pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

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zfmf hf'l, hfQtf HfNfq r W mvfv h-v zHfh sb. ksh kfv
sjfbde sjhfsv nQd[. sjfbde hf stJsjv hAdok zdHkfv jKf
Kfjfv Ist zfjfsv lDOG. jfdLj hfv r-mvfr jvfv iv zLsmv sp
zdHkf tfH rsqsY hQ bfbf slw W mprfshv rfuDslvsj r-
mvfr jvsk sp nh Hct-de lxdsofyv rsqsY kf nQd[ zfjfsv
ifEjhsoGv nfmsb kcst Lvfv ubA icdjfv zhkfvBf. mB-jfdrbD W
rfvfm wvDI kKf nlD zfvshv snZlspGv jKf zsbsjv ufbf. pf ufbf
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
bq kf rt, k hV hAqht hflskv ndEj dbqm-idk. zkh ndEj
dbqm-idkv dljef sJqft jsv sjht sn dljef iafLfbA slWqf rt
icdjfq.
h Hct-fd W nmnAf lCvDjvsBv ts[A idvdws djYc Iskfqf nQjdtk
rsqsY. `mfufdtnc zfwdv dpt-rffr' kAfdl sp nh h nlD zfvshv
mndusl-mndusl pct r mfsnv iaKm is[ zfnsvv iv hf wfv iCshG
ifE jvf rq kfv zbcjvsB mfsnv 9 dlsb jvBDq dhNq, jcvhfbD W l
nQf djYc mfnfsqt nQspfduk rsqsY.
zfwf jdv r W jcvhfbD jvsk Ycj mcndtsmv ubA z icdjf
jde ifsKq hQ nclv irfv rsh. mrfb zffrv jfsY zfmfv zfjct
zfshlb sp, dkdb spb zfmfv boBA dJlmksj jhct jsv sbb hQ
jft djqfmsk v znDtfq zfmfv, zfmfv dikf-mfkf W WfposBv mcJ
t jsvb. zfmDb.

dhbDk
zfct rfmDl zft-IfpD
zft-mfumfzfr, nlD zfvh nb 1995Q

pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

ppct
ctrrss
vv i
iaKaKmm llw
w ddllbb
zffr uff wfbcv iaskAj jfu hf nxd drjmsk Hvicv. iaskAj hsk kf]v
iadkiftjskv ltDt hQ jskv nf[A dhlAmfb. k]fv njt jsmG idvIcdek rq
k]fv iaskAj mrfmdrmfdbk W soZvhfdhk B. djYc nxdsj djYc mpGflf W dhswN B
fvf dbdlG jvf, djYc nmq W fbsj zbAfsbAv iv iafLfbA W vk slWqf k]fv
jmGW k]fv drjmk W mrskv zbAkm.
zffr ifj djYc mfn, dlb W vfdsj zivfiv sKsj swak lfb jsvsYb; pfsk kf
mcndtsmv zfmt hxdsk nrspfoD rq. k]fv zfbcoskA W hflsk msbfspfo hxd ifq
hQ jmGE msb bkcb jsmGflAm icb} icb} ufodvk rq. zdLj nWqfshv zfwfq sn
jfsu msbv stfH suso WsE hQ kfv hV zQw rfdntW jsv Kfsj. pfsk mxkcA zfnfv
iCshG pKf nmsq kfv iadk hQ icbvfsbv ubA psK ifsKq nQoar jsv dbsk ifsv.
wvDqsk dbdlG hflskv smZnm ubA jvf rsqsY pfsk nmsq hflsk zdLj
msbfspfo W iaqfn tfH rq hQ zbAfbA nmsq zniCBG zKhf i hflskv
idviCBGkf W zfdLjA zuGb hQ kWhf jvfv ncspfo tfH rq.
