdb nhG
hv iv nhGwdmfb.)
mrfbhD hstsYb,
2[8Q + 2 3t+ G
. + 3 D D QU + 2 QU 2 : ;/. r2 F. (/ +,J/ 7 + +2 3 r- (+ 3 . A + + 29<2 + + Q,. 8+ 30 + 3 /0 + J 3 . A
+)
.(f 8/ r2 p0;. + ^`5- 2 + ,+ E3 + 3 . + 3 2 + [- 3 3 2 3 2
zKGf{, swa lczf zfvfIfv dlsbv lczf; zfdm W zfmfv iCshGv bhDoB pf hstsYb,
 nhfv sysq shdw 117 118 nhfv sysq shdw
kfv msLA swa jKf, `tf tf-rf ff- zrlf tf wfvDjf tfr||||||||. (dkvdmpD
3585bQ) nhGswa dpjXv
spsrkc lczfsk vsqsY mrfb zffrv jkhfslv sOfNBf, k]fv nfhGsHZmskv
dpjXv mfsb zffrv mvB. zfv zffrv mvB rq lcHfsh } msb W mcsJ. Hfsh
sOfNBf, k]fv iawQnfv slAfkbf, kfv nhG hv iv nhG [mkfv hAbf.
wvDqsk i]fy iajfv dpjXv ifWqf pfq }-
lczf iVf rq pct-rsv bq kfvDsJ zfvfIfskv mqlfsb. nfvf dhw sKsj
1. wvDqskv sjfb zfslw mfbsk dosq zffrv mvB.
nmshk rfuDoB dlsb j sthfsn, j HfNfq wvDjdhrDb zffrv BfhtD
2. wvDqskv sjfb dbsNL mfbsk dosq zffrv mvB.
hBGbf j'sv Kfsjb. nm zfdqfsq djvfm (zftfdrmcn nftfm) lczf isV
3. dbdlG zhf W its[A dbdlG hfjA fvf zffrv mvB.
sOfNBf dlsqsYb. nfvf dhswv mcndtmvfW swakm lczf isV sOfNBf dlsq Kfsj.
4. dbdlG nQJAfq dbdlG hfjA fvf zffrv mvB.
zhwA iajk x mcndtm kfvf, pfvf sOfNBf, slAfkbf W hAbf zbcnfsv jfu j'sv
5. zdbdlGHfsh mrfb zffrv nfLfvB mvB.
Kfsj. iajk x mcndtm kfvf, pfvf zffrv nfsK sjfbdlb sjfb djYcsj wvDj jsv bf.
mcsJ sp njt dpjXv jvf rq, kfv msLA jcvzfb dktfzk, kfnhDr-kfrtDt, tXmD
klbcvi sp lczfq mrfb zffrv iawQnf Kfsj, sn lczfW nhGswa lczf. mrfbhD
zfstfybf kAfdl zfsY. kfv msLA nhGswa dpjXv rt, `tf tfrf ffr', spmb sn
hstsYb,
jKf iCshG ddJk rsqsY. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.& 3 . /0 + J 3`m
+ < 2 + & DU + U Q 5 ^C 3`m + < 2
.& 3 . /0 + J 3`m
+ < 2 + & DU + U 2 Q 5 ^C 3`m
+ < 2
zKGf{, nhGswa dpjXv rt, `tf tfrf ffr'. zfv nhGswa lczf rt, `zft-rfmlc
zKGf{, nhGswa dpjXv rt, `tf tfrf ffr'. zfv nhGswa lczf rt, `zft-rfmlc
dtfr'. (dkvdmpD 3383, hsb mfufr 3800bQ)
dtfr'. (dkvdmpD 3383, hsb mfufr 3800bQ)
spsrkc dpjXvmCtj lczfq vsqsY mrfb zffrv iawQnf. zfv zsbj nmq
sjb `tf tfrf ffr' nshGfm dpjXv?
iawQnfv zsKG hcUf pfq, iawQnfjfvD djYc iafKGbf jvsY. hflf zffrv dbje sKsj
spsrkc `tf tfrf ffr' rt ntfsmv mCtm, jfstmfsq kfWrDl. hfjA
nh djYc sisqsY. nckvfQ njt dbqfmskv iv k]fv iawQnf rq. zfv iawQnf rt
ntfsm kKf uffsk iashw jvfv yfdhjfdE. hfjA mfb W jcIvDv mfsU ifKGjA
jxkkfv mCt. iawQnfq Kfsj iawQdnskv iadk jdvqfv hdr}iajfw. nckvfQ
nCdykjfvD.
dbqfmskv iawQnf jvst dbqfmk hxdtfH jsv. spsrkc mrfb zffrv Wqflf,
`tf tfrf ffr' dlsq rlq idh rq. zfkfv mdtbkfv ia[ftb rq. jciahdx v
H E' U !%, () {f 8/ x+ 2 ;/'+C+ 7QU H. \3. W2 52 F/]2 + H. I- 7+ 8Q2> H. \3. I2 + F/]2 } dwvsYlb rq, pf zfnst msbv dnQrfnsb zdLdk slhkf. `tf tfrf ffr'v ifdb
zKGf{, skfmvf jxk rst skfmfslvsj zhwA zdLj lfb jvh, zfv zjxk dlsq bfbf jcnQfv W hfdkt mf'hClslv sbfQvfdm W zidhkf sKsj msbv zfnb
rst zhwA zfmfv wfd rsh jsEfv.' (hafrDm } 7) idh rq.
zfv mrfbhD hstsYb, dbyq zffr kfzftf hflfv iadk n rb, sp ksh uvvD rt, kfv zKG ufbsk rsh hQ wkG mfbsk rsh. kf bf rst mcsJv hcdt
Jfhfv Jfq, zk}iv kfv iv zffrv iawQnf jsv zKhf ifdb ifb jsv, zk}iv zfWsV sjfb It Itsh bf.
kfv iv zffrv iawQnf jsv. (mcndtm)
zhwA `zft-rfmlc dtfr' hst nCvf Ifdkrf d rsk ifsv. spsrkc kfv v rt
`zft-rfmlc dtfr' dlsq. zfv kfsk sp lczf zfsY, kfv yfsk swa, idviCBG W
nhsysq z[m hAd
hAfij lczf zfv jD rsk ifsv? sp jfu HfvD tfso, sn jfu jvsk zdLjfQw mfbcN z[m rq. sp jfsu j zfsY,
kfYfVf kf rt mrf jcvzfb, zft-jcvzfsbv HCdmjf W nfvfQw, mpGflfq nhGswa sn jfu jvsk zsbj mfbcN wdKtA W zftnA iajfw jsv. kfslvsj zhwA z[m
nCvf, bfmfpDv bfmfspv vjXb. htf yst. dj sp jfu HfvD bq, jsv bq, sp jfsu zKG hf wam djYcW hAq jvsk rq
bf, sn jfu jvsk sj z[mkf slJfst, sn dbyq nhsysq hV z[m. sj sn
hAd?
mrfbhD hstsYb,
 nhfv sysq shdw
.(Q 7 '/ +`w
/ '+ F. (+ Q 7 3`w
+ '. 2 + /0 + J ; /< Y+ _
+ + F. (+ Q 7 Y3 _
+ . 2)
zKGf{, nhsysq shdw z[m sn hAd, sp lczf jvsk z[m rq. zfv nhsysq hV
jxiB sn hAd, sp nftfm dlsk jfiGBA jsv. (kfhfvfbDv zfWnfk, n} ufsm'
1044bQ)
spsrkc sp dudbsnv zHfh zfsY hQ kf yfst ifWqf pfsh, sn dudbn bf yfst
z[mkf iajfw rq. mrfb zffr hstsYb, skfmvf zfmfv jfsY lczf jv, zfdm kf
jhCt jvh. (nCvf mc'dmb } 60) dj sn jKfq iakAq svsJ sp hAd mrflfkf mrfb
hflwfv jfsY yfq bf, sn hV z[m hdj?
r]Af, zsbj nmq mfbcN pf yfq, kf ifq bf. kf sisk sn utdlhfdu jsv. ubA
zsbsj lczf jvf W yfWqf sYsV slq.
vnCt hstb, hflfv lczf jhct rsq Kfsj pk[B sn sjfb ifsiv zKhf
fdkhb ecefv ubA lczf bf jsv hQ (lczfv It tfsH) wDOakf bf jsv. dufnf
jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! wDOakf sjmb?' htstb, htf sp, `lczf jvtfm,
zfsvf lczf jvtfm. zKy jhct rsk slJtfm bf.' Ist sn kJb zfs[i jsv hQ
lczf jvf kAfo jsv hsn. (mcndtm 4/2096)
lczf nkv jhCt rq bf hst icbvfq hf hfvhfv lczf jvsk z[mkf ialwGb jsv.
zKy kf dyk bq. spsrkc lczf jde hflk. yfWqf dudbn bf ifWqf sost, hflk
skf rsh.
mrfbhD hstsYb, sp sjfb mcndtm mb lczf jvsh, pfsk sjfb ifi sb hQ
zfkDqkfv hb dY jvfv jKf sb, kfsj zffr dkbdev msLA jde lfb jvshb }
rq kfv lczf nkv jhct jvf rsh. bf rq kf zfsJvfskv ubA umf vfJf rsh. bf rq
zbcvi sjfb zmt sKsj kfsj h]fdysq sbWqf rsh. nfrfhDoB htstb, `kfrst
zfmvf shdw shdw lczf jvh.' dkdb htstb, zffrW shdw shdw lfb jvshb.
(zfrmfl, hfpXpfv, zfhC qAf'tf, rfsjm, n} kfvoDh 1633bQ)
nckvfQ lczfq sjfb iajfv iahbf sb. zfv pfsk iahbf sb, sjht tfH
zfsY, pfsk sjht zfq zfsY, sjfb hAq sb, kf jvsk z[mkf iajfw jvf smfse
dyk bq.
nhGswa kfhDp
stfsj `kfhDp' htsk nfLfvBk} mflcdt, jhy kAfdl hcsU. dj sn zsKG kfhDp
hAhrfv zfnst dwjG. zhwA jcvzfbD zfqfk fvf dtdJk kfhDp dwjG bf rstW
hAhrfv hL bq.
ksh wvDqskv idvHfNfq `kfhDp' rt lczf. lczf iVfv mfLAsm dbsusj zKhf
zivsj dub-wqkfb, svfo-hftf hf pflc kAfdl sKsj zffrv zfwaq slWqf. zfv sp
119 120 nhfv sysq shdw
hAd zffrv zfwaq sisq pfq, sn dj sjfbHfsh dhiloa rq? j[b bf.
bfbf hftf-mcnDhk W dhil-zfil sKsj v[f ifWqfv h kfhDp hf lczf zfsY. sn
nh lczfv msLA jcvzfbD lczf nhsysq m. mrfb zffr zfmfslvsj h lczf dw[f
dlsqsYb k]fv jcvzfsb. zfdqf (zftfdrmcn nftfm)osBv h lczf hdBGk zfsY
kfsk. snnh lczf hAhrfv jvst mcndtm iaHCk jtAfB tfH jvsk ifsv.
jcvzfbD kfhDp hf lczfnmCsrv msLA nhsysq swa lczf rt nCvf Iftfj W bfn.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.{Q 7 ^ $+ '/ 3,3 2 `. r- } @{ 2 W2 ^ $+ '/ 3,3 2 `. r- } : ,#: ' ,#\ ( `m<S' yA
zKGf{, kfhDp hAhrfvjfvDvf sp njt lczf dlsq kfhDp hAhrfv jsv, kfv msLA
nhGswa kfhDp ns hst slh bf dj? nCvf Iftfj W bfn. (bfnf, kfhfvfbD, n}
ufsm' 2593, 7839bQ)
jhfr dhb zfsmv hstb, vfnCtcfr jlf zfmfsj htstb, kcdm dj
slJdb, zfu vfs zfmfv iv jkjdt zfqfk zhkDBG rsqsY; pfv zbcvi zfv
djYc slJf pfqdb? (zfv kf rt,) `jct zfpc dhvfdt Iftfj' W `jct zfpc
dhvfdb bfn. (mcndtm 814 bQ, dkvdmpD)
zfhC nfl JclvD hstb, `vfnCtcfr (nCvf Iftfj W bfn zhkDBG rhfv iChG ipG
dbu HfNfsk) dub W hl buv sKsj (zffrv) zfwaq iafKGbf jvskb. idvswsN pJb
nCvf lc'de zhkDBG rt, kJb nCvf lc'de fvf zfwaq iafKGbf jvsk tfostb hQ
zbAfbA nh idvrfv jvstb.' (dkvdmpD)
zfcfr hsb Jchfh hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr zfmfsj htstb, njft-
nAfq `jct Wqff zfrfl' (nCvf Jtfn) hQ `jct zfpc dhvfdt Iftfj' W
`jct zfpc dhvfdfn' dkbhfv j'sv iV. kfrst iadkde ([dkjv) dudbn sKsj
dbvfifv ubA psK rsh. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD rfnfb nrDr)
mczfp dhb zfcfr dhb Jchfh k]fv dikfv dbje rsk hBGbf jsv hstb, k]fv dikf
hstsYb, jlf zfmvf hxdmq sOfv zjfv vfs zffrv vnCt -sj Jcu ] sk shv
rtfm. swA dYt, dkdb zfmfslv bfmfspv mfmdk jvshb. zfmvf k]fsj sisq dbst
dkdb htstb, ht. zfdm djYc httfm bf. icbvfq dkdb htstb, ht. zfdm
djYc httfm bf. dkdb zfhfv htstb, ht. hfsv zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv
vnCt! jD hth?' dkdb htstb, jct Wqff zfrfl, jt c zfpc dhvfdt Iftfj
W jct zfpc dhvfdfn' njft nAfq dkbhfv j'sv ht; iaskAj dudbn sKsj kf
skfmfv ubA psK rsh. (zfhc lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, nrDr kfvoDh 643 bQ)
dj hV lc}sJv dhNq sp, nhGswa dudbn sYsV zvf nhGdbjx dwjGD kfhDp hAhrfv
j'sv dbsuslv ivjft hvhfl jsv. kfvf kfhDp mcsJ iVsk zftnA ialwGb jsv hQ
kf otfq tesj zKhf rfsk hf sjfmsv sh]sL zKhf dhYfbf hf hfdtswv dbsy svsJ
 nhfv sysq shdw
zKhf hfdVv lvuf W ufbftfq dtsJ svsJ hftf-mcnDhk sKsj mcd sisk yfq. zKy
sn iK W idk zfnst mcd W v[fv bq, hvQ kf LQsnv W nhGbfswv.
mcsJ iVst zsbsjv kfsk jDb Kfsj bf. dj rfsk h]fLst Hfsh, Afem shfm h]fLf
zfsY. kJb kfv msb sufv Kfsj, hcsj nfrn Kfsj. wqkfb kfv msb zfwfn slq.
zfv kfsk skf kfv tfH. nckvfQ zffrv ifbfr.
nhGswa wkfD
sk sjfb nslr sb sp, sp wkfDsk nhGswa mfbcN Kfjshb, sn wkfD rsh
nhGswa wkfD. sp nmsq mrfb zffrv ns mfbcsNv spfofspfo, dbyq sn nmq
nhGswa nmq. sp pcso mfbcsNv sjfb nmnAfv nmfLfb dbsq mrfb zffrv i[ sKsj
zrD zhkDBG rq, dbyq sn pco nhGswa pco. sp jfst mrfb zffrv dhLfb mfbcsNv
ubA zhkDBG rsq idviCBk G f ifq, dbyq sn jft nhGswa jft.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(H. P3 +,- 8+ +F8/CD 7Hu3 .HP3 +,- 8+ +F8/CD 7Hu3 ;/ . r2 Q3 a-
zKGf{, nhGswa wkfD zfmfv wkfD. zk}iv kfv ivhkGD wkfD. zk}iv kfv
ivhkGD wkfD (v stfsjvf). (dkvdmpD, hsb drfb, rfsjm, dn} nrDrfr 699bQ)
nhGswa nmq
hflskv nhGswa nmq sn nmq, sp nmsq mb hsn, msbfspfdokf dhd[ rq bf,
pJb yfdvdlj db}Ucm-db Kfsj, pJb sjfb zhfdk w jfsb zfsn bf, pJb
idvshswv iafq njt mfbcN dmd Ocsm dhsHfv Kfsj, idvmstv iafq njt mfbcN
fbrfvf Kfsj, pJb zjfv W jfjDsk mb zfLAfdkjkfq idviCBG Kfsj, kJb
hflk W lczfq mb hsn, mrfb iadkiftjsj iafBHsv Ffjsk kxd tfH rq, kJb
hflfv msb rq, rt zffrsj Ffjfv nhGswa nmq. zfv kf rt vfskv swN
kxkDqfQw. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(A
/ 2> Q`. D 3 ,. T
+ /? + 7 3`m
+ < 2 )
zKGf{, nhGswa nmq rt swN vfdv mLAjft. (kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm'1106bQ)
sn nmq nhGswa rsh bf sjb? sn nmsq sp mrfb zffr dbsyv zfnmfsb sbsm
zfsnb. k]fv ubA spmb swfHbDq, skmbHfsh sbsm zfsnb. vnCt hstb,
zffrgkfzftf iakAr vfsv swN kxkDqfQsw bDsyv zfnmfsb zhkvB jsvb hQ
hstb, sj zfmfsj Ffsj? zfdm kfv Ffsj nfVf slh. sj zfmfv dbje iafKGbf jsv?
zfdm kfsj lfb jvh. hQ sj zfmfv dbje [mf yfq? zfdm kfsj [mf jvh.
(hcJfvD, mcndtm, ncbfb zfvhfzfr, dmwjfk 1223bQ)
121 122 nhfv sysq shdw
nckvfQ nmsq lczf jhct rq. msbv zfjct zfshlb mcv rq. msbv zfjcdk dhw
iaHcv lvhfsv si]ZsY pfq.
nmqsj sp jfsu tfofq, mrfb zffr kfsj Hfstfhfsnb. mrfbhD hstb, dkb
hAdsj zffr Hfstfhfsnb, kfslv iadk (n rsq) rfsnb hQ kfslv jfvsB JcwD rb;
(iaKm) sn hAd pfv dbje lstv ivfuq iajfw sist dbsuv ufb dlsq zffr zfpXpf
zuffv Wqfs pc jsv. sk sn rq wrDl rsq pfq, bkchf zffr kfsj nfrfpA (dhuqD)
jsvb W dkdb kfv ubA psK rb. kJb zffr hstb, `zfmfv hflfsj skfmvf
t[A jv, zfmfv ubA dbsuv iafB dlsq sjmb LpG LsvsY?'
(dkDq) sn hAd pfv zfsY nclvD D hQ bvm W nclv dhYfbf. dj sn ( nh
kAfo jsv) vfs sE bfmfp isV. v ubA zffr hstb, `sn dbsuv iahdx sj lmb
j'sv zfmfsj nvB jvsY, zKy Yf jvst sn dblaf isHfo jvsk ifvk.'
zfv (kxkDq) sn hAd sp nIsv Kfsj. kfv ns Kfsj jfsItf. djYc vfd ufovB
jsv njst Ocsm Tst isV. dj sn swNvfs sE j W zfvfsmv nmq bfmfp isV.
(kfhfvfbD jfhDv, nrDr kfvoDh 623 bQ)
3 . A
+)
iahxd ltsb zdLj nrfqj nmq
iahdx ltsb zdLj nrfqj rt vfdv dbkf. pJb shasbv jfsu mb hsn,
dyfwdsk sJfvfj smst. hflsk kxd zfsn. iVfswfbfq msbfspfdokf zfsn. mrfb
zffr hstsYb,
`(Y ! %, () { r/ 3,+ r 2 + j0 + J + 2 +;E/ Q`. D 29]+/ + 7QU}
zKGf{, dbyq vfdufovB iahdx ltsb zdLj nrfqj hQ i yfvsBv zdLj
zbcjCt. (mcpXpfdmt } 6)
vfskv dbuGb idvshsw bfmfpD kfrfcslv bfmfsp sp jcvzfb ifE jsv kfv
zKGnmCr zbcLfhb jvfv hAfifsv (mcJ hf) jfsbv nfsK zsvv hV dmt Kfsj.
dlsbv kctbfq vfsk jcvzfb ifE shwD idvjfv rq hQ msbfdbshw jvfv hAfifsv
hV iaHfhwftD rq. jfvB, kJb zbA njt w dbyci-bDvh rq. idvshw Kfsj
dbUcm-db. nmq bfmfpD pf djYc isV, kf ii[D hf jt-jfvJfbfv bfbf wsv
softspfo W mfbcsNv r-rsoft sKsj ncvd[k Kfsj hQ kfv mfsU bfmfpD kxd tfH
jsv W zsvv zst kfv iaHfh W iadkdqf zbcHh jsv.
kfYfVf dlsb bfbf hAkfW Kfsj. zfv hAkfq rlq-mb dhd[ Kfsj. LAfb W
dyfv ubA idvshw iadkjCt Kfsj. jfoakfv zbcjCt Kfsj bf hAoakfv idvmt.
kf ivhkGD zfqfsk mrfb zffr hstsYb,
`(Y ! %, () { 8Q,e2 j . + %Q P+ 7 2; /< 2[2 7QU}
zKGf{, dlhfHfso skfmfv ubA vsqsY lDOG jmGhAkf. (mcpXpfdmt } 7)
 nhfv sysq shdw 123 124 nhfv sysq shdw
p]fvf uDhsb hV rsqsYb, k]fvf dbuGb idvshsw LAfb W oshNBf jsvsYb. vfdv dhtfn W msbfvsbv jfsu. kfvf vfk suso bf sjfb Dsbv jfu jsv, zfv bf sjfb
idvshwsj dyfv jfsu hAhrfv jsvsYb. p]fvf mrfb zffrv bjeA sysqsYb, lcdbqfv jfu. kfvf HqHfsh [dkoa.
k]fvf vfdv dbuGbkf W dbkfsj jfsu tfdosqsYb. shsrwXk tfsH nIt nQpmD
hAdhsoGv iawQnf j'sv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
? 8%C ! %, () {+,3#_ + P. 8+ (+ Q`. D +F(^ /r2 ,3 52 } hYsvv swakm dlb
zKGf{, kfvf vfdv nfmfbA zQw dblafq zdkhfdrk jvk. (pfdvqfk } 17) mrfb zffrv nxdsk hYsv vsqsY 12de mfn. mfndtv msLA vsqsY nhGswa mfn
pfvf dhfbD rsk yfq, kfslv icsvf vfk Ocmfst yst bf. pfvf IjDr hf hV zfstm vmpfb. sjht mfsnv bfm ddJk rsqsY zft-jcvzfsb. mfsn vsqsY
rsk yfq, kfslv icsvf vfk Ocdmsq jfefst nItkf zfsn bf. pfvf zffrv bjeA tfH hYsvv nhGswa vfdnmCr, mfsnv swN lwsjv vfdnmCr. lwsj vsqsY hYsvv
jvsk yfq, kfslv vfsk nclDOG nmq dbfv sjfst mfKf vfJst yst bf. spsrkc vfsk nhGswa vubD, mdrqnD odvqnD vubD, wshjlv. sp vubD rfufv mfn zsi[f swa.
mrfb zffr hflfv dbjehkGD rb; dhswN j'sv vfskv swN kxkDqfQsw. dj dlbdtv msLA nhGswa dlb rt dpt-r mfsnv iaKm lwdlb. vfnCtcfr
mczfp hstb, zfdm bhD -v nfsK sjfb j nIsv dYtfm; jlf zfmfslv hstsYb,
ytfjftDb njft shtfq k]fv dbjse zfdm sn httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfsj : ,- r2 . Q x+# + 87 2 #8 (( 87 2> /t/CE+ F. (/ /& 2 QU JG
+ 2 P+ </ 3/ "
7 3`+ #+ 87 2 F. (/ (+ ))
mb zfmstv jKf hst dlb, pf zfmfsj uffsk iashw jvfsh hQ ufrffm rsk lCsv ++ A
+ `f T
3 %+ DQU /& Q` / + ;/< 3 P+
/ 2+ )) : + r2 /& Q` / + ;/< 3 P+
/ 2+ /& +,3 %+ 8+
vfJsh. dkdb sv htstb, kcdm skf j dhvfe dhNsq iaw jsvY. ksh zffr pfv
B% w t% .((p0;+x'/ 2[/+ F. (/ l. T / . 8+ H. 2 <2 / / (+ + / / W +'/
ubA nru jsvb, kf kfv ubA nru; kcdm zffrv hflk jvsh hQ k]fv nfsK
jfsjW wvDj jvsh bf. bfmfp jfsqm jvsh, pfjfk zflfq jvsh, vmpfsbv svfpf dlbdtv (zKGf{, pct drfv iaKm lw dlsbv) kctbfq mb sjfb dlb sb,
iftb jvsh W r jvsh. pfsk sjfb n{jfu zffrv dbje zdLj diaq. stfsjvf htt, `zffrv isK
zk}iv dkdb htstb, skfmfsj mstv lvufnmCsrv jKf hst slh bf dj? svfpf durflW bq dj?' dkdb htstb, zffrv isK durflW bq. ksh sjfb (mcufdrl)
rt Tft, nljfr ifismfyb jsv spmb ifdb zfocb dbhGfdik jsv. zfv mLA vfdsk hAd pdl kfv ufb-mftnr shv rsq pfq hQ kfv sjfb djYc dbsq zfv dIsv bf
mfbcsNv bfmfp. zk}iv dkdb zfqfk sktfzk jvstb, zfsn. (zKGf{ wfrflk hvB jsv, kfrst rqskf kfv nmfb rsk ifsv.) (hcJfvD)
() {+,-aW/ 83 H. E3 +r + %+ 7 (/ + #j + e2 + < ,. A
+ H. P3 '7%+ +,3 . 8+ QlT
/ m
+ + QF+ H. P3 '3,3T
3 <2 _
+ :+\+} dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.((Q x. #+ 3 8 . J Q 8 3`m< ))
zKGf{, kfvf wpAf kAfo jsv zfjf[f W zfwQjfv nfsK kfslv iadkiftjsj Ffsj
hQ zfdm kfslvsj sp vpD ialfb jsvdY, kf rsk kfvf lfb jsv. (nfulfr } 16, zKGf{, lcdbqfv nhGswa dlb rt, (dpt-rsv iaKm) lwdlb. (hfpXpfv, n} ufsm' 1133bQ)
dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr) mrfb zffr dlbdtv jnm sJsqsYb zft-jcvzfsb. (IfuXv } 2 zfqfk)
bhD hstsYb, sr stfj njt! skfmvf hAfijHfsh nftfm iayfv jv, dlbdtv msLA vsqsY hV mfrfkAiCBG zfvfIfv dlb. spdlb svfpf vfJst 2 hYsvv
([cLfkGsj) zlfb jv hQ stfsj pJb vfsk Ocdmsq Kfjsh kJb bfmfp iV. kfrst sofbfr mfI rsq pfq!
skfmvf dbvfisl W dbdhGsO uffsk iashw jvsh. (dkvdmpD ksh dlbdtv msLA nhGswa dlb rt jcvhfbDv dlb. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb,
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, pJb sjfb hAd kfv Dsj vfsk ufdosq Hsq bfmfp isV .((^ a2 3,. 8+ 7Hu Q . 7 3,. 8+ / D + / Q 87 2> 3Hv. ))
zKhf kfvf Hsq lc' vfjzfk j'sv bfmfp zflfq jsv, ksh kfslvsj (zkDh) zKGf{, zffrv dbje mrfbkm dlb jcvhfbDv dlb. zk}iv dvkfv (jcvhfbDv
dpjXvjfvD W dpjXvjfdvBDslv lst dtdih jvf rq. (zfhC lfl) isvv) dlb. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl 5/174, rfsjm, dmwjfk 2/810)
mrfbhD hstb, sp hAd j vfsk jw'de zfqfk ifE jvsh, sn hAdv jcvhfbDv dlb j mrfb dlb. dlbsj `rs zfjhfv' v dlb htf rq. (zfhC
zfmtbfmfq vfdv djqfm (bfmfspv) nWqfh dtdih jvf rsh. (zfrml, bfnf, lfl 5/420, hsb mfufr 2/1016)
lfsvmD, dntdntfr nrDrfr 644 bQ) kf dlb nfvf hYsvv swakm dlb.
zsbj mfbcN zfsY, pfvf vfd ufovB jsv, dj sjfb ijfvD jfsu bq; hvQ
 nhfv sysq shdw 125 126 nhfv sysq shdw

nfsrv swakm dlb swakm vfd

nfrfs nhGswa dlbde rt mcndtmslv nffdrj slv dlb. zfv snef rt ucmzfv hYsvv swakm vfd rt vmpfsbv swN lwsjv vfddt. mrfbhD vmpfsbv swN
dlb hfv. dlsbv hAfifsv mrfbhD hstsYb, lwsj hflk jvsk sp smrbk W syf jvskb, mfsnv zbAfbA dlbdtsk kf
7; 2 + }9|
+ 3 #. (+ H. I- \+2 + 7Qq<2 / </ !/ "
7 +F(/ 7;2 + 3 h/ 5 2S<2 /9#+ 3
- +,+8 H. I- (/ 87 2 Q`m
+ < 2 F. (/ 7QU )) jvskb bf. (mcndtm 1175bQ)
mf zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf) hstb, vmpfsbv swN lwj sn idk rst
. + /'+ 3,-a8+ : + r2 ! +(. %+ 2 . r2 + 2[. 2 + +\32 + 3+ #. \3 +V 52 + /& +,3 %+ 8+ : ,- r2 : + r2 .((
zffrv vnCt (hflskv ubA) dbsuv sjfmv (tcd) sh]sL dbskb, nfvfvfd ufovB
,3'2 t% . (( /0 + / . 2> + + T
. 2 Q%. 2> 2 + +7 G + 2& 7QU )) : + r2 jvskb hQ zfib idvubsjW ufofskb. (hcJfvD 2024bQ, zfrmfl 6/41, zfhC lfl
zKGf{, skfmfslv dlbdtv msLA nshGfm dlb rsY ucmzfv dlb. nckvfQ dlb 1376, bfnf 1639, hsb mfufr 1768, hsb Jcpfmf 2214bQ)
skfmvf zfmfv iv zdLjmffq lvl iV. sjbbf, skfmfslv lvl zfmfv jfsY zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, dkdb dbsu nfvfvfd ufovB jvskb hQ zfib
(dIdvwXkf mfvI{) siw jvf rq. stfsjvf htt, `qf vfnCtc fr! zfidb skf (mfvf idvubsjW ufofskb. hflsk smrbk jvskb hQ sjfmv (hf tcd) sh]sL dbskb.
pfWqfv iv) isy-ost dbdyr rsq pfshb. sn s[s zfmfslv lvl jDHfsh zfibfv (mcndtm 1174bQ)
jfsY siw jvf rsh?' dkdb htstb, zffr iqovslv slrnmCrsj sJsq sItf dj vubDdtv msLA jde mdrqnD vubD zfsY, pfsj wshjlv htf rq.
mfdev iv rfvfm j'sv dlsqsYb. (dhLfq kf]slv wvDv zfhrmfb jft Lsv z[k 1. wshjlsvv vsqsY dhwft mpGflf W mfrfkA. mrfb zffr vfsk jcvzfb
Kfjsh.) (zfhc lfl, dh nfbfl) zhkDBG jsvsYb hQ sn vfskv mfrfkA W IpDtk hBGbf jvfv ubA jcvzfb
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, mfuDslv iCBG jde nCvf zhkDBG jsvsYb hQ sn nCvfv bfmjvBW rsqsY kfv
+Q A
. - / </ + 297
2 +`A
/ . - / </ + 3+ +@/A
3 / </ : /9#+ 3
- 3,. 8+ 3. x7 / . 2 +
. #+ 2 e2 ,+8 3 . A
+ )) bfsm. mrfb zffr hstb,
(( P. + /V 2 F. (^ f . A
+ %Q . a2 -92 . 2 Q%. a2 -92 . 2 (+ 2y+%. 2 (+ + Q%. a2 /92 . 2 ;. </ 3t + Y+ . 2 7QU))
H ( t% .(( P+ . (/
zKGf{, dbyq zfdm jcvzfbsj wshjlsv zhkDBG jsvdY. kcdm dj ufb, wshjlv
zKGf{, pfv iv nCpG dlk rsqsY kfv msLA nhGswa dlb rt ucmzfv dlb. jD? wshjlv rt rfufv mfn zsi[f swa. (nCvf jflXv } 1-3)
dlsb zflmsj nxd jvf rsqsY, dlsb k]fsj shsrs fb slWqf rsqsY hQ j rfufv mfn nmfb 30 rfufv vfd. zKGf{ vfskv mpGflf 30,000 B
dlsb k]fsj shsrX sKsj shv j'sv slWqf rsqsY. (mcndtm) zsi[fW shwD! nckvfQ htf pfq sp, vfskv 1de knhDr zbAfbA vfskv 30,000
dkdb zfsvf hstb, ucmzfv dlb njt dlsbv nlGfv hQ zffrv dbje nhfv sysq knhDr zsi[f m. zbcvi vfskv 1 vfjzfk bfmfp zbAfbA vfskv 30,000
mrfb dlb. mbdj dlbde zffrv dbje zfprf W dIksvv dlb sKsjW swa. vfjzfk zsi[f m.
dlsb vsqsY 5de dhswN hdwA; dlsb zffr zflmsj nxd jsvsYb, dlsb k]fsj htf hftA, vfskv zfmt wshjlv dhrDb zbAfbA 30 rfufv vfskv zfmt
ixdKhDsk zhkfvB jsvsYb, dlsb k]fv djft rsqsY, dlsb mb jde zsi[f zdLj swa. nckvfQ sp hAd vfsk hflk jvt, zfnst sn spb 83 hYv
mcrCkG zfsY, pdl sjfb mcndtm hflf sn mcrCskG zffrv dbje sjfb djYc ShL dudbn 4 mfn zsi[fW shwD nmq Lsv hflk jvt.
iafKGbf jsv, kfrst zffr kfsj kf dlsq Kfsjb. dlsb djqfmk nQOdek rsh. 2. wshjlsvv vfk rt mchfvj vfk, zdk hjGkmq, jtAfBmq W mtmq vfk.
zfv iaskAj bjeAiaf dIdvf, zfjfw, ixdKhD, hfkfn, ihGk, nmc dlbsj Hq 3. vfk sn HfoA-vfk; pfsk iaskAj vkiCBG dhNq dvDjxk rq. (lcJfb } 4)
jsv. (Hq jsv bf sjht dub W bnfb.) (hsb mfufr 1084bQ) 4. ef rt sn vfk; sp vfsk iaskAj jfsuv ubA dIdvfjct k]fslv iadkiftsjv
dlsb hf kfv vfsk sj mfvf sost jhsvv zfpfh sKsj svrf ifq. mrfbhD zfslsw zhkDBG rb. zKGf{, sp jfsuv Ifqnftf vfsk jvf rq kf jfpGjvD jvfv
hstb, sp mcndtm ucmzfv dlb zKhf vfsk mfvf pfq, zffr kfsj jhsvv dIkbf ubA k]fvf zhkvB jsvb.
sKsj hf]yfb. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, n} ufsm' 5773bQ) 5. vfk rt nftfm W wfdv vfk. (nCvf jflXv)
zhwA dlhfvfddt swa rt kfv ubA, sp kfsk zfmt jsv. 6. vfd rt djqfm W sofbfr-Jfkf mfI jvfhfv vfd. mrfbhD hstb, sp
 nhfv sysq shdw 127 128 nhfv sysq shdw
hAd mfb svsJ W sbjD tfsHv zfwf jsv wshjlsvv vfd djqfm jsv (bfmfp jvf kfslv zHAfsn idvBk rq. mbdj jsqj hfv kfvf mrfbhD -sj rkAf jvfv
isV), sn hAdv iCshGjfv sofbfrnmCr mfI rsq pfq. (hcJfvD 35, mcndtm 760 bQ) jcyf jsv. kf]sj pflc jsv hQ dhdHHfsh [dk nfLb jvfv mskf uObA
dj kctbfmCtjHfsh mpGflfq kfv yfskW shdw vkiCBG vfk vsqsY. mrfbhD zisyfW jsv.
hstsYb, zbcvi jcjDdkG mcwdvjslvW. kfvfW bhDsj rkAfv zisyf jsv. slw sKsj
.(/ /E. 2 2QU +lT
/ . 8+ 2 . 2 3 D#+ 2 p ,. A
+ Q%. 2 ;</ ++ G
+
f %Q G
+ %Q . a2 /92.2 F. (/ +`m
+ < 2 9 2.2 H. I- ]3^+- 22) dhkfdVk jsv hQ kfvisvW k]fv dhvs pc jsv.
zKGf{, zfdm dj skfmfslvsj mb j vfdv jKf hst slh bf, pf wshjlv zsi[f i[fsv dJafbslv msLA fb W dhbq zfsY. zfv ubA qflDslv mskf
swa? (mb vfd pfsk) sjfb mcufdrl iadkv[fv jfsu fnHvf fsb ifrfvf slq, kfslv rEjfdvkf W lfdHjkf dYt bf. YfVf dJafb LsmG bmakf, lfvkf W
nhk} sn dbu idvhfsv dIsv zfsn bf. (rfsjm, dn} nrDrfr 2811bQ) [mfwDtkfv dw[fv hdwAiCBG mfb zfsY. mbdj kfslv LmGoas dtdih zfsY sp,
rt sn mcufdrl, sp dbsuv uDhbsj dhi j'sv slswv mfbcNsj v[f jsv. kfv sj pdl skfmfv Ffb ofst yV mfsv, kfrst kfv nfmsb hfm oft hfdVsq lfW. zKGf{
mpGflf dhwft. UoVf-dhhfl jsvf bf. jfvsB qflDslv kctbfq dJafbvf mcndtmslv dbjekv.
dJafbslv iawQnf qflDslv smfjfshtfq jvf rsqsY. bsy{ ntfm-dhssNv
mrfbhD hstb, j dlhfvfdv (whfdrbDv zbciashwsj iadkrk jvfv
sswA) iadkv[f-jfpG j mfsnv svfpf W bfmfspv sysq swa. ( iadkv[f jfsu zHAfn jm-shwD kfslv msLAW zfsY. spmb jKf cn W dsnsev h wkfD-
hAfiD pc-dhoar sKsj i hQ pf zlAfhdL yst zfnsY. zfv hkGmfsb qflD-dJafb
vk hAd) pdl mfvf pfq, kfrst kfv sn zfmt ufvD sKsj pfq; pf sn uDdhkfhfq
jvk, kfv ubA kfv vuD ufvD jvf rq; zfv (jhsvv) pfhkDq dIkbf sKsj sn Hsqv dmdtk iasyf ntfsmv dhvs NVps nvovm. jfvsB jcvzfsb Hq
dbvfif tfH jsv. (mcndtm 1913 bQ) nialfsqv nfsK hck fib jvsk dbsNL jvf rsqsY.
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sp hAd (w nDmfs) iadkv[fv jfsu vk Kfjf zhfq mrfb zffr hstsYb,
zffrv vffq mfvf pfsh, sn hAdv ubA zffr kfv sn zfmt ufvD vfJshb; pf sn H. I- (^ H3PD ,+ :+8+ F (+ +
#. '+ 0 + /. 2 H. P3 m
3 #. '+ 0 + /. 2 +% "
+ 7 + +,3P+ 3Cw
/ :7\+ 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+ }
uDdhkfhfq jvk, kfv vuDW ufvD jvf rsh, (jhsvv) njt iajfv dIkbf rsk sn ! ! %, () {+ / / vD +,. a2 B/ P. 8+ 2 + 7QU H. P3 .(/ 3 7Qq<2
dbvfisl Kfjsh, zfv zffr kfsj mrffn sKsj dbdhGsO svsJ djqfmskv dlb zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! skfmvf lD W dJafbslvsj hcvsi oarB jsvf bf. kfvf
icbvdk jvshb. (hfrfjD, nrDt ufsm' 6544 bQ) sj zisvv hc. skfmfslv msLA sj kfslvsj hcvsi oarB jvst, sn kfslv
jub oBA rsh. dbyq zffr zkAfyfvD nialfqsj n{isK idvyfdtk jsvb bf.
ntfm W mcndtmslv nhsysq hV (mfdqlfr } 51)
H. I- /. r2 F/( +$ :+I/ ,3\- +F8/CD +F(^ j#/ 2 + jY3 E3 H. I- +8/ 3Cw
+ \7 +F8/CD 3Cw
/ :7\+ 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+}
w jfvf? ! ! %, () {+ / (/ g. (J H3: 5- QU + ,-a\7+ 0 + /. 2 %+ WD I- +
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
, 3(+ +F8/C D ! 7,+ (7 H. P3 '++ r 2 7+ _
/ :+2 + ,-5+ . 2 +F8/CD + +,3P+ ,3(+ +F8/CD ! + + + Q 7 7 + 2 7+ _
/ :+2 } zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! skfmfslv iCshG pfslvsj djkfh slWqf rsqsY, kfslv msLA
pfvf skfmfslv LmGsj rfdn-kfmfnf W DVfv hvsi oarB jsv, kfslvsj W
! ( ) {+3 / I :+. 8+ 2 H. P3 72 + j +E. %3 + + / ^ r/ H. P3 . (/ 72S'/ 2[/+ +% "
+ + 7QU ,+ - r2 F+ 8/CD zdhhfnDslvsj skfmvf hcvsi oarB jsvf bf. pdl skfmvf dhhfnD rW, kfrst
zKGf{, zhwA dhhfnDslv iadk wkfq mfbcsNv msLA qflD W zQwDhflDslvsj zffrsj Hq jv. (mfdqlfr } 57)
kcdm nhGfdLj oa slJsh hQ mfbcsNv msLA pfvf hst, `zfmvf dJafb', kfslvsj kcdm
hcskv hAfifsv dhhfnDslv dbjekv slJsh. jfvB, kfslv msLA zsbj idk W mfbhkfv dkrfsn hxrm dIkbf
nQnfv dhvfoD zfsY. zfv kfvf zrQjfvW jsv bf. (mfdqlfr } 82) swN pfmfbfq lffstv dIkbf iaflcHCGk rsh. djqfmskv iChG t[BnmCsrv msLA de
dkrfdnjHfsh hQ hkGmfb sia[fise iamfdBk sp, qflDslv msLA j]sqdm, jde t[B. kfv bfbf dIkbf rsh hQ kfsk zdLjfQw mfbcN jhdtk rsh.
rEjfdvkf, rj sKsj dhmcJkf, lfdjkf W ohG hQ fbD W mfblfvslvsj zhf iajfw ifWqfv iv lfft sJflfqD lfhD jvsh. dhdH zstZdjj wd ialwGsbv
jvfv iahBkf hAfij iaydtk. zfv usbA bhDoBsj rkAf W kf]slvsj dmKAffb
 nhfv sysq shdw
Ist mfbcN kfv sL]fjfq iVsh. hV kDha odksk nfvf ixdKhD mB jvsh. ksh mf
mcjfvGfmf W mlDbf bhhDqfq sn iashw jvsk n[m rsh bf. jfvB, bovDsqv iadk
iashw-isK dIdvfv jVf ifrfvf Kfjsh. (mcndtm 2943bQ)
stfsj kfv ns uffk-ufrffm hQ ifdb W zfocb slJsh. dj zfnst kfv
uffk ufrffm, ufrffm uffk hQ ifdb zfocb W zfocb ifdb Kfjsh.
wqkfsbv lt kfv nrfqkf jvsh. sJflfqD lfhDv nkAkfq sn mfbcsNv mxk dikf-
mfkfsj uDdhk jsv slJfsk yfsh. wqkfb kfv dikf-mfkfv vi dbsq slJf dlsq
mfbcNsj (icsj) lffstv zbcnvB jvsk htsh. kJb zsbsj kfsj `zffr' hst
dhhfn j'sv sbsh. (n} ufsm' 7752bQ)
sn nmq zffr ifj hflfv dbje rsk mb jdEb ivD[f sbshb, pfsk iajk x dyk bq. zdIsn mdrtf nrjmGD zKhf iafsHe snsefvD, yfN hf hfdVv jfsu
mcdmb hAkDk sj lffstv dIkbfv uft sKsj dbfv ifsh bf. sn smOsj hNGsBv
zfslw jvst hxd rsh, Int Itsh, iwcsj Ffj dlst iwc kfv zbcnvB jvsh,
mfdesj zfslw dlst kfv Jdbu ilfKG hdroGk jvsh. mfbcNsj rkAf j'sv icbvfq
uDdhk jvsh. kJb h mfbcN sL]fjfq isV kfsj `zffr' hst Djfv j'sv sbsh.
dj mc'dmb sjfbdlb kf jvsh bf. pfv Ist mc'dmbsj rkAf jsv lfft kfv
ufrffsm dbs[i jvsh. zKy sn ufrffm iajk x is[ uffk rsh. (mcndtm
2137bQ)
iChhG kGD iaskAj bhD kfv Hqfbj dIkbf sKsj dbu dbu mksj nkjG j'sv
sosYb.
htf hftA, mfbhkfv dkrfsn kfv dIkbf nhsysq hV dIkbf rsh. zffrv vnCt
hstsYb,
.(Q T
7 7 +F(/ 3 +5 2 f (2 /9+ 7 Q + r/ 2 QU ++ Q@ A
+ +F. '+ (+ )
zKGf{, zflsmv umto sKsj dbsq djqfmk nQOdek rWqf ipG lffstv
(dIkbf-Ifnfl) zsi[f zbA sjfb dhNq (hV dhibj) rsh bf. (mcndtm
7583bQ)
stfsjvf lffstv Hsq HDk rsq ifdtsq dosq ihGsk zfwaq oarB jvsh. (
7580bQ)
sn dIkbf k Hqv hst kfv jhst pfsk mcndtm idkk bf rq, kfv ubA
mrfbhD iaskAj bfmfspv swNfQsw lczf jvsk zfslw jsvsYb.
dkdb hstsYb, pJb skfmfslv sj (bfmfspv msLA) kfwfrl (zKGf{, zfkX-
kfdrqAfk) iVsh, kJb sn yfvde dudbn rsk zffrv dbje zfwaq iafKGbf jvsh;
htsh, `zff-mf D zfpc dhjf dmb zfpf-dh ufrffm, zdmb zfpf-dht jfhXv,
zdmb dIkbfdkt mfrqAf ztmfmf-k, zdmb wfdvG dIkbfdkt mfnDdrlX lff-t.'
zKGf{, sr zffr! dbyq zfdm ufrffm W jhsvv zfpfh sKsj, uDhb W mxkAc v
dIkbf sKsj hQ jfbf lffstv dIkbfv zdb sKsj skfmfv dbje zfwaq iafKGbf
129 130 nhfv sysq shdw
jvdY. (mcndtm 1352bQ)
skf sot zfnt lffstv jKf. YfVf bjt lfftW zfsY ixdKhDsk.
bhczskv dmKAf lfhDlfv, ofqhD Jhsvv dmKAf lfhDlfv, nskAv zitfijfvD H
zfstm, H ntfmD dyfdhl W hcpcoG iaHdx kv dIkbfW jm bq.
nhsysq shdw [dkjv dIkbf
icvsNv ubA nhsysq shdw [dkjv dIkbf
vi-B-Lb slsJ zsbj kvBD ofsq iVf rsq icvNsj siasmv ufst zk}iv
dyvksv msbv sust hlD jvsk yfq. sn s[s iawaq dlsq sjfbsm dIkbfq iVf
mdrtf jmGD hf idvyfdvjf, isvv hfdV jfu jvfv nmq mfdtsjv hfdVv mdrtf, dewdb
jvsk dosq ofsq-iVf YfD, shilGf jfhkGD zKhf ifwfifdw hfdVsk hfn jvsk
dosq ipfdyjf mdrtfv dIkbfq iVsk rq icvNsj.
zShL bfvD-siam sKsj zsbsj h]fysk ifvstW zdkdv D-siasm zsbsj sI]sn
pfq. kfv Ydw Ytf-jtfv Ist sn rjycAk rq. spmb mfsqv iv kfsj iafLfbA
slq, kfv siamufst zfh sKsj durfl, tXm-zbcnfb kKf zfsvf zsbj Ivp
jfsu diYif rq. Dv kfshlfvD jsv; mbdj rfvfm jfsuW kfv iadkhflrDb
zfbcokA jsv! kfv jfvsB kfsj NGfrDb `lfqcN' rsk rq.
zShL siam-Odek dIkbfv jfvsB dikf W fmDv mfb-nmfb yst pfq. jk hV hV
mfbDv mfbrfdb rq kfv idvhfsvv sjfb mdrtf-Odek zShL sofib siam-tDtfq.
zShL iaBq-Odek jfvsB hAdHyfv rq.
tcsjfycdv iaBq-Odek jfvsB BrkAf rq.
dhhfr-hdrHCk G iaBq-Odek jfvsB JcbfJcdb W lff-rkAf rq.
zShL iaBq-Odek jfvsB zfkrkAf rq.
zShL iaBq-Odek jfvsB Kfbf-icdtw W sjfeG-jfYfdv rq.
zShL iaBq-Odek jfvsB jk ncJD nQnfsvv Ict-hfofsb zfb stso pfq.
zShL iaBq-Odek jfvsB jk dw-nfsbv uDhsb lcdlGb sbsm zfsn.
swaBDv dIkbf icvsNv i[ sKsj OestW bfvDv kctbfq kf hV bq. bfvDv
Ytbf W yfsv hAfifsv pctfJfv fmDv HfNfq jcvzfb hstsY,
V ,8 !%, () {Hf v/ + 7F5- + . 52 7QU}
zKGf{, dbyq skfmfslv Ytbf dhvfe! (ncI } 28)
slv Ytbf W yfs sI]sn pfWqfv zfwfq ncI bhD zffrv jfsY lczf
j'sv hstdYstb,
+F (^ F 5- 2 + 7FPQ . 2 QU 3 . 2 7FE3 + . 52 ; ^+ . Q "
. \+ DQU+ / . 2 QU ;/ +,3 . 8+ 7 (/ 7;2 QU JG
+ 2 3F_
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 nhfv sysq shdw
V ,8 !%, () { + /E/ _
zKGf{, sr zfmfv iadkiftj! mdrtfvf zfmfsj pfv iadk zfrhfb jvsY, kf
zsi[f jfvfofv zfmfv jfsY zdLj diaq. kcdm pdl kfslv Ytbf rsk zfmfsj v[f bf
jv, kfrst zfdm kfslv iadk zfjx rsq iVh hQ zslv zH Gc rh. (ncI } 33)
mrfbhD bfvDslvsj nsfLb j'sv hstsYb, hcd W LsmG ziCBG rWqf nsW
dhy[B hAdv iv skfmfslv yfsk zfv jfsj shdw iaHfh Jfefsk sldJdb.
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
F' X: ! %, () {H. E3 3%+CG . <2 H. I- D 3 + H. 5- / 2 . 2 + H. I- T
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmfslv D W nfb-ndkslv msLA sj sj skfmfslv w,
zkh kfslv nisjG skfmvf nkjG sKsjf. (kfofhcb 14 zfqfk)
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(/0 + ^ +F(/ Q T
+ ^ 2+ J | + 2 + E/ 9 +:. </ / #. '+ 35 + \+ (+ )
zKGf{, zfmfv ok rWqfv isv icvsNv is[ bfvDv sysq zdLjkv [dkjv sjfb
dIkbf zbA djYc sYsV pfdY bf. (zfrmfl, hcJfvD 5096, mcndtm 2740bQ, dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, lcdbqf rt ncdm W wAfmt. dbyq zffr skfmfslvsj kfsk
JtDIf hfdbsqsYb, pfsk dkdb slsJ sbb sp, skfmvf sjmb zfmt jv. zkh skfmvf
lcdbqf W bfvDv hAfifsv nkjGkf zhtb jv. zfv susb svsJf sp, hbD nvfstv
iaKm dIkbf pf dYt, kf dYt bfvDsj sj j'sv. (zfrmfl, mcndtm 2742,
dkvdmpD 2191, hsb mfufr 4000 bQ)
Dsbv ubA nhsysq shdw [dkjv dIkbf jD? hAfifsv mrfbhD hstb,
.HPQ 8/ + '/ %+ , (3 -> +,3 a/ 8+ f ,. r2 ; :/ (7 - 2 + 9 +:. </ P+ 3 v2 . 2 9r2 . </ + #/ . + + l m
.(+ + +,3(^ + 83 + ++ +
zfmfv mk nvfdLj (dkqfv) dIjGfq dhH rsh. slv msLA zfmfv
mskv ubA nhsysq hV dIkbf (W [dk)v jfvB rsh jde mb nialfq, pfvf
dbu vfq fvf njt hAfifvsj `djqfn' (zbcmfb) jvsh; zfv v Ist kfvf rftftsj
rfvfm hQ rfvfmsj rftft jvsh. (zft-hfbfr, hsb hffr 1/374, rfsjm 4/430,
mfumfp pfWqfl 1/179)
nhGfdLj iK jfvf?
pfvf ndEj iK rfvfq, kfvf iK. `dnvfsk mcfjDm' sKsj pfvf pk lCsv nsv
pfq, kfvf kk shdw iK. zsbsj susbsb iKycAk rq, zsbsj bf susb Hct isK
pfq. pfvf susbsb f isKv idKj rq zKhf zrQjfv, drQnf hf kAhwk}
131 132 nhfv sysq shdw
+ ndEj iK zhtb jsv bf, kfvf nhGfdLj iK.
zfncb! zfmvf jcvzfb sKsj djYc stfsjslv jKf ufdb, pfvf jcvzfsbv HfNfq
nhGfdLj iK.
mrfb zffr hstb,
!2 ++ a/ 3HP3 . (/ +` #+ T
+ + / . 2 + +m
/ ~2 + 3 3 +#+ D F+( / + / 9 '+,3h(+ 2[/+ F^( x+ '/ H-I]3^+- `. E+ `. r- }
! ! %, () {Q` / 7 0+,+ F+ J`| + 2 + I2 (7 + 2[]/ 2 . - +?,-~ sD + ++ + + 8Q +w + +
zKGf{, ht, `zfdm dj skfmfslvsj zsi[f dbjx idvBfsmv nQhfl slh, pf
zffrv dbje zfsY? pfsj zffr zdHnifk jsvsYb, pfv iv dkdb sfLfdhk,
/ +. 2 F. (/ 7QU ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+ }
pfslv jkjsj dkdb hfbv W jkjsj wCjv hfdbsqsYb hQ pfvf kfoCk
(ofqvfr)v ifnbf jsv, mpGflfq kfvf dbjx hQ nvt iK rsk nhGfdLj dhycAk.'
(mfdqlfr } 60)
zKGf{, sr zfrst djkfh! skfmvf zfmfslv iadk sp hvDHfh sifNB jvY, kfv
jfvB skf ef YfVf zfv djYc bq sp, zfmvf zffrv iv, jcvzfsbv iv hQ
jvc zfsbv iCshG zhkDBG nmclq djkfshv iv mfb sbdY. efW dj sjfb slfsNv
jKf? zKGf{, ef sjfb slfN W dblfv jfvB rsk ifsv bf; spmbde skfmfslv msb
rsqsY. zhwA zfmvf skfmfslvsj hst dl, (zffrv dbje) zdLj dbjx W iK
hQ OxBfv if W dkvfvspfoA stfj jfvf? vf kfvf, pfslv iadk zffr
zdHnifk jsvsYb, pfslv iv dkdb vfofdhk rsqsYb, zfv kfslv msLA djYc
nQJAjsj hfbv W wCjsv idvBk jsvsYb hQ pfvf kfoCk (ofqvfr)v iCuf
jsvsY. nckvfQ zfqbfq skfmvf dbsuslv syrfvf slsJ bfW. zfv ht sp, pfslv
dkrfn , kfvf jfvf? kfvf dj skfmvf bW? (zfrnfbct hfqfb)
. '/ 2 + ;/:(7 - 3Q :+W \+) mrfb zffr qflD ns hstsYb, vnCt bf ifEfst Wslv jxkjsmGv ubA Wslv
sjfb dhil rst Wvf htk, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! kcdm zfmfslv dbje sjfb vnCt
+,/ 3 <2 siavB jvst bf sjb? jvst, zfmvf skfmfv zfqfknmCr smsb ytkfm hQ zfmvf
dhwfnD rkfm.' zk}iv pJb zfmfv dbje rsk Wslv dbje nkA zfomb jvt,
kJb Wvf htsk tfot, `mCnfsj spvi slWqf rsqdYt W (mcrfmfl)sj snvi slWqf
rt bf sjb?' dj iCshG mCnfsj pf slWqf rsqdYt kf dj Wvf zDjfv jsvdb? Wvf
hstdYt, `Hq pflc, jde zivdev nmKGj.' hQ hstdYt, `zfmvf Hqsj
iakAfJAfb jdv.' (kfrf } 134, jfnfn } 48)
mrfb zffr bhD -sj hstb,
,3 _/ :+. 8+ H. D Qq<2 () + r/ / + H. :3 5- QU 3 #. / \72 + P3 . (/ + E. 2 ,+ E3 / D / / F. (^ p$ :+I/ '/ ,3\S<2 `. r- }
+,. a2 B/ P. 8+ 2 + D 7QU / D +F(^ j E3 Q . X+ '/ 3t+,E+ +l+\7 QF7 (/ J`|
+ 2 F. (+ + H. E3 0+,E. 2 +,3#/ :78+ + 72 H. 2 . <2 2[2
"a ! %, () {+ / / vD
 nhfv sysq shdw
zKGf{, ht, skfmvf nkAhflD rst zffrv dbje rsk j oa zfbqb jv, pf
iKdbslGsw lc'de rsk {jx rsh; zfdm sn oa zbcnvB jvh. zk}iv Wvf pdl
skfmfv zfrhfsb nfVf bf slq, kfrst ufbsh Wvf skf sjht dbsuslv sJqft-JcwDv
zbcnvB jsv. zffrv iKdbslGw zmfbA j'sv sp hAd dbu sJqft-JcwDv zbcnvB
jsv, kfv zsi[f zdLj dhf zfv sj? dbyq zffr nDmftQObjfvD nialfqsj
iKdbslGw jsvb bf. (jfnfn } 47-50)
sp hAd bkcb ofdV djsb iakjfvsjv slWqf `ofF-hcj' zbcnfsv skstv
ufqofq skt hQ ifdbv ufqofq ifdb bf sTst dbsuv sJqft-JcwD mskf dsbv
spJfsb-snJfsb skt-ifdb Tfst, kfv ofdV dj ytsk ifsv? zbcvi sp mfbcN
nxdjkGfv slWqf `ofF-hcj' zbcpfqD dbsuv uDhb idvyftbf bf j'sv dbsuv mb W
smufu mskf idvyftbf jsv, kfv uDhb dj nyt rsk ifsv?
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
P+ '/ +3 "
/ . 83 D Ff 3 . 2 H. P3 2 + P+ '/ +,3Pa2 W 8+ D $
f ,- r- H. P3 2 Q Q+^ F_
() {+,- </ X+ 3HE3 2[]/ 2 . - J`|
+ 2 H. E3 `. '+ Q #+ . 2> 52 2[]/ 2 . - P+ '/ +,3#+ . 8+ D f + H. P3 2 +
zKGf{, zfv zfdm skf h dub W mfbcNsj ufrffsmv ubA nxd jsvdY; kfslv rlq
zfsY, dj kf dlsq kfvf itd jsv bf, kfslv y[c zfsY, dj kf dlsq kfvf lwGb
jsv bf hQ kfslv jBG zfsY, dj kf dlsq kfvf wahB jsv bf. vf ykcil uv
bAfq; hvQ kf zsi[fW zdLj dhf! kfvf rt lfnDb. (zf'vfI } 179)
zv, syfJ, jfb---dt mrfb zffr ubA lfb jsvsYb, pfsk mfbcN kfv
fvf ijxk rsq dbu iaHcsj dybsk ifsv, kfv dblwGbnmCr t[A jsv hQ nskAv
hfBD mb dlsq swfsb. dj sp hAd njt z-iakA fvf ijfv sbq bf, spb
ijfv bf sbWqfv jfvsB sn iv mk; hvQ kfv sKsjW zLm. jfvB ivf dbsuv
tfH-sbfjnfb djYcef hcsU. ijfvD dudbn fvf ijfv sbq hQ [dkjfvj dudbn
rsk lCsv Kfsj. dj zffrv drlfqfk rsk dhmcJkf iajfwjfvD hAdv msLA
ifKGjA jvfv wd swN rsq pfq sp, sjfbXde kfv ubA tfHlfqj, zfv sjfbXde
[dkjfvj. zfv sn jfvsB ivhkGD hfsjA kfslvsj `ofdIt' hf `lfnDb' htf
rsqsY. (zfrnfbct hfqfb)
pfvf dbsuslv sJqft-Jcdw zbcnfsv yst, kfvfW nhGfdLj iK. mfkft spmb zivsj
`mfkft' hst, skmdb kfvf zfhfv ndEj isKv idKjslvsj `iK' msb jsv!
mrfb zffr swaBDv jfsIvslv ns hstsYb, Wvf pJb skfmfsj slsJ,
kJb Wvf skfmfsj sjht irfsnv ifvsi oBA jsv hQ hst, ` dj sn; pfsj
zffr vnCt jsv ifdEsqsYb? sn skf zfmfslv slhkfoB sKsj zfmfslvsj lCsv
ndvsq dlk; pdl bf zfmvf kfslv zfbcoskA lxP iadkdk Kfjkfm.'
r W ! %, () { / + J`| + 2 F. (+ +$+C#+ +. + 8+ + G
133 134 nhfv sysq shdw
pJb Wvf wfd iakA[ jvsh, kJb Wvf ufbsh sj nhGfdLj iK.
kcdm dj slJ bf kfsj, sp kfv jfmbf-hfnbfsj ifnAvsi oarB jsv? khcW dj
kcdm kfv jmGdhLfqj rsh.
() { / + J`|
+ 2 H. E3 `. '+ Q #+ . 2S 52 D QU H. E3 . QU +,- a/ #. 8+ . 2 +,3#+ . 8+ H. E3 + h+5 2 72 3+ . \+ . 2 }
kcdm dj msb jv sp, Wslv zdLjfQw swfsb W hcsU? Wvf skf iv mskf; hvQ
Wvf zfvW shdw iK. (Icvjfb } 41-44)
sp lcdbqfsk nkA slJf rsk, hcUf rsk hQ jhct jvf rsk dbsusj hdk vfsJ,
snW nhGfdLj shdw iK. sn zfsJvfsk z rsh hQ iadkiftsjv dhswN zbcoar W
lqf sKsj hdk Kfjsh. dkdb hstsYb,
0 ! %, () { / + J`| + 2 + + . 2 !/ + A / ; /< ,+ P3 <2 + . 2 /t/CE+ ;/< + 52 F+(+ }
zKGf{, sp stfj rstfsj z, sn stfj ivstfsjW z hQ zdLjkv iK.
/ +F(^ jh/ 52 +H7P+ _
+ / + %+ + . a2 2 + } (hfbD naft } 72)
pfvf jcvzfbsj dhwfn jsv bf, iv kfv dhvs bfbf zfidmCtj iaw fib
jsv, kfvfW nhGfdLj iK. zhwA. pfvf svfF-mAfisj zoafrA jsv, kfvf
HDNBHfsh ndEj svfF-rfvf rq. sp ipGejvf zufbf-zsybf ufqofq ofF-hcjsj
zmfbA jvsh, kfvf skf zdysv kfv zjCt ifKfsv dosq E]f tfH jvsh.
mrfb zffr hstsYb, zdhhfnDvf hst, `nmoa jcvzfb kfv dbje sjhfsv
zhkDBG jvf rt bf sjb?' zfdm skfmfv dbje Hfsh (djYc djYc j'sv) zhkDBG
jsvdY hQ sm sm iHfsh zfhxd jsvdY skfmfv rlqsj w W lxP jvfv
ubA. Wvf skfmfv dbje sjfb nmnAf idk jvst zfdm skfmfsj Wv ndEj
nmfLfb W nclv hAfJAf lfb jdv. (Icvjfb } 32-33)
zKGf{, zfdm zhf zbcnfsv W iasqfub mk jcvzfb lDOG 23 hYsv djYc djYc
j'sv zhkDBGgjsvdY. pfsk sr bhD! skfmfv W mfblfvslv zv nclPx rq hQ
pfsk kfslv nclvHfsh mcJ rsq pfq. spmb zbA htf rsqsY,
{ 8QY \+ 3t + Y7 ++ pI (3 2 + Q 7 2 + 3t2 + a :+/ 3t +r + <2 . r- + }
zKGf{, dm jcvb zhkDBG jsvdY J-JHfsh, pfsk kcdm kf mfbcsNv jfsY ifE
jvsk ifv sm sm hQ dm kf pKfpKHfsh zhkDBG jsvdY. (hfbD naft } 106)
hk} jcvzfb hxdv ifdbv mk. hxd rst mxk ixdKhD kfv uDhb dIsv ifq.
zfv ijfv kJb nfdLk rq, pJb iasqfub W idvmfB mk hxd rq. hYsvv
nm ifdb jhfsv hNGB rst ijfv nh bq.
zKhf jcvzfb rt Fffsvv slWqf WNcsLv mskf. pf j nfsK bq, hvQ sm-sm
snhb jvsk rq. dj spmb kfWvfk, Dt, pfhCv sjhfsv zhkDBG rsqdYt, skmdb
/ +,3 2 #. 8+ + ,. + + } kfvf jcvzfb zhkDBG rWqfv jKf sHshdYt. zKy kf dYt dbYj jef zfidmCtj
zdHspfo.
 nhfv sysq shdw 135 136 nhfv sysq shdw
jcvzfb ns jfsIvslv zfidmCtj iaswv v slWqfv iv mrfb zKGf{, dbyq zffr kf]v nfsK zQwD (dwjG) jvfv zivfL [mf jsvb bf. YfVf
zffr kfslv wfdmCtj zhfv jKf hstsYb, zbAfbA zivfL pfv ubA Yf [mf j'sv slb. zfv sp sj zffrv nfsK zQwD
r W ( ) { / + J`|
+ 2 + j I2 (7 + 2[]/ 2 . - +H7P+ T
+ 2 QU H. PQ E/ ,3T3 2 + +3 x+ . 83 +F8/CD } fib (dwjG) jsv, sn HDNBHfsh iK rq. (dbnf } 116)
zKGf{, pfslvsj mcsJ Hv dlsq ytf zhfq jdk jvf rsh W ufrffsmv dlsj dhf W mfbcNvf dj nkA fbD mfbcN? zhwA bq. pfvf nhGfdLj iK, kfvf
dbsq pfWqf rsh, Wslv fb rsh zdk dbjx hQ Wvf nhsysq shdw iK . dhfbD rstW fbD sjfbmsk bq.