Lvsbv iaskAj ocvkiCBG smZnsmv dbdlG j jef zpDIfr W jkGhA zfsY; pfv
fvfq zffrv nfdLA tfH jvf pfq. sn nmsq zffr ifsjv dhswN zbcoar W jvBf
zfsY; pfv fvfq zffr k]fv hflfslv msLA pfsj Yf icvxk jsv Kfsjb. zkh
snZHfoAwftD sn rsh, sp dbdlG mfn hf jsqj Oefv smZnsm dbdlG zpDIfr W
hflskv mfLAsm dbu mWtfv nfmDiA zuGb jvsk n[m rsh. zfv nHhk} k]fv
zbcoasrv zdLjfvD rsq ivjfst ufrffm W k]fv HDNB zbstv jht rsk dbxdk
ifsh.
zfmt W hflskv dbdlG smZnmnmCsr zffrv zbcok W Dblfv hflf tfHhfb rq
hQ zhfLA W ztn hflf [dkv dwjfv rq. kf skf mcndtsmv dyk, zfqcv mpGflf W
uDhsbv mCtA nisjG dhswN zhdrk rWqf hQ k{ns zffrv hflk zdLjvsi
jvf W mvBfhdL n{jfspG zdhyt iadkdk Kfjf. zffr kfzftf hstb,
(())
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
zKGf{, skfmfv qfjDb idk rWqf ipG kcdm skfmfv iadkiftsjv ifnbf
jv. (jc} 15/99)
nfstm dhb zfcfr hstb, `qfjDb' (ncdbyqkf) zKGf{ mxkcA. zbcvi hstsYb
mcufsrl, rfnfb, jfkflfr iaHxdk mcIfnXdnvoBW. (hsb jfnDv 4/371)
zffr zfpXpf zuf pctrsv iaKm lw dlbsj zbAfbA dlsbv iv swak W mpGflf
lfb jsvsYb. zffrv vnCt hstb. lw dlsbv msLA jxk sbj zfmstv sysq
zffrv dbje zdLj iYlbDq zfv sjfb zfmt sb. (nfrfhfoB) htstb, `zffrv
isK durflW bq dj?' dkdb htstb, zffrv isK durflW bq. ksh mb sjfb
hAd (v zfmt) sp dbsuv ufb-mft nr shv rq hQ kfviv djYcW ns dbsq zfv
dIsv zfsn bf. (hcJfvD, zfhC lfl)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, zfprfv lw dlsbv sbj zfmstv sysq zdLj idhkv W
iadklfsb zdLj hxrv zfv sjfb zfmt zffr zfpXpf zuffv dbje sb. htf rt,
`zffrv isK durflW bq dj?!' dkdb htstb, zffrv isK durflW bq. ksh
mb hAdv (zfmt) sp dbsuv ufbmft nr hdroGk rq, zk}iv kfv djYcW ns
dbsq zfv dIsv zfsn bf. (lfsvmD 1/357)
rpvk zfcfr dhb zfmXv hstb, jlf zfdm vnCtcfr v dbje dYtfm.
zk}iv zfmtnmCsrv jKf fib jvtfm. dkdb htstb, lw dlb YfVf sjfb
mb dlb sb pfsk zfmt zdLj m rsk ifsv. k]fvf htstb, `sr vnCtcfr!
zffrv vffq durfl?' dkdb kfv vk hBGbf jvstb, zk}iv htstb, durflW
bq. ksh mb sjfb hAd sp dbsuv ufb-mft nr zffrv vffq shv rq hQ kfsk
kfv uDhbfhnfb Ose. (zfrml, vWqft oftDt 3/399)
zkh ltDtnmCr rsk iamfdBk rq sp, nfvf hYsvv nm dlsbv sysq pct
rsv lw dlb dhbf dhsqfusb m. mb dj vmpfsbv swN lw dlbW lw
dlsbv sysq m bq.
hsb jfnDv (v}) hstb, `smfe jKf htf rsqsY sp, lwdlb nfvf hYsvv msLA swa
dlb; spmbde rflDsnv dsk iakDqmfb rq. zsbsj vmpfsbv swN lw dlsbv sysqW
dlbdtsj iafLfbA dlsqsYb. jfvB, sp bfmfp, svfpf, nfljfr kAfdl zfmt
dlbdtsk iftbDq zfmtnmCr dlbdtskW iftbDq. dj (pctrsv)
dlbdtsk Ivu r zflfq jvfv zdkdv ShdwA vsqsY.'
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zfhfv zsbsj hstsYb (vmpfsbv) dlbdt swa. jfvB, kfsk vsqsY wshjlv,
pf rfufv mfn zsi[f m.
dj lcsqv mLAhkDG djYc tfmf hstb, (dptrsv) dlbdt swa hQ
vmpfsbv vfddt swa. zhwA Hfsh nm ltDt nfmnAiCBG rq. zfv zffr
shwD ufsbb. (kInDv hsb jfnDv 5/412)
ltDtnmCr jKfv iamfB slq sp, iaskAj sbj zfmt (n{jmG); pf
dlbocdtsk jvf rq kf zffrv dbje zdLj diaq. zKGf{, jfu pdl zbAfbA dlsb
jvf rq ksh kkef diaq rq bf. zfv pf zffrv dbje zdLj diaq kf k]fv dbje
nshGfm. zfhfv dlbdtsk zfmt W hflkjfvD sn mcufdrl sKsjW m, sp
dbsuv ufb-mft nr durfl jsv hfdV dIsv zfsn.
zKy dhdlk sp, zffrv vfsr durfl mfsbv iv nshGf{jx zfmt. spsrkc zfhC
vfvfr hstb, j hAd dufnf jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! sjfb zfmt nhsysq
{jx?' dkdb htstb, zffr W klDq vnCstv iadk mfb. sn htt, `kfviv
dj?' dkdb htstb, zffrv isK durfl. sn htt, `kfviv dj?' dkdb htstb,
oxrDk r. (hcJfvD 16bQ)
dj icshGf rflDnnmCr rsk iadkifdlk rsqsY sp, h{nsvv zbAfbA dlsbv njt
iajfv zfmt zsi[f pctrsv lwdlsbv zfmt zffrv dbje zdLj m W
diaqkm. nckvfQ lw dlsbv zfmt pdlW durfslv kctbfq swa bq khcW zbAfbA
dlsbv zfmstv kctbfq swakv; pdlW hf sn zfmt (zbAfbA dlsb) swa. zfv bhD
sjfb zfmtsj hAdkf jsvbdb. ksh mb j durfslv jKf sJ jsvsYb pf
nshGf{jx durfl; pfsk mcufdrl wrDl rsq pfq hQ zfv dIsv zfsn bf; pfv zfmt
lw dlsbv nm zfmstv sysqW m.
sjfb hsj pJb nfLfvBHfsh swa htf rq kJb kfv zKG bq sp, h
nhGfhfq W njstv is[ swa. hvQ zswaW kfv dbslGdwk dhdLh fsb nfLfvB swa
zsi[f swakv rsk ifsv. spmb, durfl nfLfvBHfsh swa zfmt. dj zswa sjfb
sbj zfmt kfv dbslGdwk dbdlG lw dlsb jvf rst kf durfl sKsjW swa.
zbcviHfsh, spmb vjc W dnulfv msLA knhDr ifE jcvzfb ifE rskW m.