(Icvjfb } 34)
zdhwfnDvf jcvzfbsj zffrv hfBD hst Djfv skf jsv bf, iv kfv dhvfyvB nhsysq hV pfstm sj?
jsv. nckvfQ kfvf sp nhsysq shdw iK, kfsk nslr jD? mrfb zffr hstsYb, ixdKhDv hcsj mbcNA nmfsu pctcm, zbAfq W zkAfyfv h iajfv zfsY. pfsj
() {p #/ '+ a2 / ;/< ,+ E3 F. 7 (/ J`| + 2 F. (+ / '/ H3\. W2 52 7Hu3 / D / / F. (/ + 52 QU H. :38. 2 %+ 2 `. r- } nfLfvBk} dkb Hfso Hfo jvf pfq }-
zKGf{, ht, `skfmvf sHsh slsJY dj, pdl (jcvzfb) zffrv dbje rsk 1. naf W iadkiftsjv zdLjfsv zbAfqfyvB W pctcm. zfv kf rq, k]fv zfnsb
(zhkDBG) rsq Kfsj hQ skfmvf kf iakAfJAfb jv, ksh sp hAd sOfv dhvfyvsB zbA jfsj zfnDb j'sv. k]fv nfsK sjfb iajfv sjfb djYcsj wvDj j'sv.
dt zfsY kfv zsi[f zdLj dhf zfv sj?' 2. mfbcsNv zdLjfsv zbAfqfyvB W pctcm. zfv kf rq, zisvv zdLjfv rvB j'sv
zfdm Wslv ubA zfmfv dblwGbfhtD dhwuosk hA jvh hQ Wslv dbsuslv zisvv iadk zkAfyfv j'sv kAfdl.
msLAW; Ist Wslv dbje i rsq Esh sp, (jcvzfb) nkA. dj psK bq sp, 3. dbsuv iadk zbAfqfyvB W pctcm. zfv kf rq, sjfb ifi hf zivfL j'sv, pfv
skfmfv iadkiftj nhGdhNsqv iakA[lwGD? (rf-mDm nfulfr } 52-53) Ist kfsj wfd sHfo jvsk rq.
zfv j swaBDv mfbcN zfsY, pfvf nhGfdLj iK. kfvf rt ofqvfrv iCufvD. pfvf hVv rs zbAfq jsv, kfslv zfyvB hV zbAfq. ubA tcjmfb rfjDm
kfvf dhisl-zfisl mb djYcsj zfrhfb jsv, pfvf jdmbjfstW nfVf slsh bf, k]fv sYstsj islw dlsq hstdYstb,
dlsk ifsv bf. sjht LfvBfv hwhkGD rsq kfslvsj `v[fjkGf hf fBjkGf' hst mfbA a () {Hf v/ + Hf v- 2 2y. x^ 7QU / D '/ yQ x. \3 2 7;+'3 8+ }
jsv. kfvf msb jsv `vsb-hsb, ust-ust' nhG kfvf kfslvsj dhisl nfrfpA zKGf{, `sr h{n! zffrv ns dwjG jsvf bf. dbyq dwjG hV zbAfq.' (tcjmfb } 13)
jsv. zKy mb LfvBf Lc kf bq, hvQ kfv jswN. dj nhsysq hV pfstm jfvf? zfmvf kf slJh jcvzfbD zfqfk W rflDsnv
mrfb zffr hstsYb, ht, `skfmvf zffrv idvhskG pfslvsj Ffsjf, kfslv jKf zfstfsj.
sHsh slJY dj? kfvf ixdKhDsk jD nxd jsvsY zfmfsj slJfW zKhf zfjfwmtDsk 1. pfvf mndusl zfnsk mfbcNsj hfLf slq zKhf mnduslv LQn jfmbf jsv. mrfb
kfslv sjfb zQwDlfdvk zfsY dj? v iChhG kDG sjfb djkfsh zKhf ivivfok fb zffr hstsYb,
Kfjst, kf skfmvf zfmfv dbje idk jv; pdl skfmvf nkAhflD rW.' 2 H. P3 2 + 52 (+ 2[]/ 2 . - P+ '/ + A
+ ;/< #+ + + 3 3 . P+ </ + 52 C. 83 2 / + T
/ + (+ +l+(7 F7 (/ 3H2 2 F. (+ + }
H. PQ / + 3 F + H. E3 + 9/ (+ + a/ Q, 8+ 2 QU 3 2 3 _
/ :+. 8+ D F (+ / D Q3 F/( ,3 . 8+ F7 (/ J`| + 2 F. (+ + }
! a ( ) {Hf v/ + $ f +C+ !/ + A
/ ; /< H. P3 2 + B f Y. A
/ + . J ; /< H. P3 2 + W/ / +A DQU E+ ,- A 3 . 8+
aG>! %, () {+,- </ ~2
zKGf{, sp zffrv mndulnmCsr kf]v bfm nvB jvsk hfLf slq W kfv LQn-nfLsb
zKGf{, sn hAd zsi[f zdLj dhf sj, sp zffrv idvhskG mb djYcsj Ffsj, iaqfnD rq, kfv sKsj hV nDmftQObjfvD (pfstm) zfv sj rsk ifsv? zKy HDk-
pf djqfmk dlhn ipGW kfv Ffsj nfVf slsh bf? zfv kfvf kfslv Ffj ns n zhfq YfVf kfslv ubA mndusl iashw jvf nk (hL) bq. kfslv ubA
zhdrkW bq. pJb djqfmskv dlb mfbcNsj jdk jvf rsh, kJb kfvf kfslv w rjfst tfbf sHfo W ivjfst mrf wfd vsqsY. (hfjfvfr } 114)
rsq l]fVfsh hQ kfslv ifnbfsj zDjfv jvsh. (rXjfI } 4-6) 2. pfvf nkA nf[A sofib jsv. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
mrfb zffr zfsvf hstsYb, ! a ! %, () {+,- + #. \+ 7 + ` </ X+ '/ 3 ( + + / +F(/ 3t+ / ! + P+ + +H:+52 F7 (/ 3H2 2 F. (+ + }
2 |
+ 7` |
+ . a2 <2 / '/ yQ x. 83 F+(+ 0 x+ 8+ F+ / 2[/+ +3( + 3 W/ X. 8+ + / '/ 2y+ x. 83 2 3 W/ X. 8+ 2 + 7QU}
zKGf{, zffrv dbje sKsj iaf nf[A-iamfB sp sofib jsv, kfv zsi[f
0 ! %, () { j #/ '+ zdLjkv nDmftQObjfvD (pfstm) zfv sj rsk ifsv? zfv skfmvf pf jv, sn ns
 nhfv sysq shdw 137 138 nhfv sysq shdw
zffr shJhv bb. (hfjfvfr } 140) jsvsYb, zfdmW Wv zbcvi zhkDBG jvh', kfv sysq hV pfstm zfv sj? pdl kcdm
3. pfvf zffrv iadk dmKAfsvfi jsv hQ k]fv zfqfksj dmKAffb jsv. mrfb slJsk sisk (kJbjfv zhf), pJb () pfstmvf mxkcA pBfq Kfjsh, zfv
zffr hstsYb, dIdvfoB rfk hfdVsq htsh, `skfmfslv iafB shv jv. zfu skfmfslvsj
# >( ) { +,3 / vD 3/W 83 2 3 7QU / \/ 8+ /' +$7C52 . 2 'j/C52 / 2 + + :+< QF7 (/ 3H2 2 F. (+ + } zhmfbbfjv wfd ialfb jvf rsh; jfvB skfmvf zffr ns zbAfq htsk W kf]v
zKGf{, zfv sp hAd zffr ns dmKAf vybf jsv zKhf k]fv zfqfknmCrsj zfqfk oarsB kA iajfw jvsk.' (bXm } 93)
dmKAffb jsv, kfv sKsj zdLj pfstm (zkAfyfvD) zfv sj? pfstmvf zhwA 5. pfvf jcvzfb fvf islwiaf rsqW mcJ dIdvsq sbq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
nItjfm rsh bf. (bXm } 21) 9 75/ 2 H. PQ '/ ,- r- 2 + + #+ T
+ 7QU 3t+ 8+
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,E !%, () {+ / / vD 2 + / -9+#. 2 22 H. PQ '^%+ 2 + ,3'+C52 zKGf{, sjfb hAdsj kfv iadkiftsjv dblwGbfhtD mvB jdvsq slqfv iv sn pdl
zKGf{, zfv hAd zsi[f zdLj zkAfyfvD sj rsh, sp zffrv iadk dmKAf kf rsk mcJ dIdvsq sbq hQ kfv jxkjmGnmCr Hcst pfq, ksh kfv zsi[f zdLj
zfsvfi jsv? stfjslvsj kfslv iadkiftsjv nfmsb siw jvf rsh hQ nf[D nDmftQObjfvD v sj? dm kfslv zsvv iv hvB dlsqdY; spb kfvf
(dIdvf)oB htsh, `vf stfj pfvf dbsuslv iadkiftj ns dmKAf hstdYt. jvc b hcUsk bf ifsv hQ kfslv jfsb hdLvkf nxd jsvdY. kcdm kfslvsj n{isK
susb svsJf, mb zkAfyfvDslv iv zffrv zdHwfi.' (rCl } 18) rhfb jvstW kfvf jJsbf n{iK ifsh bf. (jfrI } 57)
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sKsj mcJ dIdvsq sbq, kfv zsi[f zdLj nDmftQObjfvD zfv sj? zfdm zhwA
zKGf{, sp hAd zffr ns dmKAf vybf jsv zKhf k]fv dbje rsk zfok nkAsj zivfLDslv dbje sKsj iadkswfL oarB jvh. (nfulfr } 22)
dmKAffb jsv, kfv zsi[f zdLj nDmftQObjfvD zfv sj? zdhwfnDslv zfwaqt 6. pfvf Ydh hf mCdkG dbmGfB jsv. mrfbhD hstsYb,
dj ufrffsm bq? (zfbjfhCk } 68) . 2 9 7G
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zKGf{, sp hAd ntfsmv dlsj kfsj zfrhfb jvf nsW zffr ns dmKAf vybf zbcvi nxd SkvD jvsk yfq? nckvfQ kfvf jde LCdtjBf hf di]isV nxd jvj zKhf
jsv, kfv zsi[f zdLj pfstm zfv sj? zffr pfstm nialfqsj n{isK jde wnAlfbf nxd jvj zKhf jde phlfbf nxd jvj. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
idvyfdtk jsvb bf. (nfIX } 7) nhGiajfv pfstmoB dbu dbu wfd zhwA sHfo jvsh, zfu zKhf jft. mrfb
4. pfvf zffrv bfsm dmKAf hst hQ lfhD jsv sp, kfslv dbje `zrD' rq! zKhf zffr hstb,
zffr kfslv ns jKf hstb! mrfb zffr hstsYb, () {%3 "
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+ x. \+ ,. + / H. E3 3 A
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kcdm jJsbf msb jsvf bf sp, nDmftQObjfvD (pfstm)vf pf jsv, sn dhNsq zffr
3HI- + W- 2 , T
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nhsysq shdw vfyfvD mfbcN
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rfvfm-nDmfbfv dHksv Jcb jsvsY zKhf sp kfv JcbD bq, kfsj Jcb jsvsY zKhf
ufsrtD pcsov Jcsbv hltf dbsk Jcb jsvsY. (zfrmfl 6757, zf} vfpXpfj 9188bQ)
spsrkc v iaskAjde wvDqsk ixKj ixKj HDNB ififyvB. sj skf Jcb, kfv
iv mb ufqofq Jcb, pf rfvfm, dbdN hf idh ufqof hQ mb stfjsj Jcb, sp
zfnst JcbD bq.
rfvfsm pc-dhoar hL bq. ksh zfkv[fmCtj pcsv jKf hAdkm. mrfb zffr
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hdrjfv jsvsY, skfmvfW snJfb sKsj kfslvsj hdrjfv jv. dIkbf (zwfd, dwjG
hf LmGslafdrkf) rkAf zsi[fW ocvkv. zfv mfndulct rfvfsmv (jf'hf wvDsIv)
dbje skfmvf kfslv nfsK pc jsvf bf; pk[B bf kfvf snJfsb skfmfslv nfsK pc
jsv. pdl kfvf skfmfslv dhvs pc jsv, ksh skfmvf kfslvsj rkAf jv. ef
skf zdhwfnDslv iadkIt. (hfjfvfr } 191)
rfvfm nDmfbfq vifk Oefsbf skf lCsvv jKf, snJfsb sjfb ififyfsvv Yf jvf
pfsh bf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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rfvfm' rsk; pfsj zfdm jsvdY fbDq W hdrvfok nhfv ubA nmfb. zfv sp Wsk
nDmftQOb j'sv ifijfspGv Yf jsv, kfsj zfdm zfflb jvfshf mmGl wfd.
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mrfbhD dhlfqD rsv HfNsB hstsYb, dbyq pfmfbf (jft) dbsuv zhfq
dIsv t spdlb zffr kfzftf zfnmfbnmCr W pmDb nxd jsvsYb. (zKGf{, lcdbqf
nxd jvfv nmq spvi hYv W mfnstf dYt, Jb icbhGfv sn icvfkb zhfq dIsv
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139 140 nhfv sysq shdw
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kf Jb sKsj swN j'sv slWqf rt.) hYsv hfvde mfn; kfv msLA yfvde rfvfm
(nmfbDq) mfn. dkbde iviv } pct jf'lfr, pctdrfr W mcrfvfGm. zfv (ykcKG
rt) mcpfv sofsv vuh; pf ucmflf W wf'hfb v msLA vsqsY. ef sjfbX mfn?
zfmvf httfm, `zffr W kf]v vnCt nhGfdLj fk.' zk}iv dkdb djYc[B bDvh
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.(/97 /E/ _ + htshb. dkdb htstb, ef pct-drfr bq dj? zfmvf httfm, `zhwA.'
zk}iv dkdb htstb, ef sjfbX wrv? zfmvf httfm, `zffr W kf]v vnCt
nhGfdLj fk.' zk}iv dkdb djYc[B bDvh Kfjstb. mbdj zfmvf LfvBf jvtfm
sp, dkdb rqskf kfv bfm hAkDk zbA bfm htshb. dkdb htstb, wrv (mf) bq
dj? zfmvf httfm, `zhwA.' dkdb htstb, zfu sjfbX dlb? zfmvf httfm,
`zffr W kf]v vnCt nhGfdLj fk.' zk}iv dkdb yci Kfjstb. zfmvf Hfhtfm,
dkdb rqskf v zbA bfm htshb. zk}iv dkdb htstb, ef dj jcvhfbDv dlb
bq? zfmvf httfm, `zhwA.' zk}iv dkdb htstb, dbyq skfmfslv v,
skfmfslv mft hQ skfmfslv nm skfmfslv (zfisnv msLA) vjm rfvfm (W
nmfbDq) spmb skfmfslv dlsbv nmfb skfmfslv wrsv hQ skfmfslv mfsn
/ . + + / vsqsY. wDOa skfmvf skfmfslv iadkiftsjv nfsK dmdtk rsh. zk}iv dkdb
skfmfslvsj skfmfslv zfmt nisjG dufnf jvshb. nckvfQ skfmvf zfmfv iv
mb jfsIv rsq spW bf sp, skfmvf j zisvv olGfb mfvsh. swfsbf! idk hAd
spb zbcidksj ( nh jKf) si]ZsY slq. jfvB, pfsj si]ZYfsh sn swafkfv sysq
zdLj nxdkLv rsk ifsv. zhswsN dkdb htstb, nkjG rsq pfW! zfdm dj si]ZsY
dltfm? zfmvf httfm, `rA]f.' dkdb htstb, sr zffr! kcdm nf[D Kfj. (hcJfvD
W mcndtm)
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iadkswfL sbsh iawfnb. dj zsbj mfbcN sn hltf dbsuv rfsk dbsk yfq hQ
zsbj nmq kfv hfi hf Hfsqv JcbDsj bf sisq kfv sjfb zfkDqsj Jcb jsv.
jfu yvm zbAfq W vfyfdvkf.
zbcvi ufsrtD pcso h zbKGj JcbfJcdb rsqsY. ntfm zfnfv iv sn JcbfJcdb h
jvf rsqsY. mrfbhD dhlfqD rsv HfNsBv jfQsw hstdYstb,
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+ 30 (+ /+ f ,3|,. (+ 7 (+ + r2 +. \+ /97 /E/ _
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zKGf{, ufsrtD pcsov iaskAjde dhNq zfmfv ilkst di jvtfm hQ ufsrtD
pcsov nm JcbW (zfmfv ilkst di jvtfm). (mcndtm 3009bQ)
kf nsW pdl sj ufsrtD pcsov iadkswfL dbsk jfsj Jcb jsv, kfrst kfv sn
jfuW hV vfyfdvkf.
 nhfv sysq shdw 141 142 nhfv sysq shdw
rflDnde zfnst lcht G . ksh jfYfjfdY zsKGv nrDr rflDsn zfsY,
.(+ 7 3 I- x. 8+ 2 F. (+ 2& 3 I- x. 8+ 2)
nhsysq hV zfshl zKGf{, sn zffrv wcjXv zflfq jsv bf, sp hAd (ijfvD) mfbcsNv wcjXv zflfq
nhsysq hV zfshl sj? jDHfsh nhsysq hV zfshl rWqf pfq? jsv bf. (zfhClfl, dkvdmpD, nrDr kfvoDh 973bQ)
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, ijfvD hf lfkf mfbcsNv jdvqf hf jxkkf fib rsh i]fyde jfu jvst.
.(Q 7 + +. 2 F. I- \+ %Q + F. 5- ) (1) lfkfv lfb W zhlfsbv jKf msbv oHDsv Djfv jvsk rsh. snef dbsuv
zKGf{, kcdm nQpmD rW, kfrst nhsysq hV zfshl stfj rsh. (hsb mfufr iafiA zdLjfv msb jvst rsh bf. zKhf sn dbsuv isje sKsj dlsY bf zKhf sn
4217, n} ufsm' 4580bQ) snef sIst dlk, kf dlsqsY zKhf sjfb fKG hf mkth zfsY, kf dlsqsY kAfdl
zbA j hBGbfq hstsYb, msb jvf pfsh bf.
.(Q 7 + +. 2 F. I- \+ +%Q + + Q@\7) (2) sn jKf iajfw W iayfsvv mfLAsm lfkfv iawQnf jvsk rsh. zfkDq-ubslv
zKGf{, dbdN W rfvfm dudbn sKsj sh]sy Kfj, kfrst kcdm mfbcsNv msLA nhsysq jfsY kfv bfm jvsk rsh. ksh ohG jvf rsh bf hQ dmKAf iawQnf jvfW pfsh bf.
(3) lfkfv iadk dhbqD rsk rsh. spsrkc iaskAj oarDkf lfkfv lfsn idvBk rq.
hV zf'shl (hflkjfvD) oBA rsh. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD 2305, n} ufsm 100bQ)
mfbcN pfv Jfsh, kfsj skf zfv l]fk slJfsk ifsv bf.
(4) lfkfv iadk mrk hfVsh. iaskAj lfb iadklfb yfq. zfv iadklfb rt, kfv
nhsysq shdw jxk mfbcN iadk oarDkfv hLGmfb siam.
sp mfbcN zsi kc, sp mfbcN pf sisqsY, kf dbsq n, sn mfbcN nhsysq shdw (5) lfkfv zfbcokA W ndv isK kfv slWqf dudbn hAq jvsk rsh. spmb, sei
jxk. dlst jcvzfb bsk rsh hQ ofb-hfubf swfbf ytsh bf. efjf dlst Hfstf isK hAq
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, jvsk rsh, Jfvfi isK bq.
F. (+ !2 %+ + _
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/ 2 + Q 7 + I2 . 2 F. I- \+ #/ r2 F. 5- + ) mbde bf jvst jxkkf rq bf, jxkOkf rq. dbmjrftfdt rq bf, dbmjrfvfdm rq.
lfkfv dbje sKsj lfb sisq dhdbmsq zbcvi djYc iadklfb slWqf jkGhA. mrfbhD
.(+ a2 3 / \3 /[/ m7 ! 2 + h. 52 7Qq<2 2[/ m
7 7`r/ 2 + /. (3 F. I- \+ 2y%+ + T
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hstb, sp hAdsj sjfb irfv lfb jvf rq, sn hAdv dyk, slWqfv mk djYc
zKGf{, kcdm zsi kc rW, kfrst nhsysq hV jxk stfj rsh. mfbcsNv ubA kf sist kf dlsq kfv iadklfb (iakcAirfv) slWqf. slWqfv mk djYc bf sist lfkfv
iYl jv, pf kcdm dbsuv ubA iYl jv, kfrst kcdm jub (Jf]de) mc'dmb oBA iawQnf jvf dyk. jfvB, sp hAd (lfkfv) iawQnf jsv, sn kfv jxkkf (hf
rsh. iadkshwDv nfsK nfsh hnhfn jv, kfrst kcdm jub (Jf]de) mcndtm dhshdyk wcjdvqf) zflfq j'sv slq, zfv sp hAd (irfv) sofib jsv (iadklfb slq bf hf
rsh. zfv rfdn jm jv, jfvB zdLj rfdn zvsj smsv slq. (hsb mfufr 4217, wcjXv zflfq jsv bf), sn jxkOkf (hf bfwcjXvD) jsv. zfv sp hAd mb djYc iajfw
n} ufsm' 4580bQ) jsv, pf kfsj slWqf rqdb, sn hAd lc'de dmKAf sthfn idvLfbjfvDv mskf.
sp hAd mfbcsNv jdvqf zflfq jsv, sn hAd zffrv iadkW jxk. dbqfmk (dkvdmpD, zfhC lfl, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, nrDr kfvoDh 954bQ)
zfsn zffrv i[ sKsj. dj kfsk sjfb mfbcN jfvB hf mfLAm rst snW jxkkf jub fmD kfv Dsj Hfstfhfsn. Hfstfhfnfv dhdbmsq kfsj Hfstfhfnf slWqf
ifWqfv zdLjfvD rq. nckvfQ mfbcsNv jxkkf Djfv jvst ksh zffrv dyk. Dv HvB-sifNB jvf fmDv ubA Wqfsuh. zfv Wqfsuh hst kfv jxkkf
jxkkf Djfv rq hQ sp pk shdw mfbcsNv iadk jxk rq, sn kk shdw zffrv iajfw bf jvf dyk bq. dyk bq msb vfJf sp, kfv zdLjfv W ifWbf zfsY
iadk jxk dhshdyk rq. hst fmD kfsj dlsY. dyk bq, lfsb nfmfbA de rst zjxkkf iajfw jvf.
mrfbhD hstsYb, zffrv vnCt hstb, zffr kfhfvfjf zkfzftf sn mdrtfv iadk sysqW
.(Q 7 / H. E3 3 I2 . 2 /& Q 7 3 I2 . 2 ) slJshb bf, sp kfv fmDv jxkkf zflfq jsv bf; zKy sn kfv mcJfsid[BD.
zKGf{, zffrv iadk nhsysq shdw jxk stfj sn hAd, sp mfbcsNv iadk nhsysq (bfnf, kfhfvfbD, hfpXpfv, rfsjm 2/190, hfrfjD 7/294, dntdntfr nrDrfr 289bQ)
shdw jxk stfj. (n} ufsm' 1008bQ) mrfbhD hstb, zfdm slJtfm, ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD rt mdrtf.
 nhfv sysq shdw
nfrfhfoB dufnf jvstb, kf jD ubA sr zffrv vnCt? htstb, kfslv jcIvDv
ubA. k]fvf htstb, zffrv nfsK jcIvD? dkdb htstb, (bf, kfvf fmDv jcIvD
(zjxkkf) W dbmjrfvfdm jsv. kfslv jfsvf iadk pdl kcdm nfvf uDhb rnfbD
jv, zk}iv sn pdl skfmfv dbje nfmfbA de t[A jsv, kfrst h'st hsn, `skfmfv
dbje sjfb mt slJtfm bf zfdm! (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
i[fsv fmD-ncJ sisq pdl sjfb D fmDv iadk jxk bf rsq sjht zffrv iadk
jxk rq, zbcvi sjfb lfkf hf ijfvDv ijfv sisq pdl sjfb oarDkf kfv
jxkkf Djfv bf j'sv sjht zffrv jxkkf iajfw jsv, kfrst zfnst dj
zffrv jxkkf zflfq rq bf. zffrv dbqfmk pfv mfLAsm ifWqf sosY, kfv jdvqf
zflfq j'sv zffrv jdvqf zflfq jvst ksh zffrv jdvqf zflfq rq.
nfb pdl ncsJv ubA dikfmfkfv iadk zjxk rq, kfrst sn zffrv jxkkf
iajfw jvstW kf ziajfw sKsj pfq. ubA mrfb zffr hstsYb
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+ </ + F E. + 2 + jE. + 3 (J - 3 :. 2 + G
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jsv iv j hvB j'sv nfbsj osHG LfvB jsv hQ kfv bAifb YfVfsk lc hYv
zdkhfdrk rq. nckvfQ kcdm zfmfv iadk W skfmfv dikf-mfkfv iadk jxk rW.
zfmfv dbje (njstv) iakAfhkGb. (tcjmfb } 14)
nfLfvBk} jfsvf smsqv dhsq tfdosq dlsq pdl sn ncdJbD rq, kfrst kfv hfdVv
stfsj hst `zffr ncJ dlsqsY.' zfv lc}dJbD rst hst, `zmcj zfmfv smsqsj
ifdbsk sIst slWqf jvfstf!'
jfsj dhslsw zfbst zk}iv kfv jfu W shkb Hft rst zffrv jxkkf
jsv. kJb sp zfsb, kfsj Hcst pfq. zfv Hft bf rst hst, `bf slsJ, bf sb zmcj
zfmfsj I]fdnsq dlt!' mb ydvsv stfsjvf sp zfnst zjxk, kf htf hftA.
nhsysq hV LbD
mdbsk mfbcsNv iajdx k rt, lw rst dhw, b rst jw' jJb rsh, jDHfsh
rsh?
vnCt hstsYb, zflm nfsbv mfdtjfbfq pdl snfbfv jde ikAjfW rq;
khcW sn zbcvi zfsvf jdev mfdtj rWqfv zdHtfND Kfjsh. iv jmf mfde
zflm nfsbv syfJ (sie) iCBG jvsk ifsv. zhwA sp hAd kWhf jvsh, zffr kfv
kWhf oarB jvshb. (hcJfvD 6437, mcndtm 1049bQ)
jk idvmfB Lb rst LbD rWqf pfq, kfv sjfb nDmfhkf sb. nckvfQ zi
idvmfB Lb dbsqW LbD rWqf pfq. spsrkc LbD rWqfv hAfifvef msbv hAfifv.
143 144 nhfv sysq shdw
zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
F. I- \+ 2y%Q T
+ 2 QU F. / G
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7 . h/ I \3 2 + j /. (3 F. I- \+ 2[/ W +/ J/ \3 (+ Q 7 / 7G
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zKGf{, dbdN W rfvfm dudbn sKsj sh]sy Kfj, kfrst kcdm mfbcsNv msLA nhsysq
hV zf'shl (hflkjfvD) oBA rsh. zffr pf skfmfsj dlsqsYb, kfsk idvkc
Kfj, ksh kcdm mfbcsNv msLA nhsysq hV LbD rsh. iadkshwDv iadk zbcoar jv,
kfrst kcdm jub (Jf]de) mc'dmb dhshdyk rsh. mfbcsNv ubAW kf- iYl jv, pf
kcdm dbsuv ubA iYl jv, kfrst kcdm jub (Jf]de) mcndtm oBA rsh. zfv Jch
shwD rfnsh bf, jfvB, zdLj rfdn zvsj smsv slq. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD 2305, n} ufsm 100bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
H ( t% .((3t \+ + '/ -& 3 #+ 7r2 + < W2 52 3 r- . %Q + 52 + +H2 . F. (+ +2 < . r2 ))
+ / 8. + /+,'/ + + Qq +. 7 + + } sn hAd nItjfm, sp ntfm oarB jsvsY, kfsj idvdmk vpD slWqf rsqsY
7;2 QU hQ zffr kfsj pf dlsqsYb kfsk kfsj kc jsvsYb. (mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
BC( t% .((+l/ r2 + < W2 52 3 x3 . + + 52 + Q2 . / +B/ E3 F. + / '+,-e))
kfv ubA H nQhfl pfsj ntfsmv iK slJfsbf rsqsY, idvdmk uDdhjf slWqf
rsqsY hQ sn (pf sisqsY kfsk) idvkc zfsY. (dkvdmpD)
HfoA W Hfso pf isVsY, kf dbsq n Kfjst LbD rsq nQnfv jvf pfq. spsrkc
msbv LbD hV LbD.
uDhsbv nhsysq yfdrlf dmehfv bq, nh yfWqf ifWqfv bq, nh zfwf iCBG rWqfv
bq, khcW specjc dmse, specjc ifWqf pfq, specjc iCvB rq, snecjc dbsq n rst ncJD
rWqf pfq.
pkecjc yfq kkecjc Lb bf sisq, msb msb spmb uDhb-nfKD yfq skmb bf sisq,
spmb nfb jfmbf jsv skmb bf sisq mfbcN pdl rf-kfw jvsk Kfsj, zdk
ifWqfv tftnfq msbv msLA lcvfwf, zfjf[f, drQnf hf NGf kAfdl sifNB jsv,
kfrst sn jJbW ncJD rsk ifsv bf.
nckvfQ dbsuv HfoA W Hfo dbsq kc rst msbv ncJD rWqf pfq. spsrkc msbv Lb
rt nhsysq hV Lb. mrfbhD hstsYb, dhNq nislv zfdLjA Lbhf bq, iajk x
Lbhf rt zsvv Lbhf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
i[fsv zffrv ndEj hflk j'sv pfvf k]fv nd zuGb jvsk ifsv, kfvfW
hV LbD rq lcdbqfsk. spsrkc kfv mb Lbhfq idviCBG Kfsj. sn zfsJvfskv Lb-
dyfq Kfjst mrfb zffr kfv lcdbqfv Lb-dyf lCv j'sv slb. zffrv vnCt
hstsYb, sp hAdv iaLfb dyf (t[A) rstZdjj ncJsHfo (lcdbqflfvD) rq,
 nhfv sysq shdw
zffr kfv iasyfsj kfv iadkjCst dhd[ j'sv slb, kfv lfdvAsj kfv lc y[cv
nfmsb j'sv slb, zfv lcdbqfv ncJnfmoaD kfv kkecjc tfH rq pkecjc kfv HfsoA
stJf Kfsj. i[fsv sp hAdv swA (W ivm t[A) ifvstZdjj ncJsHfo
(zfsJvfk) rq, zffr kfv iasyfsj kfv zbcjCst jfdj j'sv slb. kfv
zsv zmcJfsid[kf (Lbhf) Hsv slb. zfv zdbYf nsW lcdbqfv (ncJnfmoaD) kfv
dbje sn idk rq. (zfrmfl, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, hfrfjD, dntdntfr nrDrfr 950 bQ)
nhsysq hV zfmfbk
fmD-Dv mfsU spZb dmtb-vrnA nhsysq hV zfmfbk.
zffrv vnCt hstb,
.( E+ 7 / 3 x3 . 8+ 7Hu3 / . 2 QU m
/ W \3+ / \/ 2 + (. 2 QU m
/ W 83 +`T
3 7 /9(+ + a/
djqfmskv dlb zffrv dbje mfsbv dlj sKsj nhsysq uObA mfsbv j hAd
rt sn, sp fmD D-dmtb jsv hQ sp D fmD-dmtb jsv, zk}iv sj zsbAv
dmtb-vrnA (zisvv dbje) iayfv jsv. (mcndtm 1437, zfhC lfl 4870bQ)
fmD-Dv mfsU siam-Hfthfnfv Ist sj zsbAv njt vrnA ufbsk ifsv. dhswN
j'sv spZb-nQf njt vrnA W sHl Hsqv ufbf. zfv kf rt ivisvv jfsY
vfJf ivisvv zfmfbk. kfsk dJqfbk hL bq. hL bq dhhfr-hsb Kfjf zhfq,
hL bq dhhfr-dhsYl zKhf mvB fvf ixKj rWqfv isv.
nhsysq hV zivfLD mcndtm
nlD zfvsh hnhfnvk zhfq nidvhfsv zfmfslv dydj{nf dI dYt. ivhkGDsk
zfb rt, idvhfsvv dydj{nfq Jvy tfosh. ksh zfmfslv dydj{nf ytsk tfot.
dj zfmvf yftfm, zfmfslv idvhfsvv dydj{nfW dI srfj. oBAmfbA stfjusbv
mfLAsm iv mrst zfshlb ufbfsbf rt. snJfb rsk sp iakAc v t, kfsk
zfmfslv dbsuslv dydj{nfefW h rsq sot. Ist dbsuslv slfsN nhef yfsk dosq
nhef rfvfsk rt.
zbcvi LmG dhNsq zdkdv W zbKGj iaw jvf hL bq. hL dYt bf rfvfm-
rftfstv dhLfb zhkDBG rWqfv nmsq. spsrkc kfsk mcndtsmv j hxd rq. mrfbhD
hstsYb,
.(/ :/ 2 2S. (+ Q`T
. 2 F. (/ + ^3 <2 . 7 + 83 H. 2 p0;. + F. + +2S+ F. (+ (j . T
3 + / /. 3
zKGf{, mcndtmslv msLA nhsysq hV zivfLD rt sn hAd, sp mb sjfb dudbsnv
hAfifsv iaw jvt, pf rfvfm dYt bf. zk}iv kfv iaw jvfv Ist kf rfvfm j'sv
slWqf rt. (hcJfvD 7289, mcndtm 6265bQ)
145 146 nhfv sysq shdw
zfhC vfvf hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr zfmfslv nfmsb HfNB lfbjfst
htstb, sr stfj njt! zffr skfmfslv iv (hfqkcfrv) r Ivp jsvsYb,
zkh skfmvf r iftb jv. jde stfj hst Et, `sr zffrv vnCt! iadk
hYv kf jvsk rsh dj?' dkdb dbvv Kfjstb hQ stfjde swN ipG dkbhfv
dufnf jvt. zk}iv vfnCtcfr htstb, pdl zfdm htkfm, rA]f. kfrst (iadk
hYsv) r Ivp rsq spk. zfv skfmvf kf iftb jvsk z[m rsk. zk}iv
dkdb htstb, skfmvf zfmfsj (zfmfv zhfq) sYsV lfW, pk[B zfdm
skfmfslvsj (skfmfslv zhfq) sYsV vfJh. sjbbf, skfmfslv iCshGjfv ufdkvf
zdk mffq dufnfhfl W kfslv iqovslv dhsvfdLkf jvfv lvb LQn rsqsY.
nckvfQ zfdm pJb skfmfslvsj sjfb djYc jvfv zfslw slh, kJb skfmvf kf
nfLAmskf iftb jvsh. zfv pf jvsk dbsNL jvh, kf sKsj dhvk Kfjsh.
+,. 8+ / D + . / /9+ (+ 2> +Hv2 . 2 7QU) (mcndtm)
vfnCtcfr zfsvf hstsYb, mrfb zffr zsbj dudbn Ivp jsvsYb kf b
jsvf bf, zsbj nDmf dbLGfdvk jsvsYb kf tQOb jsvf bf, zsbj dudbnsj rfvfm
jsvsYb, kfsk dt rsq kfv (mpGflfv ilGf) dY jsvf bf. zfv skfmfslv iadk lqf
j'sv---Hcst dosq bq---h dudbsnv hAfifsv bDvhkf zhtb jsvsYb, sn hAfifsv
skfmvf zbcnfb jsvf bf. (lfvfjckbD iamcJ)
mb zbKGj dhNsqW iaw jvf hL bq, pfv v sJfl iawj fvDsj Jfvfi tfosh.
spmb sjfb mcndtm pdl kfv mcwdvj zhfq mxk hfi-lflfv zhfb ns iaw jsv,
kfrst ncdbdykHfsh kfv v kfsj Jfvfi tfosh. kf jcvzfsb mb iaw jvskW
dbsNL jvf rsqsY,
! ! %, () {H. 5- g. 3 \+ H. I- 2 + . \3 QU 0 + . 2 F. + ,- 2S. \+ 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+}
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! skfmvf sn nh dhNsq iaw jsvf bf, pf iajfdwk rst
skfmfslvsj Jfvfi tfosh. (mfdqlfr } 101)
zbfhwAj iaw jvf, susbsb zsbAv dhlAf mfif, Db dhNsq bfbf `ddenfu' jvf
smfse hL bq. mrfbhD hstsYb, zhwA zffr skfmfslv ubA (dkbde jmGsj)
rfvfm jsvsYb; mfsqv zhfLAfyvB jvf, zdLjfv ialfsb dhvk Kfjf W zbdLjfv djYc
iafKGbf jvf hQ jbAf uDh siafdKk jvf. zfv dkdb skfmfslv ubA ziYl jsvsYb
(dkbde jmG); dHdrDb hfsu jKf htf (hf ubvsh Kfjf), zdLj (zbfhwAj) iaw jvf
(zKhf iasqfusbv zdLj pff jvf) hQ Lb-mft dhb (ziyq) jvf. (hcJfvD
+Hv2 . 2 7QU) 5975bQ W mcndtm)
zhwA iasqfubDq iaw j'sv Dsbv mntf susb sbWqf uvvD. sn s[s sjfb hV
zfstmsj iaw bf j'sv dbsuv sJqftmsk zfmt j'sv pfWqf dhibj. spsrkc
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
 nhfv sysq shdw
0 > ` ! %, () {+,3 2 #. \+ 2 H. :3 5- QU Q 5 ^C +`E. 2 ,- 2S. <2 }
zKGf{, skfmvf pdl bf ufb, kfrst fbDslvsj dufnf jv. (bfrXt } 43, zfdqf } 7)
nhsysq hV dmKAfsvfi
nhsysq hV pfstm sn, sp nhsysq hV djYcv iadk dmKAfsvfi jsv; zffrv iadk,
k]fv vnCstv iadk kAfdl. dj nhsysq hV dmKAfsvfief jD?
mrfbhD hstb,
.(3 (7 - 7+ + / '/ 2 F. (/ W2 :+. ` f T
3 %+ + E+ Q . 2S'/ 292 / a2 _
+ P+ <2 T
3 %+ _
+ E+ `f T
zKGf{, zffrv dbje nhsysq hV dmKAf zihfllfkf sn hAd, sp hAd (hA-
jfshA) sjfb hAdv slfN hBGbf jvsk dosq kfv sofef sofsv slfN hBGbf jsv hQ
sn hAd, sp dbsuv dikf zDjfv j'sv mfsj hAdHyfdvBD hfbfq! (hsb mfufr
3761bQ)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
.((/ '/ F. (/ W2 :+. ` f T 3 %+ EQ . S' 292 / a2 ,3_P. 8+ f Q u. 9 8+ . </ Q
zKGf{, nhsysq hV dmKAfsvfijfvD stfj lc hAd } (hA-jfshAv) mb jdh, sp
sofef sofsv slfN hBGbf jsv hQ sn hAd, sp dbsuv dikfsj zDjfv jsv. (n}
ufsm' 1066bQ)
hV dmKAfsvfi sjfb hAdv jcjmG slsJ kfv slw, ufdk, nmfu, oafm, ufmfzfk hf
hQwsj jcjmGwDt LfvBf W iayfv jvf. jef Hfk desi slsJ sofef r]fdVv Hfskv
zbcmfb jvf pfq, spsrkc njt yft j vi. dj lc-jde hAdv ydv dhyfv j'sv
sofef slw hf ufdkv ydv dhyfv jvf nh bq. spsrkc njt hAdk j vi bq.
pfvf jsv, kfvf nhsysq hV dmKAfsvfijfvD.
mrfbhD zfsvf hstsYb,
2 + +, a- 8+ . 2 + \+ H. 2 (+ 3 +. + +BQ 83 . 2 / '/ 2
Q ~2 2 QU 3`T
3 7 +;/ 7 8+ . 2 + W/ QHv2 . F. (/ 7U ))
.(( `. a- 8+ H. 2 (+ /& Q,3 %+
nhsysq hV dmKAfsvfi rt sn hAdv jfu, sp zisvv hfisj dbu hfi hst
lfdh jsv zKhf kfv y[csj kf slJfq pf sn (hfsh) slsJdb. (zKGf{, i slJfv dmKAf
lfdh jsv.) zKhf zffrv vnCt pf hstbdb, kf kf]v iadk dmKAfHfsh zfsvfi
jsv. (hcJfvD)
sjfbW jfvsB dbsuv hfisj hfi hst zDjfv jvf hQ zsbAv hfisj hfi hst
lfhD jvf nhsysq hV nskAv zitfi skf hse, kfsk vsqsY hV dkvfv.
zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd isvv hfisj dbsuv hfi hst, zKy sn ufsb
sp, sn kfv hfi bq sn hAdv ubA uffk rfvfm. (hcJfvD 6766, 6767, mcndtm
147 148 nhfv sysq shdw
63bQ, zfhC lfl, hsb mfufr)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sp hAd isvv hfisj dbsuv hfi hst lfhD jsv, sn hAd
uffskv ncodW ifsh bf. zKy kfv ncod 500 hYsvv lCvhkDG fb sKsjW ifWqf
pfsh. (zfrmfl 2/171, hsb mfufr 2611, nrDt ufsm' 5988bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sn hAd isvv hfisj dbsuv hfi hst lfhD jsv zKhf kfv
(fLDbjfvD) iaHc YfVf zbA iaHcv iadk n ucsV, sn hAdv iv djqfmk ipG
zffrv zdhvfm zdHwfi. (zfhC lfl, nrDt ufsm' 5987bQ)
mcndtm wvDsIv j hBGbfq zfsY sp, mb hAdv iv zffr, dIdvfmtD
3 + 2 9 8+ . </ Q 7 +Hv2 . 2 7QU) hQ nmoa mfbhmtDv zdHwfi. zffr djqfmskv dlb kfv dbje sKsj sjfb bIt
zKhf Ivp hflk oarB jvshb bf. (mcndtm 1370bQ)
nshv zKG nsfLsb `hfi' htf bq. nshv zKG rt, dbsuv hfisj zDjfv jvf
hQ sjfb fsKG zbA sjfb icvNsj dbsuv `hfi' hst lfhD jvf. dbsuv hQwsj
zDjfv j'sv zbA hQswv nC ucsV sbWqf. spsrkc mrfbhD zfsvf hstb, zfk
hQswv n lfhD jvf zKhf sYfe hf bDyc rst kf zDjfv jvf mfbcsNv ubA jcIvD.
3Hv2 . )) (zfrmfl iamcJ, nrDt ufsm' 4486bQ)
sjfb nmfdbk hAdsj hf wvsj `zff' hst nsfLb jvfq sjfb slfN sb. spmb
slfN sb dbsuv sYst YfVf zbA sjfb snrHfubsj `shef' hst nsfLb jvf.
nsfLsb swA Kfsj dikfv mskf waf hQ icsv mskf snr iajfw. dikxkctAsj
`dikf' htf hQ ickctAsj `shef' htf, klbcvi mfkxkt
c Asj `mfkf' hf `mf' htf hQ
jbAfkctAsj `shde' htfq sjfb hQwDq n d Kfsj bf. nckvfQ kf rfvfm bq.
nhsysq hV dmKAf jKf
dmKAf htf mrfifi. dmKAf htfv zfyvB nfLfvBk} mcbfdIjslv. sjfb mc'dmb
dmKAfhflD rsk ifsv bf.
zsbsj nvfndv dmKAf hst, hAhnfqDvf hAhnf-hfdBsuA dmKAf hst, vfubDdkjvf
vfubDdksk dmKAf hst, zsbsj dmKAf i hBGbf jsv, zsbsj dmKAf rflDn hBGbf jsv,
nfQhfdljvf nQhfsl dmKAf hst, mfsqvf dwslv nfsK dmKAf hst, vdnjvf zivsj
rfnfsbfv ubA dmKAf hst, zdkhflDvf zdkvsb dmKAf hst, dj nhsysq hV dmKAf
jKf jD?
mrfbhD hstsYb,
/ . 2 + @W:( . (( /8/ 2 3$+C5 2 7FvD 7Qq<2 7FvD + H. 5- 87QU ))
zKGf{, skfmvf jcLfvBf sKsj dbsuslvsj hf]dysq vfJ. jfvB jcLfvBf nhsysq hV
dmKAf jKf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
hfshv dhivDk sp jKf htf rq, sn jKf dmKAf jKf rq. nckvfQ jcLfvBf j'sv
 nhfv sysq shdw 149 150 nhfv sysq shdw
zflfsu-zbcmfsb sp jKf htf rq, kf hfhdhsvfLD rst kfW dmKAf jKf. ksh kf zKGf{, nhGswa ntfm rt jdbkf W lfvkf. (kfhfvfbDv zfWnfk, n} ufsm'
nhfv yfsk hV dmKAf jKf. 1090bQ)
jcLfvBfv Ist mfbcN mfbcNsj Hct hcsU Hfstfsj ml fb jsv. zfv kfv Ist 6. nclvHfsh B idvswfL jvf
jk ncsJv nQnfsvv Ict-hfofsb zfb tfso! mrfb zffr hstsYb, zfhc vfsI' rsk hdBGk, zffrv vnCt j hAdv dbje rsk jde kvB
?! _ %, () {Hf u. QU ^FvD +#. '+ 7QU ^FvD +F(^ jh/ 52 ,3/ :+T
. ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+ } e Lfv dbsqdYstb. zk}iv pJb k]fv dbje nljfv e t kJb dkdb zfhc
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmvf hdhL LfvBf rsk lCsv Kfj; jfvB sjfb sjfb LfvBf vfsI'sj stfjdev kvB e idvswfL jsv dlsk zfslw jvstb. zfhc vfsI' k]fv
ifi. (ucvfk } 12) dbje sn htstb, `nhNGDq hfYf jvf Hfstf Hfstf e YfVf zbA djYc sitfm bf.'
bhD htstb,
.(0j m
+ r2 H. P3 3+ G
. 2 + / /. 3 + . A
+ 7Qq<2 / s/ . 2 )
ntfsmv nhsysq swa jfu
ntfsmv nh jfu nclv, nh jfu swa. khcW djYc jfusj nhGswa htf rsqsY. ef Wsj dlsq lfW. jfvB, mcndtmslv msLA m hAd sn, sp idvswfL jvfq
jJsbf jJsbf sn nhGswa jfu jvfv ubA jfuDsj nhGswa mcndtm htf rsqsY zKhf m. (bfnf 4617bQ)
jfusj nhGswa ntfm htf rsqsY. sn swaBDv jfu djYc dbmvi }-
1. zlfb jvf nhGswa icBA
2. idvdyk-zidvdyk njt mcndtmsj nftfm slWqf ntfsmv njt jfu icsBAv. pfsk zffrv nd zfsY, sn jfsu sbjD zfsY.
zfcfr hsb zfmXv hsb zf'n hstb, j hAd vfnCtc fr -sj dufnf sp W iajfwA jKf hf jfusj mrfb zffr iYl jsvb, kf jvst nWqfh rq.
jvt, `ntfsmv sjfbX jfude nshGfm?' dkdb uhfh dlstb, dj nhGswa icBA, sbjD hf nWqfshv jfu jD?
/ . 2 + @f W:( .(( . Q #. \+ H. 2 F. (+ + +< + + F. (+ 2 + +2 7 - + a \++ + #+ sD 3H#/ s \3 )) nhGswa icBA rt `tf tfrf ffr'. zfhC pfvG hstb, jlf zfdm httfm, `sr
kcdm zlfb jvsh hQ idvdyk W zidvdyk nhfsj nftfm slsh. (hcJfvD W zffrv vnCt! zfmfsj zdnqk jvb.' dkdb htstb, kcdm sjfb ifijmG j'sv
mcndtm) sItst kfv isv icBAjmG jv, pf ifisj dbdyr j'sv slsh. zfdm httfm, sr
3. mcndtm uboBsj dbsuv duH W rfk sKsj dbvfisl vfJf zffrv vnCt! `tf tfrf ffr' dj icBAfhtDv ipGfqHc? dkdb htstb,
zfhC mCnf hstb, zfdm vfnCtcfr -sj dufnf jvtfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! /? ++ 2 3`m + < 2 +;E/
nshGfm mcntmfb sj?' dkdb htstb, kf rt nhGswa icBA. (zfrmfl 5/169, nrDr kfvoDh 3162bQ)
/ . 2 + @W:( .(( /t/ 8+ + / / + / F. (/ +,3 /. - +H/+ F. (+ )) sjb rsh bf? `tf tfrf ffr' sp ntfsmv mCtm. `tf tfrf ffr' sp
pfv durf W rfk sKsj mcndtmvf dbvfil Kfsj. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) jstmfsq kfsqhfr W n{ hfjA, pfv lfrvB hBGbf j'sv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
4. DbD fb vfJfv nfsK ydv nclv jvf () 0 + 7 < ; / P+ 3 . <2 +
f '/ u+ P+ - . 2 p9+^ e2 !p _
+ x+ 52 9 +^ e2 9 + /52 h+(+ 3 +$+ |
+ +V. 52 + \+ H. 2 2 }
mrfbhD hstsYb, () {+3 5D +C:+8+ H. P3 D #+ 2 Q 7 / + h+(. 2> 3 3$Q m
. 8+ + P+ '^%+ Q. Qq'/ G
/ 7`5- P+ 2 5- - ;/\g. \3
.(,P-a<2 U r A2 H-I3/ G + ( . U H-5 3A
+) zKGf{, kcdm dj t[A jv bf, zffr jDHfsh imf dlsq Kfsjb? n{hfsjAv imf
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA ntfsm nhGswa hAd sn, sp skfmfslv msLA ydvs nhfv {jx hx[; pfv mCt nclPx W pfv wfJf-iawfJf zfjfsw dhk x . pf kfv iadkiftsjv
sysq nclv; pdl DbD fb vfsJ. (hcJfvDv zft-zflfhct mcIvfl 285, n} ufsm' zbcmdksm nh nmsq It lfb jsv. zfv zffr mfbcsNv ubA imf hBGbf j'sv
3312bQ) Kfsjb, pfsk kfvf dw[f oarB jsv. (hafrDm } 24-25)
5. jdbkf W lfvkf `tf tfrf ffr' mfsbv nshGfm wfJf hf mfb hxs[v jf.
mrfbhD hstsYb, mrfbhD hstb, mfsbv nv zKhf NfsEv shwD wfJf vsqsY. kfv msLA
.(-9+ . 7 -97 W / 2 Q . Q 3`m + < ) nshGfm (wfJf) `tf tfrf ffr' htf hQ nhGdbm (wfJf) vff sKsj jlfqj
 nhfv sysq shdw 151 152 nhfv sysq shdw
dudbn (ifKv jf]ef kAfdl) lCvDHCk jvf. zfv tf mfsbv jde wfJf. (hcJfvD- mbdj zfdm zfjf[f jvtfm sp, pdl zfdm zfu mcntmfb rkfm.
mcndtm) ucblch hsb zfcfr hstb, vfnCtcfr mcntmfb mcufdrlDsbv jde lt
`tf tfrf ffr' nhGswa dpjXv. j mcwdvj nialfsqv dlsj ifEfstb. kfslv ivisvv msLA mcjfshtf rt.
ufshv hstb, zfdm zffrv vnCt -sj htsk sbdY sp, nhGswa dpjXv rsY mcwdvjslv msLA jde stfj dYt sn pJb sjfb mcndtmsj rkAf jvfv Yf jvk,
`tf tfrf ffr. (dkvdmpD) kJb ncspfo sisq kf]sj rkAf j'sv dlk. ( zhf slsJ) jub mcndtm (kfsj Jcb
`tf tfrf ffr' mfbcsNv ufb W mftsj rfvfm j'sv slq. jvfv ubA) kfv zmsbfspfdokfv ncspfo oarB jvstb. zfmvf ivisvv msLA
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, sp hAd `tf tfrf ffr' htt hQ zffr hAkDk htfhdt jvdYtfm sp, db rstb nfmf hsb pfql. (zk}iv pJb ncspfo sisq)
zbAfbA ifnAsj zDjfv jvt, kfv mft W v rfvfm rsq sot W kfv (zsvv) nfmf kvhfdv sftb jvstb, kJb sn htt, `tf tfrf ffr'. dj dkdb
drnfh zffrv lfdqsk. (mcndtm) kfsj rkAf j'sv dlstb. zk}iv (mcntmfbslv pcs uqD rWqfv nQhfl dbsq)
dmjlfl hsb zfnWqfl hstb, zfdm vfnCtcfr -sj httfm, zfidb htcb, ncnQhflhfrD vfnCtcfr -v dbje t. dkdb kfsj (pcsv hAfifsv) dufnf
pdl zfdm sjfb jfsIsvv nmcJDb r hQ iviv tVfsq dt r, zk}iv sn jvstb. sn kf]sj (nm) nQhfl dlt. mbdj swN ipG sn hAdvW Jhv zhdrk
kvhfdv dlsq zfmfv rfk sjse slq, kfviv zfmfv (ifef) zfmB sKsj hf]yfv ubA jvt. dkdb nfmfsj sFsj dufnf j'sv htstb, kcdm sjb kfsj rkAf jsvY?
sn jde ofsYv zfwaq dbsq hst, `zfdm zffrv Wqfs ntfm oarB jvtfm.' kfv nfmf htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! sn mcntmfbslvsj Jch j dlsqsY hQ zmcj
jKf htfv iv sr zffrv vnCt! zfdm dj kfsj rkAf jvh? dkdb htstb, zmcjsj rkAfW jsvsY.' nfmf djYc stfsjv bfmW dbstb. `( slsJ) zfdm kfv
kfsj rkAf jsvf bf. zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! sn zfmfv jde rfk sjse iv rfmtf jvtfm. zk}iv sn pJb kvhfdv slJt, kJb htt, tf tfrf
sItsh, jfefv iv sn hfjA htsh kfW?' dkdb htstb, kcdm kfsj rkAf jsvf bf. ffr. vfnCtcfr htstb, kcdm kfsj rkAf j'sv dlsqY? dkdb htstb, `uD
pdl kcdm kfsj rkAf jv, kfrst (msb vfJ) sn skfmfv sn mpGflf sisq pfsh, pfsk rA]f.' dkdb htstb, djqfmskv dlb pJb `tf tfrf ffr' zfnsh, kJb kcdm jD
kcdm kfsj rkAf jvfv iCshG dYst. zfv kcdm kfv hfjA htfv iCshGv zhfq ibDk jvsh? nfmf htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfidb zfmfv ubA (zffrv jfsY) [mf
rsh. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) iafKGbf jvb.' dkdb htstb, djqfmskv dlb pJb `tf tfrf ffr' zfnsh, kJb
nfmf hsb pfql hstb, vfnCtcfr zfmfslvsj ucrfbf sofsv j wfJf kcdm jD jvsh? (dkdb hfvQhfv jKf htsk Kfjstb hQ) v sysq shwD djYc
vfjfv dlsj ifEfstb. zk}iv zfmvf njft njft ifdbv UbGfv dbje kfslv iv htstb bf, djqfmskv dlb pJb `tf tfrf ffr' zfnsh, kJb kcdm jD jvsh?
zfmB jvtfm. (pc ytfjftDb) zfdm W jub zfbnfvD kfslv j hAdv (mcndtm)
diYsb LfWqf jvtfm. pJb zfmvf kfsj dOsv sIttfm, kJb sn `tf tfrf ffr' nfk zfnmfb-pmDb zsi[f `tf tfrf ffr'v Wub shdw.
htt. zfbnfvD sKsm sostb, dj zfdm kfsj zfmfv hm dlsq sos]K dltfm. mbdj zffrv vnCt hstb, jlf bCr k]fv sYstsj zdnqk j'sv htstb, ---
swN ipG kfsj rkAf j'sv sIttfm. zk}iv pJb zfmvf mlDbf siZ]Ytfm, kJb zfdm skfmfsj `tf tfrf ffr' (htfv) zfslw jvdY. spsrkc pdl nfk zfnmfb
bhD -v dbje Jhv siZ]Yt. dkdb htstb, sr nfmf! kfv `tf tfrf ffr' hQ nfk pmDbsj l]fdViffv j iffq vfJf rq hQ `tf tfrf ffr'sj ziv
htfv isvW dj kcdm kfsj rkAf jsvY? zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! sn iafB iffq vfJf rq, kfrst `tf tfrf ffr'v iff shwD HfvD rsh. pdl nfk zfnmfb
hf]yfsbfv ubA vi jsvsY.' icbvfq dkdb htstb, tf tfrf ffr' htfv ivW hQ nfk pmDb dbsve softfjfv h rq, kfrstW `tf tfrf ffr' kf yCBdG hyCBG
kcdm kfsj Jcb jsvY? dkdb zfmfv nfmsb jKf hfvhfv htsk Kfjstb. mbdj j'sv slsh.--- (zfrmfl2/170, kfhvfbD, hfpXpfv, mfumfp pfWqfl 4/219)
zfdm zfjf[f jvtfm sp, pdl zfusjv iCshG zfdm ntfm oarB bf jvkfm (zKGf{, `tf tfrf ffr' ifEjfvDv ubA ufrffsmv zfb rfvfm rsq pfq.
Jb zfdm mcntmfb rkfm). (hcJfvD W mcndtm) kXhfb hsb mfdtj hstb, jlf bhD bfmfp iVfsbfv sswA sE lf]dVsq
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, vnCt htstb, sn `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY, zKy htstb, mfstj hsb lcJXm sjfKfq! jde stfj hst Et, `sn skf jub
kcdm kfsj rkAf jsvY? zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! sn sjhtmf zsv Hsq mcbfdIj; zffr W kf]v vnCtsj Hfthfsn bf.' bhD htstb, W jKf hstf bf.
(jstmf) hstsY.' dkdb htstb, kcdm dj kfv zv dysv slsJdYst sp, sn kcdm dj msb jv bf sp, sn (jstmf) `tf tfrf ffr' isVsY hQ sn kfv fvf
(jstmf) zv sKsj hstdYt dj bf? zk}iv jKf icb} icb} htsk Kfjstb. zffrv nd zuGb jvsk yfq? sp hAd zffrv nd zuGb jvfv sswA
 nhfv sysq shdw 153 154 nhfv sysq shdw
(jstmf) `tf tfrf ffr' hst, zffr kfv iv ufrffsmv zfb rfvfm j'sv
slb. (hcJfvD + mcndtm)
`tf tfrf ffr' ifEjfvDv ubA vsqsY ncJmq shsrwXk. nhsysq shdw hV icBAjmG
zfhC vfvfr hstb, zfmvf vfnCtcfr -v ns hsndYtfm. zfmfslv ns nhsysq shdw dikx-mfkx-Hdv idvyq
zfhC hfjXv W mfv (vfdpqff zfbmf)W stfsjslv jde lst idk dYstb. mrfb zffr dikfmfkfv snhfpk jvf hQ dhswN j'sv kfslv hxfhfq kfslv
zk}iv vfnCtcfr zfmfslv mLA sKsj sE (sjfKfW) sostb. kfviv dkdb nfsK nAhrfv jvf nfsbv iv Ivp jsvsYb.
zfmfslv dbje dIsv zfnsk dht jvstb. nckvfQ zfmvf Hq jvtfm sp, zfmfslv zfcfr hsb mfnl hstb, zfdm bhD -sj dusn jvtfm, `sjfbX zfmt
zhkGmfsb dkdb (w) jhdtk bf rb. zk}iv zfmvf HDk-n rsq (nHf sKsj) zffrv dbje zdLj diaq?' dkdb htstb, pKf nmsq bfmfp zflfq jvf. zfdm
sE sotfm. nhGiaKm zfdm OfhsV dosqdYtfm. nckvfQ zfdm vfnCtc fr -v sJf]su httfm, `kfviv sjfbXde?' dkdb htstb, dikf-mfkfv iadk nAhrfv jvf. zfdm
shv rtfm. mbdj swN ipG j zfbnfvDv hfofsb tfm. (zk}iv) dkdb lDOG httfm, `kfviv sjfbXde?' dkdb htstb, zffrv isK durfl jvf. (hcJfvD W
rflDn hBGbf jvstb, pfsk dkdb htstb, vfnCtcfr htstb, kcdm pfW! zk}iv mcndtm)
( hfofsbv hfsv) pfv nfsK skfmfv nf[f{ Oesh, sp rlsqv lxP iakAsqv nfsK `tf zfcfr hsb zfmXv hbct zfn hstb, j hAd zffrv bhDv dbje sn
tfrf ffr'-v nf[A slsh, kfsj kcdm uffskv ncnQhfl dlsq lfW. (mcndtm) htt, `zfdm zfibfv ns zffr kfzftfv jfsY sbjD ifWqfv sswA druvk hQ
mczfp hstb, vfnCtcfr hstsYb, sp hAdv swN jKf `tf tfrf ffr' durfslv hfqzfk jvdY.' bhD htstb, skfmfv dikf-mfkfv msLA dj sj
rsh (zKGf{ jfstmf iVsk iVsk pfv mxkcA rsh), sn uffsk iashw jvsh. uDdhk zfsY? sn htt, `uD rA]f; hvQ lc'ub uDdhk vsqsY.' vnCt htstb,
(zfhC lfl, rfsjm) kcdm zffr kfzftfv jfsY sbjD sisk yfW? sn htt, `uD r]Af.' dkdb htstb,
`tf tfrf ffr' ifEjfvD jfhDvf sofbfrv ubA ufrffsm sostW kfv hslZtsk kfrst kcdm skfmfv dikf-mfkfv dbje dIsv pfW hQ mvsi kfslv dJlmk
jdlb bf jdlb snJfb sKsj mcd sisq uffsk iashw jvsh. jv. (hcJfvD, zfv wdt mcndtsmv)
zffrv vnCt hstb, (ivjfst) zffr htshb, sn hAdsj ufrffm sKsj Hsqv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, j hAd k]fv dbje sn durfl jvfv zbcmdk
shv jv, sp `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY hQ kfv rlsq pshv lfbf idvmfB mt yft. dkdb htstb, skfmfv dikf-mfkf dj uDdhk zfsY? sn htt, `uD r]Af.'
(mfb) zfsY. sn hAdsjW ufrffm sKsj shv jv, sp `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY dkdb htstb, zkh kcdm kfslv (snhf jvfv) mfLAsm durfl jv.
hQ kfv rlsq osmv lfbf idvmfB mt (mfb) zfsY. zfv sn hAdsjW ufrffm dj pfv dikfmfkf uDdhk sb, sn jD jvsk ifsv?
sKsj shv jv, sp `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY hQ kfv rlsq zBc idvmfB mt hsb mfv jkxj G hdBGk, bhD hstsYb,
(mfb) zfsY. (zfrmfl 3/276, dkvdmpD 2593bQ, rflDsnv mCt vsqsY .(/ '/ 2 ^3 +`E. 2 / 2 ,+ -92 / ^ / 7 '+2 7QU)
nrDrfqsb) pfv nfsK dikfv mD nijG dYt, kf z[cB vfJf nhsysq hV icsBAv jfu.
`tf tfrf ffr' mcndtm hflfv iaKm W swN jKf. ubA sn zffr YfVf zfcfr hsb lDbfv zfcfr hsb mfv sKsj hBGbf jsvsYb, j
njt iajfv jdik `tfr'sj zDjfv jsv. njt iajfv hflk W ifnbf sjht shlcb mfv isK kf]v nfsK dmdtk rt. zk}iv zfcfr hsb mfv kfsj nftfm
k]fv ubA dbshlb jsv. sjfb mCdkG hf mfpfsvv dbje sn mfKf U]j c fq bf. sp dudbn dlstb hQ dkdb sp ofLfv iv nWqfv dYstb kfv iv yfdisq dbstb. zfv sp
zffr YfVf zsbAv slWqfv [mkf sb, sn dudbn zffr YfVf zsbAv dbje yfq bf. ifoVD k]fv mfKfq dYt, dkdb kf kfsj dlsq dlstb.
zfv sn jKfv Djxdk dlsq iaskAj bfmfsp sn sOfNBf jsv, hsb lDbfv hstb, zfmvf httfm, `zffr zfibfv mt jvb, vf skf shlcb,
9 W ! %, () {3 #/ :+. + 2y 87 QU 3 3#. + 2y 87 QU} vf skf si kc rq (Ist v nfsK k djYc jvfv jD iasqfub)?'
zKGf{, zfmvf sjht skfmfv hflk jdv hQ sjht skfmfv jfsY nfrfpA yf. zfcfr hsb mfv htstb, `v dikf mfv hsb Jffh -v hc
(nCvf Ifdkrf) dYstb. zfv zfdm vfnCtcfr -sj htsk sbdY, dikfv hcv nfsK nijG hufq
vfJf nhsysq hV sbjD.
 nhfv sysq shdw 155 156 nhfv sysq shdw
zbA j hBGbfq hdBGk, hsb mfsvv mf pfWqfv nmq kfv nfsK jde ofLf Hf, sp zbcidk sKsjW zfmfsj Hfthfsn.