zKy jcvzfb ifE nfLfvB nhGdhL knhDr W dpjXv rsk m. (Iskfqf hsb kfdmqAfr
24/360, Ikt hfvD 6/5)
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
pctrsv lw dlsbv IpDtk W swak dhdH dlj dlsq iadki rq}-
1- zffr kfzftf dlbdtv wiK jsvsYb. zfv sjfb dudbsnv bfsm wiK jvf
kfv swak W mfrfskAv iamfB. zffr ifj hstb, wiK Nfv, wiK lw vubDv-
---. (nCvf IfuXv1-2 zfqfk)
hsb zffn hsb pchfv iaHxdk ntIoB hstb, `dbyq lw vfd htsk
pctrsv lw dlbsj hcUfsbf rsqsY.' hsb jfnDv hstb, `ef ndEj.' wWjfbD
hstb, ` zdHmk zdLjfQw hAfJAfkfosBv.' (kInDv hsb jfnDv, Ikt jflDv 5/432)
zhwA lw vfd htsk lw dlbsj dbdlG jsv hcUfv hAfifsv sjfbW dk
zffrv vnCt v dbje rsk zfsndb; pf ncdbdykHfsh oarBspfoA rsh. pfv ubA
hAfJAfq mkfv nxd rsqsY, zfv zffr dhNsq zdLj ufsbb.
2- bhD nf[A dlsqsYb sp, dlbdt lcdbqfv nshGfjx{ dlb. spmb iCshG
sdJk rsqsY.
3- dkdb dlbdtsk n{jmG jvfv ubA njtsj c jsvsYb. spsrkc
dlbdt njstv ubA idh W mpGflfiCBG hQ rfuDslv ubA idhfsb (mfq) zfsvf
ocvkiCBG.
4- dkdb dlbdtsk zdLjfdLj knhDr, krmDl W kjhDv iVsk zfslw
jsvsYb.
5- dlbdtv msLA zfvfIfr W jcvhfbDv dlb vsqsY.
6- dtv msLA jcvhfbD W r jvfv mk hV zfmt vsqsY. rfsIp hsb rfufv
hstb, `jKf i rq sp, pctrsv iaKm lw dlsbv dhswN ocvskv jfvB; spsrkc
dlbdtsk smZdtj hflknmCr jdk rsqsY spmb, bfmfp, svfpf, nlXjfr hQ
r. pf zbAfbA dlbdtsk Hfsh umf rq bf. (Ikt hfvD 2/460)
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

j
jcvcvhhffbbDD j
jvvffvv YYff KKffj
jsst
t ddj
jjjvvsshh??
ncfrsk jKf iamfdBk sp, sp hAd jcvhfbD jvfv Yf hf nQji jsvsY kfv ubA
Wqfsuh; pctr mfn iashswv nfsK nfsK jcvfhfbDv i pshr bf jvf ipG sn spb
kfv slsrv sjfb stfm hf yct, bJ W ymGfdl bf jfse. dhNsq diaq bhD hstb, pJb
skfmvf pctr mfsnv y]fl slJsh hQ skfmfslv msLA sj jcvhfbD jvfv Yf jvst
kJb sn spb kfv yct W bJ (jfef) rsk jcvhfbD bf jvf ipG dhvk Kfsj. zbA j
hBGbfq hstb, sn spb kfv (mvf hf Ifef) ymGfdlv djYcW iwG bf jsv. (mcndtm)
hdt mkfbcnfsv Jfsb dbslGw Wqfsushv zsKG hQ dbsNL rfvfsmv zsKG hAhrfv
rsqsY. jfvB, kf hAfij zfslw hQ zdbdlG dbsNL, pfv sjfb iakAfrkjfvDW sb.
(kInDv zfpWqft hfqfb 5/640, zft-mcmsk 7/529) dj pdl sj susb-wcsb Yf jsv
yct-bJ jfse ksh kfv ubA uvvD sp, sn spb zffrv dbje soIfv ([mf iafKGbf)
jsv hQ kfv ubA sjfb jfIXIfvf sb. sjht nfLfvBHfsh jcvhfbD jvsh. zfhfv
iasqfusb (spmb bJ sIse hf sHs Uctsk Kfjst hf mfKfq uJsmv iv yct Kfjst
[dkv zfwf rst) sjse sItsk sjfb slfN sb. jfvB, sn mcrdvm (sp r hf
Wmvfv ubA rvfm sh]sLsY kfv) zsi[f ocvkiCBG bq, pfv ubA zncdhLfv s[s mfKf
mcdk jvfW ShL jvf rsqsY.
dbslGswv iyfsk pcd sp, jcvhfbDlfkf djYc zfmst mcrdvsmv mk. spmb,
jcvhfbDv mfLAsm zffrv SbjeAtfH jvf kAfdl. kf jcvhfbDlfkfsjW mcrdvsmv
iftbDq djd{ jkGhA iftb jvsk slWqf rsqsY.
mb sjfb hAd pfv y]fl slJfv iv jcvhfbD jvfv Yf dYt bf, sn yct hf bJ sjse
Kfjst hQ kfviv jcvhfbD jvfv Yf rst kfviv sKsj zfv jfesh bf.
jcvhfbD jvfv ubA pdl sj jfsj Hfv slq zKhf znDqk jsv ksh snW bJ-yct
jfesh bf. zhwA Hfviaf hAd zKhf znD dbsNsLv wfdmt rsh bf. zKGf{ kfslv
ubA bJ-yct jfef lCNBDq bq.
zbcviHfsh idvhfsvv zdHHfhj jcvhfbD jvst dbsNLff sjht kfv is[
rsh. hfjD zbAfbA D-ic hf zfkDqslvsj wfdmt rsh bf. kfslv ubA dbdlG jcvhfbD
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
bf Kfjst kfvfW yct-bJ jfesk ifsv. spsrkc zffrv vnCt dbu hQwLsvv kvI
sKsj jcvhfbD jvskb zKy dkdb kfslvsj bJyct jfesk dbsNL jsvsYb mb sjfb
hBGbf ifWqf pfq bf.
sp hAd jcvhfbD jvfv Yf jsv icbvfq r jvfv dbqk jsv (zKGf{ rW jsv
hQ ixKjHfsh jcvhfbDW jsv) ksh rvfm h]fLfv iCshG (pctrsv y]fl sE sost)
yct-bJfdl jfef dyk bq. spsrkc kf iasqfusb nck.
zhwA kfmfc rjfvD (rsv Wqfsuh jcvhfbD YfVf ixKj jcvhfbD slWqfv dbqk
KfjstW) mvfr swN jsv yct sYfe jvsh. jfvB kf mvfv j Wqfsuh. zbcvi
jcvhfbDv dlsb ifKv mfvfv iv jcvhfbD jvfv zfso mfKf sbVf jvsk ifsv.
iajfw sp, `pfvf jcvhfbD jsv bf kfvf jcvhfbDv dlsb bJ-yct kAfdl jfest jcvhfbD
jvfv nWqfh tfH rq' mb jKf j rflDsn KfjstW kf nrDr bq. (dmwjfk 1479bQ,
pqDI zfhC lfl 595, pqDI bfnf 294, pqDIct ufsm' 1265bQ)

llw
w ddllssbbvv z
zppDDI
Iffrr
lw dlbsj nfmsb ifWqf hflfv ubA zffrv kvI rsk j mrf zbcoar.
mcfjD W sbj hflfoB dlbdtv pKfKG jlv jsv Kfsjb. iadk mcndtsmv dyk,
nislv jlv jvf, nchBG ncspfosj srtfq rfdvsq bf slWqf hQ pskv ndrk
dhdH hflk W zfbcoskAv mfLAsm dlbdtsj zdkhfdrk jvf.