Kfjk. dkdb pJb sev isv sysi dhv rsq iVskb, kJb (j sO]sqdm jfefsbfv smfejKf, dikfmfkf pfslv nfsK zffrv Wqfs dhsN sifNB j'sv sosY, kfslv
ubA) ofLfv iv sysi dhwafm dbskb. kf]v jde ifoVD dYt, dkdb kf mfKfq nfsK nfsbv niaDdkv snkc fib jvf, kfslv mvsBv iv kfslv iadk waf-Hdv
hf]Lskb. jdlb dkdb ofLfv iv nWqfv dYstb, mkfhfq j shlcb kf]v ifw idvyq bq.
dlsq zdkm jvt. dkdb htstb, `kcdm dj zmcsjv ic zmcj bW?' sn htt,
`zhwA!' zk}iv dkdb kfsj ofLfde dlsq htstb, `v iv zfsvfrB jv' hQ
kfsj ifoVDde dlsq htstb, `de skfmfv mfKfq hf]L.' ( slsJ) kf]sj kf]v djYc nhGswa bfmfp
nfKD-nD htt, `zffr zfibfsj [mf jvb! zfidb shlcbsj ofLfde dlsq Ivp bfmfpnmCsrv msLA nhGswa bfmfp rt zfnv zKhf Iusvv bfmfp. mrfb
dlstb, pfv iv ysV zfidb dhwafm dbskb hQ kfsj ifoVDdeW dlstb, spde zffr hstsYb,
zfidb dbu mfKfq hf]Lskb?' dkdb htstb, `zfdm vfnCtc fr -sj htsk sbdY, ! a ! %, () {+ :/ / r2 / / ,3(,-r+ s2 . ,3 ! / 2 " 7 /?+,2 " 7 2 + ,-v</ G +}
dikfv mxkcAv iv kfv hcslv nfsK nijG hufq vfJf nhsysq hV sbjDv jfu. zKGf{, skfmvf bfmfpnmCsrv iadk pkhfb rW; dhswN j'sv mLAhkGD bfmfspv iadk.
zfv v dikf (zfmfv dikf) mfv -v hc dYstb. zfv zffrv nmcsJ dhbDkHfsh JfVf rW. (hfjfvfr } 238)
htf hftA, dikfv djfstv iv dikfv (n{) hcv nfsK waf-Hfstfhfnfv nijG Ivp bfmfspv iv bIt bfmfspv msLA nhsysq swa bfmfp rt kfrfcslv bfmfp.
jfsqm vfJf nh yfsk hV dikxHdv idvyq hQ nh yfsk hV sbdjv jfu. dikfv vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
D zKGf{ n{ mfsj waf jvf hQ kfv nfsK nAhrfv jvfW mrficsBAv zH cG . . Q`. D ! - 2 + /9m+ 8Q W2 + #. '+ !/ 2 "
7 3`m + < 2 + 37 + 3 / D 3 P. + + m + (+ %+ + #. '+ Q + "
^ 3`m
+ < 2
spmb mfkfv djfstv iv mfkfv (n{) hc (nJD)v nfsK waf-Hfstfhfnfv nijG
jfsqm vfJf nh yfsk hV mfkxHdv idvyq hQ nh yfsk hV sbdjv jfu. mfkfv vmpfb mfsnv svfpfv iv nshGfm svfpf rsY zffrv mfn mcrfvGfsmv svfpf. zfv
fmD zKGf{ n{ hfisj waf jvf hQ kfv nfsK nAhrfv jvfW mrficsBAv Ivp bfmfspv iv nshGfm bfmfp rsY vfskv (kfrfccslv) bfmfp. (mcndtm)
zHcG . vfnCtcfr zfsvf hstsYb, zffrv dbje nshGfm bfmfp, lfl -v bfmfp
i[fsv sjfb fsKG dikfmfkfv wslv rfsk rfk dmtfsbf, kfslv lcwmbslv nfsK hQ zffrv dbje nshGfm svfpf, lfl -v svfpf; dkdb zLGvfsk dblaf spskb
niaDdkv hb jfsqm jvf v idviD jmG. hQ vfskv kxkDq Hfso hflk jvfv ubA Eskb. zk}iv vfskv NfQsw zfhfv
dj lcdbqfv hcsj djYc ykcv mfbcN zfsY, pfvf fsKGv Jfdksv n{-zn{ njstv nfsK dblaf spskb. (zbcviHfsh) dkdb jdlb svfpf vfJskb W jdlb svfpf kAfo
hck fib jsv. pfvf Hfstf W ml Hqsj nmfb syfsJ slsJ. kf bf rst kfslv jvskb. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
jfsqdm fsKG zfOfk isV. pfslv mb hst, nhGswa bIt bfmfp, pf mfbcN oxsr isV. zhwA Ivp bfmfp ufmfzfsk zflfq
`j rfsk smfv sjfvfb wvDI jvf Wqfsuh. zbcvi sp bfmfp mndusl zflfq jvsk rq, sn jKf dH. mrfbhD
mslv ofn zbA rfsk, hstsYb,
icBA-ifsiv n{-znskv .(29'+,3:I + DQU / :/ . '+ ;/< /0. + ! - 2 + !/ 2 "
7 +`m + < 2 7QU)
slfd nmfb zfmfv nfsK.' zKGf{, Ivp bfmfp YfVf mfbcsNv swakm bfmfp rt kfv oxsr iVf bfmfp. (hcJfvD
dj zfvhD jdh hstb, 731bQ)
$ #' [ y, [ a8 ... H Y\ Hu B ,\ dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, skfmvf djYc (nck) bfmfp dbu dbu Osv zflfq jv hQ
~ ,E F( ;A FI ... % F( A Ovsj jhv hfdbsq dbsqf bf. (hcJfvD 1187bQ)
nhGswa sjfbX bfmfp? sp bfmfspv djvfzfk tf rq, sn bfmfp nhGswa. mrfbhD
zKGf{, kcdm zfmfv wsj Hfstfhfnsh zKy LfvBf jvsh sp, zfdm skfmfv hc.
zfrfmdj skfmfv dbje sKsj lCv bq. hstsYb,
sn zfmfv Hf bq, sp zfmfv syfsJv nfmsb zfmfsj Hfthfsn. hvQ sn rt zfmfv . /?,3a- 3,-e !/ 2 " 7 3`m + < 2
 nhfv sysq shdw 157 158 nhfv sysq shdw
zKGf{, lDOG djqfmpc bfmfp nhGswa. (mcndtm 1804bQ) zfv kfv Ist kfslv sn bfmfp dj mrfb iadkiftsjv lvhfsv oxrDk rsh. zfslZ
ufmfzfskv bfmfpnmCsrv msLA nhGswa bfmfp rt ucmzfv dlsbv Iusvv bfmfp. bf. kfslv zv spsrkc dhwfnD bq, snsrkc kfslv sjfb hflk oarBspfoA rsh bf.
mrfbhD hstsYb, mrfb zffr hstsYb,
.(p9+ + T
+ ;/< /9#+ 3 _
3 +,. 8+ Q. "
J ! - + /?+,2 "
7 +`m
+ < 2 7QU) H. E3 + DQU !2 2 "
7 +,3\S 8+ 2+ / /, 3 + '/ + / '/ 3 W2 52 H. P3 72 DQU H. P3 \3 a2 W2 + H. P3 . (/ +`+a \3 2 H. P3 #+ +(+ (+ + }
zKGf{, nhsysq m bfmfp rt ucmzfv dlb Iusvv ufmfzfk nrjfsv bfmfp. 9',: ! %, () {+,3E%Q 52 H. E3 + DQU +,-aW/ 83 2+ 2 + 5-
(hfrfjD 3045, hfpXpfv 1279, dn} nrDrfr 1566bQ)
zKGf{, zfv kfslv lfb-Jqvfk oarBspfoA bf rWqfv jfvB YfVf zfv djYc bq
sp, kfvf zffr W kf]v vnCstv nfsK jcIvD jsvsY, zfv kfvf bfmfsp wdKstAv nfsK
nhsysq HfvD bfmfp idk rq hQ kfvf zdbYfjxkHfsh lfb j'sv Kfsj. (kfWhfr } 54)
nckvfQ mb bfmfpDv ubA nhGbfw. pfvf hfLA rsq msbv dhvs dosq bfmfp b
bfmfp sjfb mc'dmsbv ubA HfvD rq bf. zhwA pKfnmsq bfmfp zflfq jvf jfsvf
j'sv isV. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
ubA sp zfslZ jdEb bq, kf bq. bfmfspv pk sbWqf nfLfvB mfbcsNv ubA HfvD jfu,
dj dhbqD-bma mfbcsNv ubA kf nru hQ bfmfp kfslv rlsqv iawfdv ijvB. () {+30+ 83 H. E3 +F8/CD ( ) +,3E + H. PQ \/ + F. + H. E3 +F8/CD ( ) + " + 3 / `f 8. ,+ <2 }
mrfb zffr hstsYb, zKGf{, nckvfQ idvkfi (lcsHGfo, nhGbfw hf slfpsJv Wqft bfmj ikAjf) sn
! a ! %, () { + #/ / w + 2 + DQU }!+ / I2 2 P+ 7QU+ !/ 2 "7 + Q . "7 '/ ,3 #/ :+. +} bfmfp zflfqjfvDslv ubA; pfvf kfslv bfmfsp zmsbfspfoD. pfvf stfj ialwGb (j'sv
kf) jsv. (mfb } 4-6)
zKGf{, skfmvf LpG W bfmfspv mfLAsm nfrfpA iafKGbf jv hQ dhbDkoB hAkDk zfv
mrfbhD hstsYb, ef skf mcbfdIsjv bfmfp; sp nCspGv zsi[f j'sv pJb kf
njstv dbje dbdykHfsh jdEb. (hfjfvfr } 45)
rtcl rsq wqkfsbv lc dwsMv mfsU zfsn, kJb sn sE (jfsjv hf mcvoDv lfbf
dhbDk stfj jfvf? vf sn stfj pfvf djqfmskv iv iCBG dhwfn vfsJ.
JfWqfv mk) yfv vfjzfk EjfEj isV sbq. pfv msLA sn zffrv dpjXv jm jsv
zKGf{, djqfmskv iadk dhwfn n{jmGnmCrsj nrukv j'sv slq hQ zfsJvfk sKsj
Kfsj. (mcndtm, zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, dmwjfk 593bQ)
lfnDbkf mfbcNsj zfmtrDb; hvQ hl zfmstv zHAfnD hfdbsq slq. stfj kfvf,
mcbfdIjslv ubA nh bfmfp HfvD. dj kfslv jfsY nhsysq shdw HfvD bfmfp rt
pfvf mrfb zffrv iadk zofL Hd W Hfstfhfnf vfsJ, k]fv Hq kfslvsj dhbqD
lc'de } Iuv W wf. spsrkc wfv nmq Ocm kfVsk j rq, zfv Iusvv nmq Ocm
hfdbsq vfsJ. kfvf rt iajk x mc'dmb, kfvf bfmfsp kxd ifq, nfbf ifq, wfd ifq.
kfslv mb mnduslv nfsK tesj Kfsj. YfVsk j rq. mrfbhD hstsYb,
i[fsv bfmLfvD mcndtmslv ubA bfmfp Jch HfvD dudbn. mcbfdIjslv is[ ,. 2 + + E3 ,. \+2> + PQ </ (+ +,3 2 #. 8+ ,. 2 + /0 x+ #/ + Q _
. W2 ! / 2 + F. (/ + a/ </ +- 2 + +`a2 u. 2 }!2 + +. 2 ))
bfmfp hV zhfdk dudbn. kfvf bfmfp isV kfslv nmq b jvsk yfq bf. stfj- / 2 + @f W:( .(( ,. G
+
nmfsuv Jfdksv pdlW kf isV, khcW lfnDbkf W wdKstAv nfsK. zfv sn bfmfsp mcbfdIj (jie)slv iv Iuv W wfv bfmfp zsi[f zdLj HfvD bfmfp zfv
dj kfvf mrfb zffrsj mvB jsv? p]fv iadk dhwfn nclPx bq, k]fsj dj pKfdbqsm sb. pdl kfvf v IpDtk W vk ufbk, kfrst rfmfdV dlsq hf ifYfv Hsv
mvB jvf pfq? zhwA (mndusl) idk rk. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
j[b bf. sn jKf zpfG mD nxdjkGf hst dlsqsYb. pdlW hkGmfsb zsbsjv dbje wfv bfmfp Ocsmv ubA HfvD bq, khcW ifdKGh jfu
2+ + 7 +3 + 83 2 + 5- ,3( r2 !/ 2 "
7 2 QU ,3( r2 +QU+ H. P3 3 / A
+ ,+ E3 + + +,3 / w
+ 83 + a/ </ +3 7QU} kKf bfbf iayfv mfLAsm bfbf dyfjNGD siafoafm sYsV bfmfp iVsk pfWqfef kfslv ubA
0 ! %, () { /r2 DQU + +3 5- C. 8+ hV jjv. zfv kfv Ist zdLj vfd ufovB j'sv Iusvv nmq sE ufmfzfsk
zKGf{, dbyq mcbfdIj (jie) hAdvf zffrsj iakfdvk jvsk yfq. hk} bfmfp iVf zfsvf shdw jjv.
dkdbW kfslvsj iakfdvk jsv Kfsjb hQ pJb kfvf bfmfsp l]fVfq kJb SwdKstAv
nfsK dbYj stfj-slJfsbfv ubA l]fVfq hQ zffrsj kfvf zi nvB j'sv Kfsj.
(dbnf } 142)
 nhfv sysq shdw
zffrv dbje mdrtfv nhsysq shdw
iYlbDq bfmfp
mdrtfv nhGswa mndul jD?
mdrtfv sjfbX bfmfp mrfb zffrv dbje nhsysq shdw iYlbDq?
mdrtf ilGfv nfsK ncod hAhrfv bf j'sv mndusl dosq bfmfp zflfq jvsk ifsv.
kfsk bfbf ijfvW zfsY. zfv sn ubA kfslvsj mndul spsk sj hfLf dlsk
ifsv bf. ksh icvNslv mskf ufmfzfk-nrjfsv bfmfp zflfq jvf kfslv iv
Wqfsuh bq. hvQ oxsr bfmfp iVfef kfslv ubA shdw m.
spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, mdrtf oxsr sKsj kfv vshv zdLj dbjehkGD
Kfsj. (hsb Jcpfmf, hsb drfb, kfhfvfbD, n} kfvoDh 339, 341bQ)
hsb mfnl hstb, mdrtf kfv Osv sKsj vshv hflk jvfv mskf hflk
zfv zbA sjfKfW jvsk ifsv bf. (kfhfvfbD, n} kfvoDh 348bQ)
hvQ oxsrv msLA nhsysq shwD zlv mrst bfmfp iVf rt m. mrfbhD
hstb, mdrtfslv nhsysq swa mndul kfv oxsrv dHksvv j[. (zfrmfl, rfsjm
1/209, hfrfjD, n} ufsm' 3327bQ)
dkdb mdrtfslvsj nsfLb j'sv hstb, skfmfslv Jfn js[v bfmfp nfLfvB js[
bfmfp zsi[f m, skfmfslv nfLfvB js[v bfmfp hfdVv dHksv sjfb ufqofq
bfmfp zsi[f m hQ skfmfslv hfdVv dHksvv bfmfp mndusl ufmfzfsk bfmfp
zsi[f m. (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, hf}, n} ufsm' 3844bQ)
mdrtfv nhsysq sofib bfmfp, mrfb zffrv dbje nhsysq shdw iYlbDq.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(9 - P/:. '+ I( 7 2 F. (/ & QU 7G
+ 2 !p + F. (/ }!2 ( /D ()
zKGf{, mdrtf oxsrv nhsysq shdw zjfvmq js[ iVf bfmfp YfVf mb sjfb
bfmfp isVdb, pf zffrv dbje zdLj iYlbDq rsk ifsv. (kfhfvfbD, n} kfvoDh
347bQ)
sJA sp, nfrfdhqf sm mfl rflDn swfbfv iv sKsj mxkAc ipG dkdb k]fv
hfdVv nh yfsk zdLj zlv W zjfv jfmvfsk bfmfp isVsYb.
mrfbhD hstb, mdrtf rt sofib dudbn. hfsv shv rst wqkfb kfv dlsj
oHDv lxdsk dbdbGsmN kfdjsq slJsk Kfsj. (kfhfvfbD, hsb drfb, hsb Jcpfmf,
n} kfvoDh 339, 341, 342bQ)
skf htDn dusbv jKf. i[fsv hkGmfb pcsov DbrDb pchjlt; pfvf mdrtfv
159 160 nhfv sysq shdw
ubA rfufv wqkfb zsi[f shwD [dkjv, kfslv stftci lxd sKsj sofisb Kfjf
bfvDv jf jkGhA.
dj sp mdrtfsj spJfsb-snJfsb mdb slJf pfq, sn shilGf mdrtfv hAfifsv
LfvBf jD? pfslv rfse-hfufsv spsk hfLf sb, kfslv dj mndusl spsk hfLf Kfjsk
ifsv?
bfmfspv nhGswa jfkfv, nhGdbjx jfkfv
mndusl idk rsq ufmfzfk-nrjfsv bfmfp zflfq jvf icvsNv ubA Wqfsuh.
dj lc}sJv dhNq sp, h icvN bfvDnctH Ovjcsbf mb dbsq oxsrv sjfsB bfmfp snsv
sbq. spmb pfvf mndusl idk rsq bfmfp zflfq jsv, kfslv zsbsj nfmsb
jfkfsv bf l]fdVsq diYsbv jfkfsv mcJ tcjfq!
zKy icvsNv ubA iaKm jfkfsv l]fdVsq bfmfp iVf m. njstv ubA iaKm
jfkfv psK bq dEj, dj njstv msb iaKm jfkfsv l]fVfsbfv dbqk, jfmbf W
iaqfn Kfjf dyk.
mrfbhD hstb,
.( P+ - 7 2 E+ J + + E+ 3 A
/ /0 + ^ / ,-W3 3 . A
+ + E+ 3 A
/ E+ J + + P+ - 7 2 Q T
+ ^ / ,-W3 3 . A
+)
zKGf{, icvNslv nhGswa jfkfv rt iaKm jfkfv hQ nhsysq dbjx jfkfv rt
nhGswN jfkfv. zfv mdrtfslv nhGswa jfkfv rt nhGswN jfkfv hQ nhsysq dbjx
jfkfv rt iaKm jfkfv. (mcndtm 1013, ncbfsb zfvhfzfr, dmwjfk 1092bQ)
diaq bhD hstb, stfsj pdl zfpfb W iaKm jfkfsvv mfrfkA ufbk, zk}iv
kf tfsHv ubA tefdv jvf YfVf zfv zbA sjfb ifq bf sik, kfrst kfvf tefdv
jvk. (hcJfvD 615, mcndtm 437bQ)
dkdb hstsYb, zhwA zffr iaKm jfkfv W nfmsbv jfkfvnmCsrv iadk vrmk
hNGB jsvb hQ dIdvfoB kfslv ubA [mf iafKGbfv lczf j'sv Kfsjb. (zfrmfl,
n} kfvoDh 489bQ)
ifdKGh W nfQnfdvj hAfifsv iaskAj qbwDt icvN yfq, sn nhfv zfso rsh. dj
zfsJvfk W Dsbv hAfifsv kf yfq bf. ivjfstv qb-iadkspfdokfq sn spb
zQwoarB jvsk yfq bf. disY Kfjsk yfq zKhf zoanv rsk zftnA dOsv Lsv,
rqskf jfvsB sp, kfv mfb idvij bq. dj iyflinvsBv wfd zfsY
mrfb zffrv jfsY.
jlf mrfbhD bfmfspv jfkfv h]fLfv nmq nfrfhfslvsj iyflXil rsk slsJ
htstb, skfmvf zoanv rW hQ zfmfv zbcnvB jv. zfv skfmfslv diYsbv stfj
skfmfslv zbcnvB jvj. j swaBDv stfj diYsb Kfjsk yfsh, Ist zffr
kfslvsj (dbu vrmk sKsj) diYsb sIst slshb. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 1090bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sjfb nialfq iaKm jfkfv sKsj diYsb nsv zfnsk Kfjst
zhswsN zffr kfslvsj ufrffsm iyfkDG j'sv slshb. (zKGf{, ufrffsm
zfesj svsJ nhfv swsN uffk spsk slshb, zfv sn iaKm dlsj uffk spsk ifvsh
bf.) (zfbct mf'hCl 2/264bQ, zfhC lfl, hsb Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, nrDr kfvoDh 507bQ)
i[fsv mdrtfslv ubA mndusl idk rsq ufmfzfk-nrjfsv bfmfp zflfq
jvf Wqfsuh bq. ksh kf yfst jvsk ifsv. zfv sn s[s kfslv ubA iaKm
jfkfv m bq. hvQ nhGswN jfkfv m. spsrkc mndusl icvN-mdrtfslv mfsU
ilGf bf Kfjst slJfsldJ W syfJfsyfdJ rsk ifsv. nckvfQ diYsb l]fVfst icvNslv
syfvf yfrdbv dwjfv rWqf sKsj h]fyf pfq. zfv icvN iaKm jfkfsv l]fVfst zfymjf
lxd iVfv zfwf sKsj v[f ifq. zfv ubA mrfbhD hstsYb, icvNslv
nhGswa jfkfv rt iaKm jfkfv hQ nhsysq dbjx jfkfv rt nhGswN jfkfv. zfv
mdrtfslv nhGswa jfkfv rt nhGswN jfkfv hQ nhsysq dbjx jfkfv rt iaKm
jfkfv.
ntfsmv vv dlsj (ilGfv dhLfb zhkDBG rWqfv icshG) ntfsmv zfrjfm
zufbf djYc bWmcndtm zKhf mcbfdIj diYsbv jfkfsv l]fdVsq vjCv nmq hostv
I]fj dlsq kfdjsq iaKm jfkfsvv mdrtf slJfv syf jvk. jfvsB mrfbhD
rflDn hstdYstb hQ sn dhNsq jcvzfbD nkjGhfBDW zhkDBG rsqdYt. mrfb
zffr hstb,
_ ! %, () {+F8Q A/ S:+. 3 +. /+ . a2 2 + H. I- (/ + (/ / a :+. 3
zKGf{, zhwA zfdm skfmfslv zoaofmDslvsj ufdb hQ zhwA ufdb skfmfslv
iyflXofmDslvsjW. (druXv } 24, dn} nrDrfr 2472bQ)
sjfbX bfmfpDv nWqfh nhfv yfsk shdw?
bfmfp ndEjHfsh iVst kfv iCBG nWqfh ifWqf pfq. icvN ufmfzfk-nrjfsv
iVst 25 sKsj 27 B nWqfh shdw ifq. dj kfv sKsjW shdw nWqfh sj ifq?
zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
:7G
+ !2 2 "
7 3 v/ :+. 8+ B/CD + H. E3 3 #+ '. 2S<2 j x. (+ P+ . 2 U H. E3 3 #+ '. 2 !/ "
/ . 2 + @f W:( .(( 3 +8+ 7Hu3 P+ "
+ 83 B/CD +F(/ T
. 2 3Hv2 2 Q( + +l(+ P+ + "
zKGf{, (mndusl ufmfzfknr) bfmfp iVfv s[s, sn hAd nhGfdLj shwD sbjD
ifq, sp hAd nh yfsk lCv-lCvf sKsj zfsn. zfv sp hAd (ufmfzfskv nfsK)
bfmfspv zsi[f bf jsv jf bfmfp isV sq pfq, kfv yfsk sn shwD sbjD ifq,
sp bfmfspv ubA iakD[f jsv W mfsmv nfsK ufmfzfk nrjfsv bfmfp zflfq jsv.
(hcJfvD, mcndtm)
161 162 nhfv sysq shdw
hbc nfstmfr mnduslv dbje fb idvhkGb jvfv Yf jvt. zk}iv vfnCtcfr
-v jfsY nQhfl si]ZYt. nckvfQ dkdb kfslvsj htstb, zfdm Jhv sisqdY
sp, skfmvf fb idvhkGb j'sv mnduslv dbje zfnfv Yf jvY? kfvf htt, `r]Af,
sr zffrv vnCt! zfmvf v Yf jsvdY.' dkdb htstb, sr hbC nfstmfr! skfmvf
skfmfslv (hkGmfb) oxsr Kfsjf; skfmfslv ildyrnmCr dtdih rsh. skfmvf zfib
oxsr Kfsjf; skfmfslv ildyrnmCr stJf rsh. (mcndtm)
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, dbyq skfmfslv iaskAj ils[siv dhdbmsq jde mpGflf
hxd rsh. (mcndtm)
hf hsb jf'h hstb sp, jde stfj dYt. zfdm ufdb bf sp, zbA jfsvf hfdV
kfv hfdVv sysq lCsv dYt. kf nsW kfv sjfb bfmfp Ycek bf. zk}iv kfsj htf
rt zKhf zfdm (jf'h) kfsj httfm sp, `kcdm pdl jde ofLf djsb zf]Lfsv W HDNB
svfsl kfv iv nWqfv rsq zfnsk, (kfrst kf skfmfv is[ Hft rk?)' sn htt,
`zfdm ef iYl jdv bf sp, zfmfv hfdV mndul nQtso srfj. jfvB zfdm skf
yf sp, (lCv sKsj) zfmfv ifsq sr]se mndul pfWqf hQ WJfb sKsj icbvfq hfVD
dIvf, nhdjYc spb zfmfv sbjDv Jfkfq stJf pfq.' vfnCtcfr (kfv jKf sb)
htstb, zffr kfzftf nm skfmfv ubA j j'sv dlsqsYb. (mcndtm)
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, dbyq skfmfv ubA sn nWqfh vsqsY, pfv kcdm zfwf
jsvY.
+. /+ . a2 2 + } bhD hstsYb, sp hAd hfdV sKsj WpC j'sv zffrv sjfb Osvv dlsj
sswA pff jsv sp, zffrv dbLGfdvk sjfb Ivp hflk (bfmfp) zflfq jvsh,
kfrst kfv jxk iadkde lc ils[siv msLA jdesk jde j'sv bfr dmefsh hQ
zivdesk jde j'sv mpGflf k jvsh. (mcndtm)
k djYcv isvW dj kfv nWqfh zbA nh bfmfpDv kctbfq shdw rsh bf?
nhsysq hV syfv
syfv h vjsmv zfsY lcdbqfq. dhdH lfmD dudbn ycdv rsq Kfsj. BG ycdv, zKG ycdv
7 ; /< T
. 2 Q 7 +Hv2 . 2 7QU )) sKsj mfde ycdv W icjcv ycdvW rsq Kfsj. stJf ycdv, v ycdv, dhlAf ycdv, hcd ycdv,
Int ycdv, i ycdv, mVf ycdvW rsq Kfsj.
+ 83 syfvW dhdH Lvsbv zfsY, o]fejfef syfv, dY]ysj syfv, dn]slt syfv, H syfv iaHdx k.
nmfsu spmb Lb-syfv zfsY, skmdb zfsY mb-syfv. spmb jfm-syfv zfsY, skmdb
zfsY bfm-syfv. ycdv j'sv spmb slJf rq, skmdb ycdv j'sv swfbfW rq. LsmG
I]fdjhfu LmG-syfsvvW zHfh sb LfdmGjslv dHksv. dhlzfkD jcvzfbJfdbv nmq
spmb jcvzfb-syfv zfsY, skmdb bfmfpDslv msLA zfsY bfmfp-syfv.
dj wk swaBDv syfvslv msLA nhsysq hV syfv sj?
 nhfv sysq shdw
iaswv sv mrfbhD hstsYb,
.( \/2 + F. (/ 3Q . 8+ B
. /CD 9 r2 Q + Q 7 - ,+ . 2 )
zKGf{, nhsysq dbjx syfv rt sn hAd, sp kfv bfmfp ycdv jsv.
stfsjvf htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! bfmfp jDHfsh ycdv jvsh?' htstb, iCBvG si
vjC W dnulfr bf j'sv. (hsb zfhD wfhfr 2960bQ, kfhfvfbD, rfsjm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
.(Q ' +`w
/ '+ F. (+ Q 7 3`w
+ '. E+,3_3 P+ ,-5%3 JH:/ 83 3 \+ + 3Q . 8+ B/C Q 7 3+ . )
zKGf{, nhsysq hV syfv rt sn hAd, sp dbsuv bfmfp ycdv jsv. bfmfspv vjC W
dnulfr dEjmskf jsv bf. zfv nhsysq hV jxiB rt sn hAd, sp nftfm dlsk
jfiGBA jsv. (kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 966bQ)
swaBDv bfmfp-syfsvvf hV I]fdjhfu. sjht jkGhA iftb j'sv `WE-hn' jsv.
slv ifsq spb diaQ tfofsbf Kfsj. kf yefyeX EjfEjX vjC-dnulf jsv. slv
knhDrv `nc-nc' YfVf zbA djYc hcUf pfq bf. zsbsjv `vfbf ztfjft rfmXl'
dnulfq swfbf pfq, dnulfv knhDr hEsj swfbf pfq. vf zffrsj I]fdj slq, dj
mfbcsNv syfsJW Lvf sJsq pfq.
vf vjCv nmq diE nmkt jsv bf. dnulfv nmq uVnV rq. mfdesk dEjmskf
jift-bfj sEjfq bf. zfhfv zsbsjv nfmsbv dlsj Wub shdw rsq sost diYb
dlsjv if isv sE pfq.
syfsvv mft spmb hfeifsV Jfq, kfslv bfmfp skmdb wqkfsb Jfq. syfsvv iv
hfeifdV jsv wqkfb. slv ufkW pfq, sieW Hsv bf. Jfq, dj kx rq bf.
mrfbhD j bfmfpDsj slJstb, sn iCBvG si vjC jsv bf, zfv dnulfr jsv
EjXEj j'sv. htstb, pdl hAd zhfq mfvf pfq, kfrst sn mcrfmfslv
dmk YfVf zbA dmsk Kfjf zhfq mfvf pfsh. EjXEjX j'sv bfmfp iVsY; spmb
jfj EjXEjX jsv v EcjXsv Jfq! sp hAd iCBvG si vjC jsv bf hQ EjXEjX jsv
dnulfr jsv, sn skf sn [cLfkG mfbcsNv mskf, sp jde zKhf lc'de sJucv Jfq, pfsk
kfv [cLf smse bf. (zfhc qAf'tf, zfucvD, hfrfjD, kfhfvfbD, dpqf, hsb zfnfdjv, hsb Jcpfmf,
dnIfkc nftfdkb bfhD 131ix})
jlf dkdb bfmfp iVsk iVsk lxdv sjfsB slJstb sp, j hAd kfv vjC W
dnulfq smvl snfuf jsv bf. bfmfp swN j'sv dkdb htstb, sr mcndtm lt! sn
bfmfpDv bfmfp rq bf, sp vjC W dnulfq kfv smvl snfuf jsv bf. (hsb zfhD
wfhfr 2957, hsb mfufr, zfrmfl, dn} nrDrfr 2536 bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sn bfmfpDv bfmfp psK bq, sp vjC W dnulfq kfv diE snfuf
jsv bf. (zfhC lfl 855bQ, zfhC zfWqfbfr)
nckvfQ mcndtm nfhLfb! bfmfpD rWqf nsW `syfv' bfm sbshb bf.
163 164 nhfv sysq shdw
nhGswa svfpf
nhGswa bIt svfpf rt mcrfvGm mfsn vfJf svfpf. mrfbhD hstsYb,
. Q`. D ! - 2 + /9m
+ 8Q W2 + #. '+ !/ 2 "
7 3`m
+ < 2 + 37 + 3 / D 3 P. + + m
+ (+ %+ + #. '+ Q + "
^ 3`m
+ < 2
vmpfb mfsnv svfpfv iv nshGfm svfpf rsY zffrv mfn mcrfvGfsmv svfpf. zfv
Ivp bfmfspv iv nshGfm bfmfp rsY vfskv (kfrfccslv) bfmfp. (mcndtm)
pdl sj shdw svfpf vfJsk yfq, kfrst kfv ubA nhGswa svfpf rt lflD svfpf,
jdlb sYsV ivdlb svfpf. mrfbhD hstsYb, zffrv dbje diaqkm svfpf rsY
lfl -v svfpf hQ zffrv dbje diaqkm bfmfp rsY lfl -v bfmfp.
dkdb mLA vfsk skb hQ kfv kxkDq zQsw bfmfp iVskb hQ kfv N zQsw
Ocmfskb. dkdb jdlb svfpf vfJskb W jdlb svfpf YfVskb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
nhGswa r
r ntfsmv jde . nfmKGAhfb hAdv ubA uDhsb jhfv r jvf Ivp
hQ jhct rst rfuD umdlsbv dwv mskf dbifi rsq pfq. (zffrv dbje) oxrDk
rsv iadklfb uffk hAkDk djYc bq. (hcJfvD 1683, mcndtm 1349bQ)
dj sjfbX r nhGswa?
sn pcsov r dYt hV jsv. ifdbv hV zHfh dYt. nIsv hV idvwam dYt.
sev disE ysV dlsbv iv dlb nIv jvsk rskf. dj zfu zfv sn j sb. ifdbv
zHfh sb. zfLcdbj pfbhfrsb rsv hAhf rWqfv Ist nIsv sjfb j sb.
dmbfq zfsY zfb-dbsvfLj k]fhcv hAhf. kfsk zfsY jctfv tfofsbf. hvQ mf sKsj
dmbf spsk Yfqf W ifJf-Wqftf vff zfsY. dmbf sKsj zfvfIfk spsk-zfnsk
wDkfki dbqdk ofdV W sesbv hAhf zfsY. JfhfsvvW sjfb j sb. pKffsb
JflA dhq rq, dhbfmCstA dhkvB rq. kctbfmCtj h zfvfsmv r.
khcW kfWqfI-nf W ifKv mfvsk, kftdhqfr iVsk W jcvhfbD jvsk hV j
Djfv jvsk rq. nckvfQ nhGswa r rt sn r, pfsk rfuD sufsv-swfsv
kftdhqfr ifE jsv hQ jcvhfbD jsv. mrfbhD sn jKf hstsYb,
.(Jh7 + J#+ ^ 2 3`m
+ < 2 )
(dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, rfsjm iamcJ, n} ufsm' 1101bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw
nhGswa durfl
`durfl' htsk zfmvf hcdU zffrv isK vfvd hf JcbfJcdb. dj kfv hAfij
zKG rt nQoafm, iasyf kAfdl. htf hftA, ntfsm mbW durfl zfsY, pfsk sjfb
iajfv zsv hAhrfv sb.
spmb vfnCtcfr hstsYb, zfmfv iCshG zffr sp sjfb bhDsj sp sjfb mskv
mfsU ifdEsqsYb kfslv msLA kf]v (djYc) nrspfoD W nD rk. kfvf kf]v ncskv iv
zfmt jvk hQ kf]v zfslswv zbcnvB jvk. zk}iv kfslv isv mb zilfKG
stfj nxd rt sp, kfvf pf htk, kf jvk bf hQ kfvf kf jvk, pfv zfslw
kfslvsj slWqf rskf bf. nckvfQ sp hAd kfslv dhvs dbu rfk fvf durfl jvsh,
sn mc'dmb. sp hAd kfslv dhvs dbu zv fvf durfl jvsh, sn mc'dmb. hQ sp
hAd kfslv dhvs dbu duH fvf durfl jvsh, sn mc'dmb. zfv v iv ndvNfv lfbf
idvmfBW mfb sb. (mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp hAd nvfm dlsq zffrv isK sjfb mcufdrl iak
j'sv dlt, db}nslsr sn hAd qQ durfl jvt. zfv sp hAd sjfb mcufdrslv
idvhfsv mvsi iadkdbdLk jvt, db}nslsr snW durfl jvt. (hcJfvD mcndtm)
zfcfr hsb zfmXv hbct zfn hstb, j hAd zffrv bhDv dbje sn 2526bQ)
htt, `zfdm zfibfv ns zffr kfzftfv jfsY sbjD ifWqfv sswA druvk hQ
durfslv hfqzfk jvdY.' bhD htstb, skfmfv dikf-mfkfv msLA dj sj
uDdhk zfsY? sn htt, `uD rA]f; hvQ lc'ub uDdhk vsqsY.' vnCt htstb,
kcdm zffr kfzftfv jfsY sbjD sisk yfW? sn htt, `uD r]Af.' dkdb htstb,
kfrst kcdm skfmfv dikf-mfkfv dbje dIsv pfW hQ mvsi kfslv dJlmk
jv. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
Hsqv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, j hAd k]fv dbje sn durfl jvfv zbcmdk
yft. dkdb htstb, skfmfv dikf-mfkf dj uDdhk zfsY? sn htt, `uD r]Af.'
dkdb htstb, zkh kcdm kfslv (snhf jvfv) mfLAsm durfl jv.
mf zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf) hstb, jlf zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt!
zfmvf zffrv isK durfl jvfsj nshGfm jfu msb jdv, kfrst dj zfmvf durfl
jvh bf?' dkdb htstb, dj (mdrtfslv ubA) nshGfm durfl rsY `mfhvv'
(dh hf oxrDk) r. (hcJfvD)
zbcvi nhGswa durfl rt mfbcsNv msbv dhvs durfl. mfbcsNv mb nfLfvBk}
mliahB. zn{ jfmbf W hfnbfv dlsj Lfdhk rq fv mskf. nckvfQ kf lmb jvf
zfslZ nru hAfifv bq. kfv ubA durfl jvsk rq mfbcNsj. ubA mrfbhD
hstsYb,
165 166 nhfv sysq shdw
.(t,+ E+ + 3 + W + 3`T
3 7 + E/ _
+ 83 . 2 / P+ _
/ 3`m
+ < 2 )
zKGf{, mfbcsNv mb W jciahdx v dhvs durfl rt nhGswa durfl. (n} ufsm'
1099bQ)
jHfsh pfstm hflwfv nfmsb rj jKf htfW nhGswa durfl. spsrkc mfbcN
nfLfvBk} [mkfnDb zkAfyfvD wfnsjv nfmsb zkAfyfv hf iafsBv Hsq rj jKf
htsk Hq ifq. kf sp sn s[sW Hq ifq bf, sn nhGswa mcufdrl. mrfbhD
hstsYb,
.( / T+ s2 3 + . / @ G + -9+ /52 / P+ _ / 3`m
+ < 2 )
zKGf{, zkAfyfvD vfufv jfsY rj jKf htf nhGswa durfl. (zfhC lfl 4344,
dkvdmpD 2174, bfnf 4209, hsb mfufr 4011bQ)
hAfifsv sjfb nslr sb sp, mcndtmslv v-diifnc jfsIvslv dhvs pc
m zfmt. zfhC pfvG hstb, zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt sjfbX zfmt
nshGfm?' dkdb htstb, zffrv iadk dhhfn fib jvf W kf]v isK durfl jvf.
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
jlf bhD -sj dufnf jvf rt, `sjfbX durfl nhGswa?' sv dkdb htstb,
dbsuv ufb-mft dlsq mcwdvjslv dhvs durfl jvf. (zfhC lfl 1196, bfnf
dj nshGfm durfl rt, wrDslv durfl. mrfbhD hstb, djqfmsk zffrv
dbje nhGswa durfl rt kfslv, pfvf iaKm nfdvsk l]fdVsq pc jsv hQ mcJ dIdvsq
siYsb slsJW bf. idvswsN kfvf dbrk rq. kfvf shsrwXskv js[ oVfodV slsh.
iadkiftj kfslvsj slsJ rfnshb. zfv sp nialfqsj slsJ dkdb rfnshb, kfslv
sjfb drnfh rsh bf. (kfhfvfbD, n} kfvoDh 1372bQ)
j hAd bhD -sj dufnf jvt, `sjfbX durfl nhGswa?' sv dkdb htstb,
pfsk skfmfv sOfVfv if sjse sItf rq hQ skfmfv v hrfsbf rq. (hsb
drfb, n} kfvoDh 1365bQ)
nhGswa wrDl
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(3t3+,T
+ + a/ 3 + 3 (3 + 2[W/ 3 F. (+ /0 P+ xJ 3`m
+ < )
zKGf{, nhGswa wrDl rt sn, pfv v hrfsbf rq hQ kfv sOfVfv if sjse sItf
rq. (kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 1108bQ)
mrfbhD hstb,
+, s- 7 :+8+ 2[ ]/ 2 - ,- :+a 83 :7G
+ H. P3 E+ ,3T3 +,3:W/ 8+ < Q7 2>^ V" 7 +,- \/ a38 +F8/CD /0+ P+ xJ 3`m
+ < )
 nhfv sysq shdw 167 168 nhfv sysq shdw
.(/ . 2 + +$ G
/ < F e/ ,. (+ p . + U 2['J%+ 2[/ |
+ q< 2['J%+ H. PQ . 2 U -[+ m
. 8+ /97
2 +F(/ 2 #3 / + X3 `drlf sJsqsY jdtuf dyhfsq dulf sKsjdY zfdm,
zKGf{, nhGswa wrDl rt kfvf, pfvf iaKm nfdvsk l]fdVsq pc jsv hQ mcJ dIdvsq khcW sp smfv jdtufv sufw pfqdbsjf jHc Kfdm.
siYsb kfjfq bf. idvswsN kfvf dbrk rq. kfvf shsrwXskv js[ oVfodV slsh. mfsbv sksu dyv htDqfb zfdm sv dulf dlt,
iadkiftj kfslvsj slsJ rfnshb. zfv sp nialfqsj slsJ dkdb rfnshb, kfslv zfmfv sku ifsv bf lmfsk wqkfb zfufdut.'
sjfb drnfh rsh bf. (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 1107bQ)
nhGswa lfb
wrDlslv nlGfv lfb jvfv vk W mfrfkA ntfsm zsbj. dj ntfsm sjfbX lfb nhsysq
wrDl skf zsbsj rsqsYb hQ rshb, dj (bhDv) iv nhsysq hV wrDl sj? m?
1. dbsuv iasqfub Kfjf zhfq mvB zfnfv iCshG jvf lfb
mrfbhD hstsYb,
nshGfm lfb.
.(3 2 :+a2 <2 3t P+ ++ 3t+ (+ 2S<2 T ( + U 2 U + r2 `f T
3 %+ + //sD - / . + 3F'. !- Y+ . G
+ /0+ P+ xJ ^ + )
zfhC vfvfr hstb, j hAd bhD -v jfsY sn htt, `sr zffrv
zKGf{, wrDlslv nlGfv rfmpfr dhb zfct mcfdth hQ sn hAd, sp sjfb vnCt! sjfbX nflXjfr sbjDv dlj dlsq nh sKsj hV?' dkdb htstb,
vfyfvD wfnsjv dbje l]fdVsq kfsj (Hft jfsuv zfslw) W (ml jfsu) dbsNL / X2 '+ +QU :7G
+ `. PQ \3 2+ +X/ 3`(3 S+\ + a2W x+ w+\ f + f + + + +7 "
+ \+ . ))
jvst sn kfsj rkAf jsv. (dkvdmpD, rfsjm, n} kfvoDh 2308bQ)
ntfsmv dkrfsn slv dlb dYt mcndtmslv ubA zffrv kvI sKsj ivD[f W / 2 + @f W2 :7(3 .(( W- / + 52 . r2 +C52 2 W- /+ +C52 2 W- / + r- +,-a -
pfyf-hfYf jvfv dlb. pcsv iaKm dlsj mcndtm hfdrbDv dhuq idvtd[k rstW skfmfv sn nmsqv nfljfr jvf (hxrm sbjDv jfu) pJb kcdm nc Kfjsh, mfstv
idvswsN kDvlfu hfdrbDv bhhD dbslGw tQOb jvfv Ist diYb sKsj jfsIvvf ifef stfH zsv Kfjsh, kcdm ldvlakfv Hq jvsh hQ Lb-slZtskv zfwf vfJsh. zfv
zfmB yftfst mcndtmoB YH rsq isVb. Ist w zffrv vnCt -v jfsY kcdm nfljfr jvsk dht jsvf bf. idvswsN pJb skfmfv iafB jfok rsh, kJb
si]ZYsk n[m rq. zfOfsk k]fv dbsyv syfqfstv Ffb dlsjv (dEj mfsUv ifwhG kGD) htsh, `zmcsjv ubA k, zmcsjv ubA k. zKy kf zmcj (vfdLjfvDv) rsq
lcde l]fk sHs pfq hQ k]fv jift dh[k rq. syfe tfso k]fv syrfvfq. ofstv idv sosY. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
zQsw dwvfsBv lcde jVf Tcsj pfq.. kf l]fk dlsq kctsk dosq zfhC hflf -v mrfb zffr mb lfsbv iawQnf jsvsYb zft-jcvzfsb,
mfsUv l]fk lcde sHs pfq. QA/ Q,. + + / '/ +F (+ F. (+ 7 / 7F I/ 2 + /$Q X. + + QQ x. + +`+r/ H. I- E+ ,3T3 ,,+ \3 2 7 / +. D}
pcs mcndtm hfdrbDv 70 ub stfj wrDl rb. k]fslv msLA `zfnflcfr' hf zffrv Q` / 7 +F '. + + 5/ + + +( + :++ +' +. a- BQ+ / ^G
3 2 + + + \ + + + ^ / 7 + /$ :+I/ + /9I2 / + +
dnQr (mrfbhD -v yfyf) rfmpfr dhb zfct mcf dth zbAkm. htf rq sp,
wis[v drl dhs {hf k]fv hcj dysv jdtuf dydhsq vfo dmefq. kf dost JfWqfv Yf 0 + S+ ; /< +F8Q '/ "
7 + 3 E+ + +QU H. E/ / P. #+ '/ +,-<,3 +! 2 52 Y7 \ + + !2 "
7 + r2 2 + /$ r2 ^ ; /<+ + // 7 +
KfjstW bf sisv sIst slq. k]fv bfj-jfb sjse rfv hfdbsq otfq isv! ! a ! %, () {+,-a:73 3HE3 2[]/ 2 - + ,-r+ + +F8/CD 2[]/2 - QS+ + G
/ + 07 m 7
ntfm pJb lcht G dYt, rfmpfr kJb kfv dhict nrspfdokf jsvdYstb. hlv zKGf{, iChG hQ idym dlsj skfmfslv mcJ sIvfsbfsk sjfb icBA sb; dj icBA
pcs jfdLj lcwmb-dbLb j'sv ntfm W kfv vnCtsj dhuqD jvsk nfrfpA zfsY zffr, ivjft, dIdvfoB, nm djkfh hQ bhDoBsj dhhfn jvst hQ
jsvdYstb. zfv kfv iadkswfL vi dhswNHfsh dhswN ycdsk zfh `zrwD' zsKGv iadk zfnd Kfjf nsW zfkDq-nub, dikxrDb, zHfhoa, (kDm-dmnjDb)
Dklfn k]fsj wrDl jsv. k]fv mmGfdj wfrflsk mrfbhD HDNBHfsh mmGfrk rb. mcnfdIv, nfrfpAiafKDG (dH[cj)oBsj hQ lfn mcdv ubA lfb jvst, bfmfp
dkdb k]fsj sJkfh dlsq hstb, `nfdqlcw rflf' hf wrDlslv nlGfv. zKGf{, pKfpKHfsh iVst W pfjfk ialfb jvst, iadkwadk iftb jvst hQ lc}J-SlbA,
mskv pk mcndtm wrDl rsqsYb, k]fslv nlGfv dkdb. zKhf sl 70 ub svfo-hftf W pcsv nmq LpGLfvB jvst. vf kfvf pfvf nkAivfqB hQ LmGHDv.
wrDlslv nlGfv dkdb. (hfjfvfr } 177)
! %, () {j/ 2 + j :/ 8+ + j I/ . (/ / ^G 3 2 + + #+ sD +,3 #/ s 83 + }
 nhfv sysq shdw 169 170 nhfv sysq shdw
zKGf{, zfrfspGv iadk zfnd nsW kfvf zHfhoa, qfkDm W hlDsj zlfb zKGf{, (nWqfshv dlj dlsq) nhGswa lDbfv snde, sp lDbfvde mfbcN dbu nfb-
jsv. (lfrv } 8) ndkv iv hAq jsv, sp lDbfvde zffrv vffq (durfsl) kfv nWqfvDv iv hAq
i zsKGv mfdtj rsqW kf sKsj lfb jvfv mfrfkA zsbj. jlf mrfbhD jsv hQ sn lDbfvde spde zffrv isK kfv nDslv diYsb Jvy jsv. (mcndtm)
htstb, j dlvrfm j t[ dlvrfm zsi[f swa. j hAd htt, `kf jD j'sv dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
rq, sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb, j hAdv iayvc mft zfsY. sn kfv j ;/< ` <2 -9r2 3 e2 . 2 /& Q` / + ;/< / A
+ -9+ / (+ + /& Q` / + ;/< p s2 . <- J`/ /? r2 + "
7 3`m
+ < 2 ))
sjfB dbsq 1 tfJ dlvrfm lfb jsv. zfv zbA j hAd mf 2 dlvrfsmv mfdtj. sn BC( t% .(( /& Q` / +
kf rsk 1 dlvrfm lfb jsv. (bfnf, hsb Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 883bQ)
2. Ytkf zhfq lfb, nhGswa lfb. pfsk lfb j'sv mfbcN zKGf{, nshGfm nfljfr zffrv vfsr k]fhcv Yfqfv hAhf j'sv slWqf, (pfv fvf
zHfhoa bf rsq pfq. mcufdrl ijxk rq). zfv zffrv vffq sjfb Jfslm lfb jvf (pfv fvf mcufdrl
mrfbhD hstsYb, snhf oarB jsv. djQhf zffrv isK (oHGLfvsBv ipc ric) ebD lfb jvf,
(pfv lcL fvf mcufdrl ijxk rq). (dkvdmpD)
j ~/ Q P. 2 F. + + 52 (+ /9r2 + "
7 3 .A
+ + 3,3#\+ F. + '/ + '. + 2 W J / + F+ (/ f . A
+ + #3 3 + ))
5. mb dbjefkDqsj lfb, sp msb msb wkf sifNB jsv.
B% w t% .(( -& / / X. 83 QFX. :+. 8+ F. (+ + -& 3 WD #/ 83 V
. W/ #. :+. 8+ F. (+ + dbjefkDq hf vsv nisjGv nhsysq dbjkm pfvf, kfslvsj lfb jvf Hft. dj
zKGf{, isvv (lfkf) rfk dbsyv (oarDkf) rfk zsi[f swa. pfslv HvB-sifNB kfslv msLA pfvf lfkfv sofib w, pfvf nfmsb iawQnf jsv, diYsb dblf ofq. pfvf
skfmfv lfdqsk zfsY kfslvsj zfso lfW. iasqfusbv zdkdv nil sKsj nfljfr lfkfv nfsK `isv isv nftfmfd, dHksv dHksv rfvfmufldj'v yft yfst. pfvf
jvf m. sp hAd (rfvfm W dH[f jvf sKsj idh Kfjsk yfq, zffr kfsj idh lfkfv diYsb oDhk jsv, ycotsJfdv jsv. pfvf lfkfv iadk msbv dHksv kcsNv
vfsJb hQ sp ivmcJfsid[kf sKsj shs]y Kfjsk yfq, zffr kfsj zHfhwCbA j'sv zfsbv mskf drQnf sysi vfsJ. pfvf lfkfv ncbfsm ust WsE hQ hlbfsm sJfw rq.
slb. (hcJfvD) kfslvsj lfb jvf nhGswa lfb. sp lfkf ifsv jdhv mskf dbsuv jc{dnk iadkis[v
3. dbsuv D-idvusbv iv hAdqk zKG nWqfshv dlj sKsj lfsb nclv iadklfb dlsk, kfv lfb nshGf{jx lfb. jdh hstsYb,
nhsysq hV. zfmfv Ov HfdMqfsY sphf, zfdm h]fdL kfv Ov,
mrfbhD hstsYb, zfib jdvsk j]fdlqf shVf sp smfsv jsvsY iv.
%f +8/+ I/ . (/ 2 + / '/ +r 7 "
+ \+ %f 8/+ p9+r2 %+ 3 :+a W2 . % 8/+ /& Q` + 3 :+a W2 . %f +8/)) sp smfsv jdvt isKv dhhfoD ;
isK isK zfdm dIdv kfv tfdo ;
H ( t% .((2[/E. 2 + 3 :+a W2 . B/CD T . P+ 3 v2 . 2[/E. 2 + 3 :+a W2 . lDOt vubD kfv ksv ufdo Ocm sp rsvsY smfv ;
zKGf{, j lDbfv (BGmclaf) kcdm zffrv isK (durfsl) hAq jv, j lDbfv zfmfv Ov HfdMqfsY sphf, zfdm h]fdL kfv Ov.
Dklfn mc jvfv jfsu hAq jv, j lDbfv sjfb dmnjDbsj nljfr jv hQ j zfmfv jCt HfdMqfsY sphf zfdm kfv jCt h]fdL,
lDbfv kcdm idvhfv idvusbv ubA hAq jv. nshv msLA lDbfsvv shwD sbjD sp sosY hcsjsk zfOfk rfdbqf kfv tfdo zfdm j]fdl ;
vsqsY, spde kcdm idvhfv-idvusbv iv hAq jvsh. (mcndtm) sp smfsv dlsqsY dhN-Hvf hfB,
iank} sJA sp, Ivp nfljf dbsuv sn zfkDqsj slWqf pfsh bf, pfv HvB- zfdm sl kfsv hcjHvf ofb ;
sifNB jvf Ivp. spmb dbsuv mf-hfi, sYst-smsq hf Dsj pfjfk dlsq sjfb dhNsq j]fef sisq kfsv Ict jdv lfb nfvfde ubm Hv,
nfrfpA jvf pfsh bf. hvQ kfslv ubA dbsuv Jfn mft hAq jvsk rsh. zfib jdvsk j]fdlqf shVf sp smfsv jsvsY iv.
4. durfslv ubA jxk lfb nhGswa lfb. smfv hcsj sphf dh]sLsY zfdm kfv hcj Hdv,
mrfbhD hstsYb, vdMb Icstv snfrfo-uVfsbf Ict-mft Ldv.||||||
& Q` + / :/ '7+ 2 + 3 a- W/ . 83 %f +8+ / / + / 2 + 3 a- W/ . 83 %f +8/ : 3`T
3 7 3 a- W/ . 83 % +8/ 3`m
+ < )) sp lcwmdb jsv, sn rfufv dbjefkDq rstW kfsj [mf j'sv lfb slWqf nru
hAfifv bq. sp zimfb ifWqfv spfoA, kfsj lfb slWqf nkA mr{ lfb. nkA sn
H ( t% .(( /& Q` + / ' + . 2 + 3 a- W/ . 83 %f 8/+
 nhfv sysq shdw
lfkf mrfb. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(Q/ I2 QHG
/ 7 B/ 2 + -9r2 + "
7 /9r2 + "
7 +`m
+ < 2 7QU)
zKGf{, dbyq nhGswa nfljf sn nfljf, pf wkfsifNBjfvD dbjefkDqsj jvf
rq. (zfrmfl 23530, rfsjm 1475, kfhfvfbD, hfrfjD, lfsvmD 1679bQ)
hV lfvkfv bDdk. sp bDdk iasqfo jvsk zfslw dlsq mrfbhD hstsYb,
skfmfv ns sp zfkDqkf dY jsvsY, kcdm kfv nfsK kf hufq jv, skfmfsj sp
hdk jsvsY, kcdm kfsj ialfb jv hQ sp skfmfv iadk zbAfqfyvB jsvsY, kcdm
kfsj [mf j'sv lfW. (zfrmfl, rfsjm, kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 891bQ)
db}nslsr bDdk, dhswv nhGswa bDdk. jdh hstsYb,
`sp skfmfsj Ffsj bf sr, kfsv kcdm Ffsjf Ffsjf,
skfmf rsk lCsv sp pfq, kfsv kcdm vfsJf vfsJf.'
6. ifdb lfb jvf.
ifdb jde hV dbqfmk. `ustv ziv bfm uDhb.' kf ifdb lfb jvf mfsb, uDhb
lfb jvf. kf spJfsb ifdb sb, snJfsb ifdb lfb, diifnfq ifdb lfb, nhGswa lfb.
jcqf J]csV slWqf, jt j'sv slWqf zKhf zbA sjfbHfsh dhbfmCstA ifdbv hAhf
j'sv slWqfv mfrfkA lfb drnfsh nhGswa.
nf'l dhb hflfr hstb, jlf zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! sjfbX lfb
nhsysq swa?' dkdb sv htstb, ifdb ifb jvfsbf. (zfhc lfl, nrDr hsb
mfufr 2971 bQ)
zbA hBGbfq zfsY, dkdb htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! sm nf'l (zfmfv mf) mfvf
sosY. (zfdm kfv kvI sKsj lfb jvsk yf.) zkh sjfbX lfb nhsysq m
rsh?' dkdb htstb, ifdb.
hBGbfjfvD hstb, nckvfQ nf'l jde jcqf Jbb j'sv htstb, `de sm
nf'slv.' (nrDr zfhc lfl1474 bQ)
ifdb lfb nhGswa hst, kf jcjcvsj lfb jsv jub shwAfW [mf tfH jvsk
ifsv! sjfb j nmq jde jcjcv jde jCsiv yfdvifsw sOfvf-dIvf jvdYt.
diifnf kfsj mxkiafq j'sv kcstdYt. diifnfq sn dHsu mfde y]fedYt. ( zhfq)
rEf{ hbD nafstv shwAfslv msLA j shwAf kfsj slJsk sit. zk}iv sn kfv
yfmVfv smfuf Jcst kfsk (jCi sKsj) ifdb dEsq kfsj ifb jvft. nckvfQ
zfmstv jfvsB kfsj [mf jvf rt. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
7. nfh iadkf jvf.
lfb hf nfljf sjht zKG-nil hAq jvfv mfsU nDmfh bq. hvQ zbA n{jmG
jsvW nfljf jvf pfq. mrfbhD hstb, iakAr njfst skfmfslv iaskAj zd-
oadv iv (kvI sKsj) lfkhA nljfr vsqsY; nckvfQ iaskAj kfnhDr rt nljfr,
171 172 nhfv sysq shdw
iaskAj kfrmDl (zft rfmlc dtf-r ifE) nljfr, iaskAj kfrtDt (tf tfrf
ffr ifE) nljfr, iaskAj kjhDv (zff- zfjhfv ifE) nljfr, n{jfsuv
zfslwjvB nljfr hQ ml jfu rsk dbsNLjvBW nljfr. zfv nh sKsj psK
rsh yfwXskv lc vfjzfk bfmfp. (mcndtm 720 bQ)
smfejKf, iaskAjde kfnhDr (nchrfbffr htf) j jde nljfr vi. iaskAjde
kfjhDv (zff zfjhfv htf) j jde nljfr vi, iaskAjde kfrtDt (tf
tfrf ffr htf) j jde nljfr vi hQ iaskAjde kfrmDl (zftrfmlc
dtfr htf) j jde nljfr vi. n{jfsuv zfslw jde nljfr, ml jfsu
hfLf lfb jde nljfr, vff sKsj jlfqj h zinfvB jvf jde nljfr hQ D-
dmtb jvfW jde nljfr! dmdmcsJ mcndtm Hfsqv nfsK nf[f{ jvst nljfr jvf
rq. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 1894bQ) bAfq dhyfv jsv dlst nljfr jvf rq, jfsj dbsuv
nWqfvDsk ydVsq dbst nljfr jvf rq. Hfstf jKf htst nljfr jvf rq hQ
bfmfspv ubA iaskAj ils[i rq nljfr vi. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 1896bQ)
dj swaBDv jmGfhtDv msLA nfh iadkf jsmGv mfLAsm jxk nfljf nhsysq
swa. mrfbhD hstsYb,
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 nhfv sysq shdw 173 174 nhfv sysq shdw
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jfmf. (mcndtm 4094bQ)
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mrfbhD hstsYb, mrfbhD hstb, zfmfslv diaq bhD jcjcsvv mCtA, shwAfhxdv jfmf W oBsjv
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dbsuv rfskv ifuGb sKsj m Jfhfv sj jJsbf Jfqdb. zffv bhD lfl ufsm' 3077bQ)
dbu rfskv ifuGb sKsj sJskb. (hcJfvD 2072bQ) jJsbf hstsYb ifuGb rt rfvfm. (nrDt ufsm' 3076bQ)
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skfmvf sp JflA H[B jv kfv msLA nhsysq m JflA rt skfmfslv dbsuv zhwA lCdNk v dboGmbjfvD rfufsmv ifuGb rfvfm hf zidh bq. spsrkc
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mrfbhD hstb, nhsysq idh ifuGb rt, pf mfbcsNv dbu rfskv jfu hQ 3423bQ)
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zhwA sj pdl zisvv dbje idvwasmv jfu j'sv shkbsHfoD rq, kfrst kfsk jcjcsvv mCtA rfvfm bq.
wkG rt, sn spb dbu jkGshA mfdtsjv drkfjf[D rq hQ jfsu sjfb iajfv I]fdj bf
 nhfv sysq shdw 177 178 nhfv sysq shdw
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 nhfv sysq shdw 179 180 nhfv sysq shdw
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+ \/ + E+ ,3 :3< + :+r f +,(. 2 +
(kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 2539bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, () {+ a/ / W2 +,. a2 B/ P. 8+ 2 3 + /tQ (. 2S'/ 3 +;\/ S8+ :7G
+ ,3"'7+ :+<2 / / / + ;/<
.(& +X/ . \3 & 7/ \3 . Q . Q + 3 +@u+. U) sr dhhfdnoB! skfmfslv dikf W fkxoB pdl mfsbv mcjfdhtfq jcIvDsj iYl
jsv, kfrst kfslvsj zdHHfhjvsi oarB jsvf bf. skfmfslv msLA pfvf kfslvsj
zKGf{, ntfsmv nhsysq muhck rfkt sp, kcdm zffrv Wqfs niaDdk fib
zdHHfhj jvsh, kfvf rsh zkAfyfvD. ht, skfmfslv dikf, ic, fkf, D W
jvsh hQ zffrv Wqfs dhsN fib jvsh. (zfrmfl, hfrfjDv zfhct
zfkDqoB, zduGk Lbvfdw hQ sn hAhnf-hfdBuA skfmvf pfv zyt rWqfv Hq jv
mfb,n} ufsm' 2009bQ)
hQ diaq hfnfbnmCr pdl skfmfslv dbje zffr, kf]v vnCt W zffrv vffq durfl
zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd zffrv Wqfs (jfsj) Hfstfhfsn, zffrv
zsi[f zdLjkv diaq rq, kfrst zffrv zfslw zfnf ipG zsi[f jv. hk}
Wqfs (jfsj) OxBfhfsn, zffrv Wqfs (djYc) ialfb jsv hQ zffrv Wqfs
zffr nkAkAfoD nialfqsj n{iK ialwGb jsvb bf. (kfWhfr } 23-24)
(djYc ialfb jvf rsk) dhvk Kfsj, sn hAd iCBfG mfb tfH jsvsY. (nrDr zfhc
mfblfsvv dbje mfb mb zmCtA vkb sp, sn kfv dhdbmsq nh djYcsj
lfl 3910bQ)
jcvhfbD dlsk ifsv. dbjefkDq, Lb-nil hQ il W odlsjW sn zbfqfsn huGb
skf iajdx kok hAfifv sp, zffrsk dhwfnD sjfb mfbcN zffrv sjfb wsj
jvsk ifsv. spsrkc r-ivjfst dbjdx kv ubA mfb rt nhsysq muhck rfkt.
Hfstfhfnsh bf. hvQ sn Hfstfhfnsh kfsj, pfsj mrfb zffr Hfstfhfsnb zKhf sp mrfb
zffrsj Hfstfhfsn. i[fsv sp hAd zffrsj Hfstfhfsn bf zKhf kfv hfdrAj
jmGsB hcUf pfq sp, mrfb zffr kfsj Hfstfhfsn bf, kfsj sjfb mc'dmb Hfstfhfsn bf, nhGswa mfb, nhGswa mc'dmb
Hfstfhfnsk ifsv bf. dbjefkDq rstW bf. mfsbv vDdk ef. mfsbv zfjNGB W hb mfb rt zsv dhwfn, mcsJ Djfv W jfspG idvBk jvfv bfm. mfsb njt mc'dmb
ef. vsv h]fLb zsi[f mfbD hb shdw muhck, shdw ifjf. nmfb rsk ifsv bf. mfbD iflfb zbcnfsv mc'dmbslv kfvkmAW fHfdhj Kfsj.
mrfb zffr hstsYb, mfsbv nv zKhf NfsEv shwD wfJf vsqsY. kfv msLA nshGfm (wfJf) `tf
H. E3 0 +'. 2 . 2 H. E3 0 '+ ,3 52 ,. 2 + 3 2 ,3 %+ + + D 7 G
+ F. (+ +J+,83 Q A
/ Q,. + + / D '/ +,3(/ g. 83 (j ,. r2 3 _
/ \+ 2 } tfrf ffr' htf hQ nhGdbm (wfJf) vff sKsj jlfqj dudbn (ifKv jf]ef
kAfdl) lCvDHCk jvf. zfv tfwDtkf mfsbv jde wfJf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
BQ _
. \+ p? 7T
+ H. P3 - A
/ . 83 + 3 .(^ 3 '/ H3E+ 87 2 + +
+ Qq 3HPQ '/ ,- r- ;/< +:+52 2[]/ 2 . - H. P3 \+
+ x/ + . 2 H. P3 ++,A
. QU . 2
iaLfb wfJf hf jfsv nfsK pfv wfJf-iawfJf pk shdw, kfv mfb kk shdw hQ sn
3HE3 / D +$Y. G
/ 7QU 22 / D 3$Y. G
/ 2[]/ 2 . - 3 . + ,3|%+ + H. P3 . + 3 D +;|
/ %+ P+ </ +F8/ / A
+ %3 P+ . 2S P+ :/ . \+ F/( kk shdw swa mc'dmb.
 nhfv sysq shdw
nhGswa mfb rt LpGwDtkf W lfvkf. jKf hstsYb zfmfslv bhD ,
.(9G+ + 7 + 3 . " 7 Q + 3`m
(dn} nrDrfr 1495bQ) zfv jKf dhdlk sp, mfbcsNv ubA iaKm Ivp rt tXm W
mfb. ivhkGD Lfsiv dkDq Ivp zfmt. ivhkGD Lfsiv kxkDq Ivp lfWqfk W
kfhtDo. zfv ivhkGD Lfsiv ykcKG Ivp rt dkb Lfsi LpG LfvB jvf.
sp mfbcN LpGwDt bq, sn mfbcsNv is[ mfb vfJf hV jdEb. zfv sp mfbcN lfv bf
rsq so]fVf rq, sn mfbcsNv is[ rj oarB jvf hV jdEb. nfLfvBk} zbclfv so]fVf
stfsjvf zrQjfvD rq. vf zrdmjfq zivsj kcYfb jsv hQ fdnjkfq
rjsj oarB bf j'sv iakAfJAfb jsv. kfslv zfdmksj sj Djfv bf jvst kfvf
kfv mfb-nmsj dwjfv jsv hQ kfsj dbsuslv iadkD Hfsh. zfv kJb
iadki[sj `sYfe' jvfv ubA zihfl vybf j'sv vebf jsv. iadkis[v hfhf kcst
oftfofdt jsv, zKy dbsuslv hfhfW sp kcY, sn jKf kfvf zrQjfsv dhmxk rq.
zisvv waD, iadnd W iadkHf slsJ zv-uftfq icsV msv. nckvfQ zffr mb
so]fVfslv sofVf sjse sItcb. zfmDb.
mb so]fVfslv ydv W hAhrfv nfLfvBk} sbfQvf rq. jKf dm rstW kf dmYdvv
Ycdv rq. sjfb sjfb ufsrt zKhf skfNfsmfljfvDv iawQnf sb kfslv msbv ohG
zfct Icst jtfofY rq. dbsuslvsj `dhwft idk' sHsh hnfv iv sj kfslv
Hct Ldvsq dlst, kf nQswfLbD msb oarB bf j'sv so]fVfdm W zfdmsk ihGknm zdhyt
Kfsj. zkh kfvf dj zfv Hft ydvsv rsk ifsv? zKy nhGswa mc'dmb rt sn,
pfv ydv rt nhfv sysq nclv.
mrfbhD hstb, ntfsmv dlj rsk swa mc'dmb sn hAd, pfv durf W r
rsk mcndtmvf dbvfisl Kfsj. mfsbv dlj sKsj swa mc'dmb sn hAd, pfv ydv
nhfv sysq nclv. swa mcrfduv (druvkjfvD hf zffrv ubA slwkAfoD) sn hAd,
sp zffrv dbdN hnmCrsj kAfo jsv. zfv swa durfl sn hAdv, sp zffrv
ndsk dbsuv msbv dhvs durfl jsv. ( 1140bQ)
nhGswa mc'dmb rWqf zKhf iCBfG mfsbv mc'dmb rWqf nru jKf bq.