dlbdtsk iftbDq hV hV sbj zfmt vsqsY. mcndtm sn zfmtnmCsrv
nfrfspA hV icsBAv zdLjfvD rsk ifsv. spmb}-
1- svfpf iftb }
pctX rsv iaKm bqdlsb svfpf iftb jvf mcndtsmv ubA m. jfvB, bhD jvDm
dlbdtsk sbj zfmt jvfv ubA njtsj c jsvsYb. zfv svfpf m
zfmtnmCsrv zbAkm; pf zffr ifj dbsuv ubA msbfbDk jsvsYb. spmb rflDsn
jclnDsk htf rsqsY, zffr hstb, zflm nfsbv iaskAj jfu kfv dbsuv ubA,
dj svfpf zfmfv ubA hQ zfdm dbsu kfv iadklfb slh. (hcJfvD 1805, mcndtm 1151bQ)
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
diaq bhD W bq dlsb svfpf iftb jvskb. k]fv ikD (rpvk rfInfr vf})
hstb, bhD pct rsv bq dlb, zfvfv dlb hQ iaskAj mfsnv dkb dlb; mfsnv
iaKm snfmhfv hQ lc hxridkhfv svfpf vfJskb. (nrDr zfhC lfl 2129bQ, bfnf)
hfrfjD `Ifpfsqtct zfWjfk' hstb, rflDnde rpvk zfsqwf (vf}) v
rflDn zsi[f m pfsk dkdb hstb, `vnCt sj (pctrsv) lw dlsb jJsbf svfpf
vfJsk sldJdb.' (mcndtm 1176bQ) jfvB, rflDnde OebnCyj hQ kf rpvk zfsqwfv
zOebnCyj rflDn rsk m. zfv mcrfsnDbslv jde bDdk sp, pJb
OebnCyj W zOebnCyj lc'de rflDn iviv-dhsvfLD rq kJb nmbq nfLsbv zbAfbA
ifq bf Kfjst OebnCyj rflDndesj iafLfbA slWqf rq. jfvB sj pdl djYc Oesk bf
slsJ ksh kfv zKG bq sp, kf Ose db. kf sp Oesk slsJsY kfv jKfdesj Oefv
iamfBvi oarB jvf rq.
smfe jKf, pctr mfsnv bq dlsb svfpf vfJf mcfrfh. mfm bWhD hstb, `
dlbdtsk svfpf vfJf ifjf mcfrfh.' (wvb bWhD 8/320)
klbcvi zfvfIfv dlb svfpf vfJfv dbdlG IpDtk zfsY, pf isv zfstfdyk rsh. b
wfzffr.
2- kjhDv ifE }-
dlbocdtsk kjhDv, krmDl, krtDt W knhDr ifE jvf nck hQ kf ysv
mndusl, Osv, isK W hfufsv hQ sn njt fsb spJfsb zffrv dpjXv ShL - ifE
jvf mcfrfh. kjhDv icvNvf ysv htsh hQ mdrtfvf ycsiycsi. pfv mfLAsm
zffrv hflk iayfdvk rsh hQ sOfdNk rsh k]fv zbcim kf'pDm. dhNsq zffr
kfzftf hstb,
(




)
zKGf{, pfsk Wvf jtAfB tfH jsv hQ dbdlG ufbf dlbdtsk zffrv bfm nvB
jsv- i rsk dkdb kfslvsj sp uDhsbfijvB lfb jsvsYb kfv iv --. (nCvf r
28 zfqfk)
zdLjfQw hAfJAfkfv msk `dbdlG ufbf dlb' zKGf{ pctrsv iaKm lw dlb. hsb
zffn hstb, `dbdlG ufbf dlb' rt (pctrsv) lw dlb hQ `dbdlG nQJAj
dlb' rt kfwvDsjv jsqjde dlb. (hcJfvD 2/457) zbA j hBGbfq dkdb hstb,
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
`dbdlG ufbf dlb' zKGf{ kfwvDsjv iCshGv dlbdt; kfvdhqfv dlb hQ zfvfIfv dlb.
zfv `dbdlG nQJAj dlb' zKGf{ kfwvDsjv dlbdt.
zfv mk hsb jfnDv zfhC mCnf zfwzfvD, mcufdrl, jfkflf, zfkf, nfl dhb
uchfv, rfnfb, pfrrfj, zfkf JcvfnfbD, hvfrDm bJqD rsk hBGbf jsvsYb hQ
hstsYb sp, ` mk mfm wfsIqDv. zfv mfm zfrml dhb rft rsk ef
iadn.' (kInDv hsb jfnDv, zfpWqft hfqfb 5/497)
nckvfQ jKfv dHdsk zfqfk wvDsI sdJk zffrv dpjXv (nvB) jvfv zKG
rsh, zffr ifj sp ohfdl i mfbcsNv vpDvsi lfb jsvsYb kfv iv k]fv iawQnf W
jxkkf (jdvqf zflfq jvf) hQ sk kjhDv W jcvhfbD pshr jvfv nmq zffrv
bfm sbWqf wfdmt rsh. kf zffrv dpjXv htsk sjht pshrjfst zffrv bfm nvB
jvf bq. jfvB rs jcvhfbD pshr jvfv dlb slv dlb rsk v rq. (Iskfqf
hsb kfdmqfr 24/225)
dlbdtsk iEbDq kjhDv dbmvi}-

`zff- zfjhfv, zff- zfjhfv, tf tf-rf ff- zf- zfjhfv, zff
zfjhfv, zdtf-drt rfmXl.
YfVf zbAfbAvsiW kjhDv ifE jvfv jKf ifWqf pfq. dj zfmfslv ufbf msk
vnCt rsk sjfb dbdlGvi kjhDv nrDrHfsh hdBGk rqdb. pf djYc msmG hdBGk
rsqsY nh nfrfhfosBv zfmt. (vWqft oftDt 3/125)
mfm nfbzfbD hstb, `kjhDsvv h Lvb W vi zfsY, h mfmoBW djYc djYcsj
m msb jsvsYb. pf rsk hcUf pfq sp, dhNsq iawkf zfsY. zfv zfqfskv
nfLfvB hBGbf ef nmKGb jsv.' (nchctcn nftfm 2/125)
dj lc}sJv dhNq sp, kjhDv pcso iakAfJAfk ncskv msLA idvodBk rsqsY. dhswN
jsv iaKm lw dlsb skf zi djYc mfbcN hAkDk zfv jfsvf dbje rsk kjhDv wcbf
pfq bf. kf ysv kjhDv iVf dyk; pfsk ncfr uDdhk rq hQ lfnDbslv msb
nkjGkf zfsn.
i[fsv jKf iamfdBk sp, hsb mfv hQ zfhC vfvf lw dlb
hfufsv shv rskb hQ (ysv kjhDv iVskb. zfv stfsjvfW k]fslv kjhDsvv
nfsK kjhDv ifE jvk. (hcJfvD) zKGf{, k]fslv kjhDv iVf wcsb stfsjvf kjhDv
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
iVsk rq jKf nvB jvk hQ iaskAsj ixKj ixKj kjhDv ifE jvk. k]fvf
jdkHfsh j ncsv nmsv kjhDv iVskb bf.
dlbocdtsk nfLfvB kjhDv W knhDr zfdl sp sjfb nmsq dlsb hf vfsk
zdbdlGHfsh slv bfmfp ipG ifE jvsk rq. zfv dbdlG kjhDv pf Ivp bfmfspv
ufmfzfskv iv (jfjD) ifE jvf rq zfv kf zrfuDslv ubA zfvfIfv (9m
pctr) dlsbv Iuv sKsj hQ mf wvDsI rfuDslv ubA jcvhfbDv dlsbv spfrv
sKsj wcv rq hQ kfwvDsjv swN dlsbv (13 pct rsv) zfnv ipG ytsk Kfsj.