`hV rWqf nQnfsvsk jdEb hAfifv,
nQnfsv sn hV rq, hV B pfv.'
j hAd rfnfb hfnvD (v})sj htt, `zfidb dj mc'dmb?' dkdb htstb, `pdl
skfmfv swA sn swaBDv mc'dmb rq, pfslv hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
(+ + / + . >+ +$,-a#. 8+ + +@+ . QU+ +` / + . QU+ +H E/ + '. QU 2 QU +YQ - (+ + +. 2 QU +YQ - +(+ / '/ 7(+ ,- ,-r}
{+,3 /. (3 3 2 3F. ++ H. P3 . (^ p G
+ 2 +F. '+ 3 ^W2 3 2 H. PQ '^%7 F/( +,J/ 7 +;\/ - (+ + + / + + ,3( +;\/ -
zKGf{, skfmvf ht, `zfmvf zffrsk dhhfn jdv hQ pf zfmfslv iadk hQ
hafrDm, nmft, nrfj, qfjch W kfv hQwLvosBv iadk zhkDBG jvf rsqsY hQ
181 182 nhfv sysq shdw
pf mCnf W nfsj ialfb jvf rsqsY hQ pf zbAfbA bhDoB kfslv iadkiftsjv dbje
+ < 2 ) sKsj ial rsqsY kfskW (dhwfn jdv). zfmvf kfslv msLA sjfb ifKGjA jdv bf hQ
zfmvf kf]v jfsY zfk-nmiGBjfvD (mcndtm).' (hfjfvfr } 136)
kfrst r]Af, zfdm mc'dmb. sn mfb dlsq zfmvf dhhfr-nQnfv jdv hQ sj
zsbAv Wqfsvn r.
zfv pdl skfmfv swA sn swaBDv mc'dmb rq, pfslv hAfifsv mrfb zffr
hstsYb,
2 + + j
+ QU H. P3 \. ++ 3 \3 8+ H. PQ . 2 +
. + /\3 +QU+ H. P3 '3,- r-
. 2T
/ + 3 + 5/ 3 +QU +F8/CD +,3(/ g. 3 + 7QU}
W >! %, () {+,- 5D ,+ :+8+ H. PQ '^%+
zKGf{, dhhfnD (mc'dmb) skf kfvf, pfslv rlq zffrsj nvB jvfv nmq
jdik rq hQ pJb kf]v zfqfk kfslv dbje ifE jvf rq, kJb kf kfslv dhhfn
(mfb) hxd jsv hQ kfvf kfslv iadkiftsjv iv Hvnf vfsJ. (bXIft } 2)
kfrst zfdm ufdb bf sp, zfdm mc'dmb dj bf. (mfnfhDk kfbhDv 1/498)
nhfv yfsk idviCBG mfsbv mc'dmb
mfsbv njt jfu bf jvst sj idviCBG mc'dmb rsk ifsv bf. spmb } vfnctcfr
hstsYb,
sn iaHcv jnm! pfv rfsk zfmfv uDhb zfsY, skfmvf sj kk[B ipG iCBG
mc'dmb bW, pk[B ipG zfdm kfv dbjse kfv dikf-mfkf, nfb-ndkv sysq
zdLj diaqkv bf rsk sisvdY. (hcJfvD 14bQ)
sjfb hflf iCBG mc'dmb bq, pk[B ipG zfdm kfv dbje kfv idvhfv, Lbnil
hQ nm mfbcN zsi[f zdLj diaqkv bf r. (mcndtm 44bQ )
jlf mrfbhD mfv dhb Jffh -v rfk Lsv dYstb. mfv k]fsj
htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfidb zfmfv uDhb YfVf njt dudbn sKsj zfmfv
dbje diaqkm.' jKf sb mrfbhD htstb, bf. sn nfv jnm, p]fv rfsk
zfmfv iafB zfsY. pk[B bf zfdm skfmfv dbje skfmfv uDhb sKsjW diaqkm rsk
sisvdY (kk[B ipG kcdm mc'dmb rsk ifsvf bf). mfv htstb, `[sB zfidb
zfmfv uDhb sKsjW diaqkm.' kJb dkdb htstb, Jb (kcdm mc'dmb) sr mfv!
(hcJfvD)
dkdb hstsYb, sp hAd zffrv Wqfs zivsj Hfstfhfsn, zffrv Wqfs
jfsj OxBf jsv, zffrv Wqfs jfsj djYc lfb jsv hQ zffrv Wqfs jfsj
djYc slWqf rsk dhvk Kfsj sn hAd iCBG mfsbv zdLjfvD. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)
sn mc'dmb bq, sp Hvsie Jfq zKy kfv ifsw kfv iadkshwD sifn Kfsj.
(kfhfvfbD, rfsjm, hfrfjD, nrDt ufsm' 5382bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw 183 184 nhfv sysq shdw
sp hAdv zdbjfdvkf rsk kfv iadkshwD dbvfisl Kfsj bf sn hAd mc'dmb
bq. (kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 5380bQ)
iadkshwDv nfsK nAhrfv jv, kcdm (iCBG) mc'dmb rsq pfsh hQ mfbcsNv ubA kf nhsysq shdw hcdmfb mc'dmb
iYl jv pf kcdm dbsuv ubA jv, kfrst (iCBG) mcndtm rsq pfsh. (dkvdmpD) jlf j zfbnfvD nfrfhD zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf jvstb, `sr zffrv vnCt!
dj nshv nfsK pfv ydv nclv bq, sn idviCBG mfsbv zdLjfvD bq. spsrkc sjfbX mc'dmb nhGswa?' sv dkdb htstb, kfslv msLA ydvs sp nhGswa. nfrfhD
zfmvf ufdb, htstb, `sjfbX mc'dmb nhsysq shdw hcdmfb?' dkdb htstb,
`pdl Lb bfw rq, kfq djhf zfsn pfq, .(3 + 5 2S 2[]/ 2 - j+ #. :/ . 3t+ #. '+ + / H. P3 3+ G
. 2 + j 5 / /?,. + / H. E3 3 h+5 2 )
pdl fA bfw rq, ksh djYc rq [q, kfslv msLA sp nhsysq shdw mvBsj mvB jsv hQ mvsBv ivhkGDjfstv ubA
rst ydv bfw nhGbfw rq.' nhsysq shdw Hft iadk sbq. kfvf rt hcdmfb stfj. (hsb mfufr, dntdntfr
JfWqfdvpmD hstsYb, `mfbcsNv mfsU ydv Kfjst sn 1 bv Kfsj. zk}iv kfv nrDrfr 1384bQ)
msLA vi Kfjst kfv ifsw jde wCbA spfo rsq 10 rq. zk}iv kfv Lbhf Kfjst zsbj iahfnD dhslsw yfjdv jsv, zsbsj msB pfq, zsbsj hAhnfq pfq. kfslv
zfsvf jde wCbA spfo rsq 100 rq. zk}iv kfv sjZdtbA Kfjst zfsvf jde wCbA msLA mb zsbj stfj zfsY, pfvf iahfsn pf ifuGb jsv, iahfsn nh Jvy j'sv
spfo rsq 1000 rq. dj 1 nQJAfde zKGf{ ydv hfl iVst mfbcsNv mCtA yst pfq sIst. dhslsw sKsj slswv jKf Hcst pfq. spJfsb fqD hnhfn, snJfsb djYc jvsk
hQ ifswv wCbAdt zsjsuf rsq zhdw Kfsj.' rsh---sn jKf dhmxk rq. kfvf dj hcdmfb?
ubA mrfbhD hstsYb, i[fsv zfv j swaBDv iahfnD zfsY, pfvf dhslsw iasqfubfbcifsk Jvy jsv hQ
.(H. I- / + / / H. 5- %3 + A
/ H. 5- %3 + A
/ + a - A
3 H. P3 3+ G
. 2 j
+ QU + / (/ g. 3 3`+ 5 2 ) hfjD zKG slswv ubA nq jsv, slswv hfdV-Ov nclv jsv. dhslsw sKsj slswv
nhfv sysq iCBG mfblfv hAd sn, pfv ydv nhfv sysq nclv hQ skfmfslv msLA jKf dhmxk rq bf. vf dj zfnt hcdmfb bq?
nhGfsi[f m hAd sn, sp skfmfslv Dslv dbje m. (zfrmfl 10106, pfvf ifdKGh uoskv mf jsqjde hYsvv ubA rfufv hYsvv iadk sbq, kfvf shdw
dkvdmpD 1162, hsb drfb, nrDt ufsm' 1232bQ) fbD, bfdj zb jfstv uDhsbv ubA pfvf iafBfjv iaqfn yftfq kfvf shdw fbD?
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, zhwA. pfvf rjfst sKsj ivjfstv ifsKq nQoasr dbvk Kfsj, rjfstv
+ .A
+ 2+ +, W- 2 g. 83 + +,-W2 S8+ +F8/CD < +5 2 +,3]eD ,+ 3 r A
. 2 H. P3 3/ G
+ 2 j
+ QU + / (/ g. 3 3`+ 5 2 ) yfjdysjA Hcst bf dosq ivjfstv mvB nhGlf kfuf vfsJ, ivstfsjv ubA nlf iak
Kfsj, kfvf ixdKhDv iajk
x fbD W hcdmfb stfj.
.(3V2 g. 83 2+ 3V2 S8+ F. + </ htf hftA sp, mb hcdmfb stfsjslv zfmt Hft rq. kfslv njt hflk
zKGf{, nhfv sysq iCBG mfblfv hAd sn, pfv ydv nhfv sysq nclv, nru-nvt. nclv rq. hflsk Jtfn, jfdjkf, jfoakf W msbfdbshw psK hkGmfb Kfsj.
pfvf zivsj iaDdkv h]fLsb uVfsk ifsv hQ dbsuvfW zisvv iaDdkv h]fLsb udVk kf mvBsj mvB jvsk dbslGw dlsq zfmfslv mrfbhD hstsYb, kcdm skfmfv
rq. zfv sn hAdv mfsU sjfb mt sb, sp iaDdkv h]fLsb jfsj h]fLsk ifsv bf bfmfsp mvBsj nvB jv. jfvB, mfbcN pJb kfv bfmfsp mvBsj nvB jsv, kJb
hQ dbsusjW zisvv iaDdkv h]fLsb zfsb bf. (kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 751bQ) pKfKG sn kfv bfmfpsj nclv jsv. zfv kcdm sn hAdv mk bfmfp iV, sp msb
jub mcufdrlW mfsbv dlj dlsq nhfv yfsk shdw idviCBG. zfhC nfl JclvD jsv bf sp, YfVf sn zbA bfmfp iVsk ifvsh. kcdm iaskAj sn jmG sKsj lCsv
hstb, j hAd dufnf jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! sjfbX hAd mfsbv dlj dlsq Kfj, pf j'sv skfmfsj (zisvv dbjse) [mf yfsk rq. (mcnbfsl dIvlfn,
nhfv yfsk shdw idviCBG?' dkdb htstb, sp hAd zffrv isK kfv ufb W mft dntdntfr nrDrfr 1421, nrDt ufsm' 849 bQ)
dlsq pc jsv hQ hAd sjfb dodvisK dbuGsb dbu iadkiftsjv hflk jsv hQ iv mc'dmb sp, sn shfjf rq bf, sn DblfvDv hAfifsv hcdmfb rq. nlf nkjG W
stfsjslvsj dbsuv ml zfyvB sKsj dbvfisl vfsJ. (rfsjm, n} kfvoDh nufo Kfsj, pfsk sjfb lcdbqflfv hf wqkfsbv rfsk kfv ivjfstv icd] u b zKhf
2734bQ) ycdv bf rsq pfq. ivjfstv isK ytfv nmq wqkfb kfv isje smsv mfb sjsV bf
sbq.
 nhfv sysq shdw 185 186 nhfv sysq shdw

nshGfy W nhGdbm svv mcndtm nhsysq shdw nmfbDq hAd

lcdbqfv hcsj h Dblfv mfbcN zfsY, dj kfvf nhf j svv bq. mfb, tXm ixdKhDv hcsj nhsysq shdw nmfbDq sn hAd, pfv iasqfubDq i]fyde dudbn
W zfmstv kfvksmA mfbcN dhdH svv rsq Kfsj. dj sn vdt jD hQ nhsysq iCBvG si nhfv yfsk shdw hkGmfb zfsY.
y svv stfj jfvf? 1. nc iafB hf ncfA.
mrfbhD hstsYb, 2. mfb hf DblfvD.
3 + G
/ %+ / </ 3`"
/ 8+ + 3 '7%+ / </ ;/a:78+ ,+ P3 <2 / + (+ -& 3 r2 + %+ p . + : W2 + /9#+ '+%. > + . J + 7U )) 3. fb, dw[f hf hcdmf.
/97 ^ 3/ + ,+ P3 <2 (+ 3 r 3 . 8+ H. 2 + / -& 3 r+%+ p . + + . QQ +2 Q`m
+ <2S'/ +CP+ <2 aD G
+ / </ /& 3H2 #. 8+ + 4. mfb, nmfb, hQwsoZvh.
5. Lb, dhNq-dhHh.
(+ & 3 r2 + %+ p . + + . 0f +,+ + E3 3 T
. S< / :/ 7 ' ,+ P3 <2 < - Q`+ #+ '/ 3 / #+ 2 (+ ;/ 7 ,. 2 : 3,-a8+ zhwA lcdbqflfvslv dbje DblfvDv sjfb vk sb. hvQ hkGmfb dhsw Lbhf
3H2 #. 8+ 2+ 3 + G
/ %+ / </ 3`"
/ 8+ 2+ 3 '7%+ / </ ;/a:78+ 2 H /
Q X+ ' / / (+ - w+8 ,+ P3 <2 / 3 r 3 . 8+ +H2 + njt nmfsbv {n. zfnst kf dEj bq. mrfb zffrv dbje sp dbd zfsY, kfsk
(+ ;/ 7 ,. 2 : 3,-a8+ ,+ P3 <2 / 2+ (+ -& 3 r 3 . 8+ H. 2 p . + + . QQ +2 /+A
. 2S'/ +CP2< a G
+ / </ /& Wub jvst iajk x nmfbD shv rsq zfsn. mrfb zffrv dbje zfvhD-zfumD,
swkf-jxf, slwD-dhslwD, nht-lcht G , fbD-dhfbD, idvdyk-zfkidvyq hf
BC( t% .(( 0f +,+ + E3 %3 . ,Q <2 / :/ 7 / ' ,+ P3 <2 2 <- Q`+ #+ ' / </ 3 / #+ 2 zfmDv-ovDshv mfsU sjfb ifKGjA sb, sjfb sHlfsHl sb. dkdb njt mfbcNsj nxd
zKGf{, lcdbqfq yfv iajfv stfj zfsY; jsvsYb jde iafB sKsj. nckvfQ njst nmfbfdLjfsvv mfbcN. dj mfbcNslv msLA
(1) hflf, pfsj zffr Lb W (ntfmD) fb lfb jsvsYb. zk}iv sn kfsk pdl swak mfisk yfWqf rq, kfrst sn dbd fvf mfisk rsh, pf mrfb zffr
zffrsj Hq jsv hQ kfv mfLAsm dbu zfkDqkf hufq vfsJ. zfv kfsk sp dbLGfvB jsvsYb. dkdb hstsYb,
zffrv rj vsqsY kf sn ufsb. zkh sn (zffrv jfsY) nhsysq {jx sv / D + / H. I- (+ + 5 2 7QU ,-<%+ #+ :+/ +`/ +r2 + 'j,3#3 H. 5- + #+ T
+ + h+ - + 52 + F^( H-5 +a 2 A
+ 7QU 3 7 P+ 8J2 8+ }
zhfb jvsh.
?! _ %, () { f /A+ Hf /+ + D 7QU H. 5- a2 \. 2
(2) hflf, pfsj zffr (ntfmD) fb lfb jsvsYb; dj mft lfb jsvbdb. sn
dbqsk nkAdb, sn hst pdl zfmfv mft Kfjk, kfrst zfdm (iCshGf) zmcsjv mk zKGf{, sr mfbcN! zfdm skfmfslvsj nxd jsvdY j icvN W j bfvD rsk, isv
jfu jvkfm. nckvfQ sn dbqk zbcnfsv dhdbmq ifsh; slv Hsqv iadklfb nmfb. skfmfslvsj dhH jsvdY dhdH ufdk W sofs, pfsk skfmvf sj zisvvv nfsK
(3) hflf, pfsj zffr mft lfb jsvsYb; dj (ntfmD) fb lfb jsvbdb. idvdyk rsk ifv. skfmfslv msLA hAd zffrv dbje zdLj mpGflfni sp
nckvfQ sn bf susb zShLvsi dbdhGyfsv mft Jvy jsv; sn kfsk zffrsj Hq jsv zdLj zffr-HDv. zffr nhdjYc ufsbb, nh djYcv Jhv vfsJb. (ucvfk } 13)
bf, kfv mfLAsm dbu zfkDqkf hufq vfsJ bf hQ kfsk sp zffrv rj vsqsY kfW mrfbhD hstsYb, stfsjvf spb mxk hfi-lflfslv dbsq IJv jvf zhwA kAfo
sn ufsb bf. zkh sn (zffrv jfsY) nhsysq dbjx sv zhfb jvsh. zfv jsv. kfvf skf ufrffsmv jqtf mf. kf kAfo bf jvst kfvf sn sofhcsv sifjfv
(4) hflf, pfsj zffr Lb W (ntfmD) fb djYc lfb jsvbdb. dj sn hst, sysqW dbjx rsh, sp dbu bfj lfvf mt sEst dbsq pfq. zhwA zffr skfmfslv
pdl zfmfv dbje mft Kfjk, kfrst zfdmW (iCshGf) zmcsjv mk jfu jvkfm. dbje sKsj ufsrdtqfskv ohG W IJv lCv jsv dlsqsYb. (mcndtm) skf mcfjD
nckvfQ sn dbqk zbcnfsv dhdbmq ifsh; slv Hsqv ifi nmfb. (dkvdmpD (nQpmwDt) mcdmb zKhf ififyfvD hlmfqfw. mfbcN njst zflsmv nfb hQ
2325bQ) zflm mfde rsk nx. (nrDt ufsm' 5358bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sr stfj njt! skfmfslv iadkiftj j. skfmfslv dikf
j. swfsbf! zfvhDv iv zbfvhDv hQ zbfvhDv iv zfvhDv, jxjfsqv iv
swkjfsqv hQ swkjfsqv iv jxjfsqv sjfb swak W mpGflf sb. swak W
mpGflf zfsY skf sjht `kfjWqfv' jfvsB. (mcnbfsl zfrmfl 5/411, dn} nrDrfr 2700bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw 187 188 nhfv sysq shdw
htf hftA, hQswv soZvh sjfb jfsuv bq. hQw-mpGflf mrfb zffrv dbje dhyfpG zKGf{, zffr zdhwfnDslv ubA bCr W tCskv Dv lxf idk jsvsYb; kfvf
bq. dhyfpG rt mfb W zfmt. dYt zfmfv lfnslv msLA lc n{jmGivfqB lfsnv zLDb. dj kfvf kfslv iadk
hQw-mpGflf ijfvD rst bCr -v sYst ijxk rk. lcdbqfv zfpfh rsk bhD dhhfnOfkjkf jsvdYt, Ist kfvf (bCr W tCk) kfslvsj zffrv wfd rsk v[f
dbu sYstsj h]fyfsk ifsvbdb. mrfb zffr hstb, jvsk ifvt bf hQ kfslvsj htf rt, `ufrffsm iashwjfvDslv nfsK skfmvfW
F-I\+ 2+ +#+ (7 25%. 7;+'3 8+ YQ #. (+ ;/< + 52 + 3 +'. f ,3 + ++ Q +_
/ 52 ,. (+ ;/< H. PQ '/ BQ _
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vsv nijG sjfb jfsu st hafrDm -v dikf zfpv ufrffm sKsj dbjdx k
F (+ DQU / Q (. 2 F. (/ +,. + +H/ + 2 + r2 0 + +F(/ ;/ 3 "
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+ 2 QU BQ+ + r2 () +F8Q </ I2 +l(7
tfH jvskb. mrfb zffr hstb,
7QU+ ;/E. 2 F. (/ ;/ '3 7QU ^$%+ + a2 <2 3 '7%7 f ,3 + ++ () + r/ + X. 3 +F(/ + I2 <2 3,. + + P3 +. '+ + G
+ + +HG
/ %7 +3 3#. \+ 7 (/ + H. I- (/ 0+ '3 7QU H. PQ (/ ,. a2 / ,- r2 . QU 3 #+ (+ +F8/CD + +H E/ + '. QU ;/< }9++ G
+ }!,+ . - H. I- 2
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. 2 + 2 + J@+ 2y+ . + +,. r2 D QU 3t+ G
. + / D '/ , 3(/ g. \3 :7G
+ j '+2 0 m
+ X. + +! - + + #+ 3HI- +. '++ ++. '+ + '++ H. I- '/ +. W2 52 / D Q3 F/(
. 2 2[ '/ 3, 3 2 ; ^QU ^$%+ + r2 () + /E/ _
+ +F (/ +, I- \+ 2 2[v- / 2 ;^QU Hf / / '/ 2[2 +. 2 (+ QF 2S. \+ 2[ . 2 QU+ +. +2 2[ . 2 QU+ + 5D ,+ \+ 2[ . 2 + +'7%7 p0;. + F/( / D +F(/ 2[2 -[/(. 2 (+ + 2[2 7+ W/ X. :+. 2S2 / '/ 2S/ +H E/ + '. QU
,E !%, () {+F8Q / w + +F(^ F-52 ;/ . G + . \++ ;/ . W/ X. \+ D QU+ Hf / / '/ ;/ +. 2 (+ 2[2 2S. 2 9 : ! %, () { 3" / +
zKGf{, zfv sn sbZjfde kfslvsj dbsq ihGkkctA kvsv msLA ytsk tfot. zKGf{, zhwA skfmfslv ubA hafrDm W kfv zbcnfvDslv msLA vsqsY m zflwG;
bCr Dq icsj Ffjsk tfot -- hQ sn dYt dH fsb -- (htt), `sr zfmfv ic! kfvf kfslv nialfqsj hstdYt, `skfmfslv ns hQ skfmvf zffrv idvhskG pfv
zfmfslv nfsK nWqfv rsq pfW hQ zdhwfnDslv nD rsqf bf.' sn htt, `zfdm ifnbf jv, kfv ns zfmfslv sjfb nijG sb. zfmvf skfmfslvsj mfdb bf.
mb sjfb ifrfsV zfwaq oarB jvh, pf zfmfsj ifdb rsk v[f jvsh.' sn htt, skfmfslv W zfmfslv msLA dyvjfstv ubA nxd rt wkf W dhsN, pk[B bf skfmvf
`zfu zffrv wfd rsk sj v[fjfvD sb. ksh dkdb pfv iadk lqf jvshb, sn j zffrv iadk dhwfn fib jsvY.' ksh hAdkm kfv dikfv iadk hafrDsmv d,
(v[f ifsh).' dkmsLA kfslv Hsqv mfsU jde kv zvft rsq iVt. `zfdm dbyq skfmfv ubA [mf iafKGbf jvh hQ skfmfv hAfifsv zfdm zffrv dbje
zk}iv sn Fcsh pfWqf stfsjslv zHc G rt. zfv htf rt, `sr HCdm! kcdm dbu sjfb zdLjfv vfdJ bf.' (hafrDm W kf]v zbcnfdvoB hstdYt,) `sr zfmfslv
ifdb sN bfW hQ sr zfjfw! kcdm [f rW.' kJb ifdb jsm sot W dbLGfdvk jfpG iadkiftj! zfmvf skf skfmfv iv dbHGv jsvdY, skfmfv zdHmcJD rsqdY hQ
ni rt. sbZjf uclD (ifrfV)-v iv sn Kfmt. zfv htf rt, `zbAfqjfvDvf iakAfhkGb skf skfmfv dbje. (mcmkfdrbfr } 4)
zffrv jvBf rsk lCv srfj.' zfv bCr dbu iadkiftjsj sFsj htt, `sr zfmfv dj mcwdvsjv ubA [mfiafKGbf hL bq, kfrst hafrDm sjb k]fv dikfv ubA
iadkiftj! zfmfv icde zfmfv idvhfvHc. zfv skfmfv iadkwadk nkA hQ [mfiafKGbf jvfv iadkwadk dlsqdYstb? mrfb zffr hstb,
kcdm nm dhyfvsjv swa dhyfvj.' dkdb (zffr) htstb, `sr bCr! hAd
H. P3 2 +F7 +\+ (+ / #. '+ F/( '+. r- ;/. - ,3 52 ,. 2 + + 5/ Q x. 3 / 3 W/ X. :+. 8+ 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD +;^ / 7 / + 52 (+ }
skfmfv idvhfvHc bq, sn zn{jmGivfqB. zkh kcdm zfmfv jfsY sn dhNsq
zfshlb jsvf bf, sp dhNsq skfmfv sjfb fb sb. zfdm skfmfsj islw dldY sp, +F7 +\+ 7 2 <2 3t 87 QU E+ + + + !p + / ,. (7 F+ DQU / '/ 2S/ +H E/ + '. QU %3 W2 X. :/ . + 52 (+ + () QH / _
+ 3$ + . 2 H. P3 72
kcdm z stfjslv zH cG rsqf bf.' sn htt, `sr zfmfv iadkiftj! zfdm skfmfv 9',: ! %, () { Hf /G
+ tf 7 >+H E/ + '. QU 7QU 3 . (/ 2 7 +\+ / / 3 + 3 72 3 2
dbje mb dhNsq zfshlb jvf sKsj zfwaq yfdY, sp dhNsq zfmfv fb sb, zfv
zKGf{, zQwDhflDslv ubA [mf iafKGbf jvf bhD W dhwfnDslv ubA nk bq; pdlW
kcdm pdl zfmfsj [mf bf jv hQ zfmfv iadk lqf bf jv, ksh zfdm [dkoaslv kfvf zfkDq srfj bf sjb, kfslv jfsY jKf nci rWqfv iv sp, kfvf
ltHc rsq pfh.' (rCl } 42-47)
ufrffsmv zdLhfnD. zfv hafrDsmv dbu dikfv ubA [mf iafKGbf jvf skf sjht sn
hQw-mpGflf hf zfkDqkfv nijG jfsu dlst bCr -v D v[f siskb. iadkwadkv jfvsB dYt, pf sn kfv nfsK jsvdYt. zk}iv pJb kfv dbje nci
tCk -v D svrf siskb. mrfb zffr hstsYb, rt sp, sn (dikf) zffrv lcwmb, kJb sn kfv nfsK nijG dY j'sv dbt.
QF. + / + +/ +/ F. (/ QF8. + . + + . \+ :++ 52 p , - !2 2 + (. /+ ,3 !2 2 + (. / 3 W2 52 +F8/CD h+(+ 3 D +$+ |
+} hfdhj hafrDm dYt zdkwq sjfmt rlq, nrbwDt. (kfWhfr } 113-114)
() {+ /A
/ 7 +l(+ %+ 7 2 A
3 . +` r/ + ]j. + / D +F(/ + P3 . + + / X. 83 H. 2 <2 + E3 :++ w
+ <2 j nmq hafrDm -sj mrfb zffr htstb,
 nhfv sysq shdw 189 190 nhfv sysq shdw
! a ( ) {+ / / vD B/ P. + 3 +8+ 2 + r2 ;/:87 %^ 3 F/(+ + r2 (j (+ QU Q 7 / 2[- / T
+ ;^QU} . %Q 7 < / 2y '+2 + '/ 2 7QU
zKGf{,`zfdm skfmfsj mfbh-ufdkv sbkf jvh.' sn htt, `zfmfv hQwLvosBv zKGf{, dbyq zfmfv zff hQ skfmfv zff ufrffsm. (mcndtm 521, zfhC lfl 4720bQ)
mLA rskW?' dkdb htstb, `zfmfv iadkwadk nDmftQObjfvDslv iadk iaspfuA bq?' mrfb zffrv zfpfh sKsj v[f sisk zfkDqkf ijfvD rst dkdb iftdqkf
(hfjfvfr } 124) yfyfv ijfsv zfnskb. k]fv pJb mxkcAv nmq rt, kJb mrfbhD k]fsj htstb,
`zfmfv iadkwadk nDmftQObjfvDslv iadk iaspfuA bq' hst mrfb zffr sp dhNqde yfyfufb! zfidb jstmf `tf tfrf ffr' isV dbb. zfdm zffrv lvhfsv
idvjfv j'sv dlsqsYb kf rt sp, hafrDm -v hAdk k y hQ zffrv zfibfv ubA nf[A slh. jstmf ltDt vi siw j'sv zfibfv idvfsBv ubA
dbje kf]v k hV mpGflf Kfjf nsW kf]v nfbfdlv msLA pfvf zspfoA, pfdtm W mcwdvj ncifdvw jvh. dj ifsw hV hV jcvfswv sbkf hsn dYt. zfhC ufrXt, zfcfr
rsh, kfslvsj rkHfoA W hdk rWqf sKsj sj v[f jvsk ifvsh bf. sj bhD-hQsw dhb zfhD mfqf htt, `zfidb dj swN zhfq dhLmGD rsq mvshb? zfidb dj
umoarB jvst sp kfv sjfb vk Kfjsh, Jfsb sn LfvBfv mCt zffr sjse zfct mcfdtshv LmG kAfo jvshb?' pkhfv mrfbhD k]fv iv idvfsBv ubA
dlsqsYb. pdl mfb W sbj zfmt bf Kfsj, kfrst iDsvv shef W vfufv shef rstW jfstmf siw jsvb, kkhfv kfvf kf bfjy j'sv slq. Ist jstmf bf isV k]fv
zffrv dbje kfv sjfb mCtA Kfjsh bf. bhD jvDm hstsYb, uDhb-tDtf nf rq. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
3 3+ + / '/ . Q . 83 H. 2 3 - + + / '/ 2SsD '+ F. (+ + hQw-mpGflf hf zfkDqkf djqfmsk sjfb iajfv ItianC rst mrfbhD iChG sKsj
pfv zfmt kfsj didYsq slq, kfv hQwmpGflf kfsj dosq dlsk ifvsh bf. dbsuv hQswv stfj kKf dbjefkDqsj nkjG jvskb bf.
(mcndtm) sr jcvfwlt! skfmvf zffrv dbje dbsuslvsj h]fdysq bfW, zfdm skfmfslv
qfjCh bhD dmnv ifEfsbfv nmq k]fv sYstslvsj hstdYstb, hAfifsv zffrv dbje sjfb ijfv jvsk ifvh bf. sr hfbD zfct mcfdth! zfdm
zffrv lvhfsv skfmfslv sjfb ijfv jvsk ifvh bf. sr (yfyf) zffn dhb
p0;. + F (/ / +F(^ H-I + ;/ ~ - (+ + p9r2 ^ W2 :+(J p$+,'. 2 F. (/ ,- A
3 . + p G
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zfct mcfdth! zfdm zffrv lvhfsv zfibfv sjfb jfsu zfnh bf. sr zffrv
V ,8 !%, () {+,- 5 ,+ :+3 Q`5D ,+ :++ <2 / . 2 + + 3 5D ,+ \+ / . 2 + / / DQU 3HI 3 QQU vnCstv IcIc nfdIqAfr! zfdm zfibfv ubA zffrv lvhfsv sjfb ijfsv zfnh bf.
zKGf{, `sr zfmfv icoB! skfmvf (wrsvv) j lvuf dlsq iashw jsvf bf; hvQ sr zffrv vnCstv sheD Ifskmf! zfmfv jfsY sp Lb-nil yfsh sysq bfW, zfdm
dH dH lvuf dlsq iashw jvsh. zffrv dhLfsbv dhvs zfdm skfmfslv ubA djYc zffrv jfsY skfmfv sjfb ijfv jvsk ifvh bf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
jvsk ifdv bf. dhLfb zffrv. zfdm kf]v iv dbHGv jvtfm hQ pfvf dbHGv djqfmskv dlb sjfb zfkDq sjfb zfkDsqv ijfv jvsk ifvsh bf. mrfb zffr
jvsk yfq, kfvf zffrv iv dbHGv jvj.' (ncI } 67) hstsYb,
hQw-mpGflf hf zfkDqkf sjfb jfsu dlst nhGswa bhD dbsuv snrmqD ubbDv / / '++ / :/ +G
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sj]sl sItstb hQ kf]v zfsw-ifsw njtsj j]fdlsq kctstb. (jfvB, dufnf jvf
zKGf{, zk}iv pJb (djqfmskv) LQn-Ldb sn iVsh. sndlb mfbcN itfqb
rst) dkdb htstb, zfdm zffrv dbje zfmfv zfmfv ubA [mf iafKGbf jvfv
jvsh zfib fkf rsk hQ kfv mfkf W kfv dikf rsk, kfv ikD W kfv nfb
zbcmdk yftfm. dj dkdb zfmfsj zbcmdk dlstb bf. zk}iv zfdm k]fv dbje
rsk. sndlb kfslv iaskAsjv mb vkv zhf rsh, pf dbsusj niCBvG si hA
k]fv jhv dpqfvk jvsk zbcmdk yfst dkdb kfsk zbcmdk dlstb. nckvfQ skfmvf
vfJsh. ('hfnf } 33-37)
jhv dpqfvk jv. jfvB, kf mvBsj nvB jdvsq slq. (mcndtm 976, zfhC lfl 3234,
bfnf 2033, hsb mfufr 1572bQ) sj jfsvf ijfsv zfnsh bf sndlb. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
dkdb dbu umlfkf dikfv ijfv nfLb jvskb. jlf j hAd mrfbhD -sj H. E3 2+ }9+ W2 + P+ #3 W2 \+ 2+ f . + P+ . (/ 3` +a 83 2+ ]. +
W 7 F +
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kfv mcwdvj zhfq mxk dikfv hfnfb ufbsk dufnf jvt, `zfmfv zff ! a ! %, () {+3 "
+ 83
sjfKfq?' sv dkdb htstb, ufrffsm. stfjde (mb Jfvfi j'sv) dIsv spsk zKGf{, skfmvf sn dlbsj Hq jv, spdlb sj jfsvf ijfsv zfnsh bf, jfsvf
tfost dkdb kfsj sFsj htstb, dbje rsk sjfb [dkiCvB oxrDk rsh bf, sjfb ncifdvw jfsvf is[ tfHubj rsh bf
 nhfv sysq shdw 191 192 nhfv sysq shdw
hQ kfvf sjfb nfrfpAW ifsh bf. (hfjfvfr } 123) htf hftA sp, mcfjD, ivsrpofv hf zffr-HDv hAdv yfsk zdLj nmfdbk
bf sjfb dbjefkDq jfsu zfnsh, zfv bf sjfb nfb-ndk. dkdb hstsYb, zfv sj rsk ifsv bf.
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+ %. 2 H. I- #+ W2 \+ F2 } zfhC vfvfr hstb, vnCt -sj iaw jvf rt sp, `sr zffrv vnCt! mfbcsNv
zKGf{, skfmfslv zfkDq-ub W nfb-ndk djqfmskv dlb sjfb jfsu msLA nhsysq nmfdbk hAd sj?' dkdb htstb, kfslv msLA sp nhsysq zffr-
zfnsh bf. zffr skfmfslv msLA Ifqnftf j'sv slshb. zfv skfmvf pf jv, dkdb kf HDv. zk}iv kf]vf (nfrfhDvf) htstb, ` hAfifsv zfmvf zfibfsj dufnf jvdY
slsJb. (mcmkfdrbfr } 3) bf.' dkdb htstb, kfrst ncI (nhsysq nmfdbk hAd), dpdb qQ zffrv
bf sjfb ic dikfv ijfsv zfnsh, zfv bf dikf sjfb ic-jbAfv ijfsv bhD, kf]v dikf bhD, dikfmrW bhD hQ iadikfmrW bhD W zffrv hc. kf]vf
zfnsh. zffr hstb, htstb, `efW zfmfslv iaw bq.' dkdb htstb, kfrst skfmvf dj zfmfsj
/t/ /+ F + T
+ ,+ E3 f , - ,. (+ 2 + /t/ 2 + F+ f /+ BQY_ . 8+ D (j ,. 8+ .,x+ A . + H. I- '7%+ ,-a\7 3 7 P+ 8J2 8+} zfvshv hQwfhtD nisjG dufnf jvY? (ksh swfsbf!) kfslv msLA pfvf ufsrtD
pcso Hft, kfvf ntfsmW Hft; pdl DbD fb vfsJ. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
a () {%3 3 X+ / D '/ H-I77 X3 8+ 2 + + . J ! - + + 3HI- 77 X3 \+ 2 <2 @G + / D + . + 7QU ]j. + dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
zKGf{, sr mfbcN! skfmvf skfmfslv iadkiftjsj Hq jv hQ sndlbsj Hq jv, ; / _
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zfnsh bf. zffrv iadkwadk nkA. nckvfQ ifdKGh uDhb spb skfmfslvsj djYcsk
iakfdvk bf jsv hQ wqkfb spb djYcsk zffr nisjG skfmfslvsj sL]fjfq bf zKGf{, sr stfj njt! swfsbf, skfmfslv iadkiftj j, skfmfslv dikf j.
sIst. (tcjmfb } 33) swfsbf, zfvhDv iv zbfvhDv hQ zbfvhDv iv zfvhDv, jxjfsqv iv
mfb W zfmt YfVf h]fyfv sjfb ifq sb, mfb W zfmt YfVf mfbcsNv zbA swkjfsqv hQ swkjfsqv iv jxjfsqv sjfb swak W mpGflf sb. swak W
sjfb mpGflf ijfvD bq. mrfb zffr hstb, mpGflf zfsY skf sjht `kfjWqfv' jfvsB. (mcnbfsl zfrmfl 5/411)
0+Y T
+ H. P3 2 2[ ]/ 2 . -S<2 j / + +`/ + + +F(+ F. (+ D QU W2 3 ++ / H. I- '3^ a2 \3 ;/:D '/ H-53 2 . 2 2 + H. I- - +,(. 2 (+ + }
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ksh (bjeA tfH jvsh) kfvf pfvf dhwfn jsv W n{jfu jsv hQ kfvf kfslv sp zfqkb rq, kk hV rt nCpG, sp nCpsG j zfmvf zfmfslv Hfk JfWqfv sisev mskf
jfsuv ubA ifsh hB icvfv. zfv kfvf iafnflnmCsr dbvfisl hnhfn jvsh. sldJ. nCpG sKsj zfqksb hV zfsvf jk sjfde oar-b[ zfsY, kf zjibDq. zfv
(nfhf' } 37) nh zfsY iaKm zfnmfsbv dbsy. kfv isv Yqde zfnmfb. kfv isv jcvnD. sn
jcvnD jk dhwft!
mrfb zffr sn jcvnDv dhwftkf ns hstb,
nhsysq shdw nmfdbk {+%. 2>+ /?+ + 7 3 J/ . 5- +l/ + }
nhsysq shdw nmfdbk hAd sj---sn ns mrfb zffr hstsYb,
/ D + / H. I- (+ + 5 2 7QU ,-<%+ #+ :+/ +`/ +r2 + 'j,3#3 H. 5- + #+ T
+ + h+ - + 52 + F^( H-5 +a 2 A
+ 7QU 3 7 P+ 8J2 8+} zKGf{, k]fv jcvnD zfjfwmtD W ixdKhD idvhAf. (nCvf hfjfvfr 255 zfqfk)
mrfbhD hstb, jcvnDv kctbfq nfk zfnmfb rt mqlfsb isV Kfjf jde
?! _ %, () {f /A
+ Hf /+ + D 7QU H. 5- a2 \. 2 hftfv mskf. zfv zfvswv kctbfq jcvnD rt vi hftfv mskf! (dntdntfr
zKGf{, sr mfbcN! zfdm skfmfslvsj nxd jsvdY j icvN W j bfvD rsk, isv nrDrfr 109bQ)
skfmfslvsj dhH jsvdY dhdH ufdk W sofs, pfsk skfmvf sj zisvvv nfsK hsb zffn hstb, `jcvnD rt mrfb zffrv if vfJfv ufqof.' (mcJkfnfvt
idvdyk rsk ifv. skfmfslv msLA hAd zffrv dbje zdLj mpGflfni, sp tc 1/75)
zdLj zffr-HDv. zffr nhdjYc ufsbb, nh djYcv Jhv vfsJb. (ucvfk } 13) jcvnDv isv zfsY mrfb zffrv mrfnb, zfvw. jk dhwft sn zfvw! sn
 nhfv sysq shdw 193 194 nhfv sysq shdw
zfvsw zfsYb mrfb zffr. dpdb `zfjhfv' hf nhsysq hV. k]fv isv djYc sb.
zfvsw mfuDl rt nfvf nxdv nhGfdLj hV nxd. nhGswa mfbcN
zfmvf ufdb, dhswv nhGswa mfbcN bhD mcrfmfl . k]fv iv zbAfbA zfdqfoB.
nxdv snvf k]fslv iv nfrfhfoB. k]fslv iv kfshboB. mrfbhD hstsYb,
dhNsq sjfb nslr sb sp, mfbcN njt nxdv snvf uDh. sn zsKG htf pfq, .(H. P3 +,- 8+ +F8/CD 7Hu3 H. P3 +,- 8+ +F8/CD 7Hu3 / . r2 Q 7 3 . +A)
`nhfv isv mfbcN nkA, kfrfv isv bq.' dj swask njt mfbcN skf zfv nmfb
zKGf{, nhGswa mfbcN zfmfv wkfDv mfbcN, zk}iv kfslv ivhkGD wkfDv,
bq. bfbf B W ydvsv Ist mfbcN Hfstf-msl Hfo rsq sosY. mfbdhj swa sBv
zk}iv kfv ivhkGD wkfDv. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
pfvf zdLjfvD, kfvf swa mfbcN. nckvfQ mfbcsNv msLA pfvf nhGswa, kfvf nxdv
dj nfLfvB mfbcNslv msLA nhGswa mfbcN sj? sjfbX hdwA W sBv mfbcNsj
snvf. nxdjkGf mrfb zffr hstsYb,
nshGfm oBA jvf pfsh?
9 ! %, () {/987 Q + 3 . A + H. E3 2[]/2 . - /? + / "7 ,-/ + + ,3(+ +F8/CD 7QU} 1. pfv hqn shdw hQ zfmt Hft
zKGf{, dbyq pfvf mfb zfsb W n{jmG jsv, kfvf nxdv swa. (hfsqbfr } 7) zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf jvf rt, `sjfbX mfbcN nhGswa?' sv dkdb htstb,
mc'dmb hf mfblfvslv msLA nhGswa rb kfslv nlGfvoB. nckvfQ bhDoB nhGswa .3 - + + +F3 G + + t3 3 3 + e2 F. (+
mfbcN. zfv bhDosBv msLA nhGswa bhD rstb i]fyub } bCr, hafrDm, mCnf, nf W
mcrfmfl (zftfdrmcn nftfm). iusbv msLA nhGswa rstb swNbhD mcrfmfl zKGf{, pfv zfqc lDOG rq hQ zfmt Hft rq. (zfrmfl 20415, dkvdmpD 2329,
lfsvmD 2742bQ)
. dkdb bhDjct dwsvfmdB. nckvfQ dkdb rstb nxdv snvf nxd. nshGv snvf mfbcN.
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
dkdb hstsYb,
.( r 2 A
. 2 H. I- 3+ G. 2 + j% + . 2 H. I- - ,+ e 2 H. 5- %3 + A
/ H. 5- %Q + w
/ '/ H. I- ]3^+- 2 2 )
/ '+
8. + r- F. (/ W2 s2 . + 29 + +5/ F. (/ xj 8. + r- W2 s2 . + +` / + . QU / 2 + F. (/ 29+ +5/ W2 s2 . + D 7QU
zKGf{, zfdm dj skfmfslvsj skfmfslv msLA nhGswa stfsjslv jKf hst slh bf?
. H / E+ / '+ F. (/ / W2 s2 . + H / E+ ||||| skfmfslv msLA nhGswa stfj kfvf, pfslv zfqc nhsysq lDOG hQ ydv nhsysq
zKGf{, dbyq zffr nmfstv hQwLv sKsj djbfbfsj msbfbDk jsvsYb. nclv. (zfrmfl, dn} nrDrfr 1298bQ)
jcvfwsj msbfbDk jsvsYb djbfbf sKsj. hfbD rfswmsj msbfbDk jsvsYb jvc fw nfrfhD kftrf hstb, `hfbD pvfv dkb hAd bhD -v jfsY sn ntfm oarB
sKsj. zfv zfmfsj msbfbDk jsvsYb hfbD rfswm sKsj. (mcndtm 6077bQ) jvt. zk}iv kfvf zfmfv kfhLfsb hfn jvsk tfot. j nmq bhD pcs djYc
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, stfj siavB jvstb. kfslv msLA jub stfj kfsk spfolfb j'sv wrDl rsq sot.
H. P3 2 #+ T
+ + / a/ A
+ Q .A
+ ;/< ;/ 2 #+ _
+ <2 +@ w
+ +@2 A
+ + D 7QU //sD 3 / . + QF'. / D / . + 3F'. 3 7 + (3 +2 ) kfviv zfsvf j zdHpfsb stfj ifEfst kfslv msLA dkDqub spfo dlsq wrDl rsq
; </ ;/ 2 #+ _
+ <2 \j,3 '3 H. P3 2 #+ T
+ + p92 / r2 Q . A
+ ;/< ;/ 2 #+ _
+ <2 +`/ +a2 +@2 A
+ + p9r2 . </ Q . A
+ ;/< ;/ 2 #+ _
+ <2 QF. :+r2 . </ sot. zfv kxkDqub dhYfbfq mxkcAhvB jvt.'
kftrf hstb, `zk}iv j vfsk zfdm dkbubsj si sldJ, Wslv msLA sp
.( j W + H. 5- 3 . A
+ + :j. '+ H. 5- 3 . A
+ +2S<2 :j. '+ H. E/ Q . A
+ dhYfbfq mfvf sosY sn nhfv zfso zfsY, zk}iv sp isv wrDl rsqsY sn zfsY hQ
zKGf{, zfdm mcrfmfl dhb zfcfr dhb zfct mcfdth. mrfb zffr nxd vybf nhGiaKm sp wrDl rsqsY sn nhfv swsN vsqsY. sk zfmfv nslr rst zfdm zffrv
j'sv zfmfsj nxdv snvf (mfbcsNv) ltHc jsvsYb. nxdsj (zfvh W zfum) lc vnCt -v dbje dosq sJ jvst dkdb htstb, sk zfidjv jD zfsY? zffrv
lst dhH jsvsYb hQ zfmfsj m lst fb dlsqsYb. dkdb dhdH sof nxd dbje sn mc'dmb zsi[f m sj bq, pfsj ntfsm kfv knhDr, kjhDv W
jsvsYb hQ zfmfsj nhGswa sofs um dlsqsYb. dhdH hfdV nxd jsvsYb hQ krtDstv ubA shdw hqn slWqf rq. (mcnbfsl zfrmfl, dn} nrDrfr 654bQ)
zfmfsj nhGswa hfdVsk siavB jsvsYb. nckvfQ zfdm hfdVv dlj dlsq skfmfslv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, dkdb htstb, (Wslv msLA lDOGuDhD hAd sp) sn dj (dkDq
nhGswa hQ hAdv dlj dlsqW skfmfslv nhGswa. (zfrmfl 1788bQ) hAdv) isv j hYv shdw uDdhk dYt bf? njst htt, `zhwA.' dkdb htstb, sn
.H & ( hYsv) vmpfb sisq dj svfpf vfsJdb, k k bfmfp isVdb W dnulfr jsvdb?
 nhfv sysq shdw 195 196 nhfv sysq shdw
njst htt, `zhwA.' dkdb htstb, kf Wslv Hsqv msLA sp hAhLfb vsqsY, kf dbsuslv hfnmCrsj (ifwhG kGD bfmfpDslv ubA) bvm vfsJ. (zfhC lfl 672bQ,
zfnmfb-pmDsbv mLAhkGDv lCvk sKsjW shdw! (zfrmfl, hsb mfufr) kfhfvfbD, iamcJ)
2. mc'dmb mcufdrl mrfbhD hstsYb, kk[B ipG skfmfslv sj iajk x mfblfv rsh bf;
zfhC nfl JclvD hstb, j hAd dufnf jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! sjfbX hAd pk[B ipG bf sn kfv Hfsqv ubA kf iYl jvsh, pf sn dbsuv ubA iYl
nshGfm?' dkdb htstb, mc'dmb, sp zffrv isK kfv ufb W mft dlsq pc jsv. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
jsv. sn htt, `kfviv sj?' dkdb htstb, kfviv hAd, sp sjfb dodvisK dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp iYl jsv sp, kfsj ufrffm sKsj lCsv vfJf srfj hQ
dbuGsb dbu iadkiftsjv hflk jsv. uffsk iashw jvfsbf srfj, kfv mvB spb mb zhfq rq sp, sn zffr W k]fv
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, sp zffrsj Hq jsv hQ stfsjslvsj dbsuv ml vnCstv iadk mfb vfsJ hQ zsbAv iadk mb hAhrfv slJfq, pf sn dbsuv ubA
zfyvB sKsj dbvfisl vfsJ. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) iYl jsv. (mcndtm)
mrfbhD hstsYb, 5. zflwG zfstm-tfmf
.(3 +,. W- . w
/ 83 + 7 3 #+ 3V w/ 83 / / + <2 QF:. (+ 2 + `f T
3 %+ : 9 2 YQ . (+ Q 7 3 . A
+) nfLfvB mfbcsNv iv zflwG zfstm-tfmfv mpGflf, spmb kfvjfvfduv iv
zKGf{, mpGflfq nhGswa hAd sn, sp dbu sOfVfv disE nWqfv rsq wsj Hq slJfq y]fslv. spsrkc k]fvf bhD -v Wqfsvn. zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
hQ wvfW kfsj Hq slJfq. (hfrfjDv zfhct mfb 4291, dn} nrDrfr 9 ! %, () {p? T + %+ + +H #/ ,3\- +F8/CD + H. I- (/ ,3(+ +F8/CD 3 D Ql<2 . 8+ }
3333bQ) zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA pfvf dhwfn fib jsvsY hQ pfslvsj fb lfb jvf rsqsY,
3. lfvdy nkAhflD zffr kfslvsj h mpGflfq k jvshb. zfv skfmvf pf jv, zffr sn nisjG
mb mfbcN, sp zrQjfvD bq, so]fVf bq, rEjfvD bq, ivwaDjfkv bq, drQncj bq. ndhswN zhdrk. (mcuflftfrX } 11)
jlf mrfbhD -sj dufnf jvf rt, `nhsysq swa stfj sj?' sv dkdb zfhC vfvfr hstb, jlf vnCt -sj iaw jvf rt sp, `sr zffrv vnCt!
htstb, mfbcsNv msLA nhsysq nmfdbk hAd sj?' dkdb htstb, kfslv msLA sp nhsysq
.Q + Q3 + / a2 Q,3 w . (+ J`5- zffr-HDv. zk}iv kf]vf (nfrfhDvf) htstb, ` hAfifsv zfmvf zfibfsj
nhsysq swa stfj rt sn, pfv rlq rt idvjfv hQ duH rt nkAhflD. dufnf jvdY bf.' dkdb htstb, kfrst ncI (nhsysq nmfdbk hAd), dpdb
dufnf jvf rt, `idvjfv rlsqv zKG jD?' htstb, qQ zffrv bhD, kf]v dikf bhD, dikfmrW bhD hQ iadikfmrW bhD W zffrv
hc. kf]vf htstb, `efW zfmfslv iaw bq.' dkdb htstb,
.+ + G + 2+ 7`~/ 2+ +;X. '+ 2+ / </ +Hu. QU 2 .J;a/ 7 J;a/ :7 ,+ E3
.((,3Pa- <2 +QU Q . Q H. E3 %3 + A
/ /97 E/ 2 H. E3 %3 + A / ;,- 2S. \+ /$+ #+ Q/ #+ (+ F. #+ <2 ))
sp rlq nQpmwDt, dbmGt, pfsk sjfb ifi sb, zbAfq sb, NGf W drQnf sb.
dufnf jvf rt, `kfviv sj?' htstb, sp lcdbqfsj OxBf jsv hQ zfsJvfksj kfrst skfmvf dj zfmfsj zfvshv hQwfhtD nisjG dufnf jvY? (ksh
Hfstfhfsn. dufnf jvf rt, `kfviv sj?' htstb, nclv ydvsv mcdmb. swfsbf!) kfslv msLA pfvf ufsrtD pcso nhfv yfsk Hft, kfvf ntfsmW nhfv
(hsb mfufr, nrDt ufsm 3291bQ) yfsk Hft; pdl Dsbv fbD rq. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
4. nmmmGD mrfbhD hstb,
mb mfbcN, sp dbsuv j zbcmfb j'sv zivsj jlfsb dhvk Kfsj. dbsuv ubA B% w t% .(( 3 + D + + + . a- +HD #+ \+ F. (+ H. 5- 3 . A
+ ))
pf iYl jsv, zisvv ubAW kf iYl jsv. sn spmb yfq bf, kfv dbsuv sjfb skfmfslv msLA nhGswa hAd sn, sp dbsu jcvzfb dwsJ zivsj dw[f slq.
zncdhLf srfj, skmdb sn zisvv ubAW yfq bf, kfv sjfb zncdhLf srfj. kfv jde (hcJfvD)
bmcbf hBGbf j'sv mrfbhD hstsYb, DbD dw[joB nhGswa hst skf oskGv di]iVf W ifdbv mfY ipG k]fslv ubA lczf
.(!/ 2 "
7 < / +5/ +(+ H. I- 3+ 2 H. 5- %3 + A
/) jsv! mrfbhD hstsYb,
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA m stfj kfvf, pfvf bfmfspv (jfkfsvv) msLA :7G
+ Q%. 2>+ /?+ 7 +`E. 2 + 3 :+I2 / 2 (+ + 2& 7QU .H5- +. 2 2 + ;/m
. W2 52 / '/ #+ 2 + QH/ #+ 3`m
. <2 ))
 nhfv sysq shdw 197 198 nhfv sysq shdw
BC( t% .((+ . 2 Q 7 ; / #+ (3 2 + +," + 3 2 +?,. - :7G + + E+ Q . T3 ;/< 292 . 7 (rfsjm, hfrfjDv zfhct mfb, n} ufsm' 3318bQ)
zKGf{, zfstsmv IpDtk zfshslv iv dEj sn vi, spvi zfmfv IpDtk 7. jtAfBmq hAd
skfmfslv iv. dbyq zffr, k]fv dIdvfjct, zfnmfb-pmDsbv njt hfdnlf djYc mfbcN zfsY, pfslv zdkdv B rt mfbcN kfslv jfsY sost zfwfhflD rsk
mbdj oskGv msLA di]isV hQ (ifdbv msLA) mfY ipG mfbhmtDv dw[fvslv ifsv. kfslv jfsY jtAfsBv zfwf jvsk ifsv hQ kfslv zjtAfB, zdb hf [dk
ubA mt jfmbf W sbj lczf j'sv Kfsj. (dkvdmpD) sKsj dbvfif tfH jvsk ifsv. mb mfbcNslvsjW swa htf rsqsY. mrfbhD
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, hstsYb,
P+ :++ / T. 2 3lm + :+2 29I2 / 2 2 7QU+ /972 2 QU a8Q e2 3 2 -& +`P7 + / / </ ;/X:+. 8+ a8Q e2 2[2 + F. (+ )) .(3tJ + 3F(+ g. 83 2 + 3t3 . A
+ T + . 83 2 F. (+ H. 5- J + + 3tJ + 3F(+ g. 83 + 3t3 . A
+ T + . 83 F. (+ H. 5- 3 . A
+)
:7G+ Q%. 2>< ; / F. (+ + /?+ + 7 < ; / F. (+ 3 2 3 W/ X. :+. + 2 +H/ #+ 7QU+ 3l+" . 8+ + '/ |Q% QH #/ // s2 / zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA nhfv sysq swa hAd sn, pfv jfsY mt zfwf jvf pfq hQ
-9 u+%+ + +0 + 2 #3 7QU+ / 5/ +,I2 Q / + 2 + Q + a2 Q`m . W2 52 / '/ #+ 2 + QH/ #+ 3`m . <2 + /0 2 ; /< 3 :+ / zmstv hAfifsv dbvfil Kfjf pfq. zfv skfmfslv msLA nhfv sysq dbjx hAd sn,
pfv jfsY mt zfwf jvf pfq bf hQ zmstv hAfifsv dbvfil Kfjf pfq bf.
.(( </ + 2 +CA + 2 3t+CA
+ 2 F. + <2 +H #/ ,3u%7 + + 7QU+ E+ %. / 2+ % +8/ ,3u%^ ,+ 83 H. 2 +0 +/ . 2> 7QU+ /0 + / . 2> (zfrmfl 8812, dkvdmpD 2263, hsb drfb 527bQ)
BC( ,3'2 t% 8. m fmD
zKGf{, sp hAd mb isK omb jsv, pfsk sn fbfuGb jsv, zffr kfv ubA uffskv iaskAj dhhfdrk icvN jub fmD. dj zflwG fmD iaskAsj rsk ifsv bf.
iK ncom j'sv slb. zfv dIdvfhoG kfstsh tsmv ubA kfv jfsu ian rsq dbsuslv zflwG rWqfv ubA zdkdv B tfso. zfv sp fmD zflwG rsq kfv Dv jfsY
Ffbfdt dhdYsq slb. zhwA zfstm hAdv ubA zfjfw-ixdKhDv njt hfdnlf mbdj `Hft' rq, fmDv h Jhv ufbfv isvW sp zflwG Dv jfsY kfv fmD `Hft'v
ifdbv mfY ipG [mf iafKGbf j'sv Kfsj. zfshslv iv zfstsmv IpDtk dEj skmdb, nfdeGdIsje ifq, sn icvN nmfsuW nhGswa rq. mrfbhD hstb,
spmb nmoa b[icsv iv iCdBGmfv yf]slv IpDtk. tfmf nialfq iqovslv .( /E. 2> H. 5- 3 . A
+ +2 + / /E. 2> H. 5- 3 . A
+ H. 5- 3 . A
+ + a - A
3 H. P3 3+ G. 2 j + QU + / (/ g. 3 3`+ 5 2 )
vfdLjfvD. zfv jKf ncdbdyk sp, iqovoB jfsj sjfb svZiA hf BG-mclafv nhfv sysq iCBG mfblfv hAd sn, pfv ydv nhfv sysq nclv hQ Wslv msLA
vfdLjfvD hfdbsq pfbdb; hvQ kf]vf tXsmv (DbD fbHffsvv) vfdLjfvD hfdbsq
nhGfsi[f m hAd sn, sp kfv Dv dbje m. (dkvdmpD, hsb drfb,
sosYb. nckvfQ sp hAd kf zuGb jvt, sn iCBG zQw tfH jvt. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)
nrDt ufsm' 1232bQ)
k]fvf nhfv snvf hst skf lcdbqfv nh djYc zdHw rWqf nsW k]fvf zdHw
dj zflwG fmD sj?
bb. mrfbhD hstsYb,
zflwG fmD sn, sp Dblfv. sp kfv Dsj pKfKG zdLjfv ialfb jsv. fmD dhhfr-
.(( #+ :+(3 + / + + 3t+( + + 2 #+ \+ /& + 5 / DQU P+ </ (+ f ,3# (+ }9+,3# (+ + .J 7U 22 )) hsbv nmq hf iCshG sp smfrv Dsj ialfb jvsh hst zDjfv jsvsY kf iCBH G fsh
zKGf{, swfsbf! db}nslsr lcdbqf zdHw. zdHw kfv msLA pf djYc zfsY zflfq jsv hQ kf rsk Dsj hdkf jvfv ubA sjfb iajfv eft-hfrfbf jsv bf.
(nh). ksh zffrv dpjXv hQ kfv nfsK nix x dudbn, zfstm W kfstsh-tXm spsrkc Dsj kfv dbLGfdvk smfrv ziGB jvf Ivp. (dbnf } 24)
bq. (dkvdmpD, rfnfb nCs) zfdKGj zhfbcpfqD Dv HvB-sifNB jsv. dbsu pf Jfq, kf kfsj JfWqfq hQ pf
6. ovDh-lvlD idvLfb jsv, dEj sn nmmfsbv sthfn kfsjW idvLfb jvfq. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)
h mfbcN zfsY, pfvf ovDhslv sJ]fu-Jhv vfsJ, [cLfkGsj zlfb jsv, zflwG fmD dbu Dv nfsK nfsh hfn jsv. kfv lc'-jde B ziYl rstW
nftfmlfkfv nftfsmv pKfvDdk uhfh lfb jsv. mb stfj rq nfmfduj. ovDhvf nlfyfv W nAhrfv h jsv bf. mrfb zffr hstb,
kfsj Hfstfhfsn, kfv ubA lczf jsv. klbcvi kfvf dhbsqv nfsK iaskAsjv nftfsmv {jh/ 52 j . A
+ / </ 3 +`#+ _
. 8+ + ]j. + ,3E+ I \+ 2 + #+ <2 7FE3 ,3 :3E. Q 52 Qq<2 / 3 #. + '/ 7FE3 3 / + + }
pKfvDdk v dlsq nftfm dhdbmq jsv. kfv Ist njstv mfsU niaDdk W snZrflGA
zfv kfslv nfsK nfsh uDhb-pfib jv. skfmvf pdl kfslvsj OxBf jv, ksh
hxd tfH jsv. zfv kfv ubA sn rq nmfsu nhGswa mfbcN. mrfbhD hstsYb,
mbW rsk ifsv sp, skfmvf pf OxBf jvY, zffr kfv msLA iaHCk jtAfB dbdrk
.(2 7 7%+ + + #+ sD +H#+ e 2 F. (+ H. 5- 3 . A
+) svsJsYb. (dbnf } 19)
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA nhGswa sn hAd, sp zlfb jsv hQ nftfsmv v slq. diaq bhD hstb, sjfb mc'dmb icvN spb sjfb mc'dmb Dsj OxBf bf jsv. jfvB
 nhfv sysq shdw
sn kfv jef ocB ziYl jvstW ziv zfv jef ocsB mc rsh. (mcndtm,
dmwjfk 3240bQ)
zflwG fmD nhGlf dbsuv siamsj Dv msbv dnQrfnsb zfnDb j'sv vfsJ. kfsj
nclv siammq bfsm Ffsj. sn pf yfq, hL djYc rst kf kfsj nfLAmk ialfb jsv.
rlsqv dhdbmsq rlq hQ wd bq, hvQ Hd fvf nfKDv mb uq jsv. zfsY. sp D sn nDmfv hfsv fLDbkf yfq, sn Dv jfsY kfv fmD zflwG rsk ifsv bf.
sjfb jfvsB D svso sost LpG Lsv. mcJfG dm jvst nrA j'sv sbq. Hct jvst [mf
j'sv slq. wvDqskv dhdL-dhLfb mfbsk zfslw W nrspfdokf jsv.
D sjfb Hft jKf htst si[fv jfsb bf sb zfoasrv jfsb swfsb, sjfb m
vfq-ivfmwG dlst kf nflsv oarB jsv.
pKfnmsq kfv nfsK rfdn-kfmfnf jsv, nh nmq siZvN smufu bf svsJ sjfb sjfb
nmq kfv nfsK ShL sJtf sJst, wvDvyyGf hf hAfqfmfdl jsv. diaq bhD D zfsqwfv
nfsK slZV iadkspfdokf j'sv jhfv srsvdYstb W isv zfv jhfsv dkdb
duskdYstb. (zfrmfl)
klbcvi zflwG fmD kfv Dsj ShL sJtf slJsk ncspfo slq. (hcJfvD, bfnf) ksh
nh djYc jsv jf dbuGsb, ilGf-nDmfv dHksv.
D Hfstf Jfhfv SkvD jvst, nfusofu jvst hf sjfb Hfstf jfu jvst kfv
iawQnf jsv fmD. Dv rlqsj tcse sbWqfv ubA ntfm dmKAf htfsjW ShL jsvsY.
(hcJfvD, mcndtm) ksh sp dmKAf kfv zdLjfv rvB jsv W kfsj sL]fjf slq, sn dmKAf
sn hst bf.
zflwG fmD Dv oxrfdt jsmG nrfqkf jsv. sk Dv mb fmDv iadk waf W siasm kfslvsj htstb, Wsj sYsV lfW. jfvB rj (ifWbf)lfsvv jKf htfv zdLjfv
zfsvf idviCBG rsq sE. diaq bhD ; dpdb lcufrfsbv hflwfr dkdbW nQnfsvv jfu
jvskb. Dslv oxrfdt jfsu nrfqkf jvskb, zk}iv bfmfspv nmq rst
mnduslv dlsj vWbf rskb. (hcJfvD, dkvdmpD) dkdb zbAfbA mfbcsNv mk jub
mfbcN dYstb; rs jfiV idvjfv jvskb, lcL slfqfskb hQ dbsuv dJlmk dbsu
jvskb. (dn} nrDrfr 670bQ)
fmD spmb Dsj nclvD slJsk iYl jsv skmdb DW fmDsj nclv W ncndk mHfsh B idvswfL j'sv Kfsj. (hcJfvD W mcndtm 4192bQ)
slJsk Hfstfhfsn. ef rt mfbcsNv iajdx k. nckvfQ zflwG fmDW Dsj sJfw jvfv
ubA nfLAmskf nfusofu jsv.
Dv ]sef hf dY sJsk zflwG fmD ziYl jsv bf.
Dsj kfv dbjefkDqslv nfsK pKf dbqsm slJf-nf[f{ jvsk hfLf slq bf.
Dsj dhdH its[ (spmb l, jcvhfbD iaHdx ksk) sYfe-hV irfv dlsq kfv
mb uq jsv.
zflwG fmD dbu Dsj dhil-zfil sKsj v[f jsv. mbdj kfsj v[f jvsk dosq
pdl kfv uDhbW yst pfq, kfrst sn wrDslv mpGflf ifq.
zflwG fmD dbu Dv LmG, slr, spZhb W mpGflfq NGfhfb rq hQ nsh sjfb iajfv
199 200 nhfv sysq shdw
jt tfosk slq bf.
zflwG fmD W D Hsqv Yf W JcwDmskf sj zisvv slr hAhrfv W (ShLHfsh)
dyv spZbkxd zfflb jsv.
zhwA nh Dv jfsY zflwG fmD rWqfv mfijfdE j bq. fLDbkfvW jef nDmf
wvDqk-dhsvfLD jfsu hfLf bf sisq sp D zdkdv Hfthfnf dbsq nQnfv jsv, kfv fmDW
zflwG bq. spmb jub zflwGycAk Dv jfsY kfv fmD zflwG rsk ifsv bf.
9. B idvswfLjfvD
zsbj mfbcN zfsY, pfvf B sbq, dj pKfnmsq idvswfL jsv bf. pf sbq, kfv
zbcvi dudbn idvswfL jsv bf. kfvf dj Hft stfj bq. ijfsvv dhdbmsq
ijfv jvsk bf ifvstW [dkv sJqft vfsJ bf mb stfsjvf. i[fsv swa stfj
rq kfvf,---
pfvf B dbsq pKfnmsq kf idvswfL j'sv slq hQ kfsk sjfb iajfv eft-hfrfbf
hf sY]yVfdm jsv bf.
pf dbsqsY, kfv shdw dlsq idvswfL jsv.
spmb dbsqsY, kfv sKsj Hft dudbn zflfq jsv.
Blfkfv jxkkf Djfv jsv.
zfhC vfvf hstb, jde stfj bhD -v dbje sn vPHfsh kf]v jfsY
ifWbf kth jvt. kJb nfrfhDoB kfsj H{Gnbf jvsk yfstb. vfnCtcfr
zfsY. kfviv htstb, Wsj dEj sn hqsnv (e) dlsq lfW sp hqsnv (e) Wv
dYt. k]fvf htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! kfv sysq m (e) h ifdY bf.' dkdb
htstb,
.(0j m
+ r2 H. I- 3+ G
. 2 H. 5- + . A
+ 7Qq<2 3t,. s- . 2 )
Wsj (Wde) dlsq lfW. sjbbf, skfmfslv msLA sn hAd nshGfm, sp hAd
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, nhGswa zffrv hflf zfv j hBGbfq nhGswa mfbcN
rt sn hAd, sp hAd mHfsh B idvswfL jsv.
zfv j mvhfnD (shlcb) stfsjv jfsY dkdb djYc sJucv Lfv jsvdYstb. sn k]fv
dbje dbsuv ifWbf zflfq jvsk sn k]fsj jec jKf wcbfsk tfot. mbdj sn
k]fsj htt, `zfidb zfmfv B idvswfL bf jvst, zfdm zfibfsj mcwdjst sIth!'
jKf wcsb nfrfhfoB kfsj Lmj dlstb W htstb, `zfsv shzflh! ufb kcdm jfv
nfsK jKf htY?' stfjde htt, `zfdm zfmfv rj zflfq yfdY.' mrfbhD htstb,
skfmvf rjlfsvv n dlst bf sjb? zk}iv dkdb JfWtfr dhs jfsnv dbje
hst ifEfstb sp, pdl skfmfv jfsY sJucv Kfsj, kfrst zfmfsj Lfv lfW. zk}iv
 nhfv sysq shdw 201 202 nhfv sysq shdw
zfmfslv sJucv st skfmfsj idvswfL jsv slh. JfWtfr htstb, `zhwA slfh. isvv ijfv sp jsv, sn rq nmfsu ncidvdyk, ivm wasq W dyv mvBDq hAd.
zfmfv zff zfibfv ubA jcvhfb srfj, sr zffrv vnCt!' zk}iv dkdb sJucv jdh hstsYb,
dlst mrfbhD stfjdev B idvswfL jvstb hQ zfsvf djYc shwD sJsk dlstb. `pf vfdJ zfmfv ksv dmsY kfsv vfdJ,
stfjde htt, `zfidb zfmfv rj iCvB jvstb, zffr zfibfv rj iCvB jvj.' zfdmW vh bf psh snW rsh I]fdj.
mrfbhD htstb, Wvf rt Hft stfj, (pfvf nclvHfsh B idvswfL jsv.) sn pf vfdJ nhfv ksv sn Lc vsh,
ufdk idh rsh bf (hf bf srfj), sp ufdkv lcht
G hAd dbu zdLjfv zbfqfsn zflfq smfv nfsK sFfsh bf sn, vfsJ kfsv nsh.'
bf jvsk sisvsY. (hsb mfufr 2426, hfpXpfv, kfhfvfbD, zfhC qAf'tf, nrDt mb hAd rq nhGswa hAd. mrfbhD hstsYb,
ufsm' 2421 bQ) (Q 7 / H. P3 #3 W2 . 2 Q 7 3 . A +)
nckvfQ v dhivDk, pfvf B sbWqfv zfso Jch lfWqfk JfWqfq, Ob-Ob sIfsb zKGf{, nhGswa mfbcN sn hAd, sp mfbcsNv ubA nhsysq shdw ijfvD. (n} ufsm'
spfofspfo vfsJ, smfnfsrdh W yfecjkf jsv, zk}iv slWqfv nmq lfWqfskv jKf 3289, lfvfjckbD, dn} nrDrfr 426bQ)
Hcst pfq, sIfsb vW slq bf, bfbf dmKAf Wuv dlsq ifw jfesk yfq, pfslv mb 11. nmfdbk mc'dmb
sbWqfv nmq JcdwJcdw, slWqfv nmq jNfjdN, kfvf sjfbX swaBDv mfbcN? (`slbf- nhGswa mfbcN rt, sp mc'dmb hQ kfv dikfmfkf mc'dmb. zKhf kfv dikf mc'dmb W
ifWbf' iVcb.) hQ icW mc'dmb. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb,
10. isvfijfvD
.(QF. + 8. Q 52 +F. '+ Ff (/ g. (3 Q 7 3`m
+ < 2 )
isvfijfdvkf ivfKGiv mfbcsNv jde mr{ B. isvfijfv j'sv sn mrf zfbl W
kxdtfH j'sv Kfsj. wfqJ zftD kfbkfhD hstb, `nhsysq hV mLcv rt zKGf{, nhGswa mfbcN rt sn mc'dmb, pfv zhfb lc nfsv mfsU. (kfhfvfbD, n}
isvfijfdvkfv fl.' ufsm' 1130bQ)
nkA jKf sp, `isvv ubA zfkdhnuGb dH ixdKhDsk fqD ncsJv zbA sjfb zhwA zsbsj rflDsnv hAfJAfq hstsYb,
mCtA sb.' nhGswa mfbcN rt sn mc'dmb, pfv zhfb lc lfbwDt dikf W mfkfv mfsU.
isvfijfsv ijfvD dbsuW ijxk rq. lfsbv dhdbmsq iadklfb ifq. kf skf nhGswa mfbcN rt sn mc'dmb, pfv zhfb durfsl iak lc sOfVfv mfsU.
fdboB hstb, nhGswa mfbcN rt sn mc'dmb, pfv zhfb snyj lc sev mfsU. (sp dIkbfv Hsq
`mfbcN pf sisqsY, kfv ubA kfsj nmfb ufbfsbf rq bf, mfbcN ixdKhDsj pf dlsqsY, stfjftq sKsj lCsv Kfsj. zf zf'tfm. (} zft-Ifkv vffbD 1/95)
kfv ubA kfv nmfb.'
`uDhb jde iadkLdbv mskf, pf dl, kf dIsv if.' nhGswa hQw
`uDhsbv nclvkm iafd rsY, zfdvjHfsh zivsj nfrfpA jvf. Ist iajk x is[ pdlW ntfsm hQw-mpGflfv Djxdk zfsY. zfv nhsysq swa hQw rt zfmfslv mrfbhD
zfmvf dbsuslv nfrfpA jdv.' -v hQw. khcW ntfm rt nhsysq hV hQw. sp mcndtm ydvs nhsysq swa, kfv
`pf djYc nclv W Hfstf kf dbu dbqsm dIsv zfsn. iadklfb ifWqfv hfnbfq hQw nhsysq y.
Hfstf jvfv iasqfub rq bf. iadklfb zfidb ifWqf pfq.' hsb zffn hstb, zffrv dbje nhsysq mpGflfni hAd sn, sp nhsysq
`svfiB rt lc iajfv } hx[-svfiB W -svfiB. mfdesk hx[ svfiB jvst mfbcN shwD ivsrpofv. zfv nhsysq y hQwDq stfj sn, pfv ydv nhsysq nclv.
ijxk rq. zfv mfbh-msbv udmsk svfiB jvstW mfbcN ijxk rq. zfv (zft-zflfhct mcIvfl 694bQ)
kfsk ijxk rq sJfl svfiBjfvDW.' htf hftA, pfv ydv nhsysq nclv, kfv hQw nhfv yfsk jctDb. zbAKf
`isvfijfv jde shdV, pf jxkkf iajfw zKhf iadklfb YfVf YfVfsbf pfq bf.' ydvrDsbv hQwsoZvh sjfb jfsuv bq.
`ijxk ijfvDv lfn.'
mrfbhD hstb, pfsj kfv zfmt iyfkDG jsvsY, kfsj kfv hQw zoahkDG
mctrfh dhb zfhD nfIvfr hstb, `zfdm slsJ zhfj r sp, stfsjvf dbu mft dlsq
jvsk ifsv bf. (mcndtm 2699bQ, zfhc lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb mfufr,
ivfLDb lfn q jsv, zKy ijfdvkf dlsq fLDb mfbcN q jsv bf.'
hsb drfb, rfsjm)
 nhfv sysq shdw 203 204 nhfv sysq shdw
mrfb zffr hstb, sodY.' zffr htshb, `kcdm dmKAf htY. hvQ kcdm sswA durfl jsvY, pfsk
/ D + / H. I- (+ + 5 2 7QU ,-<%+ #+ :+/ +`/ +r2 + 'j,3#3 H. 5- + #+ T
+ + h+ - + 52 + F^( H-5 +a 2 A
+ 7QU 3 7 P+ 8J2 8+} stfsjvf skfmfsj hst, zmcj jub hDv icvN. nckvfQ kf- htf rsqsY.' zk}iv
(dIdvfslvsj) zfslw jvf rsh hQ kfsj hcV j'sv sesb dbsq dosq ufrffsm
?! _ %, () { f /A
+ Hf /+ + D 7QU H. 5- a2 \. 2
dbs[i jvf rsh.
zKGf{, sr mfbcN! zfdm skfmfslvsj nxd jsvdY j icvN W j bfvD rsk, isv dkDq rsY mb hAd, sp tXm dw[f jsvsY, zivsj dw[f dlsqsY hQ jcvzfb
skfmfslvsj dhH jsvdY dhdH ufdk W sofs, pfsk skfmvf sj zisvvv nfsK ifE jsvsY. kfsj zffrv lvhfsv idk jvf rsh. zffr kfsj (ixdKhDsk ial)
idvdyk rsk ifv. skfmfslv msLA hAd zffrv dbje zdLj mpGflfni, sp k]fv njt sbqfmskv jKf nvB jdvsq slshb. snW nh djYc nvB jvsh. zk}iv
zdLj zffr-HDv. zffr nhdjYc ufsbb, nh djYcv Jhv vfsJb. (ucvfk } 13) zffr htshb, ` njt sbqfmskv dhdbmsq kcdm jD zfmt j'sv snY?' sn
htf hftA sp, mcfjD, ivsrpofv hf zffr-HDv hAdv yfsk zdLj ydvhfb htsh, `zfdm tXm dwsJdY, zivsj dwdJsqdY hQ skfmfv ndtfsHv ubA jcvzfb
zfv sj rsk ifsv bf. ifE jsvdY.' zffr htshb, `dmKAf htY kcdm. hvQ kcdm sswA tXm dwsJY,
pfsk stfsjvf skfmfsj zfstm hst hQ sswA jcvzfb isVY, pfsk stfsjvf
zdLjfQw mcbfdIj sjfbX swaBDv mfbcN? skfmfsj jfvD hst. zfv (lcdbqfsk) kf htf rsqsY.' zk}iv (dIdvfslvsj)
mcndtmslv msLA dhdH swaBDv mfbcNslv mLA sKsj mcbfdIj rsk ifsv. dj sjfbX dbslGw slWqf rsh hQ kfsj hcV j'sv sesb dbsq dosq ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh.
swaBDv mfbcNslv mLA sKsj zdLjfQw mcbfdIj hkGmfb Kfsj? kxkDq rsY sn hAd, pfv vpDsj zffr iaw jsvdYstb hQ njt iajfv Lb-
zffrv bhD hstsYb, slZtk pfsj ialfb jsvdYstb. kfsj zffrv lvhfsv rfduv jvf rsh. zffr kfsj
.( E+ 3 7 r- ;:/ (7 - ;a/ </ +(3 3 h+5 2 ) kf]v slWqf nm sbqfmskv jKf nvB jdvsq slshb. snW nh djYc nvB jvsh.
zk}iv zffr iaw jvshb, `kcdm njt sbqfmskv dhdbmsq jD zfmt j'sv
zKGf{, zfmfv mskv mcbfdIjslv zdLjfQw rt jfvDv lt. (zfrmfl, kfhfvfbD, snY?' sn htsh, `sp njt vffq lfb jvst kcdm JcwD rW sn njt vffv msLA
n} ufsm' 1203bQ) sjfbdeskW skfmfv nd tfsHv sswA Jvy jvsk YfdVdb.' kJb zffr htshb,
kf sjb? `dmKAf htY kcdm. hvQ kcdm ubA lfb jsvdYst; pfsk stfsj skfmfsj lfbhDv
spsrkc rfsIp, jfvD W zfstm jcvzfb dw[f W sktfzk jvsh sjht zffrv hst. zfv kf htf rsqsY.' zk}iv (dIdvfhoGsj) jcm jvf rsh hQ kfsj hcV
sswA. zfv kfsk kfvf zffrv jfsY dhwft mpGflfv zdLjfvDW rsh. dj kfv j'sv sesb dbsq dosq ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh. (mcndtm 1905 bQ)
iyfsk pdl lcdbqf swA rq, zsKGfifuGb W ncbfm swA rq, jcvzfsbv fdboB hstb, `zfmtrDb zfstm ItrDb ofsYv mskf. fb zuGb JflA oarsBv
dbslGwfbcpfqD zfmt bf rq, jcvzfsbv pKfKG rj zflfq bf rq, kfrst kfslv mk; jkef JfWqf rsY kfv iv fA dbHGv jsv bf---jkef rum rsY kfv iv
mcbfdIjD rq. jcvzfb isV nmfusj slJfq, kfvf zffrv jfu jvsY, zKy zfnst fA dbHGv jsv. mfbcsNv fb sib sKsj U]fi dlsq iVf stfsjslv iAfvfwcsev mk,
jvsY dbsuv ifdKGh nsfsov hAhnflfdv. hfsv j, dHksv j. zKGstfsH kf bf Jctst sjfb tfH sb.'
dhlzfkD jcvzfb-JfbD jsv, mcwdvj W jfsIvslv bfsmW jcvzfbJfbD jsv! kf skf zfcfr dhb mfnl -sj j hAd htt, `zfdm j vfjzfsk mcIfnXnft (nCvf
kfslvsj `mcbfdIj' hst zdHdrk jvf rsqsY. jfI sKsj nCvf bfn ipG zQw) ifE jdv.' jKf sb dkdb htstb, `jdhkf
sp dudbn dlsq zffrv nd jfmbf jvfv jKf, sn dudbn dlsq ifdKGh Lb, mfb hf zfWVfsbfv mk iV? djYc nialfq zfsY pfvf jcvzfb isV, dj kf kfslv jsv
ncbfm jfmbf jvst kfv It rq niCBG dhivDk. dbsy bfsm bf. zfnst sn jcvzfb ifE jfsu slsh, pf rlsq sn so]sK pfsh hQ kf
zffrv vnCt hstsYb sp, djqfmskv dlb zbAfbA stfsjslv iCshG sp hAdv ifEjfvDsj ijxk jvsh---.' (hcJfvD 775, mcndtm 822bQ)
iaKm dhyfv rsh sn rsY jub wrDl. kfsj zffrv lvhfsv rfduv jvf rsh. shzfmt rfsIp, jfvD W zfstsmv wfdW jdEb. zfv sn wfd v rq mLA-
zffr kfsj k]fv slWqf sbqfmskv jKf nvB jdvsq slshb. nckvfQ sn kf nvB uo{ sKsj.
jvsh. zk}iv zffr htshb, ` sbqfmskv dhdbmsq kcdm jD zfmt j'sv snY?' nfmcvfr hsb ucblch hstb, bhD iafq kf]v nfrfhDslvsj htskb,
sn htsh `zfdm skfmfv nd tfsHv ubA durfl jsvdY hQ zhswsN wrDl rsq skfmfslv sj sjfb i slsJsY dj? vfhD hstb, pfv hAfifsv zffrv Yf sn
 nhfv sysq shdw
k]fv jfsY i hBGbf jvk. dkdb jdlb njfst htstb, okvfs zfmfv jfsY
lcub zfoj t. kfvf zfmfsj Eft, zfv htt, `ytcb.' zfdm kfslv nfsK ytsk
tfotfm. zk}iv zfmvf jfk rsq swfqf j hAdv dbje si]ZYtfm. slJtfm, ziv
j hAd kfv dbje ifKv dbsq lf]dVsq zfsY. sn kfv mfKfq ifKv dbs[i jvsY.
Ist kfv mfKf Ifdesq sItsY. zfv ifKv odVsq nsv iVsY. kfviv zfhfv sn
ifKvdev zbcnvB j'sv kf icbvfq dbsq zfnsY. dIsv zfnsk bf zfnsk stfjdev
mfKf zfsov mk icbvfq Hft rsq pfsY. dIsv sn zfhfv j zfyvB jvsY; pf
iaKmhfv jsvdYt. (dkdb hstb,) zfdm nfKDqsj httfm, `nchrfbffr! ef jD?'
kfvf zfmfsj htt, `ytcb, ytcb.'
kfviv zfsvf zsbj lxwA slJstb. idvswsN dkdb zfojqsj htstb, `zfdm
vfsk zsbj dhnqjv hAfifv slJsk sitfm, stfv kf{ipG jD?' kfvf zfmfsj
htt, `zfYf zfmvf zfibfsj hst dldY. sp iaKm hAd, pfv jfsY zfidb
si]ZYstb, pfv mfKf ifKv dlsq yCBG-dhyCBG jvf rdYt, sn rt hAd sp jcvzfb oarB
j'sv---kf huGb jsv. zfv Ivp bfmfp sYsV Ocdmsq Kfsj.
j hBGbfq zfsvf zfsY, pfv mfKf yCBG-dhyCBG jvsk slJstb, sn dYt mb hAd,
pfsj zffr jcvzfb dwdJsqdYstb. dj sn (kf Hcst) vfsk Ocdmsq Kfjk hQ dlsb
kfv iv zfmt jvk bf. zkh zfyvB kfv nfsK djqfmk ipG jvf
rsh.|||||| (hcJfvD)
jcvzfsbv Lfvj W hfrjslvsj susb vfJf dyk sp, jcvzfb kfslv is[ zKhf
dhis[ ltDt vi. zffrv vnCt hstsYb, idhkf zsLGj mfb. zfv
`zftrfmlc dtfr' (djqfmsk sbjDv) l]fdViffsj Hsv slsh hQ `nchrfbffr' W
`zftrfmlc dtfr' zfnmfb W pmDsbv mLAdk wCbAkf iCBGgj'sv slq. bfmfp rsY
suAfdk. nfljfr rsY iamfB. LpG rt zfstf. zfv jcvzfb skfmfv is[ zKhf
dhis[ ltDt. iaskAj hAd njft njft jsmG shv rq hQ kfv zfkfv hAhnf
jsv. zk}iv sn kfsj (wfd sKsj) mc jsv zKhf kfsj (zffrv vrmk sKsj
hdk j'sv) dhbfw jsv. (mcndtm)
sJA sp, rflDsn mskv zdLjfQw sp jfvDslvsj mcbfdIj htf rsqsY, kfsk
dhwfnok mcbfdIj d bq, hvQ d rt jmGok mcbfdIj. zKGf{, kfslv
jfu rt mcbfdIsjv jfu. zbAKf sp mcbfdIj jfsIv, sn mcbfdIj d bq.
mfbcsNv msLA nhsysq shdw
jcIvD jfslv msLA?
mfbcNsj pdl lc swaBDsk dhH jvf rq, ubilhfnD W mvhfnD, kfrst slJf pfsh sp,
iaKm swaBDv stfsjvf nfLfvBk} nHA hQ dkDq swaBDv stfsjvf nfLfvBk} znHA shlcb
205 206 nhfv sysq shdw
rq. pfvf shlcb, kfvf mbcNA-nmfu sKsj lCsv hfn jsv. ubhndk rsk lCsv sKsj dhdY
tfjfq dbu ohfdl isj zhtb hfdbsq uDhb pfib jsv. sn ubA vf nHAkfv
zfstf W nfmfdujkfv dw[f sKsj hdk Kfsj. sn ubA mrfb zffr hstsYb,
{Hf I/ G
+ Hf /+ 3 + / /,3 %+ 2 + 3 +Y+ 2 (+ +3 G
3 ,3 2 #. 8+ D2 %3 + T
. 2 + r W2 / + j W 5- J + 2 3$+ . 2>}
9',: ! %, ()
zKGf{, mvhfnD (shlcb) stfsjvf jcIvD W jiekfq zdk jsEfvkm. zfv kfvf
jKfv shwD ipc sp, zffr kf]v vnCstv iadk pf zhkDBG jsvsYb kfslv
nh dhdL-nDmfv fb rq bf. zfv zffr mrffbD, iafmq. (kfWhfr } 97)
iajfw Kfsj sp, `zf'vfh' mfsb `so]sqf stfj' bq. v mfsb mvhfnD shlcb. oafsm
fqD Ov-hfdV Kfsj, nmfu Kfsj, iasqfubDq hfufv Kfsj, mndul Kfsj, ufmfzfk
Kfsj, ucmzfr rq kAfdl. mvHCdmsk kf Kfsj bf, ucmzfrW rq bf. shlcbvf
k]fhcsk hnhfn jsv. kfvf zfnst pfpfhv. dbsuslv Ov ns hsq dbsq sIsv. spJfsb
Ofn-ifdb ifq, snJfsb ufqof lJt j'sv iiftb jsv. nckvfQ wrsvv kctbfq
oafsmv stfj znHA rstW, oafsmv stfsjv kctbfq shlcbvf zsbj shdw znHA.
khcW kfslv nhf sp Jfvfi, kf bq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
lf / + 3 + /0,. 7 ! - + / + H. PQ . 2 + + / +7 3HI- '/ 3'7+ :+8+ + (j + X. (+ 3@W/ 83 (+ 3Cw
/ :78+ F+( /$+ . 2> +F(/ + }
/?+,2 + + / + / p? '+3 r- 3@ W/ 83 (+ C3 w
/ :78+ + Q A
/ Q,. + + / '/ 3F(/ g. 83 F+( /$+ . 2> +F(/ + () Hf /+
9',: ! %, () {Hf G / %7 %f ,-W~2 + 7QU / :/ + G
. %+ ;/< 3 H3 P3 - A
/ . 3 + H. P3 D }9'+. r- P+ 7QU 2 Q,3 7
zKGf{, zfv mvhfnDslv msLA mb stfj vsqsY sp, kfvf pf djYc hAq jsv, kf
udvmfbf msb jsv hQ skfmfslv iadk (jfstv) zfhkGb (lc}nmq)v iakD[fq Kfsj;
(hk}) zH zfhkGb kfslv iv idkk srfj. zfv zffr nhGswafkf, nhGfkf.
zfv mvhfnDslv msLA jdkiq stfj mbW zfsY, pfvf zffrv iadk hQ djqfmk
dlhsnv iadk dhwfn vfsJ, zfv pf djYc hAq jsv, kfsj zffrv nfdLA tfsHv ijvB
W vnCstv lczf tfsHv ijvBvsi msb jsv. nvB vfJ, kfslv hAqjfpG
db}nslsr kfslv ubA (zffr) bjeA tfsHv jfvB. dbyq zffr kfslvsj dbu
jvBfq iashw jvfshb; dbyq zffr zdk [mfwDt, ivm jvBfmq. (kfWhfr } 98-99)
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zffrv bfsm jcvhfbD siw jvfv dbslGw dlstb hQ htstb sp, pfv jcvhfbD jhct
rsh, jfhDstv pmu shfsbv nfsK kfv dhhfr dlsq slWqf rsh. jcvhfbD siw jvf rst
rfhDstv jcvhfbD jhct rt; zKGf{ zfnmfb sKsj zfb sn (rfhDstv) jcvhfbDsj
ufdtsq sItt; pf dYt (sn pcsov) jcvhfbD jhct rWqfv dblwGb. djYc mcIfndnvosBv
msk kfvf Hsq dbu dbu bpv zffrv lvhfsv siw jvt. rfhDt jde
smfefkfuf lcf hf smN jcvhfbD jvt. zfv jfhDt osmv djYc dwN jcvhfbDv ubA siw
jvt. Ist rfhDstv jcvhfbD jhct rt. zfv kf slsJ jfhDt drQnfq sIse iVt.
zk}iv Oet Jcsbv Oebf.
mrfbhD hstb, sp sjfb iafBsj zbAfqHfsh rkAf jvf rsh, kfv ifsiv jef
zQw zflsmv iaKm nfb (jfhDt)v iv hkGfsh. sjbbf, sn rkAfv vDdk nhGiaKm
yftc jsvsY. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
213 214 nhfv sysq shdw
vfnCtcfr zfsvf hstb, sp hAd ntfsm Hft vDdk yftc jvsh, sn kfv dbsuv
hQ nm stfsjv nWqfh ifsh, pfvf kfv (mxkcAv) iv kfv iv zfmt jvsh.
kfslv nWqfshv djYc idvmfBW jm jvf rsh bf. zfv sp hAd ntfsm sjfb ml
vDdkv iaytb jvsh, kfv iv kfv dbsuv hQ stfjslv sofbfr hkGfsh, pfvf kfv
(mxkcAv) iv kfv iv zfmt jvsh. kfslv sofbfrv djYc idvmfBW jm jvf rsh
bf. (mcndtm)
iafB rkAf mrfifi. ubA mrfb zffr Oebfv hBGbf jvfv iv hstsYb,
+ 72SI2 <2 Q%. 2>; /< p + <2 . 2
W + Q . X+ '/ j W + +`:+r2 F+( 3 72 +` / + . QU ;/ '+ 2 + +. :+52 2[/+ Q`T
. 2 F. (/ }
jh/52 7QU 7Hu3 /? +^ + '/ +- 3 %3 H. P3 \. 0 T
+ . a2 2 + #j / T
+ + 7 + G
. 2 + 72SI2 <2 E+ + G
. 2 F. (+ + #j / T
+ + 7 +`:+r2
! ! %, () {+,-<Q . 3 2 Q%. 2>; /< 2[/+ + #. '+ H3P. (^
zKGf{, jfvsB hbD nafstv iadk dhLfb dltfm sp, sp hAd bvrkAf zKhf
ixdKhDsk LQnfkj jfu jvfv llfb swA YfVf jfsj rkAf jvt, sn spb
ixdKhDv njt mfbcNsj rkAf jvt. zfv sj jfsvf iafBv[f jvst sn spb ixdKhDv
njt mfbcsNv iafB v[f jvt. kfslv dbje skf zfmfv vnCtoB i iamfB sbdYt,
dj v ivW zsbsj ixdKhDsk nDmftQObjfvD vsq sot. (mfdqlfr } 32)
mfbcsNv iafsBv mCtA sp jk shwD W kfv mpGflf sp jk hV, kf idvjfvHfsh zffr
hfbD nafstv isv dbslGw zhkDBG j'sv hst dlsqsYb. pfv fvf jKf
zbcmfb jvf pfq sp, zffrv dbje mfbcsNv vsv vk W mpGflf jk! zfv
bDdk Lc hfbD naftslv ubA dYt bf; hvQ ntfmD mCtbDdk smfkfshj bDdk
dyvfqD njstv ubA. nctfmfb dhb vfhD' hstb, zfdm rfnfb hfnvD (v})sj dufnf
jvtfm sp, `hfbD naft spmb jcsmv zfWkfHc dYt, skmdb zfmvfW dj
zfqfskv jcsmv zfWkfHc?' dkdb sv htstb, `rAf], zffrv wiK! hfbD
nafstv v zffrv dbje zfmfslv v zsi[f sjfbsm zdLj mpGflfiCBG
bq.' (kfInDv hsb jfnDv, zfrnfbct hfqfb)
drQnfq lDHCk rsq Hf zfib Hfsj Jcb jsv. sj kfv slr Jcb bf jvsk
ifvst kfv mfb-k Jcb jsv. zrQjfsv z rsq zfib vvW iadkD rq.
mf{npG W ivwaDjfkvkfv hwhkGD rsq dblGq ifNsv mskf hAhrfv ialwGb jsv!
sp v rsq dwNAsj kDv yftfsbf swJfq, sn vsj dwNA kDv mfvsk lAk rq!
sp zHfshv zffj]csV sKsj kcst sb efjf-iqnf dlsq nrspfdokf j'sv jub
db}sj dwd[k hfdbsq yfjdvspfoA j'sv skfst, kfsj sn dwd[k nmsq tfdK
mfsv! kfv zHfsh sp nrspfdokf jsvdYt, drQnfq kfv jKf dhmxk rq. iadkD
rsq kfv sef dlsk yfq. sp nCspGv zfstf dbsq y]fl iCdBGmfv swfHf tfH jsv, sn y]fl
j nmq dbsusj nCpG sHsh kfv iadkdkf v j'sv slq. nQnfsvv mb
iadkspfdokf W iadkdkf nkA hV dhmqjv! zkDh lc}Jubj!
 nhfv sysq shdw
nhGiaKm mCdkGiauf
ixdKhDv dkrfsn nhGiaKm mCdkGiCuf v rq bCr -v pcso. k]fv ufdkv msLA zX,
ncqf, qfocn, qfj W bfnXv bfmj i]fyub sbj W nfstr stfj dYstb. (bCr } 23) k]fslv
hflk W sbj zfmstv jKf mfbcsNv mfsU iadn dYt. k]fslv ok rWqfv ivW sn
iadnd mfbcsNv mfsU nvBDq dYt. sjfb hflk jvfv nmq stfsj kf]slv hflk nvB
jvk. k]fslv jKf msb rst spb hflsk zdLj mb hnk. kf kfvf k]fslv jhv
dpqfvk jvk. djYcdlb iv k]fslv jhsvv Lfsv-ifsw hflk wcv jvt stfsj. ncspfo
sisq wqkfb Wslv msb zfv j bkcb jcmBf dlt sp, k]fslv mCdkG hfdbsq pdl kfvf
kfslv mudtsn (hEjJfbfq) fib jsv, kfrst k]fslvsj iafq nhG[B dbjse slsJ
k]fslv hflskv jKf nhGlf msb iVsh, Ist kfslv hflsk msbfspfo hfVsh. dj kfvf
v idvBfm hcUsk ifvt bf. wqkfb jxkfKG rt. iadkmf hfdbsq kfslv mudtsn iadkdk
rt. dj kJb k]fslv iCuf rk bf. sn pcsov mfbcsNv mxkcAv iv ivhkDG hQwLvslv msb
wqkfbD jcmBf iVt sp, ]slvsj nmcsJ svsJ kfslv dikf-dikfmrvf hflk jvk;
hvQ ]slv iCuf jvk. kfvf kf nkA sHsh wcv jvt mCdkGiCuf. zfv kJb sKsj
nCybf rt mCdkGiCufv. (hcJfvD 4920bQ)
mrfb zffr hstb,
/ 2 + +3 :+W 8+ 3 W2 52 +F8/C D 7F I/ 2 + G
+ 2+ p92 / + 2+ p9+/ + 2+ !p
+ / '+ F/( 3
! ! %, () {+,- a/ #. 8+ 2 H. E3 3 h+5 2 + +$/CI2
zKGf{, zffr hfrDvf, nfsqhf, znDtf W rfm dhdLh jsvbdb. dj pfvf zdhhfn
jsv, kfvf zffrv iadk dmKAf zfsvfi jsv Kfsj. hk} kfslv zdLjfQw itd
jsv bf. (mfdqlfr } 103)
dt njt iv dhdH bfm, pf zfvshv hfdnlfoB kfslv iadkmfv bfsm
{noG jvk. dtv dhdH hAfJAf hBGbf jvf rsqsY. nrDr hcJfvDsk nfl dhb
mcnfsqh jkGjx vi hAfJAf sJ rsqsY, `hfrDvf' usc j htf rk, pfv lcL
slfrb jvf rk bf hQ htk sp, lcL iadkmfv ubA. nckvfQ sjfb stfj kfv
Wtfsb (lcsLv h]fse) rfk tfofk bf. `nfsqhf' usc j htf rq, pfsj mCdkGv bfsm
fLDb sYsV slWqf rk; bf kfv iv zfsvfrB jvf rk zfv bf kfv iv sjfb shfUf
hrb jvf rk. `znDtf' ebDsj htf rk, pf iaKmhfv jef mflD hfyf ianh jvfv
iv dkDq hfsvW mflD hfyf ianh jvk. (zKGf{ iaKm mflD hfyfv nfsK dkDq mflD
hfyf dmdtk rk hQ Hsqv mfsU bv hfyf ifKGjA nxd jvk bf) kfrst Lvsbv
ebDsj mCdkGv bfsm fLDb sYsV slWqf rk. `rfm' Nf]V esj htf rk, pfv hDspG
h hfyf umtfH jvk (hQ kfv hQw psK hxd sik), kJb kfv fvf shfUf
215 216 nhfv sysq shdw
hrsbv jfu sbWqf rk bf hQ kfv iv zfsvfrB jvfW rk bf. kfsj mCdkGv bfsm
fLDb sYsV slWqf rk. zfv kfsj `rfmD' htf rk.
hBGbfq rflDnW sJ jvf rsqsY sp, zfmXv dhb zfsmv Jcpf (zfvsh)
nhGiaKm mCdkGiCuf W mCdkGv bfsm u {noG jvfv iaKf yftc jsvdYt. bhD jvDm
hstb, zfdm kfsj ufrffsm dbu bfVDHcd] V dbsq efbfefdb jvsk slsJdY. (zfrmfl,
hcJfvD 4623bQ) zfstfyA zfqfsk htf rsqsY sp, mrfb zffr ustfsj Hfsh
wvDqkvsi dbLGfvB jsvbdb. sjbbf dkdb bpv-dbqfp Lc dbsuv ubA dbdlG
jsvsYb. mCdkGv bfsm bpv-dbqfspv idk mcwdvjslv yftc jvf uObA iaKf. htf
hftA, mCdkG W hfskt ifnAslv bfsm u {noG jvf hQ bpv-dbqfp siw jvfv
Lfvf zfuW mcwdvjslv mfsU dhlAmfb. mbdj djYc bfmLfvD mcndtmslv mfsUW
dwjGD jfu iaydtk. sjfb hfhf hf mfpfsvv bfsm mfbdnj smsb Jfdn hf r]fn-mcvoD ixKj
pskv nfsK tftb j'sv {noG j'sv Kfsj. iCufvDv jfYfjfdY mfpfvDW zfib dwsjG
hV nfItA tfH j'sv ystsY. nvjfvD nmKGb W nrspfdokf sisq kfslv dwjG idvBk
rsqsY lDsb ntfsm.
mfbcsNv ifWqf iChGhkGD bhczskv nhGswN hfBD
mrfbhD hstsYb,
+`#+ T
+ (+ } .(+]. / ( l. +. < Q:+. \+ H2 U 2 ! >/ ,7 3J Q2 52 F. (/ 3 7 2y%+ . ( 3 A
/ )
zKGf{, mfbcsNv ifWqf iChhG kGD bhczskv nhGswN hfBD rt, `tf bf Kfjst
pfsYkf jv.' (hsb zfhD wfhf 25348, hsb zfnfdjv, n} ufsm' 2bQ)
zKGf{, jKf mfbcsNv mfsU iaydtk zfvsh. dj kf zfvshv sjfb lfwGdbj hf
idskv jKf bq. mrfbhD i jvstb sp, jKf iChhkGD njt bhDv jKf.
zflm sKsj nf ipG njt bhDv hfBD dYt, `tf bf Kfjst pfsYkf jv.'
zKGf{, pcso pcso iaskAj wvDqskv dbslGw dYt, sr mfbcN! tfwDt rW.
mfbcsNv tf bf Kfjst sn pf mb kf jvsk ifsv.
mfbcsNv tf Kfjst ifi jvsk ifsv bf.
tfwDt mfbcN ifiD rq bf.
Dblfv mfbcN tfwDt rq.
ifiDvf dbtG W Lx rq.
rfqf-wvm Kfjst sj zwDtkfq dt rsk ifsv bf.
dbtG W shrfqf mfbcN ydvrDb rq.
ntfmW kf hst. ntfm hst, tf rt mfsbv z. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
mfb nvfdLj zKhf NfEfdLj wfJfdhdw. kmsLA swa wfJf (jf) rt `tf tf-rf
ff-r' htf hQ nhsysq sYfe wfJf rt iK rsk jlfqj h lCv jvf. zfv
 nhfv sysq shdw
tfwDtkf mfsbv jde wfJfdhswN. (hcJfvD 9, mcndtm 35 bQ)
zhwA tfwDtkf W mfb j nCs o]fKf. jde yst sost zivdeW yst
pfq. (rfsjm, dmwjfk 5094, nrDt ufsm 1603bQ)
iaskAj LsmG nydvkf zfsY, ntfsmv nydvkf rt tfwDtkf. (hsb
mfufr, nrDt ufsm 2149bQ)
tfv nhecjc mtmq. tf sjht mt zfbqb jsv. (hcJfvD,
mcndtm, nrDt ufsm' 3196, 3202bQ)
zwDtkf (dbtGkf) sp dhNsq Kfsj sn dhNqsj kf snZlpGrDb (mfb) jsv
sIst. zfv tfwDtkf sp dhNsq Kfsj sn dhNqsj kf snZlpGmq (msbfrv) jsv
skfst. (nrDr dkvdmpD 1607 bQ, hsb mfufr)
tfwDtkf mfsbv zHc G hQ mfb rsh uffsk. zfv zwDtkf vPkfv
zHc
G hQ vPkf rsh ufrffsm. (zfrml 2/501, dkvdmpD, hsb drfb, rfsjm 1/52,
nrDt ufsm' 3199bQ)
nckvfQ sjfb jfu jvf hf bf jvfv isv sp dkvfv zfsn hQ kf sb hf susb
mfbcsNv msb-mcsJ-syfsJ sp idvhkGb idvtd[k rq, kf rt tf.
sp mfbcN iaskAj sbfQvfdm sKsj lCsv Kfsj hQ iaskAj zdLjfvDv zdLjfv zflfsq
zfslZ de ialwGb jsv bf, sn rt tfwDt mfbcN.
iaskAj ml W zswfHb jfu kAfo hQ iaskAj Hfstf W swfHbDq jfu jvsk sp
c rq, sn rt tfwDt mfbcN.
tf jJsbf zffrsj jvf rq. zfv kJb tfwDt hAd zffrv idviCBG
zfbcokA jvsk hQ k]fv zhfLAfyvB sKsj lCsv Kfjsk zbciafdBk rq.
zfv tf bf Kfjst mfbcN htrDb hxs[v mskf rsq pfq. zfvhD jdh hstsYb,
0 ; a' ( ,# a 8 : ( 0 #8
0 E U A # < & (
0 x\ ( l < ; : \ ; 9 r U sj zfmfbk zflfq jvsh bf. mbdj stfsj htfhdt jvsh sp, zmcj hQsw
zKGf{, mfbcN pkdlb tfwDt Kfsj, kkdlb njcwt uDhbLfvB jsv. (spmb)
jfE (ofY) zhdw Kfsj, pkdlb kfv Yft zhdw Kfsj.
zffrv jnm! sn uDhb W nQnfsv sjfb mt sb, pdl tfwDtkf yst pfq.
pdl kcdm pcsov idvBfmsj Hq bf jv hQ tf-wvm bf jv, kfrst skfmfv pf
Yf kf jv.
r]Af, zfv mdrtf? mdrtfv vsiv slsr tfwDtkfv sifwfj bf isv Kfjst vsiv
mdrmf iajfw ifq bf. tf yst pfq hst sYstvf spmb tie rq, skmdb smsqvf
rq sTmb. jKfq hst, `W sTmb, skfv tfu sjmb? tfu Kfjst zfhfv r sTmb?'
217 218 nhfv sysq shdw
Dsbv nhGiaKm sp dudbn sE pfsh
Dsbv h djYc zfsY, h djYc djqfmskv jfYfjfdY nmq ipG Kfjsh. zfhfv
zsbj djYc LDsv LDsv dhtDb rsq pfsh. mbdj jcvzfsbv ifkf sKsj jcvzfbD zfqfk
ipG zlxwA rsq pfsh.
dj nhGiaKm sjfbX dudbn mfr sKsj dbdyr rsq pfsh?
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(-9+ (+ 2> 3HI- / 8/ F. (/ +3 a/ W \+ (+ 37 2 )
zKGf{, skfmfslv Dsbv mLA rsk iaKm sp dudbn skfmvf rfvfsh, kf rt
zfmfbk. (dntdntfr nrDrfr1739bQ)
zfmfbk Jch HfvD dudbn, kf kf nhGiaKm mfbcN rfdvsq sItsh. mw}
zfmfbklfv dhstfi ifsh. pfIfr hstb, vfnCtcfr zfmfslv dbje lc'de
rflDn hBGbf jsvsYb. jde skf zfdm iakA[ jsvdY hQ dkDqdev ubA zsi[fq
vsqdY. dkdb zfmfslv jfsY hBGbf jsvsYb sp, zfmfbk mfbcsNv rlqmCst zhkDBG
rsqsY. zk}iv jcvzfb zhkDBG rsqsY. kfviv kfvf jcvzfb sKsj fbfuGb
jsvsY. kfviv kfvf bhDv rflDn sKsjW fbfuGb jsvsY. viv zfmfslvsj
zfmfbk kcst sbWqf nisjG hBGbf jsvsYb, mfbcN j Ocm Ocmfsbfv iv kfv zv
sKsj zfmfbk kcst sbWqf rsh. kJb jde dhlcv mk kfv dyr zhdw Kfjsh.
icbvfq mfbcN j Ocm Ocmfsh. zfhfsvf kfv zv sKsj zfmfbk dEsq sbWqf rsh.
kJb ut zfb odVsq skfmfv ifsq iVst spmb jef sIff isV jfstf lfo
slJsk ifWqf pfq kfv mk dyr Kfjsh. kcdm kfsj sIftf slJsh; dj hfsh kfsk
djYc Kfjsh bf. zk}iv (lfrvB vi) dkdb jde j]fjv dbsq dbu ifsq odVsq
dlstb. (kfviv htsk tfostb,) sn nmq stfsjvf shyf-sjbf jvsh dj iafq
jub zfmfbklfv stfj zfsY. mbdj (lcdbqflfv) hAd nisjG mhA jvf rsh,
sn jk bf zlmA! sn jk bf dhy[B! sn jk bf hcdmfb! zKy kfv zsv
ndvNfv lfbf idvmfBW mfb Kfjsh bf. (pfIf hstb,) dkiCshG zfmfv iv
mb pco zdkhfdrk rsq sosY, pJb jfsvf nfsK shyfsjbf jvsk sjfb isvfqf
jvkfm bf. jfvB sn mcndtm rst kfv Db kfsj zfmfv (dJqfbk sKsj) dhvk
vfJk. zfv dJaefb zKhf qflD rst kfv wfnj zfmfv rj dIdvsq dlk. dj
hkGmfsbv zhf rsY sp, zfdm zmcj zmcj hAd YfVf shyf-sjbf jvsk iak
b. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zfmfbk hV HfvD W jdEb dudbn hst, kf z mfbcN YfVf zbA sj hrb jvsk
yfqdb. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
 nhfv sysq shdw
P+ 2 + G
+ + P+ . (/ +Fa W2 . 2 + P+ + / . 8+ 2 +F. '+2S<2 Q +_
/ + Q%. 2S + /?+ + 7 2 + 29+ (+ 2S +|
$YG>! %, () { ,3PT + (j ,- 2 + 52 3 7QU 3 + Qq
zKGf{, dbyq zfdm zfjfw, ixdKhD W ihGkmftfv iadk zfmfbk ziGB jvsk
sysqdYtfm. Wvf Hsq hrb jvsk zDjfv jvt; dj mfbcN kf hrb jvt. dbyq sn
zdkwq pfstm W zdkwq z. (nCvf zfrpfh 72 zfqfk)
iajkx is[ sn mfbcN pfstm W zdkwq z, sp zfmfbskv dJqfbk jsv. shfUf
hrsbv lfdqk dbsq kfsk fdnjkf W zhsrtf ialwGb jsv, zfmfbk zflfsq
odVmdn jsv W I]fdj slq.
Db ns zkf zKhf dhyfv ns zdhwfn zfmfbskv HfvD shfUf hrb jvsk
mfbcNsj c jvsh bf. kf nhGiaKm sn dudbn mfbcsNv rlq sKsj dhtDb rsq pfsh.
mrfbhD zfsvf hstsYb,
.(!- "
7 a2 . 8+ (+ 3 A
/ + -9+ (+ 2> Q 7 +F(/ 3l<2 . 83 (+ 37 2 )
zKGf{, mfbcsNv mLA sKsj nhGiaKm sp dudbn dEsq sbWqf rsh, kf rt zfmfbk.
zfv nhGswN pf zhdw Kfjsh, kf rt bfmfp. (n} ufsm' 2575bQ, v jfYfjfdY
zsKG dn} nrDrfr 1739bQ)
dj bfmfp nhGswN ipG zhdw KfjstW bfmfspv mfsU dhbq-bmakf nhfv zfso
dhtDb rsq pfsh. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.( #/ A P </ + \+ 2 :7G+ ,x /9( > /t/CE F. (/ 3l<2 . 83 p0;. + 37 )
zKGf{, mk sKsj nhGiaKm sp dudbn kcst sbWqf rsh, kf rsh dhbq-bmakf.
idvswsN kcdm kfslv msLA sjfb jubsjW dhbqD slJsh bf. (kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm'
2569bQ)
zKy dhbq-bmakf bfmfspv iafB, bfmfspv jfoakf, zffr-HDdkv dwsvfbfm. dhbdk
W dmbdk bfmfspv nuDhkf. sn bfmfpD nIt rq, sp kfv bfmfsp dhbq-bma Kfsj.
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
, (g ! %, () {+,3#/ A + H. PQ \/ 2 + ;/< H. E3 +F8/CD ( ) +,3(/ g. 3
zKGf{, zhwA dhwfdnoB nItjfm rsqsY. pfvf dbsuslv bfmfsp dhbq-bma.
(mc'dmbCb } 1-2)
bfmfp Jch HfvD dudbn, ksh dhbqDslv ubA bq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
! a ! %, () { + #/ / w + 2 + DQU }!+ / I2 2 P+ 7QU+ !/ 2 "
7 + Q . "
zKGf{, skfmvf LpG W bfmfspv mfLAsm nfrfpA iafKGbf jv hQ dhbDkoB hAkDk zfv
njstv dbje dbdykHfsh jdEb. (hfjfvfr } 45)
mrfbhD dYstb dhswN j'sv bfmfsp jf dhbqD. dkdb bfmfspv vjCsk htskb,
219 220 nhfv sysq shdw
. + + 7QU} B
. Q"
+ '++ ;. #/ . + +lx+ A
+ ;. '^%+ + . 2 3 5D ,+ \+ 2[. 2 + + 3. 2 . 2 2[2 + 3. (+ 2['/ + 3#. 52 %+ 2[2 7HP3 2
.+F. / 2 #+ ^ $%+ /& ;. / "
+ + + ;. / v + + ;. / . 2 + ;. (/ ++
zKG}- sr zffr! zfdm skfmfv ubA vjc jvtfm, skfmfv iadk dhwfn svsJdY,
skfmfv dbje zfknmiGB jsvdY, skfmfv iv Hvnf jsvdY, kcdm zfmfv iaHc.
zfmfv jBG, y[c, v, mfQn, zd W LmbD dhwufrfsbv iadkiftj zffrv ubA
dhbqfhbk rt. (mcndtm, n} bfnf 1006bQ)
sjfKfq sn bfmfpD, sp rq mb dhbqD? sjfKfq sn bfmfpD, sp bfmfsp zpKf srt-
slft jsv bf, dbsuv sthfn, lfdV hf zbA djYc dbsq sJtf jsv bf. lfnDb sKsj mb
zfyvB kfv z-iakA fvf ialwGb jsv bf, pf slsJ msb rq kfv rlsq dhbdk sb,
mrfb zffrv iadk kf'pDm, Hq W Hd sb.
Dsbv nhGswN zhdwfQw jD?
pk dlb pfsh, LDsv LDsv Dsbv zQw kk stfi sisk Kfjsh. mfbcsNv mfsU Dsbv
dyr htsk nhswsN sjht bfmfpef zhdw Kfjsh. kfYfVf pfjfk, svfpf, r
iaHdx k kfvW zfso mfbcN kAfo j'sv hnsh. Dblfv hst pfvf hfjD Kfjsh, kfvf
bfmfp iVsh. ksh dbyq hkGmfb zsi[f mvsi bq. hkGmfsb skf ucmzfv
bfmfpD shdw. i]fy zsv bfmfpD sjfKfq? mndul ncndk, dj mcnD sb.
mnduslv nQJAf hfVsY, dj bfmfpDv nQJAf hfVsY bf.
jdlb j khtDoD Hf zfmfsj htstb, `mndul hfdVsq jD rsh? mcnD hfVfb.'
zfdm httfm, `mcnD hfVfhfv syfq skf zfdY, kfYfVf zfibfvf mcnD hfVfb. zfv
zfmvf mndul hfVf. nh jfu skf jf jfsvf fvf bfW rsk ifsv.'
swN pfmfbfq skf lcvhf zfsvf ndb rsh. khcW bfmfp zsbsjv mfsU sKsj pfsh.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(!- "
7 a2 . 8+ (+ 3 A
/ + -9+ (+ 2> Q 7 +F(/ 3l<2 . 83 (+ 37 2 )
+2 < 2 . r2 } zKGf{, mfbcsNv mLA sKsj nhGiaKm sp dudbn dEsq sbWqf rsh, kf rt zfmfbk.
zfv nhGswN pf zhdw Kfjsh, kf rt bfmfp. (n} ufsm' 2575bQ, v jfYfjfdY
zsKG dn} nrDrfr 1739bQ)
dj dwjGD W jcIvD zfjDlf msb sifNB j'sv bfmfp sjfbX jfsu slsh?
7 '/ ,3 #/ :+. +}
nhsysq shdw jct[B W nct[B slrf
slsrv msLA mb jde z zfsY, pf njt z-iakA zsi[f {jx. zfhfv snef
njt z-iakA zsi[f dbjx. zfv snef rt duH. duH fvf lQwb jvf pfq, duH
fvf UfVf pfq. dusH zfsY zfOfk, dusH zfsY iasti. duH fvf OxBf nxd jvf pfq,
 nhfv sysq shdw
zfhfv duH fvf HfstfhfnfW nxd jvf pfq. duH fvf wkf jvf pfq, duH fvf hckW
jvf pfq. dusH dhN zfsY, dusH mLcW zfsY. duH fvf spmb ifi jvf pfq, skmdb duH
fvf zffrv dpjXv, jcvzfb sktfzk, n{jfsuv zfslw W mljfsu hfLf-nr zfsvf
zsbj icBAW jvf pfq. ubA duH rt zsv mskf, kf dlsq wW lmb jvf pfq,
zfhfv mfbcNW Jcb jvf pfq. ubA mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(/ . + . 2 +F. '+ (+ 3 (3 2S. 2 +
Q (. 3F+ 8. 2 )
zKGf{, mfbcsNv nhsysq shdw H hQ nhsysq shdw zH z rt kfv lc
syfqfstv mfsU (duH). (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv 13656, hsb drfb 5717, dn} nrDrfr 1286bQ)
nhsysq shdw ifiD slrf
mfbcsNv slsrv msLA dhdH z fvf ifi nQOdek rq. dj sp z fvf ifi shdw
jvf rq, snef jD?
snef rt mfbcsNv duH! mrfbhD hstsYb,
.( / + / ;</ ++ QF' 8+ s2 A
+ 3 h+5 2 )
zKGf{, zflm-nfsbv zdLjfQw ifi kfv dusH. (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv 10446, hfrfjDv
zfhct mfb 4933, n} ufsm' 1201bQ)
duH fvf hV dhil rq, hV nhGbfw Ose. sn jKfW iajfw jvf rsqsY ntfsm.
ncIXqfb hsb zfcfr hstb, jlf zfdm dbshlb jvtfm, `sr zffrv vnCt!
zfmfsj mb jKf hfkXst dlb, pf muhckHfsh Lsv vfJh.' dkdb htstb, kcdm ht,
zfmfv vh zffr, zk}iv kfv iv iadkdk Kfj. zfdm icbvfq dbshlb jvtfm,
`sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfv ubA zfidb sjfbX dudbnsj nh yfsk shdw Hq jsvb?'
dkdb Dq durfsj (rs) LfvBiChj
G htstb, efsj. (dkvdmpD 2410, hsb mfufr
3972bQ)
dusHv zfil sKsj v[f sist zsbj dhil W ifi sKsj dbjxdk ifWqf nh.
jhfr hsb zfsmv hstb, jlf zfdm dbshlb jvtfm, `sr zffrv vnCt!
djsn idvfB ifWqf nh?' dkdb htstb,
. (( 2[:/ ]+ s/ A
+ 2 + /['. 2[:3. '+ 2[#. + + + 2[+ + / 2[. 2 + [/ (. 2 ))
kcdm dbu vnbfsj dbqsB vfJ. skfmfv Ov skfmfv ubA iaw srfj. (zKGf{,
zhnv nmsq dbu oxsr zhfb jv.) zfv dbu ifsiv ubA lb jv. (dkvdmpD
2406bQ)
mfbcsNv Hft-mslv hAfifsv duH k hV HCdmjf vfsJ sp, slsrv zbAfbA z-
iakA kfv ians zfwf iajfw jsv hQ kfsj Hft Kfjfv islw slq. bhD
hstsYb,
221 222 nhfv sysq shdw
2['/ 3F + 7Qq<2 + </ 2& Q@\7 : 3,-a\+ + 3 W- I \+ P+ D 5- +0 m
+ . 2> 7Qq<2 ++ 3F'. ++. 2 +QU ))
. (( +_.T + ,+ . +_
.T
+ ,+ . QQU+ +. a2 :+. +. a2 :+. QQq<2
zflm nfb pJb njfst ibDk rq, kJb kfv nm z-iakA duHsj
zkA dhbDkHfsh dbshlb jsv sp, `kcdm zfmfslv hAfifsv zffrsj Hq jv. jfvB,
zfmfslv hAfifvnmCr skfmfv nfsK nix. pdl kcdm snfuf nvt Kfj, kfrst
zfmvfW snfuf-nvt Kfjh. zfv pdl kcdm hkf zhtb jv, kfrst zfmvfW sh]sj
hnh. (dkvdmpD 2407bQ)
mczfp rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, jlf zfdm dbshlb jvtfm, `sr zffrv vnCt!
zfmfsj mb zfmt hfkXst slb, pf zfmfsj uffsk dbsq pfsh hQ ufrffm sKsj
lCsv vfJsh.' dkdb htstb, kcdm dhvfe (jdEb) jfu nisjG iaw jvst. ksh ef
kfv is[ nru rsh, pfv is[ mrfb zffr nru j'sv slshb. (zfv kf rsY
sp,) kcdm zffrv hflk jvsh hQ kfv sjfb zQwD fib jvsh bf. bfmfp iadkf
jvsh, pfjfk slsh, mfsr vmpfsbv svfpf iftb jvsh hQ jfhf oxsrv r iftb
jvsh. icbvfq dkdb htstb, skfmfsj jtAfsBv fvnmCr hfkXst slh bf dj? svfpf
Tftvi, nfljfr bfr dbdyr jsv; spmb ifdb zfbsj dbdyr j'sv slq. zfv
mLA vfdsk mfbcsNv bfmfp. zk}iv dkdb zfqfk lc'de iVstb---pfv zKG,
kfvf wpAf kAfo jsv, zfwfq hcj shs]L hQ zfwQjfq HDdk-dhrt rsq kfslv
iadkiftjsj zfrfb jsv hQ zfdm kfslvsj sp nh uDdhjf lfb jsvdY, kf sKsj
kfvf hAq j'sv Kfsj. kfslv n{jsmGv icvfvvi kfslv ubA bqb-iaDdkjv pf
djYc tcfdqk vfJf rsqsY, sj kf zhok bq. (nCvf nfulfr 16-17 zfqfk) kfviv
htstb, zfdm skfmfsj nh dhNsqv (Dsbv) mj, kfv Jcd] e, kfv ykm yCVf
hfkst slh bf dj? zfdm httfm, `zhwA hfkst dlb, sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb
htstb, dhNsqv mj rsY ntfm, kfv rsY bfmfp hQ kfv ykm yCVf
rsY durfl. icbvfq dkdb iaw jvstb, zfdm skfmfsj sn nshv mCt ns hst
slh bf dj? zfdm httfm, `zhwA hst dlb, sr zffrv vnCt!' kJb dkdb dbu
duHdesj Lsv htstb, skfmfv msLA desj nQpk vfJ. mczfp htstb, `sr
zffrv vnCt! zfmvf sp jKf hdt kfskW dj zfmfslvsj drnfh dlsk rsh?' dkdb
htstb,
.(( H. PQ :/ +/ 2 3 / "
+G
+ DQU H. PQ E/ ,3T3 2 + %Q 7 ; /< + 7 JI- 8+ `. E+ + !2[(J - 2[:. 2 I/ u+ ))
skfmfv mf skfmfsj rfdvsq sItcj sr mczfp! mfbcNsj kfslv dbsuslv duH-
Odek ifi YfVf zbA djYc dj kfslv mcJ KchsV ufrffsm dbs[i jvsh? (dkvdmpD
2616, hsb mfufr 3973bQ)
duH fvf ifi shdw rq, kf kfsj dbqsB vfJf nhGswa jmGnmCsrv zbAkm.
hsb mfnl jlf mrfbhD -sj dufnf jvstb,`sr zffrv vnCt! nhGswa
 nhfv sysq shdw
zfmt jD?' dkdb sv htstb, pKf nmsq bfmfp iVf. zk}iv dufnf jsvb
sp, `kfviv jD sr zffrv vnCt! dkdb htstb, skfmfv durf rsk stfjsj
dbvfisl vfJf. (kfhfvfbD)
ubA zfcfr dhb mfnl jlf nfIfv iv ysV htstb, `sv duH! Hfstf
jKf htX; nItkf ifdh. yci KfjX; tfdk rWqfv iCshG dbvfif ifdh.' stfsjvf htt, `sr
zfhc zfcv vrmfb! jKf zfidb dbsu htsYb, bfdj jfsvf dbje wcsbsYb?' dkdb
htstb, `bf, hvQ zfdm zffrv vnCt -sj htsk wcsbdY, dkdb hstsYb, zflm
nfsbv zdLjkv ifi kfv durf sKsj nQOdek rq. (dn} nrDrfr 534bQ)
hsb mfnl dushv nhGbfdwkf zbcLfhb j'sv hstsYb, `k]fv jnm dpdb
hAkDk sjfb ifnA sb! duh YfVf HCisx zfv mb sjfb h sb, pfsj lDOG
jfvfh (nQpk) vfJfv iasqfub rq.' (hsb zfhD wfhfr 26490bQ)
hsb mfv hstsYb, `mcndtsmv nhsysq idh W nQswfLbspfoA z rt kfv
duH.' ( 26493bQ)
jlf jcn dhb nfsqlfr hQ zfjnfm dhb nfID sj zivsj htstb, `zflm
nfsbv dHksv jkocstf de sisqsYb zfidb?' htstb, `zodBk de; ksh zfdm
pf oBbf jsvdY kf rt zfe rfufv. zfv Wv msLA jde B mb sisqdY; kf pdl
sn hAhrfv jsv kfrst kfv nm de sofib jsv dbsk ifsv.' ziv ub htstb,
`kf jD?' htstb, `hfjXnQpm.'
zsbsj hstsYb, `skfmfv durfsj nQpk vfJ sr mfbcN! kf spb skfmfsj lQwb bf
jsv sIst. jfvB durf j iajfv zuov. jhvfsb jk durfl rk mfbcN isV
vsqsY slJ; pfslvsj hDpGhfb icvNvfW slsJ Hq jvk.' (zfpjfv, bWhD 297-298ix})
mfv dhb zfct zfpDp hstb, `rlq vrsnAv dnlcj, WfLv kfv kftf hQ vnbf
kfv yfdh. zkh iaskAsjv dyk, dbsuv vrsnAv yfdh srIfpsk vfJf.'
zfnst durf slJsk sYfe W bvm, dj kfv zfOfk hV w. kvhfdvv zfOfsk
[skv ubA hAfsu zfsY, dj durfv zfOfsk [skv ubA sjfb hAfsu sb.
`jvfskv jsEfvkf slsJsY njt bv jfsEv isv
kfv sysq shwD hfsu jsEfv jjGw v msbv dHksv.'
jk mfbcN zsbsjv duH fvf jxkifi } dmKAf, oDhk, ycodt, oftfofdt, zihfl,
dmKAf slfNfsvfi, zdHwfi, dmKAf nfd[, hA-dhi kAfdlv zfOfsk LvfwfqD rsq
pfq. zKy mb njt jfu mcndtsmv rWqf dyk bq.
zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! nshGfm mcntmfb sj?'
dkdb htstb,
.(( /t/ 8+ + / / + / F. (/ +,3 /. - +H/+ F. (+ ))
pfv durf W rfk sKsj mcndtmvf dbvfil Kfsj. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
223 224 nhfv sysq shdw
nhsysq ziaDdkjv w
ixdKhDv hcsj nhsysq shdw ziaDdkjv W wadkjec w rt ofLfv. kfv mskf sn
mfbcN, sp HDNB jjGwHfND. mrfb zffr zft-jcvzfsb tcjmfb rfjDsmv dbu icsj
slWqf islw xk j'sv hstsYb,
a () {Q / + 3?,. "
+ 2 /?+,. 2S + I2 2 7QU 2[\/ ,. + F/(
. m
3 ~ + 2[/ x. (+ ;/< . "
/ r +}
zKGf{, skfmfv ytsb mLAif zhtb jv hQ skfmfv jv bDyc jv; svv msLA
ofLfv v nhGfsi[f ziaDdkjv. (tcjmfb } 19)
nckvfQ mcndtsmv dyk mLcvHfND rWqf. mfbcsNv nfsK jKf htfv nmq dbm, mxlc W
zflshv sv jKf htf, dhswN j'sv hVslv nfsK.
nhsysq m bfm
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(3%Q + + QF+ G
. 7 3 . + + / D 3 . + H. I- / + . 2 3 . A
+)
zKGf{, skfmfslv nhsysq m bfm rt } zfcfr, zfcv vrmfb W rfsvN.
(kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 3269bQ)
nhsysq m bfm sn bfm, pfsk mrfb nfv lfnskv zKG ifWqf pfq. zfv kf
rsh zffrv bfsmv nfsK `zfX' w spfo j'sv. zhwA mrfb zffrv nclvkm
bfmfhtDv msLA nhGswa bfm rt `zffr'. nckvfQ mfbcsNv nhsysq m bfm rt
`zfcfr'. zk}iv swa bfm rt `zfv-vfrmfb'. zkh ivhkGD m bfm rt
`zfcv vfrmfb'. lc bfsmv nfsK pc j'sv bhD W sbj stfsjslv jKf jcvzfsb
sJ rsqsY. mrfb zffrv zbA bfsmv nfsK pc j'sv kf rqdb.
`rfsvN' bfmW Hft bfm. jfvB kf mfbcsNv nfKGj bfm. spsrkc `rfsvN' zKG jxNj.
zfv iaskAj mfbcsNv jxdNjfspGv nfsK sjfb bf sjfb nijG zfsY zfsY.
nhsysq shdw ziYlbDq bfm hf sJkfh
mrfb zffr dbje nhsysq shdw ziYlbDq bfm rt `wfrfbwfr'. nhsysq shdw
dbjx ifdL hf sJkfh rt `vfufdLvfu'. spsrkc sJkfsh vsqsY zrQjfv.
sJkfsh vsqsY zfnt vfufv nfsK nmj[kf. dpdb zfnt vfuf. dpdb dhwufrfsbv
mfdtj W zdLidk. dkdb hstb,
8 ! %, () { %3 ,3(> 3lT
+ . \3 / D 2 QU+ Q%. 2S + /?+ + 7 -[ (3 3 2 }
zKGf{, zfjfwmtD W ixdKhDv nfhGsHZmk kf]v, zfv zffrv dlsj nh dhNq
 nhfv sysq shdw 225 226 nhfv sysq shdw
iakAfhdkGk rsh. (rflDl } 5)
H8 ( !%, () {+,3#T + . 83 +. 2 QU+ P+ . 2 + F. (+ + +%. 2S 3Q + 3F. + 7QU}
zKGf{, dbyq ixdKhD W kfsk pf djYc zfsY kfv yCVf mfdtjfbfv zdLjfvD zfdm
nhGswa ncmGf
hQ kfvf zfmfv dbje iakAfhdkGk rsh. (mfvqAfm }40) ncmfG rt syfsJv jfut W ianfLb. syfsJ ncmfG dbst mdrtf ncvmf rsq pfq. zfcfr
dhb uf'Iv dhb zfhD kfsth k]fv jbAfsj slWqf islsw hstdYstb, `nkDsbv iadk
3 + + . 3 / / / + '/ ?
f 87 ,Q s (+ 3?+ 7 + /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ 3 :3m
+ . r2 #j / T
+ 3%. 2S + /t%Q . r2 7@G
+ + D 3%+ r2 (+ + }
NGf sKsj lCsv sKsjf, jfvB kf rt kftfsjv yfdhjfdE, shwD jKf jfefjfde jvf sKsj
(Y ! %, () {+,-5Q x. 83 7 + 2 #+ \++ lCsv sKsjf, jfvB kf fmDv msb OxBf nxd jsv. ncmfG hAhrfv jsvf, jfvB kf nhsysq
zKGf{, Wvf zffrv psKfdyk jlv jsvdb. djqfmskv dlb nm ixdKhD k]fv rfskv shwD nclv ianfLb. zfv (zfkv bf sist) ifdb rt nhsysq m ncod.'
mcsEfq Kfjsh hQ zfjfwmtD Kfjsh k]fv Ffb rfsk efsbf. idh W mrfb dkdb, zhwA icvsNvf syfsJv ijfsvv ubA vfs swfhfv nmq ncmfG hAhrfv jvsk ifsv.
Wvf pfsj zQwD jsv dkdb kfv sLG. (pcmfv } 67) hvQ kf rt nck. ksh nhGswa ncmfG v hAfifsv mrfbhD hstsYb,
dhyfv dlhsnv mfdtj dkdb. sp mqlfsb nfvf ixdKhDv iChhG kGD-ivhkGD njt mfbcN .(+ "
+ + ,- _
. 8++ + #. x7 3/ . 83 3 / u. Q 3HI- / + 5 2 3 . A
+)
nmshk rsh, sn mqlfsbv zdLidk dkdb. mrfbhD hstb, djqfmskv dlb mrfb zKGf{, skfmfslv nhGswa ncmfG rt Ndml. kf syfsJv ifkfq stfm lXok jsv hQ
zffr ixdKhDsj dbsuv mcsEfq sbshb hQ dbu Ffb rfk fvf zfnmfbsj desq lxdwd t jsv. (hfpXpfv, n} kfvoDh 2105bQ)
sbshb, zk}iv htshb, `zfdm vfuf. sjfKfq ixdKhDv vfufoB? (hcJfvD, mcndtm, `Ndml' bfmj ncmfG hkGmfsbW nlD zfvshv hfufsv ifWqf pfq. nckvfQ ivD[f
dmwjfk 5522bQ) iafKGbDq.
nckvfQ iajk x vfufdLvfu dkdb. kf zbA sj sn sJkfh oarB jvst dkdb
vfofdhk rb. mb sJkfshv mfbcNW k]fv dbje nhfv sysq shdw sfLHfub rq.
mrfbhD hstsYb, nhGswa fb
DQU 2[/(+ 2 /y2 (. 2> 2[/(+ 7 + 83 + 52 `f T
3 %+ / . 2 + 3 v- + ~ 2 + 3 h3+A
. 2 + /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ / D 2 + ` T
3 %+ - + ~ 2 ) spsrkc mrfb zffr nhfv sysq hV. kf ixdKhDv hcsj nhGswa fb rt k]fv
OvnmCr. HCisx v msLA nhsysq shdw diaq ufqof rt mndulnmCr. spsrkc sn OvnmCr
.(3 D nisjG dkdb hstsYb,
zKGf{, djqfmskv dlb zffrv dbje nhsysq shdw sfLHfub W dbjx hAd sn, f T
+ %Q } () {Q + + ^ 3 X3 '/ P+ </ 3 2 3^+ 83 3 3 . P+ </ + 52 C. 83 + +l<2 . \3 2 3 D +/2 p?,3 '3 ;/<}
pfsj (ixdKhDsk) `vfufdLvfu' htf rskf. zKy dkdb YfVf (iajk
x ) vfuf zbA sj
bq. (mcndtm 5735bQ) 3$, - a- / </ 3 D a2 :+\+ (j ,. 8+ +,-< w
+ 8+ !/ 52 Y7 0 :+8QU+ !/ 2 "
7 Q r2 QU+ / D Q 5 / F+ lf . '+ 2 + }!%+ _
+ \/ H. PQ PQ \3 D
%, ! %, () {%3 " + '. 2S +
nhGswa nD, nhGswa iadkshwD zKGf{, sn nh oxsr---pfsj zffr nmck jvsk hQ pfsk k]fv bfm mvB jvsk
Hft mfbcsNv jfsY sp Hft, zffrv jfsYW sn Hft. Hft Dv jfsY sp Hft, sn dbslGw dlsqsYb---njft W nAfq kfsk k]fv idhkf W mdrmf sOfNBf jsv mb nh
zffrv jfsYW Hft. zbcvi zffrv jfsY nhsysq shdw Hft nfKD, nD hf hc rt stfj pfslvsj hAhnf-hfdBuA hQ q-dhq zffrv mvB rsk hQ bfmfp jfsqm
sn hAd, sp kfv hcv jfsY Hft. zfv nhsysq shdw Hft iadkshwD rt sn hAd, W pfjfk ialfb jvf rsk dhvk vfsJ bf, kfvf Hq jsv sndlbsj, spdlb kfslv zv
sp kfv iadkshwDv jfsY Hft. zffrv vnCt hstsYb, W lxd HDdk-dhr t rsq iVsh . (bCv } 36-37)
.(/t%Q _
+ / H. E3 3 . A
+ / D + . / Q
+_
/ 3 .A
+ + / / G
/ "
+ / H. E3 3 . A
+ / D + . / /$ + . 2S 3 . A
+) mrfbhD hstsYb,
H ( t% .(( P+ r- +,. 2 /& 2 U /2 / 3X+ '. 2 + E+ 3 T
/ + (+ /& 2 U / / JG
+ 2 ))
zKGf{, zffrv dbje nhGswa nD rt sn hAd, sp kfv nDslv jfsY nhGswa.
zfv nhGswa iadkshwD rt sn hAd, sp kfv iadkshwDslv jfsY nhGswa. (zfrmfl zffrv dbjse nhsysq iYlbDq fb rt mndul. zfv nhsysq OxBA fb rt
6566, dkvdmpD, hsb Jcpfmf, hsb drfb, rfsjm, dn} nrDrfr 103bQ) hfufv. (mcndtm)
zfhfv mndulnmCsrv msLA swa mndul rt jchfv mndul. kfsk sjfb bfmfp
 nhfv sysq shdw
zflfq jvst jde mvfr jvfv nmfb nWqfh rq. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb
mfufr rfsjm, n} ufsm' 3872, 6154, 6225bQ)
kfv sKsj swa suvufstsmv hfqkct mfjdln hf mfndulct zfjnf. spsrkc
nctfmfb pJb mndul dbmGfB swN jsvdYstb, kJb zffrv dbje lczf
jsvdYstb sp, sp hAd sjhtmf bfmfspv sswA mndusl idk rsh, sn
hAd spb dlbjfv mk dbifi rsq dIsv zfsn, spdlb kfv mf kfsj ianh jsvdYt.
(nrDr bfnf 669, hsb mfufr 1408 bQ)
zfv j hBGbfmsk kfsk 250 bfmfspv nWqfh zfsY. mrfbhD hstb, hfqkct
mfjdln zsi[f zfmfv mndusl bfmfp yfvB m. zfv kf rt swa bfmfspv
fb. (rfsjm 4/509, hfrfjDv zfhct mfb, kfrfhD, dn} nrDrfr 6/2/954)
kfv sKsj swa mlDbfv mndusl bhhD. spsrkc snJfbjfv jde bfmfp j rfufv
bfmfp zsi[f swa.
kfYfVf mrfbhD hstsYb, zfmfv oxr W (zfmfv mnduslv) dmsvv mfsU shsrsv
j hfofb vsqsY. zfv zfmfv dmv vsqsY zfmfv rWspv iv. (hcJfvD, mcndtm,
dmwjfk 694bQ)
kfv sKsjW swa mfv jf'hf-mndul. spsrkc snJfbjfv jde bfmfp j t[
bfmfp zsi[f swa. (zfrmfl, hfrfjD, n} ufsm' 3838, 3841 bQ)
htf hftA, dhswv nhGswa fb mf mcjfvGfmf. spJfsb vsqsY ixdKhDv iaKm oxr---
jf'hfOv W mfndulct rfvfm. spJfsb vsqsY ufskv lc'de mcf; rfufsv zfnWqfl W
mfjfsm hafrDm. spJfsb vsqsY hjGkmq pmpm. sp bovD nhGswa W nhGswN bhD -
v umHCdm.
j nmq mfsj nsfLb j'sv mrfbhD hstdYstb, zffrv jnm! dbyq
kcdm zffrv dbje nhfv yfsk swa HCdm, nhfv yfsk diaq HCdm. zfdm pdl skfmfv
h[ sKsj hdrjk x bf rkfm, kfrst zfdm shv rkfm bf. (zfrmfl 4/305,
dkvdmpD 3925, bfnf, hsb mfufr 3108bQ)
kfviv mlDbf bhdhqAf. zhwA sp fsb mrfbhD nmfdrk zfsYb, sn fb mf
sKsjW m.
idvswsN fkhA sp, iaskAj mndul rt zffrv Ov. mfblfvvf sn Ov zfhfl
vfsJ. sn Osvv nfsK pfslv rlq-mb tesj Kfsj, kfvf djqfmskv svZk mqlfsb
zfvswv Yfqf tfH jvsh. mndul zfhfljfvDvf zffrv smrmfb. kfvf rt zffrv
iadkshwD!
mrfb zffr djqfmskv dlb Ffj dlsq htshb, `zfmfv iadkshwDvf sjfKfq? zfmfv
iadkshwDvf sjfKfq?' dIdvwXkfoB htshb, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfibfv
iadkshwD rWqfv spfoA sj?' dkdb htsthb, `mndul zfhfljfvDvf sjfKfq?' (dn}
nrDrfr 2728bQ)
227 228 nhfv sysq shdw
ixdKhDv nhGdbjx fb
ixdKhDv nhGdbjx fb ianafh-ifqJfbfv ufqof bq, hvQ kf rt hfufv. mrfbhD
hstsYb,
H ( t% .(( P+ r- +,. 2 /& 2 U /2 / 3X+ '. 2 + E+ 3 T
/ + (+ /& 2 U / / JG
+ 2 ))
zKGf{, zffrv dbjse nhsysq iYlbDq fb rt mndul. zfv nhsysq OxBA fb
rt hfufv. (mcndtm)
dj kf sjb? spsrkc hfufv rt Jfn lcdbqflfvslv ufqof. snJfsb nfLfvBk}
lcdbqflfvD yst. stfH-tftnf W zKGstftcikfv dhswN fb hfufv. dJqfbk, sHuft,
nClD jfvhfv, dmKAf jKb, dmKAf zfwfn, dmKAf zfwf W stfH kAfdlv shnfdk shw
sufvlfv ufqof hfufv.
sL]fjfhfdu, Ejhfdu, dmKAf rtIhfdu, zn{ mfbcNslv zffhfdu, shilGf ianfdLjf
mdrtf, shwAf mdrtf, mfb W tieslv iaLfb ufqof hfufv.
hfufsvv yfjdyjA, rSy, Ufsmtf-Ufe, ianfdLjfslv shilGf rsq shstfibf
ytfsIvf, ofb-hfubf kAfdl zffrv dpjXv sKsj dhnxdk zfsb, lfnDbA zfsb.
nftmfb IfsvnD hstb, `kcdm pdl ifv, kfrst nhGiaKm hfufsv iashwjfvD rsh
bf hQ snJfb sKsj nhGswN iafbjfvD rsh bf. jfvB, hfufv wqkfsbv zfft;
snJfsb sn zfib Uff ofsV.' (mcndtm)
hfvjfbD k]fv `nrDr' oas nftmfb jkGj x hBGbf jsvsYb, dkdb hstb, zffrv
vnCt hstsYb, nhGiaKm hfufsv iashwjfvD rsqf bf hQ snJfb sKsj nhGswN
iafbjfvD rsqf bf. jfvB, snJfsb wqkfb dFm ifsV hQ Yfbf um slq.
ubA hfufsv dosq dhswN lczf iVst dmdtqb nWqfshv irfv ifWqf pfq.
zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd hfufsv iashw jsv (dbsbv lczf) hst, zffr
kfv ubA lw t[ sbjD dtdih jsvb, lw t[ sofbfr smfyb j'sv slb, kfsj lw
t[ mpGflfq Dk jsvb hQ shsrs kfv ubA jde oxr dbmGfB jsvb.
`tf tf-rf ff zrlf tf wfvDjf tf, tft mctjc ztft rfmlc, qcArqD
zqcAmDkc, zqf rfqcAt tf qAfmCkc, dhqAfdldrt Jfv zqf zftf jcd wfdqb
jflDv.'
zKGf{- zffr YfVf sj nkA ifnA sb, dkdb jj k]fv sjfb zQwD sb, k]fv
ubA nfvf vfuk W k]fv dbdms nmclq iawQnf. dkdb uDhb lfb jsvb hQ mxkcA
ialfb jsvb. zfv dkdb dyvDh, k]fv mxkcA sb. kf]v rfsk nhGiajfv mt hQ
dkdb nhG hv iv nhGwdmfb. (nrDr dkvdmpD 2726 bQ, nrDr hsb mfufr 1817 bQ)
zsbsj dbsuv zdHkfq hstb, zdLjfQw nmsq hfufsv dosq lczfde iVsk msb
Kfsj bf. zfv kfv jfvB rt mckf, hAkf W lfnDbA.
 nhfv sysq shdw
t[BDq sp, rflDsn `zfrfct dhtfl' htf rsqsY. `dhtfl' mfsb slw hf wrv, dj
Jfsb HCdm hf ufqofv zsKG hAhrfv rsqsY. sk spb dk vsqsY jcvzfb jfvDsmv
zfqfskv iadk,
,. a2 / /? 8+ 3 ^ "
+ 3 2[/+C52 j I/ + DQU 33 w
. 8+ 2 +3A
+ B/CD + / '^%+ Q. Qq'/ 3 \3 ++ 33 w
zKGf{, {jx HCdm kfv iadkiftsjv dbslGsw Int {i jsv hQ pf dbjx
kfsk jdEb idvwam hAkDk djYc umfq bf. Hfsh jxk nialfsqv ubA zfdm
dblwGbnmCr dhdHHfsh dhhxk j'sv Kfdj. (zf'vfI } 58)
mndul iYlbDq W diaq ufqof, spsrkc mndusl zfombjfvDvf mb stfj pfslv
hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
3 D a2 :+\+ (j ,. 8+ +,-< w
+ 8+ !/ 52 Y7 0 :+8QU+ !/ 2 "
7 Q r2 QU+ / D Q 5 / F+ lf . '+ 2 + }!%+ _
%, ! %, () {%3 "+ '. 2S + 3$,- a-
zKGf{, mb nh stfj pfslvsj hAhnf-hfdBuA hQ q-dhq zffrv mvB rsk
hQ bfmfp jfsqm W pfjfk ialfb jvf rsk dhvk vfsJ bf, kfvf Hq jsv sndlbsj,
spdlb kfslv zv W lxd HDdk-dhr t rsq iVsh . (bCv } 37)
i[fsv zjfvsB hfufv-mBjfvDvf nfLfvBk} dub W mfbcNviD wqkfb rq.
dyvb kfslv swA rq. Ist kfvf zffr sKsj h lCsv nsv pfq hQ zShL
buvhfdu iaHdx kv Ist wqkfsbv bjeA tfH jsv.
skf icvNslv jKf, mdrtfslv jKf jD? sp mdrtfvf zjfvsB nfmfbA iasqfusb
zKhf dydhsbflsbv sswA hfufsv-hfufsv Ocsv shVfq, hfufv sKsjW sbfQvf
ufqof smtfq dosq idk rq, jJsbf hf dmnjDb hfi hf fmDsj ns dbsq zKhf
jfdjbD zKhf ofqv-mfrvfm icvsNv nfsK `mfsjGe' j'sv shVfq, dhskfv nfsK
bfbf Hdmfq jKf hst zfkkxd tfH j'sv Kfsj, kfvf jfv bjeA tfH jsv?
shfvjf isv pfq? dj kfv zfjfv-zfjxdk, tfnAmqD ytb-Hd, zfshlbmqD
zfyvB, dmdmq jKb, dIjdIsj rfdn, shfvjfv jfvjfspGv ym{jfdvk, ztQjfsvv
UQjfv, ianfLb W ifvdIsmv zfjNGBmq snZvH kAfdl sjfKfq tcjfq?
mrfbhD hstsYb, mdrtf rt sofib dudbn. hfsv shv rst wqkfb kfv dlsj
oHDv lxdsk dbdbGsmN kfdjsq slJsk Kfsj. (kfhfvfbD, hsb drfb, hsb Jcpfmf,
n} kfvoDh 339, 341, 342bQ)
hfufsvv mfbcNviD wqkfbvf zhwA sn hfufvD smsqslvsj fokm ufbfq.
kfvf bfvD-fLDbkfv ikfjf sftb j'sv kfv Yfqfkst zfwaq dbsk zfrhfb
ufbfq. zfv mb smsqvf zhtDtfsm sn ikfjfkst nmshk rq.
zhwA pfvf iasqfusb hfufsv pfsh, rftft vpDv nfsb pfsh, hL hAhnf jvsh,
lfdqkwDt rsq hfufsvv sJ]fu-Jhv sbsh, kfslv jKf k. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
229
. 8+ 3^ sD 3 2 + +}
! > %, () {+3 I- x. 8+
+ \/ H. PQ PQ \3 D f T
+ %Q }
/ </
230 nhfv sysq shdw
! a ! %, () {Hf G
/ %7 %f ,-W~2 + 7QU / . 2 + +Hu. QU <2 p + 2+ ' + + . ~2 7 s- |
. QF+ <2 }
zKGf{, sp zbsbAfifq zKy zbAfqjfvD djQhf nDmftQObjfvD bq, kfv sjfb ifi
rsh bf. dbyq zffr yvm [mfwDt ivm lqftc. (hfjfvfr } 173)
DbD lfWqfk, n{jfsuv zfslw W mljfsu hfLf lfb jvf kAfdl sbj sswA
sostW kf zhwA ijfvD. kcIft hsb hf hsb jf'h rsk hdBGk, dkdb
zfcfr hsb mfv -v jfsY zfnskb hQ njfst kf]v ns hfufv spskb.
dkdb hstb, `pJb zfmvf njfst hfufsv spkfm, kJb dkdb iaskAj Jcyvf dhskf,
fqD hAhnfqD, dmnjDb, kKf zbA sjfb hAdv dbje dlsq zdkm jvfv nmq kfsj
nftfm dlskb.' kcIft hstb, nckvfQ zfdm jdlb (zHAfnmk) zfcfr hsb
mfv -v dbje sotfm. dkdb zfmfsj k]fv ns hfufsv spsk htstb. zfdm
httfm, `zfidb hfufv dosq jD jvshb? zfidb skf shyf-sjbfv ubA sjfKfW Kfsmb
bf, sjfb iBA nisjG dufnf jsvb bf, kfv lv-lfm ufbsk yfb bf hQ hfufsvv
sjfb mudtsn hsnbW bf. zfdm htdY, Jfsb zfmfslv nfsK hsn pfb, Jfsb
jKfhfkGf hdt.' (kcIfstv Hcd] V smfef dYt, sn ubA) dkdb htstb, `Wsr
Hcd] Vsmfef! zfmvf njft shtfq hfufsv jmf nftfm siw jvfv sswA pf; pfv
nfsK zfmfslv nf[f{ rq, zfmvf kfsj nftfm dl.' (mczf mfstj)
ixdKhDv swakm ifdb
ixdKhDv swakm W idhkm ifdb rt pmpsmv ifdb. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(QHa 7 +F(/ 0f W/ QH#. s +F(/ f #2e / </ +Y+ (. + 30 ( Q%. 2> / T
. + p0 ( 3 . A
+)
zKGf{, ixdKhDv hcsj nhGswa ifdb rt pmpsmv ifdb. kfsk vsqsY kxdv JflA hQ
hAfdLv zfsvfoA. (kfhfvfbD, hsb drfb, n} ufsm' 3322bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, pmpsmv ifdb sp dbqsk ifb jvf rsh sn dbqk iCBG rWqfq
ItianC. (nrDr hsb mfufr 2884 bQ, vWqft oftDt 1123 bQ)
zLcbf jfst ifdb dbsq oshNBf j'sv slJf sosY sp, nkA kfsk lcsLv mskf JflA W
ifbDq iflfb Hq zfsY. hjGskv zfwfq ifb jvst hQ iCBG mfsbv nfsK sjfb
dbqk dbsq ifb jvst kfsk zfwf W dbqk iCBG rq hQ svfoD zfsvfoA tfH jsv.
pmpm zfdhjfv rq duhvDt dIdvwXkfv Ffbf hf ilfOfsk zKhf dw nmfstv
ilfOfsk. hafrDm nmfstv mf (rfufv; pf hfQtfq iadn rfsuvf) W k]fv lcsLv
dw nmftsj ns dbsq jf'hf Osvv dbje hQ pmpsmv isv jde hV ofsYv
kst (hkGmfb) mnduslv nhsysq ]yc ufqofq k]fslvsj vfJstb. kJb mfq bf dYt
ubmfbh, bf dYt sjfb ifdb. nckvfQ snJfsb kfslvsj svsJ sostb hQ jde
Kstv msLA djYc sJucv zfv jde mwsj i idvmfB ifdb dlsq sostb. kfviv
 nhfv sysq shdw
hafrDm dIsv spsk tfostb. kJb nmfstv mf kf]v diYc diYc Ycse sn
htstb, `sr hafrDm! zfmfslvsj mb j ikAjfq sYsV dlsq zfidb sjfKfq
pfsYb, spJfsb bf zfsY sjfb nD-nfKD zfv bf zfsY zbA djYc (JflA hf ifbDq)?'
dkdb hfvQhfv jKf htsk Kfjstb. dj hafrDm sndlsj s[i jvstb
bf. kJb rfsuvf kf]sj dufnf jvstb, `zffr dj zfibfsj v jcm dlsqsYb?'
dkdb sv htstb, `r]Af.' v sb rfsuvf htstb, `kfrst dkdb zfmfslvsj
LQn W hvhfl jvshb bf.' zk}iv rfsuvf (ofsYv jfsY) dIsv stb.
hafrDm yst sostb. idvswsN pJb dkdb (rfuCsbv jfsY) nfdbqAfr bfmj fsb
sn siZ]Ystb, spJfsb D-ic zfv kf]sj slJsk ifdYstb bf, kJb dkdb jf'hf Osvv
dlsj mcJ j'sv lc'rfk kcst lczf jvstb,
`. #+ T
. <2 !2 2 "
7 , 3 a/ 3 / +'7%+ Q7 + 3 2[:/ . '+ + / %. + B/ Q . ~2 p+,'/ ;/:87 %^ 3 F/( 3 I2 . 2 ;^QU +'7%7 }
H E' U !%, () {+3 I- x. 8+ H. P3 D #+ 2 /?+ + h7 +F(^ H3Pr 3 %. + H. PQ . 2 QU BQ,P. \+ Q 7 +F(^ ! + ]/ < 2
sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfdm zfmfv djYc hQwLvsj It-IntrDb ikAjfq
skfmfv idh oxsrv dbje hnhfn jvftfm; sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! pfsk kfvf bfmfp
jfsqm jsv. nckvfQ kcdm djYc stfsjv zvsj Wslv iadk zbcvfoD j'sv lfW hQ
Itfdl fvf kfslv uDdhjfv hAhf jv; pfsk kfvf jxkkf iajfw jsv. (nCvf
hafrDm 37 zfqfk)
(zk}iv hafrDm yst sostb.) nmfstv mf dwsj lcL ifb jvfskb zfv
dbsu mwj sKsj ifdb ifb jvskb. idvswsN mwsjv ifdb swN rsq sost dkdb
dbsuW diifdnk rstb hQ ( jfvsB hcsjv lcL djsq pfWqfq) kf]v dwicdeW
diifnfq jfkv rsq iVt. dkdb dwv iadk kfdjsq slJstb, (diifnfq) dw mfdev
iv YeXIeX jvsY. dw icsv ( jvB zhfv) dlsj kfjfsbf kfv is[ nrA
rdYt bf. dkdb nsv iVstb hQ kf]v zhfb s[sv dbjekm ihGk drnfsh
`nfIf'sj sistb. dkdb kfv iv sE lf]dVsq ikAjfv dlsj mcJ j'sv dlj
Wdlj kfdjsq slJstb, jfsj slJf pfq dj bf. dj dkdb jfsj slJsk sistb bf.
kJb nfIf ihGk sKsj sbsm zfnstb. zk}iv pJb dkdb ikAjfq si]ZYstb, kJb
zfib divfsbv (mAfdv) dbsyv dlj kcst jub wafjf mfbcsNv mskf slZsV
ikAjf ifv rstb. zk}iv `mfvWqf' ifrfsV sn kfv isv sE lf]Vfstb.
zk}iv yfdvdlsj lxdifk j'sv jfsj slJfv syf jvstb. dj jfsj slJsk
sistb bf. (Hfsh dkdb ifrfVsqv mfUJfsb) nfkhfv (zfnf-pfWqf) jvstb.
hsb zffn hstb, bhD hstsYb, jfvsB (rsv nmq) rfuDosBv
ifrfVsqv msLA nfkhfv nfqD hf slZVfslZdV jvsk rq.
Hfsh swNhfv pJb dkdb mfvWqf ifrfsVv iv Estb, kJb jde zfWqfu
bsk sistb. kJb dkdb dbsusj htstb, `yci!' zk}iv dkdb jfb JfVf j'sv
231 232 nhfv sysq shdw
zfWqfu bsk tfostb. zfhfvW sn zfWqfp bsk sistb. kJb dkdb
htstb, `skfmfv zfWqfu skf bsk sitfm. Jb pdl skfmfv jfsY nfrfspAv djYc
Kfsj, ksh zfmfsj nfrfpA jv.' rEf{ dkdb pmpm spJfsb zhdk snJfsb (duhaDt)
dIdvfsj slJsk sistb. dIdvf k]fv ifsqv sofVfdt dlsq zKhf dbu Ffbf dlsq
zfOfk jvstb. Ist (zfOfskv fb sKsj) ifdb iajfw sit. rfsuvf v yfv ifsw
dbu rfk fvf hf]L dlsq kfsj rWspv vilfb jvstb hQ zdt Hsv kfv
mwjdesk ifdb Hvsk tfostb. rfsuvfv Hvf swN rstW ifdb Kst Esk Kfjt.
hsb zffn hstb, bhD hstsYb, zffr nmfstv mfsqv iv jvBf
hNGB jvb. pdl dkdb pmpmsj (hf]L bf dlsq Hfsh) sYsV dlskb. zKhf pdl dkdb
zdt dlsq mwj bf Hvskb, ksh pmpm (jCi bf rsq) jde iahrmfb UBGf rk.
(hcJfvD)
hkGmfsb hV hV ifsiv nfrfspA sp rfsv ifdb skftf rq, kfv jKf Hfhsk zhfj
tfso. dbyq sn ifdb mrfb zffrv mc'dupf hQ dbyq sn ifdb ixdKhDv swakm
ifdb.
nhGswa vsMv sifwfj
sifwfj-zfwfj hAhrfsvv nmq j j mfbcsNv j j iYl. bfbf vsMv msLA
sjfb sjfb vM sjfb sjfb mfbcsNv jfsY iafLfbA ifq. zhwA zffrv bhD dhdH
vM hAhrfv jsvsYb. dj dkdb hstsYb,
.(H. 5- \+,. (+ P+ </ ,3W 52 + H. I- '/ + u/ 3 . A
+ P+ 7Qq<2 + + + 3HI- '/ + u/ F. (/ ,3 + )
skfmvf skfmfslv nflf vsMv jfiV idvLfb jv. sjbbf, kf skfmfslv nshGfm
jfiV. zfv Wsk skfmfslv mxk hAdslvsj jfIb lfW. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD,
n} ufsm' 1236bQ)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
.(H. 5- \+,. (+ P+ </ ,3W 52 + 3+ e 2 + 3 P+ e 2 P+ 7Qq<2 + + + H. I- '/ + u/ F. (/ ,3 + )
skfmvf nflf vsMv jfiV idvLfb jv. sjbbf, kf nhsysq idh W {jx. zfv
Wsk skfmfslv mxkslvsj jfIb lfW. (bfnf, rfsjm, n} ufsm' 1235bQ)
nflf vsMv jfiVsj nhsysq shdw idh ubA htf rsqsY sp, kfsk nfmfbA
mqtf tfost nrsu hcUf pfq. Ist kf Lcsq idvjfv j'sv sbWqf rq. i[fsv vdMb
jfisV mqtf tfostW nrsu hcUf pfq bf. Ist hdlb hAhrfv jvf rst kfsk lcoG
Lsv pfq hQ mqtf hcUf pfq bf hst idvjfvW jvf rq bf. zfv jfvsB zsbsj
nfhfb-Jvy jm jvfv mfbsn vdMb sifwfj hAhrfv jsv. zfnst kf hL rstW nflf
sifwfj nhGswa.
 nhfv sysq shdw
nhGswa mB
zsbsj idvhrB-spfso lCv nIsv pfq, shVfsk pfq hf mB jvsk pfq, dhtfn-dhrfv
jvsk pfq. zhwA zsbj mfbcN mfpfv, jhv, dkrfdnj fb, spmb ofsv nWv, drvf rf,
hlv, l, kCv ifrfV iaHdx k ufqof hjGskv sswA, nWqfshv sswA, djYc yfWqfv
jfmbfq, djYc ifWqfv hfnbfq lCv-lCvf sKsj nIv jsv. kf dj hL bq.
pdl sj nWqfh W hjGktfsHv zfwfq nIv jvsk yfq, ksh kfv ubA nhGswa
nIv rt lcde ufqofv nIv. mf W mlDbf. zhwA swA dj mrfbhD -v
umfb hf nmfdLs[ rsh bf. hvQ swA rsh mfndulct rfvfm W mfndusl bhhDsk
bfmfp isV zuna nWqfshv zdLjfvD rWqf. sn nfsK mvfr jvst skf zdkdv
nWqfh zfsY.
jf'hfv mndusl jde bfmfp j t[ bfmfp zsi[f swa.
mndusl bhhDsk jde bfmfp j rfufv bfmfp zsi[f swa.
nckvfQ nhGswa mB rt lc mnduslv dpqfvk. mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(B/ _
/ . (+ + 2 7 / . 2 + +H E/ + '. QU 3 _
/ . (+ 3`G
/ +7 / . 2 QU
. +5/ %3 (+ 3 . A
+)
zKGf{, sp ufqofv ubA nWqfvDsk nWqfv rWqf pfq, kfv msLA nhGswa ufqof rt
hafrDm -v mndul W zfmfv mndul. (zfrmfl 14612, kfhfvfbD, hsb drfb, n}
kfvoDh 1206bQ)
hvQ lc mndul W mfndulct zfjnf YfVf hjGk W nWqfshv sswA zbA
sjfb ufqofv dpqfvsk spsk mrfbhD dbsNL j'sv hstsYb,
.(( "
+ r 2> / _
/ . + + +CE+ / _
/ . (+ + Q+ + / _
/ . (+ + T
/ + (+ /9u+2 u+ 2 QU DQU 3 G
+ ^ J x+ \3 2))
zKGf{, dkbde mndul YfVf nIv jvf pfsh bf, (mfv) mfndusl rfvfm, (mlDbfv)
zfmfv mndul hQ (suvufstsmv) mfndusl zfjnf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
nfrfhD zfhC nfl JclvD -v ns jlt stfsjv slJf rt. dkdb ufbsk
ifvstb sp, kfvf kCv pfsY. nckvfQ dkdb kfslvsj rflDn bfstb.
nfrfhD zfhC hfnvfr -v ns zfhC vfvf -v slJf rt. zfhC hfnvf dufnf
jvstb, `sjfssj zfnsYb?' dkdb htstb, `kCv sKsj, spJfsb zffr mCnfv ns
jKf hstdYstb.' zfhC hfnvf htstb, `zfibfv pfWqfv iCshG pdl zfibfv nfsK
zfmfv nf[f{ rskf, kfrst zfdm zfibfsj Jhv dlkfm. zfdm zffrv vnCt -sj
htsk sbdY sp, dkbde mndul YfVf nIv jvf pfsh bf, (mfv) mndusl rfvfm,
(mlDbfv) zfmfv mndul hQ (suvufstsmv) mndusl zfjnf. (kfrfhD 1/244)
jfpzfr hstb, `zfdm kCv pfWqfv nQji jvtfm. nckvfQ hAfifsv hsb mfv
-sj dufnf jvtfm. dkdb htstb, kcdm dj ufb bf sp, bhD hstsYb, dkbde
233 234 nhfv sysq shdw
mndul YfVf nIv jvf pfsh bf|||||. (zfJhfv mffr, zfpvfjD 304ix}, zfrjfmct ufbfsqp
zfthfbD 226ix})
zhwA jchfv mndusl dosq bfmfp iVf hQ jde mvfrv nWqfh tfH jvfv jKf
zbA rflDn fvf iamfdBk. (hsb mfufr, n} ufsm' 6154bQ)
imrfslswv iadn zfstm wfqJ zdtfr mcrfdn slrthD hstsYb, `ufsrtD
pcsov stfsjvf kfslv LfvBfianCk kf'pDmspfoA (wvDI) fbdtv nIv jvk, kfv
dpqfvk jvk hQ kfv mfLAsm hjGk jfmbf jvk. zKy kfsk dYt (Db W
kfWrDslv) mb dhjxdk W dhO, pf zi bq. kf bhD ( rflDn fvf) dhO
(hf Ifnfslv lvuf) h j'sv dlstb. pfsk iakDjnmCr ziakDjnmCsrv nfsK dmdtk
bf jvf rq. pfsk ofqvfrv hflskv mfLAm bf rsq pfq. zfv zfmfv dbje ndEj
sp, jhv, sjfb ztDv hflskv t W kCv, v iaskAjef (dpqfvk-nIv)
dbsNsL nmfb.' (fkcfdrt hf-dtofr 1/192)
nhGswa nf[A
zd[ fvf lx dudbn hBGbf jvfv bfm nfd[ slWqf. nfd[ fvf dhyfv rq. kf
dmKAf nfd[ W sjfb zbAfq jfsu nfd[ slWqf jfhDvf sofbfr. dhswN j'sv zKG
stbslsbv s[s mdrtfslv lcusbv nfd[ jub icvN nf[Dv nmfb. dj nhGswa
nfd[ sjfbXde?
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.( P2 2S. 83 . +`. r2 P3G
/ / '/ + PQ + ( !/ + P7x 3 . A
+)
zKGf{, nhGswa nf[A rt snef, pf nf[D kfv dbje yfWqfv zfso dlsq Kfsj.
(kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 3276bQ)
ksh ef rt sn nf[Dv nfs[Av jKf, pfv hAfifsv sj ufsb bf sp, sn Oebfv
nf[D. nf[A bf Kfjfv jfvsB rj b rsq pfWqf slsJ sn dbsu sKsj sn nf[A ialfb
jsv. spsrkc sn nf[A kJb kfv jfsY jde zfmfbk.
zKhf nf[A rt sYfsnhDv nf[A. spmb dhhfr, kftfj, WqfjXI, q-dhq,
B slWqf-sbWqf, zdnqk kAfdlv nmq slWqf nf[A. pf yfWqfv zfso nf[D
k}iasBfdlk rsq ialfb j'sv Kfsj.
swaBDv nf[A ialfb jvf Wqfsuh. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstsYb,
! a ! %, () {,3 3( + +QU 0+ P+ xJ +$S8+ 2+ }
zKGf{, pJb (nf[A dlsk) Ffjf rq, kJb spb nf[Dvf zDjfv bf jsv. (hfjfvfr }
282)
! a ( ) {Hf /+ +,- + #. \+ + '/ 3 + 3 3 r2 Hf u/ 3 7Qq<2 P+ . :3I 8+ F+(+ !2 + P+ x7 ,3 :3I \+ 2+ }
zKGf{, skfmvf nf[A sofib jsvf bf, hk} sp kf sofib jsv, dbyq kfv zv
 nhfv sysq shdw 235 236 nhfv sysq shdw
ifimq. skfmvf pf jv, zffr kf ndhswN zhdrk. (hfjfvfr } 283)
, 3 r/ 2 + H. I- (^ . + B
. + + 3 PQ . 2 + p 3 #. + '/ 7FE3 ,r- %Q <2 . 2 p 3 #. + '/ 7FE3 ,-I/ (. 2S<2 7FP3 2 T
+ 2 +FX. 2 '+ +Qq<2 } hxrm tfrD lfb
( ) { T
j +w
. (+ 3 D `+#_
. 8+ + D Q@:78+ F+(+ Q A
/ Q,. + + / D '/ 3F(/ g. 83 + 52 F+( / '/ - + ,38 H. I- /+ / D / !2 + P+ x7 mrfb zffr mfbcNsj kfv dbsuv msLA pf djYc lfb jsv Kfsjb, kfv sjfb drnfh
s ! %, sb. ksh kfv msLA nhGswa lfb rt nclv ydv. spsrkc nclv ydv mfbcNsj mrfb
jsv skfst. nclv ydvsv mfbcN njstv jfsY diaqif rq.
zKGf{, kfslv k iCvsBv jft zfn rst skfmvf rq pKfdhdL kfslvsj svsJ
j hAd mrfbhD -sj dufnf jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! mfbcNsj slWqf
bfW, bf rq skfmvf kfslvsj pKfdhdL idvkAfo jv hQ skfmfslv mLA rsk lc ub
lfbnmCsrv msLA nhGswa lfb jD slWqf rsqsY?' sv dkdb htstb, nclv ydv.
bAfqivfqB stfjsj nf[D vfJ; skfmvf zffrv ubA ndEj nf[A lfW. ef fvf (hsb drfb, rfsjm, hfrfjD, n} kfvoDh 2652bQ)
skfmfslv msLA sp sj zffr W ivjfst dhhfn vfsJ, kfsj islw slWqf rsY. zfsvf jde mrflfb rt LpG. LpG rt uDhsbv zfstf. LpG mfsbv z. mrfb
zfv sp sj zffrsj Hq jvsh, zffr kfv dbjdx kv iK j'sv slshb. (kftfj } 2) zffr LpGwDtslv nfsKv nfKD. zfv `sp nq, sn vq.'
zKhf nf[A mb nf[Dv, sp nkv nf[A slq hQ sjfb iajfv oqQoY jsv bf. zfhC nfl JclvD hstb, djYc zfbnfvD zffrv vnCt -v jfsY djYc yfstb.
spmb zdkwsqfdsk htf rq, `sp lfbhDv, sn yfWqfv zfso lfb slq.' zKGf{, dkdb kfslvsj dlstb. icbvfq kfvf lfhD jvt. Ist dkdb (zfhfv) kfslvsj dlstb.
yfWqfmf nfsK nfsK lfb slq. mbdj pf djYc kf]v jfsY dYt kf nh db}swN rsq sot. zk}iv pJb dkdb nm
yfWqfv zfso nf[A dlsqdYstb nfrfhD Jcpfmfr . jlf mrfbhD nfWqf dhb dudbn dbu rfsk lfb j'sv dlstb, kJb dkdb htstb,
jfn mcrfsvhD shlcsbv dbje sKsj jde sOfVf djbstb. dj sn dhsqv jKf
-& / / X. 83 QFX. :+. 8+ F. (+ + -& 3 W/#83 V
. W/ #. :+. 8+ F. (+ + H. I- . + 3t+ A
/ 7 F. 2 <2 . A
+ F. (/ B . / F. I- 8+ (+ ))
zDjfv jvt hQ htt, `kcdm pdl zfmfv jfsY sOfVf djsbY, kfrst nf[D idk
jv.' jKf sb Jcpfmfr dhb nfshk nfrfhD k]fv nis[ nfd[ dlsq htstb, @f W2 :7(3 .(( . "
7 +F(/ +l+ . + . A
+ 0j s2 + f G
+ 2 +;s/ . - (+ + -& 3t. ^"
+ 83 . 7"
+ :+8+ F. (+ +
` sOfVf skfmfv dbje sKsj db JvDl jsvsYb.' bhD k]fsj htstb, kcdm skf zfmfv jfsY pf djYc (mft) zfsn kf zfdm skfmfslvsj bf dlsq jJb umf j'sv
zfmfslv sOfVf q-dhsqv nmq idk dYst bf, kfrst nfd[ dlst jDHfsh? vfJh bf. (dj skfmvf jde jKf msb vfJsh,) sp hAd yfWqf sKsj idh Kfjfv
dkdb htstb, `zfidb pf hstb, kfsk zfdm zfibfsj nkAhflD hst ufdb. zfsvf syf jvsh, zffr kfsj idh vfJshb. zfv sp hAd (yfWqf sKsj) zmcJfsid[kf
ufdb sp zfidb jJsbf dmKAf htshb bf.' mrfbhD htstb, sp hAdv nis[ zhtb jvsh, zffr kfsj zmcJfsi[D jvshb. sp hAd LpG LfvB jvfv syf
zKhf dhis[ Jcpfmfr nfd[ slsh, nfd[v ubA sn jf psK. zfv kJb sKsj jvsh zffr, kfsj LpG LfvsBv [mkf ialfb jvshb. zfv sjfb hAdsj mb sjfb
k]fv ifdL isV sot `Fht nfd[-Wqftf' nfrfhD. (zfhC lfl 3607, bfnf 4661bQ, lfb slWqf rqdb, pf LpG zsi[f m W dhv rsk ifsv. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
kfhfvfbD, rfsjm 2/22, hfrfjD 10/146) dhislv zjfsv LpG rt zfstf. lfdvsAv snZlpG LpG. LpG W nhv j nil,
i[fsv yfWqfv zfso dHdrDb nf[A slWqf zKhf dmKAf nf[A slWqf zKhf pfv fvf LbD bf rstW LbDv mk uDhb pfib jvf pfq. nh nmnAfv iadkjfv rsY
ziasqfubDq nf[A slWqf zKhf nf[D rWqfv zspfoA rsqW nf[A slWqf hL bq. LpG. hxs[v Yft dk rstW kfv It hV dmd. LpG Lvf Jch jdEb rstW kfv
swaBDv nf[Dv dblf jvf rsqsY rflDsn. mrfbhD hstsYb, nhGswa wkfD idvBfm hV H. dbyq LpG nxdjkGfv mrflfb.
zfmfv wkfD. zk}iv kfv ivhkGD wkfD. zk}iv kfv ivhkGD wkfD (v pfstsmv zkAfyfsv LpG LfvB jvst, mfbcsNv nmfb hLGb rq. mrfbhD wiK
stfsjvf). zk}iv mb nialfq zfdhHGCk rsh, pfslv slr smfef rsh hQ smfef j'sv hstsYb, sjfb hflfv iv sjfb iajfv zkAfyfv jvf rst hQ sn kfv iv
rsk iYl jvsh. kfvf yfWqfv zfso nf[A ialfb jvsh. (dkvdmpD, hsb drfb, LpG-LfvB jvst zffr dbyq kfv nmfb hfdVsq slb. (dkvdmpD 2325bQ)
rfsjm, dn} nrDrfr 699bQ)
mrfb zffrv zfslw-dbsNL iftb jvskW LspGv iasqfub zfsY. sp sjfb jsv
dj jD htshb kfslv hAfifsv, pfvf dbsuslv idvhfv, fdk, ufdk hf slswv
zjfv lCvDHCk jvsk LspGv zfstf YfVf zfv djYc sb mfbcsNv jfsY. zfv sn
stfsjv dhvs hst nf[A dlsk yfq bf hQ nkA nf[A sofib jsv, Ist zivfLD
ubA skf sn zfstf hAhrfv jvst mfbcN nfItA W m icvfv tfH jvsh.
wfd sKsj sh]sy pfq---kfvf swa stfj, bfdj dbjx?
zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
 nhfv sysq shdw 237 238 nhfv sysq shdw
(Y ! %, () {p$ + G
/ Q . X+ '/ H3E+ T
. 2 +3 '/ "
7 < D ,+ 83 + 7QU} jsv, fmDv hL W dhsLq jfsu kfsj zfdvjHfsh {nfdrk jsv, iawQnfv jfsu
zKGf{, LpGwDtslvsj skf zidvdmk icvfv slWqf rsh. (pcmfv } 10) kfv iawQnf j'sv kfsj kfsk zbciafdBk jsv, zfisl-dhisl, lc}sJ W swfsj nfbf
slq, zfwf W Hsq nfrn sufofq, dkv jfsu c jsv, kfv iadk hAhrfsv
jxkkf ufbfq, rftft vpD ifuGsb {nfdrk jsv hQ rfvfm vpD ifuGsb hfLf
nhGswa nil lfb jsv, mrfb zffrv zfbcoskA c W kfsk nrspfdokf jsv hQ k]fv
mrfb zffr mfbcNsj zodBk nil dlsq LbA jsvsYb. zhwA njt mfbcsN sp zhfLAfyvsB hfLA jsv bf hQ nmdkW slq bf,---mb D zhwA ixdKhDv vkvfduv
dbsuv yfdrlf zbcpfqD njt nil tfH jsvsY, kf bq. dbu dbu HfoA W syf nhGswa vk. hV HfoAhfsbvf mb Dvk tfH j'sv LbA rsq Kfsjb.
zbcpfqD nislv Hfo tfH jsvsY.
Db W mfb-nil.
slr W fA-nil.
lcdbqfv swakm ncsJv h
ifdKGh Lb-nil. lcdbqfq mfbcN pf djYc ncJnfmoaD ifq, kf nfmdqj isHfoA mf. Lb-nil, D-
D-nil. nfb nh djYc nfmdqj hAhrfsvv ubA. zfnst lcdbqfef [BfqD uDhsbv ubA.
nfb-nil. dyvfqD uDhb rsh ivjfst, mvsBv iv.
msbfncJ W dbvfif nil kAfdl. jKf mrfb nxdjkGf hfvhfv hstsYb,
dj nshv msLA nhGswa nil jD? iaw nfrfhfoB jsvdYstb bhD -sj. Q` . w
+ + /9m
7 W/ + /E+ 7C +F(/ !/ + s2 a2 3
Q e/ +a2 + + / + + 0 + ^ +F(/ /?+,P+ x7 JG
3 Q 7 / +F8^ 3 }
nWhfb hstb, ( ) {/$+ 3F. G 3 3t+ / 3 + + . J ! / + + 3 :+(+ 2[/+ /. + + Q #+ . 2>+ /9(+ ,7 + 3
() {H /2 p$+C#+ '/ H3E. x^ +<2 / Q` / + ;/< P+ +,a- W/ 83 2+ 29m 7 W/ + +E+ 7C +3Y/ I 8+ +F8/CD +} zKGf{, bfvD, nfb-ndk, umfjxk snfbf-vifv Hffv, iYln (dydrk) sOfVf,
zKGf{, pfvf BG W svZiA umf jsv vfsJ hQ kf zffrv isK hAq jsv bf, kcdm ykcil u W s[k-Jfmfsvv iadk zfnd mfbcsNv dbje stfHbDq jvf rsqsY. nh
kfslvsj pBflfqj wfdv ncnQhfl dbsq lfW. (kfWhfr } 34) ruDhsbv sHfoA h. zfv zffrv dbjse m zfwaqt vsqsY. (st mvfb } 14)
pJb zfqfk zhkDBG rt, kJb nIsv djYc nfrfhD bhD -sj htstb, snfbf- . a2 <2 297_
+ +`A
/ . - + %Q 7 QF+ +YQ G
. 3 F+ <2 /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ H. 5- %+ ,3T- +,. <D ,+ \3 + 7QU+ /?,. + -9a2 / +
W + J`5- }
y]fdlv hAfifsv pf zhkDBG jvfv dYt, kf zhkDBG jvf rt. zfmvf pdl ufbkfm, sjfbX ! %, () {%Q 3 X3 3 :+(+ DQU + . J ! - + + ( + + <2
nil nhGswa, kfrst kf zfmvf oarB W zuGb jvkfm. dkdb htstb,
zKGf{, uDh mf mxkcAv fl oarB jvsh. zfv djqfmskv dlb skfmfslv jmGIt
.(/ / + QU 2 + 3 3 #/ \3 }9+(/ g. (3 }9T
+ . + + f 5/ +
f r2 + f 5/ + f + / 3 - m + < 2 )
iCBGmffq ialfb jvf rsh. nckvfQ pfsj zfb (slfpJ) sKsj lCsv vfJf rsh hQ (sp)
nhGswa nil rt, dpjXvjfvD durf, jvjfvD rlq hQ mfsbv jfsu nrfdqjf shsrs iashwtfH jvsh, sn rsh nItjfm. zfv ifdKGh uDhb Ytbfmq sHfo
D. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD 3094, hsb mfufr, n} kfvoDh 1499bQ) hAkDk djYc bq. (st mvfb } 185)
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, +QU 3 :+a/ 3HPQ . 2 + +:/ 5- 7 2 <2 !2 52 Y7 ,3\ + !2 2 "
7 ,3 r/ 2 + H. I- 8+ / 8. 2 ,W5- H. P3 2 +` r/ +F8/CD 2 QU + \+ H. 2 2 }
.(3 7 Y+ :+5 ( + 3 . A
+ 2[/ 8/+ 2y + . 3 Q (. 2 2 + 2[ / X. \3 }9+ / + }9T + ++ f 5/ + f + /+ f 5/ + f r2 )
+\+. A
7 2 .,2 + :+a/ +. 2 + +. :+52 +H/ +'7%+ ,- r2 + 9 + x. A
+ 7 + 2 . 2 / /9+ x. w
+ 52 + 7 +,. x+ w
. 8+ H. P3 .(^ @f 8Q <2
zKGf{, jvjfvD rlq, dpjXvjfvD durf hQ icBAmqD D, sp skfmfsj skfmfv lcdbqf
W Dsbv jfsu nrspfdokf jsv, nh rt mfbcsNv ndk nhGswa nil. (kfhfvfbD, () { :/ <2 +,3 2 v \3 2+ a2 \7 QF+ f . A
+ !- + A
/ +` f /r2 + . 7 3 :+(+ `. r- p8Q r2 ` T
+ 2 2 QU
hfrfjDv zfhct mfb, n} ufsm' 4409bQ) zKGf{, kcdm dj kfslvsj slJdb pfslvsj htf rsqdYt, `skfmvf skfmfslv r
ncsJ-lc}sJ sp rlq mrfb zffrv jxkkf ufbfq, nhGlf k]fv dpjXsv sp durf zfG nQhvB jv, (pc h jv,) pKfpKHfsh bfmfp iV hQ pfjfk lfW.' zk}iv pJb
Kfsj, sn rlq W durf mfbcsNv ubA j-jde swa nil. kfslvsj pcsv dhLfb slWqf rt, kJb kfslv jlt zffrsj Hq jvfv mk zKhf
zfv D? sp uDhb-ndbD, lcdbqfv jfsu wvDvfLG. Dsbv jfsuW zLGfdbD. sp dbu klsi[f zdLj mfbcNsj Hq jvsk tfot. zfv kfvf htt, `sr zfmfslv
fmDv BoafrD, sp fmDv iadkHf W mfrfkA Djfv jsv, fmDv mfb W mpGflfv ncv[f iadkiftj! zfmfslv ubA pcsv dhLfb sjb dlst? sjb zfmfslvsj zfv djYc jfstv
 nhfv sysq shdw 239 240 nhfv sysq shdw
zhjfw dlst bf?' ht, `ifdKGh sHfo zdk nfmfbA hQ sp LmGHDv kfv ubA ivjft icBAmqD D. mrfbhD hstsYb,
m. zfv skfmfslv iadk sJucsvv z]fdev Ifest ncskf hvfhv (nfmfbA idvmfB)W .(/9+ / "
7 ! / 2 . + F. (/ +`m
+ < 2 0f ;. + + . J Q :+(+ F. (/ +. 2 + f :+(+ + . J + 7QU)
pctcm jvf rsh bf.' (dbnf } 77) zKGf{, ixdKhD j isHfoA nfmoaD. zfv lcdbqfv isHfoA nfmoaDv msLA icBAmqD D
H3: |
/ %+ 2 Q%. 2> 2 QU H. :3 r2 u7 / Q` / + ; </ 3 W/ 3H I- 2 +` r/ +QU H. I- 2 (+ ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+} zsi[f swa zbA djYc sb. (bfnf, hsb mfufr, n} ufsm' 2049bQ)
9',: ! %, () {`f /r2 DQU !/ + A / ; /< + . J ! / + + 3 :+(+ + <2 !/ + A / +F(/ +. J ! / + + '/ zbA hBGbfq zfsY,
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmfslv jD rstf sp, pJb skfmfslvsj zffrv isK .(-9+ / " 7 ! - 2 . + + . J Q :+(+ 3 . A
+ + f :+(+ + . J )
(durfsl) shv rsk htf rq, kJb skfmvf Hfvff rsq mfdesk hsn iV. ksh dj zKGf{, ixdKhD j isHfoA nfmoaD hQ kfv msLA nhGswa nfmoaD rsY icBAmqD D.
skfmvf ivjfstv dhdbmsq ifdKGh uDhb dbsq idvkc rsq sost? hk} ifdKGh (mcndtm 3716bQ)
uDhsbv sHfodhtfn skf ivjfstv kctbfq zdk nfmfbA. (kfWhfr } 38) mrfbhD hstb, snZHfoA W ncsJv h rt dkbde hQ lcHfG oA W lc}sJv h rt
{f :+(+ DQU !/ + A
/ ; /< + . J ! - + + ( + + + . J ! / + + '/ ,3GQ <2 + %3 / a2 8++ 0 x+ 8+ F. + / +. ^ - 3 . 8+ 3 } dkbde;
! %, () (kmsLA iaKm rt,) nkD W icBAmqD D, pfsj slJst (kfv nclv Hfh-ydvsv
jfvsB) skfmfv mb kc W rsNGf{Ic rq. skfmfv zbciddksk kfv hAfifsv hQ
zKGf{, zffr pfv ubA Yf jsvb, kfv uDhsbfijvB hdLGk jsvb hQ nQjcdyk skfmfv nislv dhNsq dbdyk rsk ifv.
jsvb. dj kfvf ifdKGh uDhb dbsq dnk; zKy ruDhb skf ivuDhsbv kctbfq (dkDq rt,) skuD W wf nWqfvD (lakofmD ofdV), pf skfmfsj nIsvv nDslv
boBA sHfo mf. (vf'l } 26) nfsK dmdtk jsv.
{+,- a/ #. \+ 2 <2 2 a2 '. 2 + f . A+ / D + / (+ + P+ :3+8Q+ + . J ! / + + 3 :++ <2 p0;. + F^( H3: \/- (+ + } zfv (kxkDq rt,) iaw W h j[dhdw hfdV. dkbde snZHfsoAv nil.
zKGf{, skfmfslvsj pf djYc slWqf rsqsY, kf skf ifdKGh uDhsbv sHfo W snZlpG i[fsv (lcHfG soAv iaKm h rt,) mb D; pfsj slJst skfmfv mb dk rq. sp
hQ pf zffrv dbje zfsY, kf m hQ fqD . skfmvf dj zbcLfhb jvsh bf? skfmfv iv duh tf jsv; hQ skfmfv zbciddksk kfv hQ skfmfv nislv
(jfnfn } 60) dhNsq dbdyk rsk ifv bf.
Q` h++ 52 / 2 . 2S + Q+,(. 2S < ; / f u3 I2 \++ H. I- + . '+ f A
3 W2 \++ }9+8Q+ ,f P. 2 +
f #/ 2 + . J ! - + + + 72 ,3 2 . } (dkDq rt,) dbsu nWqfvD (iwc hf ofdV) pdl kfsj yftfhfv ubA iarfv jv,
kfrst skfmfsj j slq hQ pdl si[f jv, kfrst nDslv nfsK dmdtk jsv bf.
}!+ W/ X. (+ + f 8/ + $
f +C + !/ + A
/ ; /<+ (j s2 G
3 3,-I8+ 7Hu3 W2 "
. (3 3t+ :+<2 3 PQ 8+ 7Hu3 3 \3 ++ %+ WD I- +_
+ . 2 p. ~2
zfv (kxkDq rt,) nQjDBG W zi j[dhdw hfdV. dkbde lcHfG soAv zfil. (n}
8
! %, () {%Q 3 X3 3 :+(+ D QU + .J ! - + + ( + + f +,| . %Q + / D +F(^ ufsm' 3556bQ)
zKGf{, skfmvf susb svsJf sp, ifdKGh uDhb skf DVf-sjZkcj, uf]jumj, mrfbhD hstb, nhGswa D rt sn, pfv dlsj kfv fmD kfjfst kfsj sJfw
ifvidvj ohG iajfw, Lb-nil W nfb-ndksk iafycpG tfsHv iadkspfdokf hAkDk j'sv slq, pfsj sjfb zfslw jvst kf iftb jsv hQ sn kfv dbsuv hAfifsv hQ
zfv djYc bq. v imf hxd; pfv fvf {i Int jxNjslvsj ym{jxk jsv, fmDv mfstv hAfifsv sjfb ziYlbDq dhvfyvB jsv bf. (zfrmfl, bfnf)
zk}iv kf djsq pfq, Ist kcdm kf iDkhBG slJsk ifW, zhswsN kf ecjvf-ecjvf sn D, sp kfv fmDv msbfmskf yst. fmD hAhnfqD rst n{ hAhnfq nrspfdokf
(JV-jcefq) idvBk rq hQ ivjfst vsqsY jdEb wfd hQ zffrv [mf W nd. jsv, iVcqf rst iVfswfbfq nfrfpA jsv, Dsbv lf rst lfWqfskv jfsu nrspfdokf
zfv ifdKGh uDhb Ytbfmq sHfo hAkDk djYc bq. (rflDl } 20) jsv, stJj rst stJfv jfsu nrspfdokf jsv, zkis[ kfsj {nfr dlsq
jKf bhD W mfblfvoBW dbu dbu ufdksj hcdUsq sosYb. {nfdrk jsv, kfv iawQnf j'sv kfsj zbciafdBk jsv. iawQnf W {nfsrv dnb
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/ 7QU+ f :+(+ +. J ! - + + /t/CE+ + 7QU Q,. r2 8+} dlsq kfv iadkHfv djwtqsj Icst-Ist ncswfdHk j'sv skfst.
zKGf{, sr zfmfv nialfq! ifdKGh uDhb skf zfqD isHfsov h. zfv dbyq i[fsv fmDv sbwf W siwfv nfsK Dv msbv dmt bf rst, sn D nhGswa nil
ivjft rsY dyvfqD zfhfn. (mc'dmb } 39) rsk ifsv bf. hvQ msbv ovdmt Kfjst sn rsh uDhsbv nhsysq HfvD shfUf. spsrkc
dj lcdbqfv njt ncJnfmoaDv msLA nhsysq shdw ncJmq rt fmDv ubA jde sp smsq sbj bq, sn smsq zsbj pBfv. sp smsq n{wDtf W ncwDtf bq, sn smsq
 nhfv sysq shdw 241 242 nhfv sysq shdw
dwtfmCdkG. mrfbhD hstb, nhGswa D rt sn, pfv dlsj kfv fmD kfjfst kfsj sJfw
iaskAj stJf W hxkfv jef dhNqh Kfsj, Dv uDhsbv dhNqh rt fmD, j'sv slq, pfsj sjfb zfslw jvst kf iftb jsv hQ sn kfv dbsuv hAfifsv hQ
fmD rt kfv nfLbf. kf bf rst fmDv uDhsb sn j hV shlbf, hV pBf. fmDv mfstv hAfifsv sjfb ziYlbDq dhvfyvB jsv bf. (zfrmfl, bfnf,
sJA sp, icvsNv ubA bfvD isHfoA bq. hvQ sjht fmDv ubA sjht kfv D rfsjm, dn} nrDrfr 1838bQ)
isHfoA. spmb sjht fmDW sjht kfv Dv ubA isHfoA. bsy{ bfvD icvsNv mf .(2[/ ( P/ W + 2[:++. ~2 2W. \++ +?. (+ U 2[# s/ \3+ +?. "
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htf hftA, bfvD slrsj pk nctH j'sv pfvf Osv-hfsv isHfo jsv, pfvf kfsj sjfb zfslw jvst sn skfmfv zfslw iftb jsv hQ skfmfv zbciddksk
d-sns dhwfnD, zfnst kfvf bfvDsj `sHfoAiBA' msb jsv.
kfv dbsuv hQ skfmfv mfstv drIfpk jsv. (kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 3299bQ)
zfsvf t[BDq sp, `D' kfv fmDv ubA nfmdqj nhGswa ifdKGh isHfoA h bq.
zffrv vnCt hstb, snZHfsoAv D sn; pfsj slsJ fmD mc rq hQ nQnfv
hvQ `icBAmqD D' kfv `icBAmq' fmDv ubA nfmdqj nhGswa ifdKGh isHfoA h.
sYsV hfsv sost D W kfv nislv hAfifsv dbdy Kfsj. zfv lcHfG ofv D rt sn;
jef msbfmskf D kfv fmDv ubA hQ jef msbfmskf fmD kfv Dv ubA
pfsj slsJ fmDv mb dk rq, sp fmDv iv duH tf jsv (tfbkfb jsv) hQ
nQnfsvv snvf irfv. hV snZHfoAhfb sn icvN, sp msbfmskf jde icBAmqD D sisq
nQnfv sYsV hfsv sost D W kfv nislv hAfifsv sn dbdy rsk ifsv bf.
lcdbqfq shsrwXskv mskf ncJD-nQnfv tfH jsv. zbcvi hV snZHfoAhkD sn bfvD,
(dn} nrDrfr 1047bQ)
sp msbfmskf jde icBAmq fmD sisq lcdbqfq shsrwXskv mskf ncJD-nQnfv tfH
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mfbcsNv uDhsb fmD-Dv hb jde hV dbqfmk. jde Hft fmD kfv Dv ubA drIfpk jsv. (dbnf } 34)
hQ jde Hft D kfv fmDv ubA nhGswa dbqfmk. fmD-Dv hsb zdLjfQw hV snZHfoAhfb sn icvN, sp mb BhkD D sisq LbA rq. mb lidk
nQnfv yst efsb zKhf sEtfq. zsbj fmD zfsY, pfvf Dv ubA `Hft fmD' bq. ivjfstv shsrwXsk pfWqfv zfso rjfst shsrwXkD ncsJv nQnfv tfH j'sv Kfsj.
zsbj D zfsY, pfvf fmDv jfsY `Hft D' bq. zsbj Hft fmD zfsY, zsbj Hft mb BhkD D fmDv zsLGj DblfvDsk nrspfdokf jsv. zff zfjhfv!
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.(& +F. a2 \7 U -9+ \/,- -9 / ,- 33,+ 3,- ,+ 3HI- / / 3 . A
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dkdb zfsvf hstb, skfmfslv nhGswa D sn, sp siammqD, zdLj nfblfD, sp jvst sn kfv dbje sn kfv rfsk rfk svsJ hst, zfidb vfdu (Eff) bf rWqf
(fmDv) nrmk zhtb jsv, (fmDsj dhisl-swfsj) nfbf slq hQ zffrv Hq ipG zfdm Ocmfh bf. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 287 bQ)
vfsJ. (hfrfjD) zfdvj sHYf W mchfvjhfl ufbf mb BhkD D W kfv snZHfoAhfb fmDsj.
.(3t+ I 8+ + '/ P+ /2 ( 2+ P/ W + 3 W- / w3\ 2+ + (+ +U 3 #3 s/ \3+ + v2 + +U 3tJ 3 \+ ;/:D /0 ^ 3 . A
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 nhfv sysq shdw 243 244 nhfv sysq shdw
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obf jsqjub. mrfbhD hstsYb, icvNslv msLA zsbsj jfsmt (idviCBG) zKGf{, (dkdb zfsvf lxf dlsYb) mvfb kbqf mfvqAfm, sp kfv nkDk v[f
rsqsY; dj mdrtfslv msLA jfsmt (idviCBG) rsqsY sjht mfvqAfm dhs mvfb W jsvdYt, Ist zfdm kfv msLA zfmfv vr rsk I]csj dlsqdYtfm. sn kfv iadkiftsjv
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zKGf{, uffskv nhGswa mdrtf rt } JflDuf dhs JcWqfdtl, Ifdkmf dhs msbfbDk W idh jsvsYb hQ dhshv bfvDslv msLA skfmfsj dbhGfdyk jsvsYb.
mcrfmfl, mfvqAfm dhs mvfb W dIvzfsbv D zfdnqf dhs mcpfdrm. (zfrmfl, (st mvfb } 42)
kfhfvfbD, rfsjm, n} ufsm' 1135bQ) ! ! %, () {}9a2 8^ / 3 (J - + 3`3 J / /. r2 F/( . 2A
+ . r2 f ,3 %+ DQU +H8+ . (+ 3F'. 3 / + ( 7 }
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n} ufsm' 3328bQ) kfslvsj zfwaq dlsqdYtfm j dbvfil W ianahB dhdw y HCdmsk. (mc'dmbCb } 50)
htf hftA, ixdKhDv dkrfsn nhGswa bfvD rstb }- pfv Ist dJaefbvf Hct hcsU k]fslv hAfifsv zdkvb W hfVfhfdV jsv hQ bhDsj
1. zfdnqf dhs mcpfdrm `zffrv shef' htsk htsk k]fsj qQ zffr htsk v jsv. sn Hcst sKsj
db dmnsvv u]flsvt hflwf dIvzfsbv D dYstb. lcLNG G jfsIv vfufv D rsqW zfuW kfvf k]fslv iCuf jsv.
mc'dmbf rsqdYstb hQ kfv Ist k]fsj fmDv bfbf zkAfyfv nrA jvsk rsqdYt. 3. JflDuf dhs JcWqfdtl
mrfb zffr k]fv jKf jcvzfb jfvDsm sJ j'sv hstsYb, db zfmfslv swN bhD -v iaKm D. dkdb dYstb iaKm mcndtm. dkdb nhGiaKm
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jvst nf bhDv um rq. zsbsj k]fv ydvs nslr jvstW mrfb zffr k]fsj zfidb kfsj kfv iadkiftsjv i[ sKsj hQ zfmfv i[ sKsj nftfm ufbfb. zfv
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 nhfv sysq shdw 245 246 nhfv sysq shdw
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htstb. Ifdkmf (vfdpqff zfbXrf) sufsvswfsv j]flsk zfv jvt. nckvfQ dkdb
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 nhfv sysq shdw 247 248 nhfv sysq shdw
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dbsuslvsj ialwGb j'sv shdVsqf bf. (rXpfh } 33) zfsvf jk zdkdv Jvy zfmfslv slswv jde dhhfsr. pfv zdLjfQw ziyq W
D drnfsh sn mdrtf hV Jfvfi, mb Dv fmDv hV lcHfG oA, pfsj slsJ fmDv zShL Jvy.
did ust pfq, fmDv mcsJv iv sp mcJ yftfq, fmD-nQnfsvv zKG-nisl bqYq dj Jvy pk jm rsh, dhhfsr hjGk kk shdw rsh. jKf hstsYb mrfbhD ,
jsv hQ fmDv zdLjfsvW zbA icvNsj zQwD jsv. .(3t3 + 8. 2 Q I2 ^ 3 . A
+)
zffrv vnCt hstb, snZHfsoAv D sn; pfsj slsJ fmD mc rq hQ nQnfv zKGf{, nhGswa dhhfr, pfv Jvy nhsysq jm. (zfhC lfl 1842, dn} nrDrfr 1842bQ)
sYsV hfsv sost D W kfv nislv hAfifsv dbdy Kfsj. zfv lcHfG ofv D rt sn; sp mdrtfv smfrv jm, sn mdrtfv mfsU hjGk shdw. zfv nhsysq jm smfrv rt,
pfsj slsJ fmDv mb dk rq, sp fmDv iv duH tf jsv (tfbkfb jsv) hQ nhGswa smfrv. (rfsjm, hsb mfufr, n} ufsm' 3279bQ)
nQnfv sYsV hfsv sost D W kfv nislv hAfifsv sn dbdy rsk ifsv bf. mrfbhD hstsYb,
(dn} nrDrfr 1047bQ) .( P+ / G
/ %+
+ / . \++ P+ r/ + + + / . \++ P+ :/ +s A
/ + / . \+ !/ 2 . + QF. 83 F. (/ 7QU)
sp D dbsuvef Hft hcsU, fmDvef hcsU bf, sp D hqn rWqfv zfso fmDsj hx zKGf{, bfvDv zbAkm hjGk sp, kfv iqofm nru rsh, kfv smfrv i rsh
hfdbsq YfsV. mb D sKsj dhsqv zfso ifbfr yfj zdhhfdrk kvB Hfsqvf, hQ kfv oHGfwq nfbmq rsh. (zfrmfl, rfsjm, hfrfjD, n} ufsm' 2235bQ)
F. (/ + '%+ 7; + 3,I- 8+ p 2 + F. (/ + / x/ + +` r2 3^ x+ \3 + F. (/ + /0,J %Q T
+ F. (/ 2['/ 3,3 2 ;^QU 7HP3 D dj hV lc}sJv dhNq sp, jkGhA iftsbv yfsk ncbfm sbWqf hQ zbA dhhfsrv
. QU+ P+ +<+ 9 ++ G
+ 2 %+ . QU ;. / + . 8+ 3 3 r2 + ;/ + \+ 3 3 + 5/ (+ ` /A
+ F. (/ + '+C+ 7; + 3,I- 8+ ( + nfsK iff slWqfv Ist Jvsyv mff shsV ystsY. shsV ystsY iaslq smfrv zflfq
. P+ + +2 9 ]+^ + 2 %+ I]fdj dlsq iB hf spZkcj sbWqfv iahBkf W svNfsvdN. smfrv idvBk rsqsY
slbsmfrsv! zfv sn ubA zdLjfQw lidkv nQnfv kfsnv Ov. zdLjfQw nQnfv
zKGf{, sr zffr! dbyq zfdm skfmfv dbje zfwaq iafKGbf jvdY ml iadkshwD sKsj, yst efsb, bf rq sEtfq. Hfstfhfnfsj dHd j'sv hjGkmq nQnfv sjfdev msLA de.
mb D sKsj, sp hx rWqfv zfso zfmfsj hx hfbfsh, mb nfb sKsj, sp zfmfv
iaHc rsk yfsh, mb mft sKsj, pf zfmfv ubA zfpfh rsh, hQ mb LCkG hc sKsj,
pfv syfJ zfmfsj slsJ hQ kfv rlq zfmfv iadk t[A vfsJ, zk}iv Hft djYc nhGswa nchfn
slJst kf ics] k sIst hQ Jfvfi djYc slJst kf iayfv jsv. (kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 3137bQ) hfufsv bfbfb Lvsbv ianfLb W ifvdIm ifWqf pfq. bfvD-icvsNv ixKj-ixKj
ifvdImW nctH hfufsv. dj wvDqsk ianfLb W ifvdIsmv hAfifsv jef dhLfb
zfsY. mrfbhD hstsYb,
nhsysq shdw hjGkmq dhhfr .(3
- %Q +;W/ A
+ + 3 3,. 2 + P+ 2 (+ /0 + ^ / e/ + . A
+ + 3 3,. 2 +;W/ A
+ + 3
- %Q + P+ 2 (+ Q`T
3 7 / e/ + . A
+ 7QU)
jKfq zfsY, `dhsq hst ucsV slJ, zfv Ov hst kcsV slJ.' dhsqsk Jvy zsbj.
dhswN j'sv zfmfslv iB W spZkcj stbf-slbfv idvshsw Jvy zsbj shdw. zKGf{, icvsNv nhGswa ncod rt kf, pfv nchfn YdVsq isV hQ kf vMrDb rq.
v dhivDk sp slsw jsbv smfrv zsbj shdw, sn slswW dhsqv Jvy zsbj. zfv mdrtfslv nhGswa ncod kf, pfv nchfn Kfsj hQ kf vdMb rq. (dkvdmpD
sn slsw sjht hfnv vfs ivfv ubA jsbv sp dhhfr-h (ofb) kdv jvf rq, 2787, bfnf 5117bQ)
kfv lfm zfmfslv efjfq iafq jcdV-i]dyw rfufv efjf. zfnst ianfLsb icvN sjfb vM hAhrfv jvsk ifsv bf. smsrdlW bq, dhsqv
zfmfslv slsw ufmf hf h slJfv Jvy. nmsqW bq. zhwA sp sjfb Lvsbv hL sne, ifvdIm, zfkv, nchfn, ncod hf
dhhfr-kfvDJ dbLGfvsBv Jvy. sJfwhc hAhrfv jvsk ifsv.
tob W tob-pfDv Jvy. i[fsv mdrtfv ianfLb vdMb rsh, dj kfv nco Ycesh bf. spsrkc mfbcsNv
dhsq-hfdV HfVf hf iAfst HfVfv Jvy. iajdx ksk mdb bfvD hV zfjNGBDq. kfv isv pdl kfv dbje sKsj nchfn dhkdvk
 nhfv sysq shdw
rq, kfrst kfv iadk icvsNv zfjNGB zdLjvsi hxd ifq, zfv kfsk dIkbfv
zfwf Kfsj.
ubA zfsvf dbslGw snsY, zffrv vnCt hstsYb, zffrv hflDslvsj
mndusl zfnsk hfvB jsvf bf, ksh kfvf spb sJfwhC hAhrfv bf j'sv nflfdnLfHfsh
zfsn. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, nrDt ufsm' 7457bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, iaskAj y[c hAdHyfvD. zfv mdrtf pdl (sjfb iajfv) nco
hAhrfv jsv sjfb (icvNslv) mudtsnv ifw dlsq zdkm jsv, kfrst sn
hAdHyfdvBD (shwAf smsq). (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb drfb, hsb Jcpfmfr, rfsjm,
nrDt ufsm' 4540bQ)
zhwA sn pJb fmDv jfsY jfdjbD Kfsj, kJb sp sjfb Lvsbv sJfwhC hf sne
hAhrfv jvsk ifsv; vdMb zKhf vMrDb, kfv nchfn zKhf iajfdwk.
nhGswa sJtf
ncJ-dhtfnDslv DVfuo{ jef dhwft vkiCBG uo{. sJtfv ubA dhswN bovD,
dhswN mdk, dhswN iayfv-mfLAm kAfdl zfLcdbj uoskv nHAkfv zfWkfHc.
dj ntfsm nh sJtf hL bq. hvQ zdLjfQw sJtf ntfsm zShL. zhnv-
dhsbflb hst mcndtsmv djYc sb. spsrkc sn rq lcdbqfv sjfb jfsu Kfsj zKhf
Dsbv jfsu. sJtf sJthfv nmq sjfKfq kfv?
zShL sJtfv sOfsv jftfdkifk mcndtm jvsk ifsv bf. spsrkc mrfbhD hstb,
zfmfv mskv msLA djYc nialfq mb rsh, pfvf ifb-sHfub W sJt-kfmfwfv
mfLAsm vfdpfib jvsh. zk}iv njft rst kfvf hfbv W wCjvlst vifdvk rsq
pfsh. (kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm' 5354 bQ)
bhD hstb, sp hAd ifwf-ufkDq sJtf sJtt, sn spb dbu rfksj wcsqfsvv
vs vdk jvt. (zfrmfl, mcndtm 2260, zfhC lfl 4939, hsb mfufr 3763 bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sp hAd ifwf-ufkDq sJtf sJtt, sn zffr W k]fv vnCstv
bfIvmfbD jvt. (mfstj, zfhC lfl 4938, hsb mfufr 37762, rfsjm 1/50, nrDt
ufsm' 6529 bQ)
djYc hL sJtf zhwA zfsY. kfv msLA sp sJtfq durflD, wfvDdvj hf lfikA
ncsJv ijfv zfsY, sn sJtf hL. mrfbhD hstb, iaskAj sn jmG (sJtf) pf
zffrv nvsBv ipGfqHc bq, kf znfv fd W hfdkt. zhwA yfvde jmG vi bq;
rfskv dbwfbf dEj jvfv sswA kDv sJtf, sOfVfsj iadw[B slWqf, dbu Dv nfsK
siamsjdt jvf hQ nf]kfv dw[f jvf. (bfnf, kfhfvfbDv jfhDv, dntdntfr nrDrfr
315bQ)
zfv v msLA jde swa sJtf rt kDv dbs[i. mrfbhD hstsYb,
249 250 nhfv sysq shdw
.(H. 5- ,Q P. 2 Q . A
+ F. (/ . 2 f . A + 3 7Qq<2 Q;(. 7 '/ H. I- . 2 + )
zKGf{, skfmvf dbs[i-sJtf jvsk Kfsjf. spsrkc kf skfmfslv nhGswa sJtf.
zKhf kf nhGswa sJtfnmCsrv zbAkm. (hfpXpfv, kfhfvfbDv zfWnfk, n} kfvoDh 1281bQ)
dbs[i-sJtfv vk hBGbf j'sv zffrv vnCt jlf dmsvv iv Jc{hf
slWqfv nmq jKf hstsYb, (mrfb zffr hstsYb,)
{!p ,7 r- F. (/ H. :3#. s2 :+. ( + H. P3 2 J / 2 + }
zKGf{, skfmvf wslv dhvs pKfnfLA wd nq jv. (nCvf zfbIft 60) susb
vfJ, s[iB rt wd. susb vfJ, s[iB rt wd. susb vfJ, s[iB rt wd.
(mcndtm)
kDv-dbs[siv vk zfsvfi j'sv dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp hAdsj kDvlfduv
dhlAf dw[f slWqf rt, kfviv sn kf idvkAfo jvt, sn zfmfslv ltHc bq zKhf
sn zhfLAkf jvt. (mcndtm)
kfv nWqfh hBGbf j'sv dkdb hstsYb, sp hAd zffrv vffq jde kDv dbs[i
jsv, kfv ubA jde softfm zfpfl jvfv nmfb sbjD rq. (zfhC lfl)
ufkDq sJtf slJfW hL. mf-zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf) hstb, rfhwDvf hwGf-
hm dbsq mndusl sJtf jvdYt. vfnCtcfr kJb dufnf jvstb sp, `sr mfvf!
kcdm dj yfW kfslv sJtf slJsk?' httfm, `rAf].' kJb dkdb lvufq lf]dVsq
sostb. zfdm zfmfv KckXdbsj kf]v jf]sLv iv vfJtfm hQ zfmfv syrfvfsj kf]v
ofstv nfsK tfdosq lf]dVsq sotfm. (shw djYc[B slJfv iv) dkdb htstb, `psK
rsqsY, yt hfsv.' zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vfnCt! kfVfkfdV jvshb bf.' kf
dkdb zfmfv ubA zfhfvW lf]dVsq sostb. zk}iv zfhfv htstb, `psK rsqsY, yt
hfsv.' zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vfnCt! kfVfkfdV jvshb bf.' zfmfv sp kfslv
sJtf slJfv Jch wJ dYt kf bq, hvQ zfdm sjht mdrtfslvsj jKfef ufdbsq dlsk
yfdYtfm sp, zfmfv jfsY vfnCtcfr -v mpGflf jkef dYt hQ kf]v jfsY zfmfv
jlv jkef dYt. (bfnfqD, rflDsnv mCtfQw hcJfvD W mcndtsm hdBGk rsqsY. zffmf
zfthfbD kf]v `zf-lfhcp dpIfI' bfmj djkfsh rflDnsj nrDr hstsYb.)
nhGswa kA-nil
mfbcN nfvf uDhb ifuGb j'sv mvsBv nmq zsbj djYc svsJ pfq. sn nh djYc
kJb kfv mDvfn hf kA-nil vsi idvodBk rq hQ WqfsvnoB Hfo-heb j'sv
sbq. kdlb pf umf j'sv svsJdYt, kf Jb kfv bq. kf Jb vfdLjfvDslv.
zfv zfofmD jfstv ubA pf umf jsvsY, sjht kf rt kfv. pf sn zffrv isK hAq
jsvsY hQ ndEj zsKG ivjfstv ubA umf svsJsY.
dj dhlfq jfst mfbcsNv nhGswa kA-nil jD?
 nhfv sysq shdw
mrfbhD v sv hstsYb,
Hf / + E3 T
. 3 X3 - . 8+ BQ _
. \+ }9r2 + + + 3 2 ,3 . 8+ f / f 2 + :
f 2 u+ 3t+ #. '+ 3 . Q 3V w
+ 83 ( 3 . A
.(/t/ #. '+ F. (/ / '/ 3lW2 :+. 83
zKGf{, mfbcN mvsBv iv sp njt dudbn sYsV pfq, kfv msLA nhGswa rt dkbde }
sbj nfb, sp kfv ubA lczf jsv. nfljfsq ufdvqfr, pfv nWqfh kfv dbje si]ZYsk
Kfsj. zfv mb tXm, pfv fvf kfv ok rWqfv isvW ijxk rWqf pfq. (hsb
mfufr 241, hsb drfb 84, kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 3326bQ)
diaq bhD zfsvf hstb, mfbcN mfvf sost dkbde dudbn YfVf kfv zfmt dhdY
rsq pfq; nljfr ufdvqfr, ItianC tXm (dw[f) hQ sbj nfb; sp kfv ubA lczf
jsv. (mcndtm 1631, zfhC lfl 2880, bfnf 3653bQ iamcJ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, mvsBv isvW mc'dmsbv sp zfmt W sbjD kfv nfsK dmdtk rq
kf rt; mb tXm pf sn dw[f jsvsY hQ iayfv jsvsY, kfv sYsV pfWqf sbj nfb
W mcnrfI (jcvzfb wvDI), kfv dbdmGk mndul W mcnfdIv Jfbf, kfv Jbbjxk bftf
hf jAfsbt hQ kfv mfstv nljfr, pf sn kfv nc W uDdhk Kfjf zhfq lfb j'sv
sosY. (hsb mfufr 242bQ)
ivifsVv pfDslvsj nilnmCr zhwA nQoar j'sv vfJf lvjfv. pfsk
mvsBv isv, kfv fvf ijxk rsk ifsv.
dIkbfv nmq nhGswa hAd sj?
dhswN zsKG dIkbf mcndtmslv zfsifsnv sn hf jtr-dhhfl W pcdhoarsj
hst, pf dbYj ifdKGh sjfb fKGsj sj j'sv Ose Kfsj; pfsk sjfbX i[ bAfq W
nskAv zbcnfvD, kf ndEjHfsh hcUf pfq bf.
zfcfr hsb zfmXv hstb zfmvf zffrv vnCstv nfsK j nIsv dYtfm.
zk}iv (dhwafsmv ubA) j fsb zhkvB jvtfm. kfviv zfmfslv djYc stfj
kf]hc dEj jvdYt hQ jkj stfj kDvlfdusk iadkspfdokf jvdYt W jkj stfj
uslv hAhfibfq hA dYt. rEf{ zffrv vnCt -v sOfNBfjfvD sOfNBf jvt
sp, bfmfspv ubA umfsqk rW. nckvfQ zfmvf zffrv vnCt -v dbje
jdk rtfm. kfviv dkdb htstb, zfmfv iCshG iaskAj bhDv ubA uvvD dYt,
k]fv mksj mb jmGnmCsrv dbslGw slWqf, pf dkdb kfslv ubA Hfstf msb jsvb
hQ mb jmGnmCr sKsj HDdk-ialwGb jvf, pf dkdb kfslv ubA ml msb jsvb.
zfv skfmfslv mk mb, pfslv iaKmfQsw dbvfif vfJf rsqsY hQ kfslv
swNfQsw vsqsY ivD[f (dIkbf-Ifnfl) hQ mb hAfifv njt, pf skfmvf iYl
jvsh bf. mb dIkbf iajfw ifsh sp, jde zbAdesj rfjf j'sv slsh (zKfG{
isvv dIkbfde zfsov dIkbf zsi[f vkv rsh). dIkbf sn sost mc'dmb hAd
251 252 nhfv sysq shdw
htsh, ef zfmfv LQsnv jfvB rsh. zk}iv kf lCvDHCk rsh. icbvfq zbA dIkbf
+) iajfw ifsh, kJb mc'dmb htsh, `ef ef (zfmfv nhsysq hV dIkbf).' zkh
sp hAd ufrffsmv zfb sKsj lCsv Kfjsk hQ uffsk iashw jvsk Hfthfsn,
kfv dbje spb zhfq mxkcA zfncj sp, sn zffr W ivjfstv iadk dhhfn vfsJ
hQ stfjslv nfsK sn hAhrfv ialwGb jsv, pf sn dbsuv nfsK ialwGb iYl jsv.
zfv sp hAd vfsbkfv nfsK hfqzfk jsv, sn dbsuv rfk hQ dbu zsvv It
(dbf) kfsj dlsq slq, sn nfLAmk kfv zfbcokA jvj. zk}iv zbA sj pdl kfv
(iaKm mfsmv) nfsK ([mkf jfVfv) UoVf jsv, kfrst dkDqusbv olGfb dVsq
lfW. (mcndtm)
mb dIkbfv nmsq m hAd sj?
dIkbfv nmq m hAd lc swaBDv. iaKm swaBDv stfj, pfvf dIkbf lCv jvfv
[mkf vfsJ, kfvf kf lCv jvfv syf jvsh. rj-hfdkt hcUsk ifvst hfdkstv
dhvs nQoafm jvsh.
zfv dkDq swaBDv stfj, pfvf rj-hfdkt shfsU bf, kfvf dIkbfrDb fsb dosq
zfwaq sbsh. sjfbHfsh dIkbfq udVsq pfWqf sKsj dbsusj v[f jvsh.
zffrv vnCt hstb, HdhNAsk h dIkbf slJf slsh. pfsk ishwbjfvD
hAd lfqmfb zsi[f m rsh, lfqmfb hAd dhyvBjfvD zsi[f m rsh
hQ dhyvBjfvD hAd Lfhmfb zsi[f m rsh. dbdk hAd ufoak zsi[f m
rsh hQ ufoak hAd lfqmfb zsi[f m rsh. sp hAd kfv iadk ]dj dlsq
slJsh, sn (dIkbf) kfsj oafn jsv sItsh. zkh sp sj sn nmq sjfb zfwaqt
ifq, sn spb snJfsb dosq zfwaq oarB jsv. (mcndtm 2886 , dmwjfk 5384bQ)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, nkv mb j nmq zfnsh sp, Yfot-sHVf mcndtsmv
nshGfm mft rsh; pf dbsq sn dIkbf sKsj kfv Dbsj hf]yfsbfv ubA ifrfV-yCVfq
hQ hxdht (zKGf{, kxBht) fsb itfqb jvsh. (hcJfvD)
pfIfr dhb qAfmfb hstb, stfsjvf zffrv vnCt -sj W mt dhNsq
dufnfhfl jvk, zfv zfdm HcsHfoD rWqfv zfwfq zdb W zmt dhNsq
k]fsj dufnfhfl jvkfm. jlf zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmvf mCJk G fW
zmst dYtfm. zk}iv zffr zfmfslvsj mt lfb jvstb. dj
mstv iv zfv zmt zfsY dj?' dkdb htstb, rA]f zfsY. zfdm httfm,
`zk}iv zmstv iv zfv mt zfsY dj?' dkdb htstb, rA]f, zfv kf rsh
sL]fqfse. (zKGf{, dhwc W J]fde mt Kfjsh bf. hvQ kfv nfsK zmt, dhO,
mkfSbjA hQ dy-dhjxdkv sL]fqfse idvshw Kfjsh.) zfdm httfm, `kfv msLA
sL]fqfef jD?' dkdb htstb, j nialfq rsh, pfvf zfmfv ncfr (kvDjf) YfVf
zsbAv ncfr (kvDjf) zbcnvB jvsh hQ zfmfv srlfqfk (iKdbslGw) YfVf
(mfbcNsj) iKialwGb jvsh. pfslv djYc jfusj dybsk ifvsh (W Hfstf ufbsh) hQ
 nhfv sysq shdw
djYc jfusj zCk (W ml) ufbsh. zfdm httfm, ` mstv iv zfv zmt
zfsY dj?' dkdb htstb, rA]f, (sn pcso) ufrffsmv lvufnmCsr lfqmfb
zfrhfbjfvD (zfrhfb jvsh). sp hAd kfslv zfrhfsb nfVf slsh, kfsj kfvf Wv
msLA dbd[ jvsh. zfdm httfm, `qf vfnCtffr! zfmfslvsj kfslv idvyq hst
dlb.' dkdb htstb, kfvf zfmfslv ysmGv (ufdk) rsh hQ zfmfslv HfNfq
jKf htsh. zfdm httfm, `zfmfsj jD zfslw jsvb---pdl zfdm sn nmq if?'
dkdb htstb, mcndtmslv ufmfzfk W mfm (sbkf)v i[fhtb jvsh. zfdm
httfm, `dj pdl Wslv ufmfzfk W mfm bf Kfsj?' dkdb htstb, nm lt
sKsj lCsv Kfjsh; pdlW skfmfsj sjfb ofsYv dwjV jfmsV Kfjsk rq, pk[B ipG
bf skfmfv zhfsk mxkcA sn idk rsqsY. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 5382bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, dIkbfv nmq mfbcsNv dbvfifv ifq kfv oxsr zhfb.
(n} ufsm' 3543bQ)
zffrv vnCt zfmfsj zdnqk j'sv hstb, HdhNAsk dIkbf W dhdYkf
slJf slsh. nckvfQ sn nmq st kcdm skfmfv kvhfdv sHs sIstf hQ jfsv
kvhfdv hfdbsq dbsqf. (zfrmfl)
zffrv vnCt hstb, dIkbfv nmq pdl kcdm Hq jv sp, kvhfdvv ymj
skfmfv syfJ Utsn slsh, kfrst kcdm skfmfv syrfvf zfhxk j'sv bfW. (zfrmfl,
zfhC lfl 4261bQ, hsb mfufr) kcdm kfsk zffrv rk hflf rW hQ rkAfjfvD
rsqf bf. (zfrmfl, rfsjm, kfhvfbD, zfhC qf'tf)
dj dIkbfq nhfv sysq swa hAd sj? mrfbhD -sj jKf dufnf jvf rst
dkdb htstb,
.(3 +,-W w
/ 83+ 7 3 #+ V
j w / 83 / / + <2 Q+ '/ Cf A
/ ` 3T%+ + 3 '7%+ 3 3#. 8++ P+ aD G
zKGf{, sn hAd, sp kfv iv ns (dbuGb tfjfq) hnhfn j'sv kfv rj
(pfjfk) zflfq jsv, dbu iadkiftsjv hflk jsv. zfv sn hAd, sp dbu sOfVfv
tfofm Lsv wsj Hq slJfq hQ wW kfsj Hq slJfq. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, n} kfvoDh 1227bQ)
zbA j hBGbfq dkdb hstsYb,
f YQ :+#. (3 `f T
3 %+ . 3 +,-W w / 83 + H. P3 W- w
/ 83 & /0 . +V A
.(/ + B/CD & 7@G
+ B^g38 p98+ / '
zKGf{, dIkbfq nshGfm hAd sn, sp kfv sOfVfv tfofm Lsv zffrv lcwmbslv
diYsb LfWqf jsv, kfslvsj Hq slJfq hQ kfvf kfsj Hq slJfq. zfv sn hAd,
sp sjfb shlcb (ubrDb) tfjfq ixKj hnhfn j'sv kfv iv zffrv (dbLGfdvk)
rj zflfq jsv. (rfsjm 4/446, dn} nrDrfr 698bQ)
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253 254 nhfv sysq shdw
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skfmfslvsj OxBf jsv, skfmvf kfslvsj zdHwfi jv hQ kfvfW skfmfslvsj zdHwfi
jsv. (rflDsnv hBGbfjfvD) hstb, zfmvf httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmvf dj kfslv
dhvs dhslafr jvh bf?' dkdb htstb, bf, pk[B ipG kfvf skfmfslv msLA bfmfp
iadkf jvsh. bf, pk[B ipG kfvf skfmfslv msLA bfmfp iadkf jvsh. (mcndtm)
zfsqp hsb zfmXv hflcfr hsb dpqfslv dbje sostb. zk}iv dkdb
kfsj htstb, `sr h{n! zfdm vfnCtcfr -sj htsk sbdY,
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nckvfQ kcdm kfslv ltHc rWqf sKsj lCsv Kfsjf.' (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
mrfbhD hstsYb, sjfb hflfsj zffr sjfb iaufv iv wfnj hfbfst, spdlb
+ B^g+ 83 / :/+/ (+ ;/< `f T
3 %+ ) sn mvsh sndlb pdl sn iaufv iadk sL]fjfhfdu j'sv msv, kfrst zffr kfv ubA
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zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, zk}iv sn (wfnj) kfv drkfjfd[kfv nfsK kfslv
zdLjfvnmCr v[f jvt bf, sn uffskv ncoecjcW ifsh bf.
mcndtsmv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, sp sjfb zfmDv mcntmfbslv slJfswfbfv lfdqk
+ / / + <2 Q #/ '/ Cf A / `f T 3 %+ QF:+W/ Q 7 3 . A+) dbt, zk}iv sn kfslv (nmnAf lCv jvfv) syf jvt bf hQ kfslv drkfjf[D rt
bf, sn kfslv ns uffsk iashw jvsh bf.
mb vfuf, vfsbkf W wfnjslv ubA mrfbhD -v lczf W hczf vsqsY, sr
zffr! sp sj zfmfv mskv sjfb jfsuv djYc lfdqk dbsq kfslvsj js
sItsh, kcdm kfsj js sIstf. zfv sp sj zfmfv mskv sjfb jfsuv djYc
lfdqk dbsq kfslv nfsK bmakf jvsh, kcdm kfv nfsK bmakf jsvf. (mcndtm)
 nhfv sysq shdw 255 256 nhfv sysq shdw
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djYc dudbn zfsY, pf Lc swakm bq; hvQ kf ixdKhD W kmLAdk njt dudbn
zsi[f m pfv iv nCpG dlk W zdmk rsqsY. (mcndtm 4985bQ, bfnf)
sKsj swa. sn vjm dudbn djYc dbmvi }-
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1. wrDslv shsrwXkD mcjcsev jde mcf
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.(/ :/ . '+ Q`E. 2 F. (/ uffskv ufqof ixdKhD W klcidv njt h rsk swa. zffrv isK (durfsl)
zKGf{, zffrv dbje wrDslv ubA vsqsY nfkde mpGflf; v[vsBv vsk kfsj hflfv pfWqf jde nAf zKhf njft ixdKhD W klcidv njt h rsk swa.
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idvLfb jvfsbf rq, (shsrs) 72de ncbqbf vDv nfsK kfv dhhfr rsh, jhsvv zfpfh 6. Iusvv Ivp bfmfspv iCshG lc'vfjzfk nck
sKsj dbvfif tfH jvsh, (djqfmsk dlb) mrffn sKsj dbvfisl Kfjsh, kfv msj mrfbhD hstsYb,
soZvshv mcjce ivfsbf rsh, pfv jde mf mdB (ycdb) ixdKhD W kmLAdk njt h .( P+ </ (+ + + . J +F(/ f . A
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ncifdvw mcv jvf rsh. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hfrfjD, nrDt ufsm' 5182 bQ) (mcndtm 1721bQ, dkvdmpD)
2. zffrv isK (durfsl) jde njft zKhf nAf zbA j hBGbfq zfsY,
3. uffsk jde Lbcj zKhf yfhcj hvfhv fb .( #j / T
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kmLAdk nhdjYc sKsj swa. pdl uffkD sjfb mdrtf ixdKhDhfnDv dlsj ]dj mfsv, zfjhfv. (zKGf{, zffrv idhkf sOfNBf jvdY, zffrv pfhkDq iawQnf zffr
kfrst zfjfw-ixdKhDv mLAhkGD njt fb t j'sv slsh! Hsqv mLAhkGD fb YfVf (ndkAjfv) sjfb tfr sb hQ zffr nh yfsk mrfb) ifE jvf sn nm
snZvsH idviCBG j'sv slsh! zfv kfv mfKfv WVbfJfdb ixdKhD W kmLAdk njt h h zsi[f zdLj diaq, pfv iv nCspGflq rsqsY. (mcndtm 7022bQ)
rsk swa. (hcJfvD, mcndtm) 8. vfs lwde zfqfk ifE jvf.
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, kfv mfKfv kfuJfdb ixdKhD W kmLAdk njt h rsk mrfbhD hstsYb,
swa. (kfhfvfbDv zfWnfk 3148bQ)
 nhfv sysq shdw 257 258 nhfv sysq shdw
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zKGf{, sp hAd vfs lwde zfqfk ifE jvsh, kfv ubA `djfv' idvmfB nWqfh iaKmhfv jsvdYt. (dkdb hstb,) zfdm nfKDqsj httfm, `nchrfbffr! ef jD?'
stJf rsh. `djfv' ixdKhD W kmLAdk njt h rsk swa. (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv kfvf zfmfsj htt, `ytcb, ytcb.'
1239bQ, zfWnfk, n} kfvoDh 638bQ) nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm, kfviv dy{ rsq swfqf j hAdv jfsY si]ZYtfm.
JfsbW slJtfm, kfv dbje j hAd stfrfv zf]jVf dbsq lf]dVsq zfsY. zfv sn
kfv syrfvfv jdlsj sn v fvf kfv jw sKsj mfKfv diYsbv dlj ipG hQ
sp jfvsB zdLjfQw jhsvv zfpfh rq jHfsh bfsjv dY sKsj mfKfv diYsbv dlj ipG hQ zbcviHfsh syfJ sKsj
jcIXv, dwjG W nfLfvBHfsh nhGiajfv jfhDvf sofbfr YfVf rflDsnv hBGbf zbcpfqD mfKfv diYb dlj ipG dysv sItsY. kfviv stfjde swfqf hAdv zivdlsj pfsY
djYc djYc ifsiv jfvsB jhsvv zfpfh rsq Kfsj. spmb } hQ iaKm dlsjv nfsK spvi zfyvB jsvsY zbcvi zfyvB ziv dlsjv nfsKW
1. mxk hAdv ubA mfkm j'sv jff jvf. jvsY. dlj rsk zhnv rsk bf rsk iaKm dljde zfsov mk Hft rsq pfsY.
mrfbhD hstsYb, mxk hAdsj kfv jhsvv msLA kfv ubA mfkm j'sv jff kfviv zfhfv iaKm hfsvv mk zfyvB jvsY. (dkdb hstb,) zfdm httfm,
jvfv lvb wfd slWqf rq. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, pk[B kfv `nchrfbffr! vf jfvf?' kfvf zfmfsj htt, `ytcb, ytcb.'
ubA mfkm j'sv jff jvf rq, (kk[B mxkhAdv zfpfh rq.) nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ (klcv) yctfv mk jde oskGv jfsY si]ZYtfm.
2. ianafshv dYef sKsj nfhLfb bf rWqf. zfv snJfsb swfvsoft W bfbf w dYt. zfmvf kfsk ]dj smsv slJtfm, kfsk shw
3. ycodt jvf, jKf tfoftfdo jvf. djYc t bfvD-icvN vsqsY. zfv bDy sKsj dboGk zfsbv stdtrfb dwJf kfslvsj
4. oDhk hf ivyyGf jvf. iwG jvsY. pJb stdtrfb dwJf kfslvsj iwG jvsY, kJb kfvf yvsh
jlf vfnCtcfr lcsef jhsvv ifw dlsq zdkm jvfv nmq htstb, lc dy{jfv j'sv EsY. zfdm httfm, `vf jfvf?' kfvf zfmfsj htt, `ytcb, ytcb.'
jhvhfnDv zfpfh rsY. zhwA Wslvsj sjfb hV Lvsbv zivfL (hf sjfb jdEb nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ jde blDv jfsY dosq si]ZYtfm. (hBGbfjfvD
jfsuv) ubA zfpfh slWqf rsY bf. (kfviv htstb,) r]Af, zivfL skf hV hstb, zfmfv pklCv msb isV, dkdb htstb,) blDde dYt vsv mk tft. zfv
dYt. Wslv jub (stfsjv) ycotD j'sv shVfk. zfv zivub siwfshv dYef sKsj slJtfm, sn blDsk j hAd n]fkfv jfesY. zfv blDv kDsv ziv j hAd vsqsY
h]fyk bf. (hcJfvD) hQ sn kfv jfsY zsbjstf ifKv jdk j'sv svsJsY. zfv n]fkfv-vk hAd
sjfb sjfb hBGbfq, oDhk jvfv jKf hdBGk zfsY. shw djYc[B n]fkfv jfefv iv sn hAdv jfsY dIsv zfnsY, sp kfv dbje ifKv
5. jcvzfb susbW kfv dbslGwfbcpfqD zfmt bf jvf. jdk j'sv svsJsY. snJfsb sn sn kfv nfmsb mcJ Jcst dlsY hQ hAd kfv
6. Ivp bfmfp kAfo j'sv Ocdmsq Kfjf. mcsJ jde ifKv Tcdjsq dlsY. kfviv sn yst dosq zfhfv n]fkfv jfesY hQ zfhfv
7. hAfij dmKAf htf. kfv jfsY dIsv zfnsY. zfv pJb dIsv zfnsY kJb hAd kfv mcsJ ifKv
8. hAdHyfv jvf. Tcdjsq dlsY. zfdm kfslvsj dusn jvtfm, `vf jfvf?' kfvf htt, `ytcb, ytcb.'
9. nCl JfWqf. |||||||zfdm httfm, `zfdm vfsk zsbj dhnqjv hAfifv slJsk sitfm, stfv
nfmcvfr hsb ucblch hstb, bhD iafq kf]v nfrfhDslvsj htskb, kf{ipG jD?' kfvf zfmfsj htt, `zfYf zfmvf zfibfsj hst dldY. sp iaKm
skfmfslv sj sjfb i slsJsY dj? vfhD hstb, pfv hAfifsv zffrv Yf sn hAdsj pfv jfsY zfidb si]ZYstb, pfv mfKf ifKv dlsq yCBG-dhyCBG jvf rdYt, sn rt
k]fv jfsY i hBGbf jvk. dkdb jdlb njfst htstb, okvfs zfmfv jfsY hAd sp jcvzfb oarB j'sv---kf huGb jsv. zfv Ivp bfmfp sYsV Ocdmsq Kfsj.
lcub zfoj t. kfvf zfmfsj Eft, zfv htt, `ytcb.' zfdm kfslv nfsK ytsk zfv hAd pfv jfsY dosq slJstb sp, kfv jw sKsj mfKfv diYsbv dlj ipG
tfotfm. zk}iv zfmvf jfk rsq swfqf j hAdv dbje si]ZYtfm. slJtfm, ziv hQ jHfsh bfsjv dY sKsj mfKfv diYsbv dlj ipG hQ zbcviHfsh syfJ
j hAd kfv dbje ifKv dbsq lf]dVsq zfsY. sn kfv mfKfq ifKv dbs[i jvsY. sKsj mfKfv diYb dlj ipG dysv sItf rdYt. sn rt hAd sp njfst zfib Ov
Ist kfv mfKf Ifdesq sItsY. zfv ifKv odVsq nsv iVsY. kfviv zfhfv sn sKsj shv rsq mb dmKAf hst, pf ykcdlGj YdVsq isV.
ifKvdev zbcnvB j'sv kf icbvfq dbsq zfnsY. dIsv zfnsk bf zfnsk stfjdev zfv sp njt t bfvD-icvN pfvf (klcv) yctf nlxw oskGv zHAsv vsqsY,
 nhfv sysq shdw
kfvf rt hAdHyfvD-hAdHyfdvBDv lt.
zfv hAd pfv jfsY si]ZsY slJstb sp, sn blDsk nf]kfv jfesY W kfv mcsJ
ifKv Tcdjsq slWqf rsY sn rt nClsJfv.
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, nckvfQ zfmvf ytsk tfotfm hQ (klcv) yctfv mk
jde oskGv jfsY si]ZYtfm; pfv iv dljef nQjDBG dYt hQ dbsyv dljef iaw.
kfv dbsy zfb utdYt. kfv msLA t h bfvD-icvN dYt. zfb pJb iv
dlsj EdYt, kJb kfvfW (zfsbv nfsK) isv EdYt. mbdj iafq kfvf (yctf)
sKsj shv rWqfv im rdYt. zfv pJb zfb ddmk rsq sbsm pfdYt, kJb
(kfv nfsK) kfvfW dbsy dIsv pfdYt.
hBGbfq zfsY, jde vsv blDv jfsY tfm. sn blDv mfUJfsb jde stfj
l]fdVsq vsqsY. zfv blDv kDsv jde stfj vsqsY, pfv nfmsb ifKv vsqsY. zk}iv
blDv mfsUv stfjde pJb sE zfnsk yfsY, kJb kDsvv stfjde kfsj ifKv Y]sc V
smsv sn dlsj dIdvsq dlsY, spJfsb sn dYt. Hfsh pJb sn blD sKsj shv rsq
zfnsk yfsY, kJb stfjde kfv mcsJ ifKv Y]csV mfvsY. Ist sn spJfsb dYt,
snJfsb dIsv pfsY.
hBGbfq zfsvf zfsY, zfv pfsj zfidb kfv dbu jw dyvsk slJstb, sn rt
hV dmKcAj; sp dmKAf jKf htk, zk}iv kf kfv dbje sKsj hBGbf jvf rk. Ist kf
dljyhfst si]ZsY spk. zkh zfyvB kfv nfsK djqfmk ipG jvf rsh.
hBGbfq zfsvf zfsY, pfv mfKf yCBG-dhyCBG jvsk slJstb, sn dYt mb hAd,
pfsj zffr jcvzfb dwdJsqdYstb. dj sn (kf Hcst) vfsk Ocdmsq Kfjk hQ dlsb
kfv iv zfmt jvk bf. zkh zfyvB kfv nfsK djqfmk ipG jvf rsh.
htf hftA, duhaft W mDjfstv mfLAsm mrfb zffr k]fv bhD -sj
mLAuoskv zfpfh ispfso ialwGb jsvdYstb.
dj zdLjfQw jhsvv zfpfh sjfb zivfsL rq? mrfbhD kfv sv hstsYb,
.(Q,+ +F(/ Q . a2 /$+C+ 3 h+5 2 )
zKGf{, zdLjfQw jhsvv zfpfh ianafshv jfvsB rq. (zfrmfl, hsb mfufr 348,
rfsjm, n} ufsm' 1202bQ)
kf sjb?
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ianafshv dYef kfslv slsr zKhf jfisV sn tfso. zk}iv bfmfp iVst kfslv
bfmfp jhct rq bf; sp bfmfp Dsbv , nhGswa hflk, djqfmsk nhGiaKm pfv drnfh
sbWqf rsh.
zsbsj l]fdVsq ianafh jvst zKhf dhivDkmcJD rfWqfv nfmsb hsn ianafh jvst
zKhf w mfdesk hf ifKsvv iv ianafh jvst kfv dYef Ocsv sn slsr zKhf
jfisV tfso. Ist kfvf bfifdj dbsq bfmfp isV. dj kfslv bfmfp rq bf.
259 260 nhfv sysq shdw
i[fsv zdLjfQw mcndtm shbfmfpD. zfv pfvf shbfmfpD, kfvf ianafshv iv ifdb
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ianafh sKsj idh bf rWqfv zivfsL zdLjfQw zfpfh rsh kfslv.
djqfmsk nhGiaKm jfiV idvLfbjfvD sj?
hsb zffn hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr bnDrk jvfv ubA zfmfslv mfsU
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zhfq jdk jvf rsh. (zffr hstb,) `spmb zfdm iaKm nxd jsvdY zfdm
icbhGfv kfsj sn zhfq dIvfshf. ef zfmfv iadkf, pf zfdm icvf jvh.' (nCvf
zfdqf 104 zfqfk)
susb vfsJf! djqfmskv dlb nxdv msLA nhGiaKm hafrDm -sj h idvLfb jvfsbf
rsh.|||||| (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbXrf) rsk hdBGk, vfnCtcfr hstsYb, mfbcNsj rfwsvv
mqlfsb Efsbf rsh Jfdt if, t W JfkXbfdhrDb zhfq. zfsqwf (vfdpqff
zfbXrf) hstb, zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! icvN W mdrtfvf sj zisvv iadk
lxdifk jvsh?' dkdb htstb, sr zfsqwf! kfslv vi Yf jvfv yfskW jdEb
rsh kJbjfv zhf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, kfslv sj zsbAv dlsj kfjfkfdj jvf zsi[f hAfifv
zfsvf vkv rsh.
zKGf{, kfslv sp lcvhf rsh, kf dbsq hA Kfjsh. zsbAv sofibfsv dlsj
kfdjsq slJsk IcvnkW rsh bf jfsvf. j W zfksv jfvsB sn sJqftW rsh bf
jfsvf.
zffmf djbf zfpfhfj, qAfmf kfumf hflfj.
djqfmsk nhGiaKm hflD-iadkhflDv dhyfv
djqfmk-sjfseG njt zivfsLv dhyfv rsh. zffrv rj nQf nhGiaKm dhyfv
rsh shbfmfpDv. hflfv rj nQf nhGiaKm dhyfv rsh JcbDv. zffrv dbqfmk
nQf nhGiaKm drnfh rsh ifdbv. zfv lc hflD-iadkhflDv zivfL-dhNqj dhyfv
rsh lc iadkshwDv. mrfbhD hstsYb,
 nhfv sysq shdw
.(Q+% T
+ /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ QF. + "
.A
+ 37 2 )
zKGf{, nhGiaKm hflD-iadkhflD rsh lc iadkshwD. (zfrmfl 17372, kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 2563bQ)
sn lc iadkshwD, pfvf sj zsbAv rj zflfq jsvdb. sj zivsj n{jfsuv
zfslw W ml jfsu hfLf lfb jsvdb. sj zbAsj bfbfHfsh j dlsqsY. sj
zsbAv [dk jsvsY.
nckvfQ kfslv dhyfv zfso rsh. v[j rsq H[sjv jfu jvfv Ist kfslv
Ifqnftf zfso rsh.
n{ iadkshwD rWqf mfbcsNv ifdKGh ncsJv jde jfvB. iadkshwD Hfstf bf rst
ifVfq hnhfn jvfv zfbl dhNmq rsq WsE. nckvfQ iadkshwDv iadk iadkshwDv h
lfdqk W jkGhA zfsY. kf iftb bf jvst ifdKGh ncJ skf lCsvv jKf iajk
rWqfW pfsh bf. hvQ ivjfst shsrwXk ifWqfW pfsh bf. mrfbhD
zffrv jnm! sn hAd mc'dmb bq. zffrv jnm! sn hAd mc'dmb bq. zffrv
jnm! sn hAd mc'dmb bq. dusn jvf rt, `sjfbX hAd? sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb
htstb, sp hAdv iadkshwD kfv zdb sKsj dbvfisl Kfsj bf. (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
mcndtsmv j hBGbfq zfsY, hAd uffsk iashw jvsh bf, pfv zdb sKsj
kfv iadkshwD dbvfisl Kfsj bf.
djqfmsk nhGiaKm dhyfv rsh jfv?
djqfmsk nhGiaKm dhyfv rsh LmGDq Hslv. nhGiaKm ufrffsm pfsh kfvf, pfvf
zfnst LfdmGj bq, LfdmGjkf ialwGb jsv. LsmGv Lfv Lfsv bf zKy LfdmGjkfv Hfb
jsv. pfvf ifdKGh sjfb fsKG Dsbv jfu jsv. pfvf pw, JAfdk W ncbfm sbWqfv
sswA LsmGv divrfb isv shVfq.
kfslv msLA jub rt bfmLfvD `wrDl'. sp `hDv' bfm sbWqfv ubA durfsl tsV
rk rsqsY.
zbA jub rt zfstm, jfvD. sp bfm sbWqfv sswA zKhf lcdbqfv zKG-nil
tfsHv sswA jcvzfb dwsJsY W isVsY.
zfv zbA jub rt lfbD. sp stfsjv jfsY ncbfm kKf `lfbhDv' sJkfh ifWqfv
sswA lfb jsvsY.
mrfbhD hstb,
P+ <2 + #+ <2 3 + #+ / 3 <2 7 #+ <2 / '/ +;\/ -S<2 + PQ x. :3. ` f T
3 %+ / . 2 + /9(+ + a/ +,+8 m
. 2> + \+ r2 2[7I/ 2 + +'. +C52 : + r2 . 3?. PQ x. :3. :7G
+ 2[ </ 3 \+ r2 : + r2 P+ </ + / + + <2 : + r2
+H #/ +HD #+ \+ `f T
3 %+ + .%Q 7 ; /< +;a/ - :7G
+ / PQ T
. + 2 + +/ 3 <2 / '/ + (/ - 7Hu3 +` r/ . a2 <2 ! 0f BQ T
261 262 nhfv sysq shdw
+H #/ 3. D #+ \+ : + r2 P+ </ + / + + <2 :+ r2 . P+ <2 + #+ <2 3 + #+ / 3 <2 7 #+ <2 / '/ +;\/ -S<2 + a- 2 + r2 + 3 + D + +
+ a2 3 / + . a- +? + r2 + ! Hf / + : + a2 3 / +. D #+ \+ 2[7I/ + +'. +C52 : + r2 + a- 2[ </ 3? + r2 + 3 :3. D+ +
-& +l 7 + `f T
3 %+ + . %Q 7 < ; / +; a/ - :7G
+ / PQ T
. + 2 + +/ 3 <2 / '/ + (/ - 7Hu3 +` r/ . a2 <2
f %Q r2 ,+ E3 :
:+ r2 P+ </ + / + + <2 : + r2 . P+ <2 + #+ <2 3 + #+ / 3 <2 7 #+ <2 / '/ +;\/ -S<2 Q 2 / +. 2 F. (/ 3t s2 . 2 + / . 2 +
: + a2 3/ + #+ <2 2[7I/ 2 + +'. +C52 : + r2 .2[2 P+ </ 3a W2 . 2 DQU P+ </ +@W2 . 83 . 2 J/ \3 ` + F. (/ 35 + \+ (+
H ( . ((%Q 7 +;a/ - :7G
+ / PQ T
. + 2 + +/ 3 <2 / '/ + (/ - 7Hu3 +` r/ . a2 <2 ! f +,T
+
djqfmskv dlb zbAfbA stfsjslv iCshG sp hAdv iaKm dhyfv rsh sn rsY jub
x mfblfv wrDl. kfsj zffrv lvhfsv rfduv jvf rsh. zffr kfsj k]fv slWqf njt
hstsYb, sbqfmskv jKf nvB jdvsq slshb. nckvfQ sn kf nvB jvsh. zk}iv zffr
htshb, ` sbqfmskv dhdbmsq kcdm jD zfmt j'sv snY?' sn htsh `zfdm skfmfv
nd tfsHv ubA durfl jsvdY hQ zhswsN wrDl rsq sodY.' zffr htshb,
`kcdm dmKAf htY. hvQ kcdm sswA durfl jsvY, pfsk stfsjvf skfmfsj hst,
zmcj jub hDv icvN. nckvfQ kf- htf rsqsY.' zk}iv (dIdvfslvsj) zfslw
jvf rsh hQ kfsj hcV j'sv sesb dbsq dosq ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh.
dkDq rsY mb hAd, sp tXm dw[f jsvsY, zivsj dw[f dlsqsY hQ jcvzfb
ifE jsvsY. kfsj zffrv lvhfsv idk jvf rsh. zffr kfsj (ixdKhDsk ial)
k]fv njt sbqfmskv jKf nvB jdvsq slshb. snW nh djYc nvB jvsh. zk}iv
zffr htshb, ` njt sbqfmskv dhdbmsq kcdm jD zfmt j'sv snY?' sn
htsh, `zfdm tXm dwsJdY, zivsj dwdJsqdY hQ skfmfv ndtfsHv ubA jcvzfb
ifE jsvdY.' zffr htshb, `dmKAf htY kcdm. hvQ kcdm sswA tXm dwsJY,
pfsk stfsjvf skfmfsj zfstm hst hQ sswA jcvzfb isVY, pfsk stfsjvf
skfmfsj jfvD hst. zfv (lcdbqfsk) kf htf rsqsY.' zk}iv (dIdvfslvsj)
dbslGw slWqf rsh hQ kfsj hcV j'sv sesb dbsq dosq ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh.
kxkDq rsY sn hAd, pfv vpDsj zffr iaw jsvdYstb hQ njt iajfv Lb-
slZtk pfsj ialfb jsvdYstb. kfsj zffrv lvhfsv rfduv jvf rsh. zffr kfsj
kf]v slWqf nm sbqfmskv jKf nvB jdvsq slshb. snW nh djYc nvB jvsh.
zk}iv zffr iaw jvshb, `kcdm njt sbqfmskv dhdbmsq jD zfmt j'sv
snY?' sn htsh, `sp njt vffq lfb jvst kcdm JcwD rW sn njt vffv msLA
sjfbdeskW skfmfv nd tfsHv sswA Jvy jvsk YfdVdb.' kJb zffr htshb,
+ a 83 Q 7 +7 2 7QU)) `dmKAf htY kcdm. hvQ kcdm ubA lfb jsvdYst; pfsk stfsj skfmfsj lfbhDv
hst. zfv kf htf rsqsY.' zk}iv (dIdvfhoGsj) jcm jvf rsh hQ kfsj hcV
j'sv sesb dbsq dosq ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh. (mcndtm 1905 bQ)
+ : + a2 83 Dsbv sjfb jfu j'sv sp iadnd jfmbf j'sv, sn iadnd djqfmskW sOfNBf jvf
 nhfv sysq shdw 263 264 nhfv sysq shdw
rsh. mrfbhD hstsYb, zfdvjkf W jfoakfv nfsK isVdYt dj bf?
/ . 2 + @W:( . (( / '/ -&; /+ 83 ;/+ 83 F. (+ + / '/ -& +l7 + +l7 + F. (+ )) vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
sp hAd swfbfsh, zffr kf dbsq dlshb. zfv sp hAd slJfsh, zffr kf +_
+ .2 + +2 < 2 . a2 <2
. + 2 + . q2< 3 \32 + / /+ + F. (/ 9/ (+ + a/ +,. 8+ 3 . #+ / '/ 3+ + 83 (+ +7 2 7QU ))
sldJsq slshb. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) `. E+ 3 v- . - : 7`T
+ + Y7 + J$7 + r2 f0;. + / :/ m
+ 8Q <2 F. (/ +a2 :+. QQq<2 + / A
+ + +$ A
+ . a2 <2 ?
. + + <2 . U+
`sp hAd swfbfsh' zKGf{, sp kfv zfmtsj mfbcsNv nfmsb ialwGsbv ubA iajfw
.(( +CE+ 2 + / / + . 2 3 / + 3,-I\+ 7Hu3 /9m
+ 8Q W2 +F(/ +a2 :+. ( + P+ . (/ 3`7 I2 3 <2 ,J s2 \+ F/( B/ #+ /
jvsh. `zffr kf dbsq dlshb' zKGf{, djqfmskv dlsb (nxdv nfmsb sn jKf
ufdbsq) kfsj tfdk jvshb. `sp hAd slJfsh' zKGf{, sp hAd mfbcsNv nfmsb dbyq djqfmskv dlb hflfv sp jfsuv drnfh nhGiaKm sbWqf rsh kf rsY kfv
jxk sbj zfmt iajfw jvsh, pfsk sn kfslv dbje nmfbfrG rq. `zffr kf bfmfp. nckvfQ pdl kf ndEj rq, kfrst sn idvfB ifsh. zfv pdl (bfmfp) i W
sldJsq slshb' zKGf{, nxdv nmcsJ kfv sswAv jKf hA (jsv kfsj Jfvfi rq, kfrst sn hAKG W [dkoa rsh. pdl kfv Ivp (hflskv) msLA djYc jm
zimfdbk) jvshb. isV pfq, kfrst iaHc htshb, `slJ skf! zfmfv hflfv djYc bIt (hflk) zfsY dj
sp hAd lcdbqf tfsHv sswA Db dw[f jvsh, sn zfsJvfsk uffk ifsh bf. bf, pf dlsq Ivspv Ofedk iCvB j'sv slWqf rsh?' zk}iv kfv zhdw nm
hvQ kfv ncoW ifsh bf. vfnCtcfr hstsYb, zfmstv drnfh Hfsh oxrDk rsh. (zfhC lfl 864, dkvdmpD 413, bfnf 465,
+ . J +F(/ |+ + / '/ + "/ 3 / DQU 3 3 D #+ :+8+ 2 7`T
+ + Y7 + /& 3 T. + / '/ X+ :+. 83 7 (/ / +HD #+ \+ F. (+ ))
hsb mfufr 1425bQ)
zfv sjfb sjfb zivfL Kfjsh hflfv rj dhNqj. zfv sn dhNsqv nhGiaKm drnfh
,3'2 t% . P+ 2 %Q : ;/ #. 8+ (( /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ /97
2 + .+ . _
/ 8+ H. 2 rsh Jcsbv. sjb sn mfbcN Jcb jsvdYt? sjfbX zivfsL iafBrkAf jsvdYt?
sp dhlAf fvf mrfb zffrv nd tfH jvf pfq, kf pdl jmf nfmfbA ifdKGh zffrv vnCt hstb,
fKG tfsHv sswA sj dw[f jsv, kfrst sn djqfmskv dlsb uffskv ncoecjcW .(0 (+ ^ <; / / +#/ + '+ 3HI2 . 83 (+ +7 2 7QU)
ifsh bf. (zfhC lfl) zKGf{, djqfmskv dlb mfbcsNv sp dhNsq nhGiaKm dhyfv-dbid rshgkf rt Jcb.
stfj-slJfdbv mb jfu j iajfv dwjG. sp dwjG zfmtsj nmCst b j'sv slq. (hcJfvD 6533bQ, mcndtm 1678, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb mfufr)
mrfbhD hstb, rk hAd jft djqfmsk JcbDv dhyfv yfsh zffrv jfsY. bhD hstb,
3 :35 + \+ BQ . ~2 ;/#(+ / </ 2y+ . 2 + + +`/ + F. (+ /y. x^ QF+ /0 52 + xJ +~ 2 +2 : 2 #+ \+ & + r2 )) djqfmskv dlb Jcb rsq dbrk hAd kfv JcbDsj kfv mfKf W jifstv yct Lsv
H ( t% . ((3 52 . / + idk jvsh. zfv sn nmq kfv dwvfstf sKsj vsv dIbdj Ycesh. sn htsh, `sr
mrfb zffr hstb, zfdm nm zQwDlfvslv yfsk zQwDlfdv (dwjG) sKsj zfmfv iadkiftj! zfidb sj dufnf jvb, W sjb zfmfsj Jcb jsvsY?'
zdLj zmcJfsi[D. sj pdl mb jfu jsv, pfsk sn zfmfv ns zbA jfsj idvswsN sn kfsj zfvswv dbjehkDG jvsh. (dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb mfufr,
zQwDlfv fib jsv, kfrst zfdm kfsj kfv zQwDlfdv (dwjG) nr huGb jdv. nrDt ufsm' 8031bQ)
(zKGf{ kfv zfmt b j'sv dl.) (mcndtm) sjfb sjfb zivfL Kfjsh zffrv dbqfmk dhNqj. zfv sn dhNqj nhGiaKm drnfh
nckvfQ dbOGfk ufrffm YfVf zfv jD? kfW zfhfv njt zivfLDslv zfso! sbWqf rsh ncfA W Eff ifdbv.
F. (/ 2[ 8+ Q . 3+ 2[+ . T
/ 2[2 7"
/ 3 H. 2 2 3 2 + a2 83 . 2 QH #/ 7 F. (/ /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ + . #+ 3 . + 32S. 83 (+ +7 2 7QU)
djqfmsk nhGiaKm drnfh .(/%Q + /0 +
djqfmsk drnfh rsh njt zivfsLv. sjfb sjfb zivfL Kfjsh mrfb zffrv rj zKGf{, djqfmsk hflfsj dbqfmk nisjG nhGiaKm sp iaw jvf rsh, kf rt sp,
dhNqj. zfv sn dhNsqv nhGiaKm drnfh rsh bfmfspv. zfdm dj skfmfv wvDvsj nc vfdJdb hQ Eff ifdb dlsq diifnfmc jdvdb?
hflf i]fy zsv bfmfp isVdYt dj bf? (dkvdmpD 3358, rfsjm, dn} nrDrfr 539bQ)
ndEjHfsh isVdYt dj bf? nckvfQ mfbcsNv jfsY zfsY skf sn nh iaswv nlcv?
ndEj nmsq isVdYt dj bf?
 nhfv sysq shdw
djqfmsk ncifdvw tfsHv nhsysq shdw
rjlfv sj?
sofbfrofv mcndtmslv ubA djqfmskv HDNB mfsE ncifdvw rsh. ksh 4de wskG }-
1. ncifdvwjfvDv ncifdvw jvfv [mkf Kfjsk rsh.
2. pfv ubA ncifdvw jvf rsh, kfsj kfWrDlhflD mcndtm rsk rsh.
3. pfv ubA ncifdvw jvf rsh, kfv iadk zffrv nd Kfjsk rsh.
4. ncifdvw jvfv ubA zffrv zbcmdk rsk rsh.
htf hftA, zfmfslv bhD mskv ubA ncifdvw jvshb. dkdb kfv spfoA
zdLjfvD?
dj sn ncifdvw ifWqfv nhsysq hV rjlfv sj? sn ncifdvw tfsHv hV
snZHfoAhfb hAd sj?
jlf mrfbhD -sj dufnf jvf rt, `zfibfv wfIfzfk-tfsHv nhsysq hV
snZHfoAhfb hAd sj?' sv dkdb htstb,
.((/ / W + . 2 / / r2 F. (/ "
j /A
+ 3 D D QU + 2 QU 2 + r2 F. (+ /9(+ + a/
zKGf{, djqfmskv dlb zfmfv wfIfzfk-tfsHv nhsysq hV snZHfoAhfb hAd sn
rsh, sp dbu zv hf mb sKsj dhHfsh `tf tfrf ffr' hstsY. (hcJfvD
99bQ)
zKGf{, pKfKGHfsh jfstmf ifE jsvsY. kfv ndEj zKG susbsY. kfv zsKG idviCBG
jDb W iakAq svsJsY. dhdys (Jtfsnv nfsK) kf ifE jsvsY. kfv zKG-
dhwfsn nkAdbf W zjiekf hufq svsJsY. kfv dbslGswv iadk siam W Hd svsJsY.
kfv dbslGw, lfhD W zdLjfsvv zbchkGD rsqsY. iakAfJAfbrDbHfsh nflsv oarB
jsvsY. zKGf{, sn dwjGmc rsq kfWrDlhflD mcndtm sKsj pKfnfLA zfmt jsvsY.
pC jvfv iv ifqJfbf-fv rsk rfWqf Jfdvu rst spmb pCv sjfb lfm Kfsj bf,
skmdb jfstmf iVfv iv dwjG jvst jfstmf iVfv sjfb mCtA Kfsj bf.
jfstmfv swfofblfkf mcwdvjvf djqfmsk bhDv ncifdvw ifsh bf. mcwdvjslv ubA
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
{3 s2 83 l W/ + 2+ H / G
+ F. (/ + / / vD / (+ + / / 52 Q T
/ ++ + 2 3$,- a-
< ~ !%, ()
zKGf{, Wslvsj zfn dlb nisjG nkjG jsv lfW, pJb lc}sJ-js Wslv rlq
jfok rsh. nDmftQObjfvDslv ubA zv sjfb hc sb hQ mb sjfb
ncifdvwjfvDW sb, pfv ncifdvw oafrA jvf rsh. (mc'dmb } 18)
265 266 nhfv sysq shdw
ivjfst nhsysq lDOGjft [cLfkG sj?
mrfb zffrv jde nfLfvB dhLfb sp, lcdbqfsk sp zShL ncJ isHfo jvsh,
ivjfst sn sn ncJ sKsj hdk rsh. spmb lcdbqfsk sp mlifb jvsh, zfsJvfsk sn
mlifb sKsj hdk rsh. sp icvN lcdbqfsk svwmh ivsh, zfsJvfsk sn ivsk
ifsh bf. sp hAd snfbf-vifv ifs ifbfrfv jvsh, sn hAd zfsJvfsk kf ifsh bf.
skmdb lcdbqfsk pfvf zdkdvHfsh ifbsHfusb idvkx rsh, zfsJvfsk kfvf zdk
[cLfq jfkv rsh. (kfhfvfbD, n} kfvoDh 2138bQ)
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(!/ + A
/ ; /< j ,3T H. P3 -,+ e 2 + . J ; /< #j +/ Q 7 + h+5 2 7QU)
zKGf{, lcdbqfsk nhsysq shdw idvkx sp hAd, sn zfsJvfsk nhsysq shdw
[cLfoa rsh. (hsb mfufr 3351, dn} nrDrfr 343bQ)
zfhC ucrfIf hstb, jlf sofwXk-vdev nfvDl sJsq bhD -v jfsY sn
sTjcv kctst dkdb k]fsj htstb, Wsr! zfmfslv dbje skfmfv sTjcv skftf h
jv. jfvB, lcdbqfq sp zdLj idvkx rq, djqfmsk sn zdLj [cLfkG rsh. (dkvdmpD
+,. 8+ ;/:+ W2 x+ '/ Q 7 3 #+ . 2 )) 2478, hsb mfufr 3350bQ)
rflDn swfbfv iv dkdb mvBjft ipG sjfbdlb sie icsv Jfbf Jfbdb. dkdb
vfskv Jfhfv sJst, lcicsvv Jfhfv sJskb bf hQ lcicsvv Jfhfv sJst zfv vfskv
Jfhfv sJskb bf. (zft-dzfh 4/1620, nclct ofhfr 4/400)
spsrkc zdkdv ifbfrfv jvst mfbcsNv wvDv smfef rq, slr HfvD rq, Ocm shdw
rq, zftnA shdw rq, zfqcv hjGk jsm pfq, zffrv hflsk ofItdk W wdKtA
zfsn, snsrkc wfd vi ivjfst kfsj dJsl dlsq sHfofsbf rsh.
kfYfVf zdkdv ifb-sHfub wvDqsk dbdlk, dydj{nf-dhfsbW dbdlk.
mrfbhD hstsYb, sjfb mfbcN mb sjfb if iCBG jsvdb, pf sisev yfsk ml.
mfbcsNv ubA kfv smvl snfuf (w) vfJfv sswA jsqj oafn psK. pdl zdLj
sJsk rq, kfrst sisev j kxkDqfQw Jfhfsvv ubA, j kxkDqfQw ifbDqv ubA
hQ j kxkDqfQw wfn-iawfsnv ubA rWqf dyk. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb,
n} kfvoDh 2135bQ)
/QU /9<2 Q +,. 8+ H. E3 %. /C 2 + }
mDpfsb nhsysq shdw HfvD
djqfmskv dlb dhyfsvv ubA mDpfb hf l]fdViff Kfjsh. pfsk dkbde dudbn Wub
jvf rsh } zfmt, zfmtjfvD W zfmtbfmf. sndlb pfv (sbjDv) iff HfvD rsh, sn
skf nsfNmq uDhsb (ncsJ) Kfjsh. dj pfv iff rftXjf rsh, kfv fb rsh rfdhqfr
(slfpJ). (jf-dvr } 6-9)
 nhfv sysq shdw 267 268 nhfv sysq shdw
mrfb zffr hstsYb, zhwA, nclv ydv dlsq mfbcN ixdKhD uq jvsk ifsv. mfbcsNv mfsU nhfv wDsNG
2[ ]/ 2 . -S<2 3 38Q+,(+
. WD A
+ F. (+ + () +,3 /W 3 3HE3 2[]/ 2 . -S<2 3 38Q+,(+
. 2 a- u+ F+ <2 J@+ pC]/ (+ ,. 8+ 3. ,+ +} dbsuv fb j'sv dbsk ifsv. nckvfQ nclv ydv ivjfstv nhGswa ifsKq rsh bf
sjb?
! > %, () {+,3 /v 8/ +\/ 8+ /' ,3 52 + '/ H3P+ W- 2 3 / A + +F8/CD
zKGf{, sndlb Wub dEjHfsh jvf rsh, nckvfQ pfslv Wub HfvD rsh, kfvf
nItjfm rsh. zfv pfslv Wub rftjf rsh, kfvf dbsuslv [dk jsvsY, spsrkc nhsysq shdw [dkoa jfvf?
kfvf zfmfv dblwGbfhtDsj iakAfJAfb jvk. (zf'vfI } 8-9) mrfb zffr jcvzfb mfuDsl zsbj iajfv [dkoa stfsjv jKf hstsYb. spmb--
3 / A
+ +F8/C D 2[ ]/ 2 . -S<2 3 38Q+,(+
. WD A
+ F. (+ + () +, 3 /W 3 3HE3 2[]/ 2 . -S<2 3 38Q+,(+
. 2 a- u+ F+ <2 } Q%. 2>; /< +3 / W 83 + +`+ ,38 2 / '/ 3 D + (+ 2 (+ +,3#s2 a 8+ + / r/ h+ (/ / #. '+ F/( / D + P. + +,3ma- 8+ +F8/CD }
, (g ! %, () {+3 / A + +H7P+ T + ;/< H. P3 + W- 2 ! a ! %, () {+3 / w + 3HE3 2[]/ 2 -
zKGf{, nckvfQ pfslv iff HfvD rsh, kfvf rsh nItjfm. zfv pfslv iff rff zKGf{, pfvf zffrv nfsK lxP zDjfsv zfh rWqfv iv kf H jsv, sp nijG
rsh, kfvf dbsuslv [dk jsvsY; kfvf ufrffsm fqD rsh. (mc'dmbCb } 102-103) z[c vfJsk zffr zfslw jsvsYb, kf dY jsv hQ ixdKhDsk zwfd nxd jsv
iff HfvD jvfv ubA HfvD djYc yf. sp dudbn nhyfsk HfvD, sn dudbn nQoar shVfq, kfvf [dkoa. (hfjfvfr } 27)
jvf yf. ufbf yf, sjfbX dudbn sbjDv iffq nhsysq shdw HfvD. mrfbhD 3H E3 2[ ]/ 2 . -S<2 / '/ . W- I 8+ F (+ / '/ +, 3(/ g. 83 2[ ]/ 2 . - / \/ + 2 \/ 7@ G
+ 3 +,- :. 8+ +$ :+I/ 3HE3 +. \+ +F8/C D}
zfmfslvsj ufdbsqsYb, ! a ! %, () {+3 / w +
3X/ . 83 & 7U+ Q@ -
- QF. G
3 F. (/ /9 (+ + a/ +,. 8+ QF(/ g. - / #+ Q+Y (/ ;/< 3`a2 u. p0;. + F. (/ (+ )) zKGf{, zfdm pfslvsj djkfh (LmGoa) lfb jsvdY, kfvf pKfpKHfsh kf (LmGoa)
BC( t% .((7B/C+ +G
/ W2 ifE jsv Kfsj. kfvf kfsk (LmGoa) dhwfn jsv. zfv pfvf kf zmfbA jsv, kfvf
djqfmskv dlb (sbjD) Wub jvfv lf]dV-iffq nydvkfv sysq sjfb h rsh [dkoa. (hfjfvfr } 121)
zdLj HfvD rsh bf. zfv zffr kfzftf zwDt W syfqfVsj OxBf jsvb. (dkvdmpD ! > %, () {+3 / w + 3HE3 2[]/ 2 . -S<2 `. /m
. 83 F+(+ B/ :+P. 3 ,+ P3 <2 3 / P. 8+ F+(}
2002bQ) zKGf{, zffr pfsj iK slJfb, sn iK ifq hQ pfslvsj dkdb dhiKofmD jsvb,
zbA hBGbfq zfsY, kfvf [dkoa. (zf'vfI } 178)
29T
+ %+ + / '/ 3- . + 2 Q@- w
3 QF. G
3 +G
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7 + Q,. "
7 /G / + zKGf{, zfjfwmtD W ixdKhDv yfdhnmCr k]fv dbje. pfvf zffrv zfqfksj
zKGf{, mb sjfb dudbn sb, pf nclv ydvsv yfsk mDpfsb shdw HfvD rsk (hfjAsj) zDjfv jsv, kfvf skf [dkoa. (pcmfv } 63)
ifsv. zfv nclv ydvsv zdLjfvD dbu ydvsv mfLAsm (bIt) bfmfp-svfpf-Wqftfv 3H E3 Q s2 . x7 +$Y. G
/ 7QU 2 2 Q s2 . x7 3$Y. G / 2[]/ 2 . - / D + 5 / H. E3 + 2S<2 3 s2 . x7 3HPQ . 2 + +,+ . :+. }
mpGflfq si]ZYsk ifsv. ( 2003bQ) 9 ! %, () { +3 / w +
jlf dkdb zfhC pfvG -sj htstb, sr zfhC pfvG! zfdm dj skfmfsj lc'de
zKGf{, wqkfb kfslv iv iaHck dhfv jsvsY, Ist kfslvsj Hcdtsq dlsqsY
dudbsnv jKf hst slh bf, pf disE hrb jvsk (zfmt jvsk) Jch nru hQ mDpfsb
zbAfsbAv kctbfq nh yfsk shdw HfvD? zfhC pfvG htstb, `zhwA sr zffrv zffrv nvB. kfvf rt wqkfsbv lt. susb svsJf sp, dbyq wqkfsbv lt
vnCt!' dkdb htstb, [dkoa. (mcuflftfrX } 19)
. + PQ /h. / '/ 3@/ 2
2 +`/ + (+ /t/ + '/ ;/ W + B/CD +,<2 /. "
7 Q,-e+ Q@- w
3 QF. 3 '/ 2[. 2 + 3H E3 2[ ]/ 2 . -S<2 2[ /+` . #+ W 8+ F (+ + / D Q 5 / F + H. 5- 3 2 . 2 2 + H. I- - +,(. 2 H. I- PQ \3 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+}
kcdm nclv ydv W lDOG bDvhkf zhtb jv. sn nfv jnm, p]fv rfsk zfmfv ,a< ! %, () {+3 / w
+
iafB zfsY, nfvf nxd lc (zfmstv) mskf zbA djYc zfmt jvsk ifsv bf. (zfhC zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmfslv Lb-nid W nfb-ndk spb skfmfslvsj
qAf'tf, hfrfjD, kfhfvfbD, hfpXpfv, dn} nrDrfr 1938) zffrv nvB rsk lfnDb bf jsv, pfvf lfnDb rsh kfvf skf [dkoa.
 nhfv sysq shdw 269 270 nhfv sysq shdw
(mcbfdIjcb } 9) (Y ! %, () {3 / 3 3+ . w 3 ,+ E3
( ) {+F8Q / w + +F(/ !/ + A
/ ; /< ,+ E3 + 3 . (/ +`+a 83 F2 <2 j8/ Q2 . Q + . ~2 Q:+. 8+ F+(+ } zKGf{, zkh skfmvf zffrv idvhskG pfv Yf kfv hflk (lfnk) jv.' ht,
zKGf{, sp sj ntfm YfVf zbA LmG zshNB jvsh, kfv i[ rsk kf jJbW `zfnt [dkoa skf kfvf; pfvf djqfmskv dlb dbsuslvsj W dbsuslv
oarB jvf rsh bf. zfv sn rsh ivstfsj [dkoaslv ltHc. (st mvfb } 85) idvubhoGsj [dkoa jsvsY. susb vfJ, de nci [dk.' (pcmfv } 15)
,8 !%, () { +F8Q / w + +F(/ +,I- :+<2 / /? 8+ /' ,3'7C52 +F8/CD +F(/ 7F+,-I\+ 2+ } 7QU , 3(+ +F8/C D + r2 + ; W/ A
+ p . e2 F (/ +3 v- 8+ ^JC +F (/ + #/ / A
+ P+ . 2 + +,3|+ #. 83 H. E3 + \++ }
zKGf{, zfv zhwA nh stfjslvW zH cG rsqf bf, pfvf zffrv () {H a/ (J p$+C+ ;/< + / / vD 7QU 2 2 /9(+ +a/ +,. 8+ H. PQ /E. 2 + H. P3 + W- 2 3 / A
+ +F8/CD +F8Q / w
+
zfqfkocstfsj dmKAf msb jsvsY, bsy{ kcdm [dkoaslv zH cG rsh. (bcn } zKGf{, ufrffsmv dbje idk jvf rst kcdm Wslvsj slJsk ifsh zimfsb
95) zhbk rsq Wvf syfvf lxdsk kfjfsY. zfv pfvf dhwfn jsvsY kfvf htsh, `zfnt
{+F8Q / w
+ +F (/ 7F+, I- :+2 + 2[ - + + F7 s2 +. + 2 +5 + . 2 F. ]/ 2 2[/. r2 F. (/ +F8/CD 2 QU+ 2[. 2 QU +;G/ - . a2 2 + } [dkoa skf kfvf; pfvf djqfmskv dlb dbsuslvsj W dbsuslv idvubhoGsj
(Y ! %, () [dkoa jsvsY. susb svsJf, nDmftQObjfvDvf zhwA fqD wfd sHfo jvsh.' (wCvf
zKGf{, skfmfv iadk W skfmfv iChhG kDGslv iadk zhwA zrD (iakAfslw) jvf } 45)
rsqsY sp, pdl kcdm zffrv zQwD dv jv, kfrst zhwA skfmfv jmG dbIt rsh
hQ kcdm rsh [dkoaslv swaBDHc. (pcmfv } 65) djqfmsk nhsysq tf olGfb jfv?
dj nhsysq shdw [dkoa jfvf? vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
mrfb zffr hstsYb, H ( t% .(( /9(+ +a/ +,. 8+ r . 2 Q 7 3,+ e 2 +,3^g+ - ))
+,3+ . 8+ H. E3 + + . J ! / + + ; /< H. P3 3 #. + 7`|
+ +F8/CD ( ) + . 2 +F8Q + A
. 2S '/ H. I- ]3^+3 `. E+ `. r- }
zKGf{, djqfmskv dlsb nm stfsjv yfsk mczfpXdpbslv olGfb tf rsh.
VPI ! %, () { #j . 3 +,3/ . 83 H. P3 72 (mcndtm)
zKGf{, kcdm ht, `dm dj skfmfslvsj nQhfl slh kfslv, pfvf jsmG nhGfdLj v zKG, hfsh kfslv OfV tf W ]yc rsh. zfv kf rsh kfslv OfV ]yc j'sv
[dkoa ?' Wvf kfvf, ifdKGh uDhsb pfslv iasyf i rq, pdlW kfvf msb j'sv sp, zfpfb slWqfv ubA.
kfvf n{jmG jvsY. (jfrI } 103-104) zKhf iaycv nWqfh W zffrv vrmk slsJ kfvf sn nshv iadk zLDv zfoasr olGfb
zfv sk sjfb nslr sb sp, iajk x [dkoa kfvf, pfvf dyvfqD uDhsb tf j'sv {jdk rsh.
[dkoa. zKhf nCpG dbjehkGD rWqfv Ist mfbcsNv iaycv Ofm W kfv icjcv kdv rsh. Ist
3H E3 !/ + A
/ < ; / H. P3 72 ++ T
+ 2 () +3 :+W 8+ ,3 52 (7 H3P. + 7`|
+ + H. P3 + W- 2 3 / A
+ +F8/CD 2[]/ 2 . - } zsbsjv bfj-hvfhv Ofm si]ZsY pfsh. dj mczfpXdpbslv olGfb ]yc jvf rsh, pfsk
kfvf Ofsm j bf ifq.
,E !%, () {+3 + A . 2> zKhf kfvf sndlb stfsjslv nlGfv rsh. spsrkc zfvshv stfsj nlGfvslvsj `lDOG-
zKGf{, (jfsIv)vf sn stfj, pfvf dbsuvf dbsuslvsj [dkoa jsvsY. zfv oaDhf' hst zfJAfqb j'sv Kfsj.
spnh (ifnA) kfvf dmKAf jibf j'sv svsJdYt, kfslv sKsj kfvf nhf LfW rsq zKhf sndlb iadklfb slsJ kfslv k Jcdw W zfbl rsh sp, oshG kfslv olGfb
sosY. ef ncdbdyk sp, ivjfst kfvf rsh nhGfdLj [dkoa. (rCl } 21-22) nck rsh.
` ! %, () {+3 + A . 2S 3HE3 !/ + A
/ ; /< H. E3 + /$+C#+ 30,3 H. P3 2 +F8/CD 2[]/ 2 . - } zKhf kfslvsj sjfb iajfv tf W tfbf oafn jvsh bf, kf kfslv olGfb U]csj
zKGf{, slv ubA zfsY dbjx wfd hQ vf ivjfst nhGfdLj [dkoa. (bfmXt dbyc Kfjsh bf, ]yc Kfjsh.
} 5) zKhf diifnfv Ist kfslv olGfb zhbk rsh bf. spsrkc kfvf diifdnk rsh bf
2[/+ 2 2 /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ H. PQ /E. 2 + H. P3 + W- 2 3 / A
+ +F8/CD +F8Q / w + 7QU `. r- / / 3 F^( H3:]. / (+ 3 3. <2 } hQ kfv Ist olGfb JfVf j'sv zhfb jvsh.
zKhf kfslv zbcnfvD W zbcofmD zsbj rsh. lcdbqfsk spmb kfslv zfrhfsb
 nhfv sysq shdw
nfVf dlsq h stfj mndusl sndYt, skmdb djqfmskW kfslv zbcnfvD rsh.
zKhf kfvf zfmstv dlj sKsj nhfv snvf rsh.
zKhf lcdbqfsk spmb kfvf zfpfb dlsq stfj mfsU iadn dYt, skmdb djqfmsk
iadn rsh. lcdbqfsk nmfb W wafv Ist kfslv olGfb W mfKf spmb k dYt,
djqfmskW k Kfjsh.
zfcfr hsb zfcv vrmfb hsb nf'nfzfr rsk hdBGk, jlf zfhC nfl JclvD
k]fsj htstb, `zfdm skfmfsj slJdY sp, kcdm Yfot W mvHCdm Hfthfsnf. nckvfQ
kcdm pJb skfmfv Yfost hf mvHCdmsk Kfjsh zfv bfmfspv ubA zfpfb slsh, kJb
y sv zfpfb dlsqf. jfvB mczfpXdpsbv zfpfb Ldb pklCv ipG mfbh-lfbh W
zbAfbA h bsk ifsh, djqfmskv dlb kfvf kfv ubA nf[A slsh.' zfhC nfl
hstb, `zfdm de zffrv vnCt -v dbje sbdY.' (hcJfvD)
mrfbhD hstsYb, stfsjvf pdl ufbk sp, zfpfb slWqf W bfmfspv iaKm
nfdvsk lf]Vfhfv jD mfrfkA zfsY, zk}iv (kfsk zQwoarsBv ubA) pdl tefdv
hAdksvsj zbA sjfb ifq bf sik, ksh kfvf zhwA sn s[s tefdvv nfrfpA dbk.
(zbcvi) kfvf pdl ufbk sp, zfso zfso mndusl zfnfv jD IpDtk, kfrst kfvf
sn hAfifsv iadkspfdokf jvk. zfv kfvf pdl ufbk sp, wf W Iusvv bfmfp
(ufmfsk) iVfv IpDtk jk shdw, kfrst mfdesk rfmfdV dlsq hf ifYf sY]ysV
zfnsk rstW kfvf zhwA zfnk. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
mczfpXdpb j drnfsh zffrv dlsj zfrhfbjfvD. spsrkc sn j mrfb hflskv
dlsj mfbcNsj iakAr i]fyhfv zfrhfb jsv. zfv sn ubA kfv jKfW nhsysq swa W
nclv jKf. zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
"< () {+ / /. 3 +F(/ ;/ 7QU + r2 + j / + +`/ + + / D 2 QU + + F7 (^ ,. r2 3F+ G
. 2 F. (+ + }
zKGf{, sp hAd zffrv iadk mfbcNsj zfrhfb jsv, n{jfu jsv hQ hst, `zfdm
skf zfknmiGBjfvD (mcndtm)' kfv zsi[f jKfq m zfv sjfbX hAd? (rf-mDm
nfulfr } 33)
ivjfstv isK nhGswa ifsKq
zfmvf nhf j-jub idKj. ivjfstv dlsj j-if j-if j'sv zoanv
rdY. rjfstv uDhsb ivjfstv ubA iadk dbsk rsh, isKv ifsKq W nfsKv nt
ns dbsk rsh. bsy{ wCbA rfsk sost hV dhisl iVsk rsh.
zfmvf nlD zfvsh hnhfn jdv, ns `jfmf' zfsY kf Hq sb. kf bf Kfjst
zfmfslvsj slw sKsj hdrjk x rsk rsh. sesb nIv jvst dedje sjse seb yVsk
rsh, bsy{ syjfsvv rfsk Lvf sJsq jfvfofsv spsk rsh.
htf hftA, fdboB nIsvv iCshG iadk oarB jsvb, idKj rWqfv iCshG zufbf-
271 272 nhfv sysq shdw
zsybf isKv ubA ifsKq ns sh]sL sbb.
hfvf' dhb zfsph hstb, jlf zfmvf zffrv vnCt -v nfsK dYtfm.
rEf{ dkdb jlt stfj slJsk sisq htstb, jD hAfifsv Wvf umfsqk rsqsY?
sj htt, `jusbv jhv sJ]fVfv ubA umfsqk rsqsY.' jKf wcsb zffrv
vnCt OfhsV Estb. dkdb kdVOdV nDslv kAfo jsv jhsvv dbje si]ZsY r]fec
sosV hsn sostb. dkdb jD jvsYb kf slJfv ubA zfdm k]fv nfmsb JfVf rtfm.
slJtfm, dkdb j]flsYb. idvswsN dkdb k j]flstb sp, kfv syfsJv ifdbsk mfde
ipG dHsu sot. zk}iv dkdb zfmfslv dlsj mcJ kcst htstb, sr zfmfv Hf
njt! mb dlsbv ubA skfmvf iadk bfW. (hcJfvD, kfvDJ, hsb mfufr 4195,
zfrmfl 4/394, dntdntfr nrDrfr 1751 bQ)
iadk jDHfsh dbsk rsh?
mfsbv nfsK sbj zfmstv icd] u nQoar jvsk rsh.
mrfbhD hstb, dkbde dudbn mvB-isKv idKsjv zbcomb jsv; kfv idvub,
zfmt hQ Lb-nil. dj lc'de dudbn (mLAiK rsk) dIsv zfsn hQ zhdw jde
kfv n slq; kfv idvub W Lb-nil dIsv zfsn hQ kfv zfmt (jxkjmG) kfv nfKD
rq. (hcJfvD 6514, mcndtm 2960bQ)
dj sn isKv nhGswa ifsKq jD?
hsb dwmfnfr rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfmXv hsb zf'n -v mvsBfmcJ nmsq
zfmvf kf]v dbjse idk rtfm. dkdb zsbj [B Lsv jf]lsk Kfjstb hQ
slWqfstv dlsj mcJ dIdvsq dbstb. vi zhf slsJ kf]v j sYst htt,
`zffufb! zfibfsj dj vfnCtcfr zmcj dudbsnv ncnQhfl slbdb? zfibfsj dj
vfnCtcfr zmcj dudbsnv ncnQhfl slbdb?' jKf sb dkdb k]fv syrfvf nfmsbv
dlsj j'sv htstb,
.(/& 3,3 %+ 7 + (3 7 + & DQU + U 2 . !- + P+ + J #/ 3 (+ +`m
+ < 7U)
zfmfslv nshGfm i]cdu rt, nf[A ialfb jvf sp, zffr YfVf sjfb nkA ifnA
sb hQ mcrfmfl zffrv vnCt. zfdm dkbde v zdkm jsvdY.
(j) zfmfv sysq vfnCtcfr -v iadk hV dhsND zfv sj dYt bf. kf]sj rkAf
jvfv [mkf zuGb jvf dYt zfmfv k{jftDb nhGfdLj diaq hfnbf. pdl
(lcHfGoAsm) kJb mfvf spkfm, kfrst db}nslsr zfdm ufrffmD rkfm.
(lc) kfviv pJb zffr kfzftf zfmfv zsv ntfm iad[ jvstb, kJb bhD
-v dbje rfdpv rsq dbshlb jvtfm, `zfibfv Ffb rfk ianfdvk jvb. zfdm
zfibfv rfsk hfqzfk jvsk yf.' hk} dkdb Ffb rfk hfdVsq dlstb. dj zfdm
zfmfv rfk sesb dbtfm. dkdb htstb, zfmXv! jD hAfifv? zfdm dbshlb jvtfm,
`jde wkG zfsvfi jvsk yf.' dkdb htstb, wkGde jD? zfdm httfm, `zfmfsj
 nhfv sysq shdw 273 274 nhfv sysq shdw
[mf jvf srfj---Lc kecjc.' dkdb htstb, kcdm dj ufsbf bf sp, ntfm iCshGv 3F+ G
. 2 H. I- 8J2 H. 5- ,+ - . + / 0 + 2 + 3 3 . + + 52 + 87 2 /9:7/ ;/< +%. 2>+ /?+ + 7 @ 2 A
+ B/CD ,+ E3 + }
nm ifivfdwsj dmdesq slq, druvk iCshGv nm ifivfdwsj dbdyr j'sv sIst
,E !%, () { + +
hQ rW iCshGv ifinmCr LQn j'sv slq?
kJb sKsj vfnCtcfr zsi[f zdLj diaq mfbcN zfv sj sb. zfv zfmfv lxdsk zKGf{, zfv dkdb sn mrfb nf dpdb zfjfwmtD W ixdKhDsj Y dlsb nxd
kf]v sysq nmfbDq hAd zfv sj sb. kf]sj nmfb W waffib jvfv zhf vi jsvsYb hQ sn nmq kf]v zfvw ifdbv isv dYt; pfsk skfmfslvsj ivD[f j'sv
dYt sp, kf]v dlsj bqbHsv kfjfsk ifvkfm bf. pfv Ist zfmfsj sj pdl iaw jsv sp, sbb, skfmfslv msLA jsmG m sj? (rCl } 7)
`zffrv vnCt -v oEbfjxdk djvi dYt?' kfrst zfdm kf htsk ifvh bf. VPI ! %, () { + + 3F+ G . 2 H. P3 8J2 H. E3 ,+ - . +/ P+ D 9 +8Q Q%. 2S 2 + (+ + #+ T + 7QU}
zhfq pdl zfmfv mxkcA rsq spk, kfrst zfwf dYt sp, zfdm uffkhfnDslv zH Gc zKGf{, ixdKhDv iv pf djYc sY dm sndtsj Wv swfHf jsvdY mfbcNsj
rkfm. ivD[f jvhfv ubA sp, kfslv msLA jsmG sj m. (jfrI } 7)
(dkb) kfviv h lfdqkiCBG dhNqfdlv Jsv iVtfm. ufdb bf, kfsk zfmfv zhf [ ! %, () {%3 ,-WX+ Y3 8QY#+ ,+ E3 + + + 3F+ G . 2 H. I- 8J2 H. 5- ,+ - . + / !2 + + + +?,. + +@2 A
+ B/CD }
jD? nckvfQ zfdm mfvf sost sjfb mfkmjfdvBD zKhf zfb spb zhwA zfmfv zKGf{, dpdb nxd jsvsYb mxkcA W uDhb skfmfslvsj ivD[f jvhfv ubA; sj
(ufbfpfv) nfsK bf Kfsj. kfviv pJb zfmfsj lfIb jvsh, kJb spb skfmvf skfmfslv msLA jsmG nshGfm? zfv dkdb ivfmwftD, hV [mfwDt. (mctXj } 2)
zfmfv jhsv zi zi j'sv mfde slsh. zk}iv jde e pshr j'sv kfv mfQn iv njt hflk {jx zfmt. dj djYc zfmt zfsY, pf {jxkm. kf jD?
heb jvfv nmq idvmfB zfmfv jhsvv ifsw zsi[f jvsh. pfsk zfdm skfmfslv 1. zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
nfrfspA db}nkf lCv jvsk ifdv hQ zfmfv iaHcv siadvk dIdvfslv ns jDvi
+,. 8+ f G
+ 2 /?2S 8+ H. 2 !p 7 (+ 29 ]+(/ /t/ . + '/ + /& + + . 3 : ;/ . 83 + G+ 3/ " . 83 +F. G / + r2 F. (+ ))
hfjX-dhdbmq jdv, kf slsJ db. (mcndtm)
zfbfn hsb mfstj hstb, j hAd vfnCtc fr -sj dusn jvt, `sr H ( t% . (( ++ . 2 + r2 (+ +`h. (/ + r2 f G
+ 2 DQU / '/ +0 T
+ 7 (/ +`m
+ < 2S'/ /9(+ + a/
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iadk dbsqY? sn htt, `zffr W k]fv vnCstv Hfthfnf.' dkdb htstb, kcdm djqfmskv dlsb Wv yfsk m zfmt sj zfbsk ifvsh bf. dj pdl sj kfv
pfsj Hfthfn, kfv nfKD rsh. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) nmfb hf kfv sKsj shdw nQJAfq kfnhDr ifE j'sv Kfsj (kfrst dH jKf).
Hsqv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, zfdm shdw bfmfp-svfpf W nfljfrv mfLAsm iadk (mcndtm)
dbsk ifdvdb. dj zfdm zffr W kf]v vnCtsj Hfthfdn. (dkdb htstb, kcdm pfsj 2. vfnCtcfr hstsYb,
Hfthfn, kfv nfKD rsh.) f 8/ r2 p0;. + ^`5- 2 + ,+ E3 + 3 . 2 3 2 + -[ - 3 2 3 2 2[8 + 2 3t+ G
. + -& DQU + U 2 + r2 F. (+ ))
zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
! a ! %, () {/$ +2>; /. - 8+ Q,-a\7+ +,a :7 /7Y + .A
+ 7Qq<2 37 Y+ \++ } p9]+^ + -9 ]+(/ 3 . +
. + / (3 + 9p ++ G
+ -9 ]+(/ 3 2
. +:/ 5- p$ r2 %Q Q x. + +. + 3 2
. + 52 !p 7 (+ 29]+(/ ,. 8+ ;/<
zKGf{, skfmvf (ivjfstv) ifsKq nQoar jv hQ zfknQpm swa ifsKq. sr `f T
3 %+ DQU / '/ +0 T
+ 7 (/ +`m
+ < 2S'/ f G
+ 2 /?S+8 H. 2 + ;/ . 83 :7G
+ 2[/+ 3 (+ ,. 8+ Q s2 . x7 +F(/ . G
/ 32
. + 52 +
fdboB! skfmvf zfmfsj Hq jv. (nCvf hfjfvfr 197 zfqfk) 3t 8+ s2 A
+
. sD G
3 !p 7 (+ 29]+(/ ,. 8+ ;/< /t/ . + '/ + & + + . 3 + r2 F. (+ )) : + r2 + . (( 3 . (/ + h+5 2 +`/ +
/ . 2 + @f W:( . (( Q . + / '++ +`h. (/
. + 52 . U+
djqfmsk zfbDk nhGswa zfmt tf tfrf ff- zrlf tf wfvDjf tfr, tft mctjc ztft rfmlc zqf
djqfmskv mfsE, rfwsvv mqlfsb mfbcsNv mfb-nr zfmt slJf rsh. zfmt Wub zftf jcd wfdqb jflDv.'
jvf rsh. pfv zfmt shdw rsh hQ sbdjv iff HfvD rsh, sn idvfB ifsh hQ zKGf{, j zdkDq zffr hAkDk zfv sjfb nkA ifnA sb. k]fv sjfb wvDj
dyvncJmq uffk ifsh. sb. (dhwft) vfsuAv dkdb nfhGsHZm zdLidk. kf]v pfhkDq dkmftf hQ nm
zhwA zfmstv idvmfB d bq. hvQ zfmstv {jxkf d. mrfb zffr hv iv dkdb [mkfhfb.
hstsYb, sp hAd lczfde dlsb jwhfv iVsh, kfv lwde softfm zfpfl jvfv nmfb
 nhfv sysq shdw 275 276 nhfv sysq shdw
sbjD zduGk rsh, jw'de sbjD dtdih jvf rsh, kfv jw'de bfr smfyb jvf ,E !%, () {+ a/ :73 / 29+r/ #+
rsh, dlsbv nAf zhdL kf kfv ubA wqkfb sKsj h]fyfv v[fm rsh hQ kfv zKGf{, ef rsY zlxwA nQhflnmCsrv zH cG , pf zfdm skfmfv jfsY zrD
sysq sndlb sj m jfu jvsk ifvsh bf. dj pdl sj kfv sysq shwD zfmt (iakAfslw) mfvIk si]ZdYsq dldY, dkiCshG ef bf kcdm ufbsk, zfv bf skfmfv
jsv ksh. nialfq ufbk. nckvfQ kcdm LpG LfvB jv. dbyq wcH idvBfm nQpmwDtslv ubA.
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp hAd dlsb jwhfv `nchrfbffdr zdhrfmdlr' iVsh (rCl } 49)
kfv bfrnmCr smfyb jvf rsh; pdlW kf nmcslav sIbf hvfhv rq. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
() { +,a :7 / -9+r/ #+ + 2[r- 3 . + 3F. 7 r . %Q 2[- 2S. + 2 P+ . 2 + . / s2 . +! / 2 " 7 '/ 2[2 E. 2 . (3 + }
3. zfhC vfvfr sKsj hdBGk, jlf ovDh mcrfduv (nfrfhfoB) bhD -v
dbje sn htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! LbDvf skf ]yc ]yc mpGflf W dyvfqD nislv zKGf{, kcdm skfmfv idvhfvhoGsj bfmfspv zfslw lfW hQ Wsk zdhydtk Kfj.
zdLjfvD rsq sot.' dkdb htstb, kf jDHfsh? k]fvf htstb, `kfvf bfmfp iVsY zfdm skfmfv dbje sjfb uDhsbfijvB yf bf. zfdm skfmfsj uDhsbfijvB dlsq
spmb zfmvf bfmfp iVdY, kfvf svfpf vfJsY spmb zfmvf vfJdY. dj kfvf nfljfr Kfdj. zfv nQpmDslv ubA H idvBfm. (kf-rf } 132)
jvsY, zfv zfmvf jvsk ifvdY bf. kfvf lfn mc jvsY, zfv zfmvf ifvdY bf.' ivjfstv ncJtfH {jx idvBfm. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
jKf sb zffrv vnCt htstb, zfdm dj skfmfslvsj mb dudbn dwdJsq slh {+ a/ :73 / -9+r/ #+ + j + <2 2 + Q%. 2S ; /< ,- 3 +3 8Q 83 2 +F8/CD / P+ - #+ _ . + !- + A / %3 7 2[ \/ }
bf, pfv fvf skfmvf skfmfslv zoahkGDslv mpGflf tfH jvsh, skfmfslv ivhkGDslv zKGf{, ivstfsjv zfhfn; pf zfdm dbLGfdvk jdv kfslv ubA pfvf ixdKhDsk
sKsj zoahkGD Kfjsh hQ skfmfslv mk jfu sp jvsh, sn YfVf zbA sj skfmfslv k rsk W dhipGq nxd jvsk yfq bf. nfhLfbDslv ubA H idvBfm. (jfnfn }
yfsk swakv rsk ifvsh bf? k]fvf htstb, `zhwA sr zffrv vnCt! 83)
(zfmfslvsj kf dwdJsq dlb.)' dkdb htstb, iaskAj (Ivp) bfmfspv isv 33 hfv +3%+ . 8+ + 9 + / 2 + + / H. E3 +r + %+ 7 (/ , a- W2 2 + !2 2 "
7 ,3( r2 2 + H. PQ '^%+ / T
. + 0 X+ :/ '. 3 ++ +F8/CD +}
j'sv `nchrfbffr', `zff zfjhfv' W `zft-rfmlc dtfr' htsh. zk}iv ovDh
! %, () {%Q 7 +a 3 H. P3 2 2[]/ 2 . - 29]+^ 7 /9++ + '/
mcrfduvoB icbvfq zffrv vnCt -v dbje sn htstb, `zfmvf sp zfmt jvdY,
sn zfmt zfmfslv LbD Hfsqvf swfbfv iv kfvfW zfmt v j'sv dlsqsY? (Jb zKGf{, zfv pfvf kfslv iadkiftsjv mcJmt (lwGb hf nd) tfsHv ubA LpG
skf kfvf zfhfv zfmfslv sysq zoahkGD rsq pfsh.)' zffrv vnCt htstb, LfvB jsv, bfmfp nciadkdk jsv, zfdm kfslvsj sp uDhsbfijvB dlsqdY, kf rsk
rt zffrv zbcoar; dkdb pfsj Yf kf lfb jsvb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm) sofisb W iajfswA hAq jsv hQ pfvf Hft fvf mlsj iadkrk jsv, kfslv ubA
H idvBfm (ivjfstv oxr); (vf'l } 22)
uffskv iashwfdLjfv tfH nclv idvBfm. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
nshGf{jx idvBfm +F8/C D +a 3 2[ \/ P+ / Q Hf / + P+ - 5- - %3 P+ . 2> P+ :/ . \+ F/( BQ _
. \+ +,-a:73 + / 3 ;/:D /97_
+ 3`h+(7 }
mfblfvslv ubA vsqsY H idvBfm. ivsrpofvslv ubA vsqsY nclv idvBfm.
LpGwDtslv ubA vsqsY iajx idvBfm. ixdKhDsk idvBfm jfsvf ml rstW ivjfst ! %, () {%3 7 +F8Q </ I2 +a 3 7 ,2a\7
vsqsY {jx idvBfm. zfv swN Hfstf pfv, nh Hfstf kfv. mCnf k]fv zKGf{, nfhLfbDslvsj sp uffskv iadkwadk slWqf rsqsY kfv dhhvB vi }
nialfqsj hstdYstb, Wv iflslsw blD iahfdrk, Wv ItmCtnmCr W Yfqf dyvfqD; pfvf nfhLfbD ef kfslv
() {+ a/ :73 / -9+r/ #+ + /t/ +/ F. (/ 0 x+ 8+ F+( P+ u3%Q ,38 / / +%. 2> 7QU 3 / . + / '/ ,3 #/ :+. } idvBfm. zfv zdhwfnDslv idvBfm rt ufrffm. (vf'l } 35)
dj djYc jfusj mrfb zffr H idvBfsmv ubA nshGf{jx hstsYb. zfv kfv
zKGf{, zffrv dbje nfrfpA iafKGbf jv hQ LpG LfvB jv, vfuA skf zffrv! jde rt, sjfb dhNsq mksHl rst kf djkfh W ncfrv dlsj dIdvsq slWqf, sn
dkdb kf]v lfnslv msLA pfsj Yf kfv vfdLjfvD jsvb hQ nfhLfbDslv ubA dhNsq ndEj Ifqnftf ifWqfv ubA djkfh W ncfrv dlsj vuc jvf. mrfb zffr
skf wcH idvBfm! (zf'vfI } 128) hstsYb,
mrfb zffr k]fv swN bhDsj hstsYb,
3tJ3 <2 p0;. + ;/< H. :3. + +\+ Qq<2 H. I- (/ Q (. 2>; /. - + +,3 7 ,3# e/ 2 + + ,3# e/ 2 ,3(+ +F8/CD P+ 8J2 8+}
7QU . / . <2 +C E+ Q` . r2 F (/ 2[ (3 ,. r2 2+ + 2 P+ 3 2 #. \+ + 5- (+ 2[. 2 QU P+ G / ,3 /. X+ 0 + 2 F. (/ 2[ \/ }
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 nhfv sysq shdw
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! pdl skfmvf zffr W ivjfst dhhfn jv, kfrst skfmvf
zffrv zbcok rW, vnCt W skfmfslv sbkxhoG (W tfmf)slv zbcok rW. zfv pdl
sjfb dhNsq skfmfslv msLA mksHl Ose, kfrst sn dhNqsj zffr W vnCstv dlsj
dIdvsq lfW. de rt m hQ idvBfsm iajx kv. (dbnf } 59)
zbA jde jfu rt, ndEj mfi hf Wub slWqf. Wusb jm bf slWqf, l]fdV bf
mfvf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
0 ( ) { 8QS\+ 3F+ G
. 2 + f . A
+ 2[/+ QH a/ :+. 3
Q s2 . a/ '/ ,3Q + H. :3 5/ QU +`. I2
zKGf{, smsi slqfv nmq iCBvG si mfsif hQ ndEj l]fdV-iffq Wub jv, ef
m W idvBfsm {jxkm. (hfbD naft } 35)
nhGswa hfnfb W nshGf{jx dhwafmfofv
nhGswa hfnfb W nshGf{jx dhwafmfofv rsh shsrwXsk mc'dmbslv. mrfb zffr
hstsYb,
r W ! %, () { a/ (+ 3F+ G
. 2 + a2 :+. (J f . A
+ pC]/ (+ ,. 8+ 9/ 7_
zKGf{, sndlb uffkhfnDslv hfnfb rsh {jx hQ dhwafmt rsh msbfvm.
(Icvjfb } 24)
zhwA uffk dyvncsJv hfnfb. sn ncsJv jKf mrfb zffr j fsb hstsYb,
hcvf sndlb sj zisvv w rsq iVsh, ksh nfhLfbDvf bq. sr zfmfv hflfoB!
zfu skfmfslv sjfb Hq sb hQ skfmvf lc}dJkW rsh bf. pfvf zfmfv zfqfsk
dhwfn jsvdYst hQ zfknmiGBjfvD (mcndtm) dYst. skfmvf hQ skfmfslv
nrLdmGBDoB nfbsl uffsk iashw jv. sBGv Kftf W ifb if dbsq Wslv mfsU
dIvfsbf rsh, snJfsb vsqsY mb nm djYc, pf mb yfq hQ pfsk bqb kx rq.
snJfsb skfmvf dyvjft Kfjsh. de uffk, skfmvf skfmfslv jsmGv Itvi pfv
zdLjfvD rsqY. snJfsb skfmfslv ubA vsqsY iaycv ItmCt, kf sKsj skfmvf zfrfv
jvsh. (pcJvI } 67-73)
! _ ! %, () {+,- + #. 8+ ,3 52 + '/ 0+YT + F 3 . 2 !/ 7 r- F^( H3P2 +;W/ A
sj ufsb bf kfv ubA kfv jxkjsmGv dhdbmq vi bqb-iaDdkjv jD icvfv
tcdjsq vfJf rsqsY. (nfulfr } 17)
uffskv jm-nQJAj hfdnlf
bfvD-icvN Hq ufdkv mLA sKsj uffskv hfdnlf bfvDslv nQJAf sbrfk jm
rsh. mdbsk ufrffmDslv kctbfq uffkDslv nfdhGj nQJAf dbkf jm.
(djqfmsk dIdvfslvsj jcm jvf rsh sp,) `skfmvf Wslvsj KfmfW. kfslvsj
277 278 nhfv sysq shdw
dufnfhfl jvf rsh.' kfviv htf rsh, `Wslv mLA sKsj ufrffsm siadvkhA lt
shv j'sv bfW.' dufnf jvf rsh, `jk sKsj jk?' htf rsh, `iadk rfufsv bqw'
dbvfb ub.' hk} dlbde k HqQjv rsh sp, dwsj hx hfdbsq slsh hQ
dlsb (mrfb zffr dbu) ifsqv sofYf zbfhxk jvshb. (mcndtm)
sjht mskv uffkDv rfv rsh dkqfsvv jde. zffrv vnCt hstb,
qflD jfv lst hQ dJafb hfrfv lst dLfdhH rsqsY. zfv mk
,<- . 2 + } dkqfv lst dhH rsh. pfv msLA jde YfVf hfjD nh j'de ufrffsm pfsh.
zk}iv jde lt ians dufdnk rst dkdb htstb, kfvf rt ufmfzfk. sp
ufmfzfk zfdm W zfmfv nfrfhf sp mkflswGv iv zfdY, kfv iv iadkdk
Kfjsh. (ncbfb zfvhfzfr, dmwjfk 171-172, dntdntfr nrDrfr 203, 1492bQ)
nckvfQ v mLA sKsj mdrtfslv rfv sp jk rsk ifsv, kf zbcsmq.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(0 + ^ /97_
+ ; / 5/ + 7`r2 2 7QU)
zKGf{, dbyq uffskv hfdnlfslv nhsysq jm nQJAf rsh mdrtfslv. (zfrmfl,
+ 3$ + . 2 } mcndtm 7118bQ)
bhD hstsYb, zfdm shsrsv msLA kfdjsq slJtfm, kfv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD
ovDhslv lt. zfv slfpsJv dlsj kfdjsq slJtfm, kfv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD
mdrtf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
sjb uffkhfnD mdrtfslv nQJAf jm rsh?
jlf bhD (mdrtfslvsj nsfLb jsv) htstb, sr mdrtf njt! skfmvf
nfljfr-Jqvfk jvsk Kfj W zdLjmffq doIfv jv. jfvB zfdm skfmfslvsj
ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnDvsi slJtfm. jub mdrtf dbshlb jvt,
`zfmfslv zdLjfQw ufrffmD rWqfv jfvB jD? sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb,
skfmvf zdHwfi shdw jv hQ dbu fmDv zjxkkf jv. hcd W LsmG ziCBG rWqf
nsW dhy[B hAdv iv skfmfslv yfsk zfv jfsj shdw iaHfh Jfefsk
sldJdb. mdrtfde zfhfv dbshlb jvt, `hcd W LsmGv s[s ziCBkG f jD?' dkdb
. - (7
f W + 3H2 #. \+ 2 <2 } htstb, lc'ub bfvDv nf[A jde icvsNv nf[A nmkctA. zfv (ianshfv Jcb W
mfdnj zfnfv) dlbdtsk mdrtf bfmfp iVf h vfsJ. (mcndtm)
mrfbhD hstb, zfdm slJtfm, ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD rt mdrtf.
nfrfhfoB dufnf jvstb, `kf jD ubA sr zffrv vnCt?' dkdb htstb, kfslv
jcIvDv ubA. k]fvf htstb, `zffrv nfsK jcIvD?' dkdb htstb, (bf, kfvf
fmDv jcIvD (zjxkkf) W dbmjrfvfdm jsv. kfslv jfsvf iadk pdl nfvf uDhb
rnfbD jv, zk}iv sn pdl skfmfv dbje nfmfbA de t[A jsv, kfrst h'st hsn,
`skfmfv dbje sjfb mt slJtfm bf zfdm! (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
mrfbhD hstb, skfmfslv nhsysq Jfvfi smsq kfvf, pfvf shilGf, zrQjfvD,
 nhfv sysq shdw
kfvf jie bfvD, kfslv msLA tft vsMv sE]fe W if-dhdw jfsjv mk (dhvt) nQJAj
shsrs pfsh. (hfrfjD)
rt zflm-jbAfslv nQJAfv jKf. bsy{ shsrwXkD vDslv dbsq mdrtfslv
nQJAf shdw rsh uffsk.
uffskv nQJAfodv zdLhfnD
uffskv nQJAfodv zdLhfnD rsh icvsNv lt.
jlf bhD (mdrtfslvsj nsfLb j'sv) htstb, sr mdrtf njt! skfmvf
nfljfr-Jqvfk jvsk Kfj W zdLjmffq doIfv jv. jfvB zfdm skfmfslvsj
ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnDvsi slJtfm. (mcndtm)
mrfbhD hstb, zfdm slJtfm, ufrffsmv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD rt mdrtf.
(hcJfvD, mcndtm)
uffskv nQJAfodv zdLhfnD rsh lcht
G W ldv stfsjvf.
bhD hstsYb, zfdm shsrsv msLA kfdjsq slJtfm, kfv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD
ovDhslv lt. zfv slfpsJv dlsj kfdjsq slJtfm, kfv zdLjfQw zdLhfnD
mdrtf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zfdm skfmfslvsj uffkDslv nisjG zhdrk jvh bf dj? (kfvf rt) iaskAj
lcht
G hAd hQ mb hAd pfsj lcht
G msb jvf rq. sn pdl zffrv bfsm jnm Jfq,
kfrst kf dkdb dbyq icvf j'sv slb. zfdm skfmfslvsj ufrffmDslv nisjG
zhdrk jvh bf dj? (kfvf rt) iaskAj vP Hfh, jdEb rlq lfdj hAd.
(hcJfvD, mcndtm)
jlf uffk W ufrffsmv dhhfl rt. ufrffm htt, `zfmfv msLA k W
zrQjfvD stfsjvf Kfjsh.' zfv uffk htt, `lcht G W ldvla hAdvf zfmfv dHksv
hnhfn jvsh.' zk}iv zffr kfzftf kfslv msLA Ifqnftf jvstb sp, `kcdm
uffk zfmfv vrmk, skfmfv fvf zfdm pfv iadk Yf zbcoar jvh. hQ kcdm
ufrffm zfmfv wfd, skfmfv fvf zfdm pfsj Yf wfd slh. zfv skfmfslv
Hqsj idviCBG jvf zfmfv lfdqk. (mcndtm)
uffsk mb stfj iashw jvsh pfslv zv rsh ifJDv zsvv mk. (mcndtm)
uffskv nQJAfodv zdLhfnD rsh msk mcrfmflD.
hsb mfnl hstb, zfmvf iafq ydw ub mfbcN vfnCtc fr -v ns jde
kf]hcsk dYtfm. zk}iv dkdb htstb, skfmvf dj iYl jv sp, skfmvf
uffkhfnDslv j ykcKfGQw rsh? zfmvf httfm, uD r]Af. dkdb htstb, skfmvf dj
uffkhfnDslv j kxkDqfQw rsk iYl jv? zfmvf httfm, uD r]Af. dkdb htstb,
k]fv wiK, p]fv rfsk mcrfmfslv iafB zfsY, zfdm lxPHfsh iakAfwD sp, uffkhfnDslv
279 280 nhfv sysq shdw
zsLGj skfmvf rsh. ef ubA sp, Lcmf mcndtm iafB YfVf zbA sj uffsk
iashw jvsh bf. zfv mcwdvjslv kctbfq skfmvf vi, spvi jfstf htslv ofsq
(jde) nflf stfm zKhf tft htslv ofsq (jde) jfstf stfm. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
j hBGbfq htf rsqsY, uffkDslv 120 jfkfv rsh, kfv msLA 80 jfkfv
mcrfmflD mfskv hQ hfjD 40 zbAfbA mkslv. (dkvdmpD, lfsvmD, hfrfjD)
nckvfQ uffkDslv lc-kxkDqfQw mskv stfj rsh.
uffskv nhGswa lcqfv
uffskv dhdH v zfsY. zfe iajfv uffskv dhdH lcqfv hf lvuf zfsY. djYc
lvuf zfsY Ffb dlsj, djYc zfsY hfm dlsj hQ djYc lvuf zfsY mfsU. mf-hfisj
JcwD jvsk ifvst mfsUv lvuf dlsq uffsk pfWqf pfsh.
uffsk dhdH mfsbv lvuf zfsY, mf-hfisj n j'sv mxkcA-hvB jvsk ifvst
nhGswa lczfv tfH rsh.
i[fsv mf-hfsiv zhfLAkf jvfv mfLAsm, kfslvsj lc}J-j slWqfv mfLAsm sn
lvuf sHs sItst uffsk pfWqf hV lcvr jmG rsq l]fVfsh.
zfhC lfvlf hstb, j hAd kf]v dbje sn htt, `zfmfv j D zfsY.
zfmfv mf kfsj kftfj slWqfv dbslGw dlsYb.' zfhC lflGf htstb, zfdm vfnCtcfr
-sj htsk sbdY,
.(3 v W2 G
. 2 +$ + 2[/ l. |
/ S2< +]. / . q2< /97
2 /$+,'. - + . 3 /+, )
dikf-mfkf uffskv lcqfvnmCsrv msLA nhGswa lcqfv. nckvfQ kcdm pdl yfW,
kfrst lcqfvsj b jv zKhf kfv v[Bfsh[B jv. (dkvdmpD, 1900, hsb mfufr
2089bQ)
htf hftA, mf-hfsiv zfbcokA nhGswa lvuf dlsq shsrwXsk iashwfdLjfv tfsHv
jde jfvB. zhwA sn zfbcokA rsh hL dhNsq. zShL dhNsq zfbcokA jvf hL bq.
spmb mf-hfi zjfvsB sJqft-Jcdwhwk} hsj kftfj dlsk zfslw jvst sn
zfslw iftb jvf hL bq. zhwA jfvB pKfKG rst kfslv zfslw iftb j'sv hsj
kftfj slWqf uvvD.
rflDn sKsj jKfW hcUf pfq sp, dikf-mfkfv dJlmk jvf hQ kfslvsj
ncsJ vfJf nhGswa zfmt, pfv fvf dyvncJmq shsrwXk tfH jvf pfq.
uffkDslv nhGiaKm zfiAfqb
smrmfb iaKm si]ZYst iafKdmj zfiAfqb rq dhdH idvshswv mfbcNslv dhdH JflA
W ifbDq dlsq. mrfb zffr uffkD smrmfbslv iafKdmj zfiAfqsbv hAhf svsJsYb
 nhfv sysq shdw 281 282 nhfv sysq shdw
dhswN j JflA fvf. uffskv nhGiaKm zfdkKA rsh dkdm mfsYv jdtufv zdkdv sjfb nxd sjfbdlb swfsbdb.
zQw fvf. (hcJfvD 3329, mcndtm 315bQ) mrfbhD hstsYb,
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, .( r2 f G
+ 2 P+ #+ / + p?+,. 2 QF+ G. 2S'/ 7FP3 T
+ +. 2 + ^X+ 3 2 /97_
+ Q`E. 2 ++. 2 7QU)
.(/?, / / 52 !+ 8Q /9
2 3`E. 3 5S8 p0;. + 37 ) zKGf{, dbyq uffkDslv Dvf dbu dbu fmDv jfsY nhsysq shdw nclv ncsv mb
zKGf{, uffkDvf iaKm sp dudbn zfrfv jvsh, kf rt dkdm mfsYv zdkdv ofb ofsh, pf sj sjfbdlb jfsb swfsbdb. (kfhfvfbD, dn} nrDrfr 3002bQ)
jdtuf. (kfqfdtnD, n} ufsm' 2567bQ) kfvf sp nh ofb ofsh, kfslv msLA djYc dbmvi }-
3 + / 3?+ ^ w+ 3F. +
nshGfy mpGflf + 5/ ,. r2 3+. 2
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rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! (lcdbqfv zfb) skf psK dYt!' dkdb htstb, kfsk .(+3%,^ "
+ 3
bnv zQw hxd jvf rsqsY. iaskAj zQswv fi zfsbv mskf. (hcJfvD- zKGf{, djqfmskv dlb ufrffmDslv msLA nhsysq shdw zfpfh rsh sn hAdv, sp
mcndtm) sjfb bhDsj rkAf jsvsY zKhf pfsj sjfb bhD rkAf jsvsYb. pfstm vfsbkf hQ
mrfbhD hstb, jlf ufrffm kfv iadkiftsjv jfsY zdHspfo ufdbsq mCdkGdbmGfkfv lt. (kfhfvfbD, n} kfvoDh 2185bQ)
htt, `sr zfmfv iadkiftj! zfmfv j zQw ziv zQwsj sJsq sItsY!' nckvfQ zbA hBGbfq zfsY,
dkdb kfsj lc'de wfn sbWqfv zbcmdk dlstb; jde wDkjfst W zivde oaDmjfst. . +3%,^ "
+ 3 /9(+ + a/ +,. 8+ 'j+C+ Q 7 7 + 2 7QU
skfmvf kfv jfvsB iaJv oaDm W iay wDk zbcHh j'sv Kfj. (hcJfvD-mcndtm) djqfmskv dlsb Ydh hf mCdkG dbmGfkfslv nhGfdLj jdEb wfd rsh. (hcJfvD-
ufrffsmv zfsbv iay kfi rWqfv jfvsB kfv vM rsh jfstf. mcndtm)
 nhfv sysq shdw 289 290 nhfv sysq shdw
zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbXrf) hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr sjfb j nIv sKsj (hfVD) hstb,
dIvstb. sn nmq zfdm Osvv nfmsb kfsj jde ilGf Ucdtsq svsJdYtfm, pfsk zsbj .3. W2 + 3HW2 :+ a2 <2 +% 7 + 7 3`A
/ . 83 (+ Q h+5 2 F. + ( / D 3,3 %+ ) +`]/ 3
Ydh dYt. zk}iv pJb vfnCtcfr kf slJstb kJb dY]sV sIst dlstb. (vfso) zKGf{, zdLjfQw sjfb z mfbcNsj slfpsJ iashw jvfsh sn dhNsq (zffrv vnCt
kf]v syrfvf (tft)hBG rsq sot. zk}iv dkdb htstb, sr zfsqwf! djqfmskv dlb ) dufdnk rst dkdb htstb, mcJ hQ spZbf. (dkvdmpD 2004bQ ,hsb
zffrv dbje nhGfdLj jdEb wfd kfslv rsh, pfvf zffrv nx uDshv mk zfjxdk drfb 476bQ, hcJfvDv zflh 289 W 294bQ, hsb mfufr 4246bQ, zfrmfl
(zb hf dbmGfB) jsv. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) 2/392, rfsjm 4/234 )
6. lcdbqfq sp hAd mfbcNsj nhsysq shdw j slq. spsrkc mfbcsNv mcsJ zfsY wkfdLj ifi. zfv shdw ifi rq spZhbjfst spZbf
sp pfstm pk j slsh, sn pfstm ivjfst kk shdw wfd W zfpfh sHfo jvsh. fvf. mbdj fmD-Dv mfsU spZb-[cLf dbhfvsBW h ifi rsq Kfsj.
mrfbhD hstsYb,
.(/9(+ a/ +,. 8+ / D + 'C+ Q J + . J Q 7 / 'C+ Q 7 J + )
zfsvf zsbj djYcv nhsysq shdw
zKGf{, sp hAd lcdbqfsk mfbcNsj nhsysq shdw wfd hf j slq, djqfmskv dlb sn 1. nhsysq jdEb zhf kJb nxd rq, pJb zfvfm W dv sjfb ifq Kfsj bf.
nhsysq shdw zfpfh sHfo jvsh. (zfrmfl, rfsjm, n} ufsm' 998bQ) nhsysq jdEb idvddk kJb nxd rq, pJb sj ltDt W iamfB zoafrA jsv hQ
sjfb Wpv-zucrfk mfbsk yfq bf.
ufrffsmv nhsysq rff zfpfh 2. nhsysq Hfstf dudbn nhsysq shdw jdEb.
ufrffsm ufrffmDsj zfocsbv kvD jsufVf uckf ivfsbf rsh, pfv kfsi mfKfv 3. nhsysq jdEb jfu rt, yCVf dnf oarB.
mou eoho jsv Icesk Kfjsh. zfpfh bhD -v dikxhA zfhc kfsthsj slWqf 4. mfm wfsIqD hstb, `nhsysq jdEb jfu rt 3de; zHfshv nmq lfb jvf, dbuGsb
rsh. (mcndtm 537, dmwjfk 5667) ivsrpofv rWqf hQ pfv jfsY sjfb Hq hf zfwf Kfsj, kfv dbje rj jKf htf.'
mrfbhD hstsYb, 5. jlf zftD ic rfnfbsj hst islw slb, `h{nA zfmfv 4de jKf
3`T
+ . / /X. 8+ + 52 3 ~- (+ / + P3 . (/ /X. 8+ % + F. (/ Q 52 + / + Q2 #. + 3 2 F. (+ 'j+C+ %Q 7 Q`E. 2 +,+ E. 2 7QU msb svsJf } nhsysq hV Lbhf rt hcdmf, nhsysq hV db}kf rt mCJk G f, nhsysq
hV hfkctkf rt zrQjfv hQ nhsysq y hQw rt nydvkf.'
. 'j+C+ H. P3 3,+ E. 2> 3 7QU+ 'j+C+ 3 . (/ J + 2 j G
+ 2 72 + 8+ (+ 6. vfsov nhsysq hV iadkjfv rt, dht jvf.
zKGf{, nhsysq jm zfpfshv ufrffmD hAd sn rsh, pfv dIkf-nr jsufVf 7. sYfeslv iadk sp uctcm jsv, sn nhsysq hV dbshGfL.
uckf rsh. kfv kfsi kfv mfKfv mou r]fdV sIfefv mskf Icesk Kfjsh. sn LfvBf 8. uDhsbv nhsysq hV lc}J rt, lc}sJv jKf hthfv hf bhfv sj bf Kfjf.
jvsh, kfv sKsj shdw zfpfh zbA jfsvf rq bf. zKy kfv zfpfh nhfv yfsk 9. nhsysq hV ncJsHfo mfbcsNv sJ]fuf dyk bq, dyk rt nhsysq idh
rff! (mcndtm 539bQ) ncJsHfo sJ]fuf.
htf hftA, pfslv dhYfbf rsh zfsbv hQ Tfjf rsh zfsbv, kfslv zhf jD 10. jub bfdhjsj dufnf jvf rsqdYt sp, kfv uDhsb nhsysq sjfbX nmc
rsh? zffr zfmfslvsj ufrffsmv zfpfh sKsj v[f jvb. zfmDb. hV nmc hst msb rsqsY? iakcAsv bfdhj hstdYt, `syfsJv ifdb.'
11. nhsysq hV ncJ zbcHCdk rq kJb, pJb sjfb Hfstf jfu sofisb jdv,
zdLjfQw sjfbX zfmt ufrffsm dbsq pfsh? zk}iv kf zjmf{ iajfw ifq.
12. nhsysq hV mnDhk rt, mnDhskv nmq SLpG bf vfJsk ifvf.
mfb W kfWrDl-idviD pk zfmt W ifi zfsY, nh ufrffsm pfWqfv jfvB.
13. il mfbcsNv pf [dk jsv, nhsysq hV [dk jsv kfv ydv idvhkGb j'sv.
kWhf bf j'sv mfvf sost iaskAj zdk mrfifi ufrffsm dbsq pfsh. zbcvi mrfifi
14. spJfsb Hfstfhfnf, snJfsb nhsysq shdw Hq.
pdl mrfb zffr hflfv kWrDslv sB djqfmsk [mf bf jsvb, kfrst kfv jfvsBW
15. Hfstfhfnf uDhsb nhsysq hV Hct.
ufrffsm spsk rsh.
16. nhsysq hV Hct sp, Hct jsvW msb jvf sp, zfdm Hct jdvdb.
dj sjfbX zfmt zdLjvsi mfbcNsj ufrffsm iadh jvsh? zfhC vfvf
 nhfv sysq shdw
17. lcdbqfq nhsysq hV dk jfu rt, isvv iv Hvnf jvf.
18. idvshw W idvddk rt mfbcsNv nhsysq hV dw[j.
19. nhsysq hV lcht G sn, sp dbsuv sHl sofib vfJsk lcht G . nhsysq hV
wdwftD sn, sp dbsuv vfo lmb jvsk n[m.
20. nhsysq hV LpGwDt sn, sp dbsuv zHfh sofib jsv LpGLfvB jsv. zfv
nhsysq hV LbD sn, sp ifWqf dudbn dbsq n.
21. sp dbsusj shwD fbD W dh msb jsv, zffrv slfrf, sn nhsysq hV shfjf.
22. ofddu hstsYb, `zfsifsnv mksHl Kfjsk ifsv. kf hst kf wkfv
ipGfsq si]ZsY slWqf dyk bq. bsy{ zfmfv D zfmfv nhsysq hV wvsi
idvodBk rk.'
23. mfbcsNv dbsuv mbW jJsbf jJsbf dbsuv dhvs wkf j'sv Kfsj.
mfbcsNv nhsysq hV w kfv dbsuv msLA tcdjsq Kfsj.
24. mfbcN nhsysq shdw UoVf jsv dbsuv nfsK.
25. vfubDdk nhsysq hV ucqf sJtf.
26. jlf mbnCv k]fv sust hlD hbD mfqfv jqlDslvsj iaw jvstb,
sust hlD Kfjf zhfq skfmfslv nhsysq hV [dk jD rsh? htt, zfmfslv sYst-
smsqslv kvdhqk. (tchct drmfr 367ix})
27. mfbcsNv nhsysq hV zfblmq pBf kJb rq, pJb sn Jfvfi sKsj Hft
rq. pJb sn zfsbv kfsi Jfl sYsV J]fde snfbf rsq shdvsq zfsn. j dlsj icvsbf
Jfslv efb sY]Vfv pBf, zfv zbA dlsj J]fde snfbf rWqfv zfbl kfv mbsj n
W ictdjk jsv.
28. zfLcdbj iaodkwDt pcso sp mdrtf slsr nCspGv zfstf ifq, sn zfstfjiaff. sp
mdrtfv slsrv pk shwD zQsw zfstf si]ZsY, sn kk hV zfstfjiaff. pfv slr
niCBG bo, sn nhsysq hV zfstfjiaff!
29. nhsysq z[m hAd rt sn, sp hck jvsk z[m. zfv kfv sysqW z[m
rt sn hAd, sp hck jsv kf rfdvsq sIst.
30. jde Hft h rt hkGmfb W dyvdlsbv ubA nhsysq {jx hc.
31. jub Yfsv nhsysq m nD rt djkfh.
32. jmG-l[kf mfbcsNv nhGfsi[f hV hc.
33. jub dh hc rt nhsysq hV zfwDhGfl.
34. j lfwGdbjsj dufnf jvf rt, `nhsysq tf nIv jfv?' htstb, `sp
jde hcv sJ]fsu nIv jsv.'
35. nhsysq dbjx rt sn hc, sp jiekfv nfsK iK yst; sp zkAfyfdvskv
jfsY j]fsl hQ zkAfyfvDv jfsY rfsn.
36. hsb zffn hstb, `zfmfv jfsY nhsysq swa hc sn hAd, sp stfsjv
291 292 nhfv sysq shdw
dH]V sEst sn zfmfv jfsY hsn. zffrv jnm! kfv slsr mfdY hnstW zfmfv msb
hV j rq.'
37. skfmfv i hfhfqsbv nhsysq nclv ifq rt, Ocm sYsV suso WEf.
38. nhsysq shwD db} sn, pfv sjfb zfwf sb.
39. sn nhsysq shwD LbD, pfv dbu htsk djYc sb.
40. pfv nh zfsY dj Lb sb, sn ldv. dj kfv sKsj shwD ldv sn hAd,
pfv Lb YfVf zbA djYc sb.
41. msbv lfdvA hf lDbkf nhsysq hV hftf.
42. sn hAd nhsysq lcht G , sp dbsuv sHl sofib vfJsk z[m. sn hAd
nhsysq wd mfb, sp dbsuv vfo lmb jvsk n[m. sn hAd nhsysq LpGwDt, sp
dbsuv zHfshv nmq LpG Lsv. zfv sn hAd nhsysq LbD, sp pf sisqsY, kfsk
n zfsY.
43. nhsysq lcht G hAd sn, sp kfv sHl sofib vfJsk z[m. zfv
nhsysq wdwftD hAd rt sn, sp kfv sfL lmb jvsk ifsv.
44. jD sJsk nh sKsj shwD muflfv? htf Hfdv w, nhsysq sJsk muf ovDshv
v. (rfvfm nCl)
45. wdv sysq LpG mfbcsNv uDhsb nhsysq shwD nItkf zfbsk ifsv.
46. mdrtfv mk idvhkGb jvfv nhsysq swa idk rt, kfv msk mk slWqf.
47. dbqdk skfmfsj pf lfb jsv, kfv msLA nhsysq hV lfb skfmfv (icBAmqD) D.
48. ixdKhDsk pk djYc zfypG dudbn zfsY, kfv msLA nhsysq zfypG smsq
mfbcsNv mb. kfvf jD yfq, zfv jD bf yfq, zdk hV idkvfW htsk ifsvb bf.
49. Icpft dhb qfpsj dufnf jvf rt, `nhsysq zfypG dudbn jD?' htstb,
`mb rlq, pf zffrsj sybfv iv k]fv zhfLA rq.'
50. j hAd zfItfkcbsj dufnf jvt, `zfidb zsbj dlb pfh{ nmc nIsv
dYstb. nIsv nhsysq zfyspGv jD dYt?' htstb, `dbvfisl st sIvf.'
51. zfhC rfskm hstb, `nhsysq tfHhfb hAhnf zffrv dpjXv hQ nhsysq
[dkjv hAhnf mfbcsNv dpjXv.'
52. nhfsj JcwD vfJf ixdKhDsk nhsysq lcvr jfu.
53. lcv sYstsj mf pJb sjfst sesb dbsq sufv jsv Lsv vfsJb, kJb hfsv
sKsj rqskf snefsj jecJfdb zkAfyfsvv mskfW slJfq. dj sn zkAfyfsvv msLA
dwwcv Ocdmsq iVsk hfsL bf. hfsvv stfj pf htcj, dwwc shfsU, Wef kfv
nhsysq dbvfil fb.
54. nhsysq Hft rlq snef, pfsk Hft fb ifq.
55. hbct mchfvj hst, nh yfsk swa `pcrl' (dhNq-dhkxf) rt, `pcrl'
(dhNq-dhkxf) sofib j'sv nQnfv jvf.
 nhfv sysq shdw 293 294 nhfv sysq shdw
56. nh yfsk swa mDvfn rt nm. 70. n{ ivfmswGv sysq sjfb irfv zdLj mCtAhfb bq.
57. sp hAd dbsuv nmfstfybf jvsk ifsv, sn nhGfsi[f shwD hcdmfb. 71. iasqfusb jde ncivfmwG zsbj dudbsnv sysq mCtAhfb.
58. nhGswa sbkf rstb dkdb, p]fv smufu hV Eff. 72. jub stfjsj dufnf jvf rt, `sjfb sYstde skfmfv jfsY shwD Hft?'
59. nhGswa tXm, pf zfmt nkAfqb jsv. htt, `nfhftj bf rWqf ipG sYfe sYst, nc bf rWqf ipG znc sYst hQ dIsv
60. bfvDv uDhsb nhsysq hV w rt kfv vi-spZhb. bf zfnf ipG iahfnD sYst.'
61. bfvDv uDhsb dbvfifv nhGswa iarvD rt kfv jc{dnk syrfvf. 73. djYc bf jvst nmfstfybfv if rsk rq bf. pk shdw t[A dndv isK
62. zKG 4 iajfv. (1) pf zffrv zbcok sKsj ifuGb jvf rq hQ k]fv sofshb, kk nmfstfdyk rWqfv U]cdj hfVsh. msb rq nfItA W nmfstfybfv
ndv isK hAq jvf rq. zfv ef rt nshGfm zKG. (2) pf zffrv zhfLA rsq mfsU jde spfonC zfsY. nfItA pk shdw, nmfstfybfW kk shdw.
jfmfsbf rq hQ ifsiv isK hAq jvf rq. zfv rt dbjxkm zKG. (3) pf sjfb 74. skfmfv drQncj shwD rWqf, skfmfv nItkfv ltDt.
mcndtmsj j dlsq jfmfsbf rq hQ sjfb mcndtmsj j slWqfv isK hAq jvf rq. 75. jub ldv stfj pk shwD dbdy, jub vfuf kk shwD do.
zfv kfW dbjx zKG. (4) pf ShL isK zuGb jvf rq hQ ShL iahdx v isK hAq jvf 76. ` uosk rfq, sn shwD yfq, zfsY pfv HCdv HCdv,
rq. pfsk zfnst sjfb ijfv hf zijfv sb. vfufv r jsv nm jffstv Lb ycdv.'
63. hflfv is[ zffrv nshGfm lfb rt, fb. kf bf Kfjst, zflh. kf bf 77. uoskv nhsysq nclv W mCtAhfb dudbndt nhsysq shwD zsjsuf.
Kfjst, mft; pf nh djYcsj jsv. kf bf Kfjst, hua; pf kfsj LQn jsv 78. dlsbv nhsysq mLcvkm nmq rsY sHfv shtf.
sIst. zfv kfv [dk sKsj slw W lw dbvfisl Kfsj. 79. slsrv msLA nhsysq wdwftD z rt syfqft.
64. Ho rlsqv nshGfm dydj{nf rt, kf icbhGfv sHs sItf. 80. mfbcsNv nhsysq sYfe z rt jfsbv rfV.
65. zfmvf pJb zisvv dbje Hfstf r, kJb zfmvf dbsuslv jfsY nshGfm. 81. mfbcsNv slsr nhsysq shwD zbcHCdkwDt z rt sE]fe.
(shfdmb Iafdtb) 82. iafBDv msLA nhsysq shwD Ycesk ifsv dykfhfO; Oefq iafq 100 sKsj 145
66. njt ncflc dudbsnv zffl oarB jsvdY, dj zdLj ncflcvsi dbvfifv djdm.
mk sjfb zbA dudbn ifdb. nm vjm dk hv fl oarB jsvdY, dj zHfh W 83. hfu ifJDv lxdwd nhfv sysq shwD kD[. ifJD iafq 8 djdm lCv sKsj
ivmcJfsid[kfv mk zdLj dk h zfv zbA djYc ifdb. zfv zfdm stfrf W ifqvf hf OcOc slJsk ifq.
ifKv hrbW jsvdY, dj Bsj kf sKsjW shwD HfvD zbcHh jsvdY. 84. iv msLA nh sKsj shwD mxdkwd vfsJ e.
67. dbmIt sJsqdY hQ mfjftItW sysJdY, dj lfdvsAv sysq zdLj dk 85. bDt dkdm iafBD uoskv nhsysq hV nxd. usmv nmq v Yfbfv Wub rq
dudbn zbA djYc yfdJdb. pdl kcdm ovDh rsq pfW, kfrst sn jKf spb jfsj hstf Yq rfufv sjdu!
bf, bsy{ kfvf skfmfsj sYfe Hfhsk wcv jvsh. i[fsv skfmfv Lb zfsY mb 86. ixdKhDv nhsysq tf blD rt bDt-bl. de iafq 6607 (mkfsv 6672)
HfhW iajfw jsvf bf. sKsjf, sofisb ncJ zfsY. zdk nQsofisb msbv jKf djdm tf. zk}iv ld[B zfsmdvjfv zfmfsufb blD. de iafq 6275 djdm.
sjht mrfb zffrsj ufbfsqf. 87. ixdKhDv nhsysq sYfe blD zfsmdvjfq zfdvucb blD, 143dm.
68. dbvfifv lwde zQw. v msLA bqde zfsY (zffrv dpjXv YfVf) bDvhkfq. 88. ixdKhDsk zfsmdvjfq nh sKsj shwD svdFW-ecdFW zfsY. slsw
zfv hfjD jde zfsY shWjcIslv nQnoG sKsj lCsv Kfjfq. lfdvsAv snZlpG LpG. 9512de zbcsmfdlk ecdFW zfsY.
Lbhfv snZlpG jxkkf. ntfsmv sysq zdLj soZvh sjfb hQsw sb. kfjWqfv 89. ixdKhDv nh yfsk hV tfshavD rt zfsmdvjfv jQsoasnv tfshavD. v
sysq zdLj nclv dwfyfdvkf zbA djYc sb. kWhfv sysq zdLj nIt ncifdvwjfvD dHksv h vfJfv sp zftmfdvstf zfsY snstfv SlOGA rsh 526 djdm.
zbA sj sb. dbvfifv sysq nclv idvYl zbA djYc sb. 90. zfsmdvjfv jAfdtIdbGqfv efvbAfwbft ifsjG susbvft syqfvmAfb bfmj
69. ifi pk sYfe srfj kf Jfvfi. zfstsmv is[ ifi zdLj zswfHbDq hQ hx[ ixdKhDv nhsysq hV hx[. dev ykf iafq 85 dmefv hQ v ]dV iafq nfsV
zdLj nHfhAW. jfvB, tXm wqkfsbv dhvs tVhfv rfdkqfv. kf wqkfb syf 24 dmefv smfef.
jsv, pfv rfsk rfdkqfv kfsj iaKsm iadkrk jvf. (nf'lD) nmf