sJA sp, dhtDb hf dhtDqmfb sjfb ncfrsj icb}iadkdk jvfq zffrv dbje mrf
iadklfb W hxrv nWqfh vsqsY. diaq bhD hstb, sp hAd zfmfv ncskv msLA
sjfb nck uDdhk jsv pf zfmfv ivhkDGjfst mxk rsq isVdYt, kfv ubA sn hAdv
nmidvmfB nWqfh rsh, sp kfv iv zfmt jsv hQ kfslv jfsvf nWqfh djYcW jm
jvf rsh bf. (dkvdmpD)
3- r W mvfr zflfq jvf }-
lw dlsbv msLA r zflfq jvf nshGfm zfmtnmCsrv zbAkm. zkh pfsj
zffrifj k]fv oxsrv r jvfv kWIDj lfb jsvsYb hQ sp pKfKGvsi r iftb
jvsk iaqfnD rq, sn bwfzffr vnCtcfr v hfBDsk kfv mrfHfo Kfjsh,
mcvjxk rsv iadklfb uffk hAkDk zfv djYc bq. pfv dhfdvk zfstfybf isv
jvf rsh bwfzffr.
4- jcvhfbD jvf}-
lw dlsbv jvBDq zffrv SbjeAlfbjfvD zfmstv msLA jcvhfbD jvf zbAkm.
pfv dhwl dhhvB isv slWqf rsh bwfzffr.
5- zbAfbA sbj W n{jfspG zdLj msbfspfo slWqf }-
dlbocdtsk sbj zfmt zffrv dbje zdLjkv diaq. zfv kf rst zhwA
dlbnmCsrv jxk zfmstv mfb W mpGflf k]fv dbje zdLj. kf mcndtsmv dyk, pdl
r jvf kfv nfmKGA W nfsLA bf jctfq ksh mCtAhfb nmqdtsj spb n{jfpG,
zffrv hflk W zfbcokA; bIt bfmfp, sktfWqfk, dpjv, lczf, lfb, dikfmfkfv
zdLj dJlmk, zfkDqkf, n{jfspGv zfslw W zn{jfspG hfLf lfb, kAfdl fvf zfhfl
jsv. zk}is[ dlbdtsk zffrv vnCt v jKf nvB jvf dyk, sp
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
hAd Iusvv bfmfp ufmfzfsk zflfq jsv zk}iv nCspGflq ipG zffrv dpjXsv
(kfnhDr, kfrtDt, sktfWqfk, tXm hf DbD zfstfybfq) hsn hQ kfviv lc
vfjzfk bfmfp isV ksh j r W Wmvfv nmidvmfB kfv nWqfh tfH rsh.
(dkvdmpD)
zffrv kvI rsk hflfv ubA ef j nchxr{ zbcoar hQ zdkwq jtAfB. pfv
zbcoar W jvBfv swN sb, pf dyf W LfvBfq jibf jvf pfq bf. pfsk zbcdmdkvW
sjfb fb sb. spsrkc dkdb icvkGf W zbcoafrD. k]fv Yfmk dkdb pf dlsq, pfsj
Yf, sp sjfb zfmstv mfLAsm Yf icvxk W zbcoxrDk jsv Kfsjb. k]fv Yf W
zfslw v jvfv sj sb hQ sj k]fv mt W zbcoarsj vdrk jvsk ifsv bf.
6- dh kWhf jvf}-
lw dlsb mcndtmslv uvvD jkGshAv msLA zffrv dbje kWhf jvf, k]fv iadk
iakAfhkGb jvf, jxkifsiv ubA [mf iafKGbf jvf hQ ifi W zhfLAkf sKsj
niCBGvsi iadkdbhx rWqfW sJA. kWhf rt- zffrv iadk iakAfhkGb jvf; sp oc
zKhf iajfwA dudbn zffr OxBf jsvb sn dudbn rsk, pf dkdb iYl jsvb W
Hfstfhfsnb kfv iadk, dhok (ifsiv) iv tfbf W zbcswfybf iajfw jsv, hkGmfsb
kf iakAfJAfb jsv hQ icbvdi kfv iadk bf sIvfv lxP ni dbsq - dIsv zfnfv bfm.
mcndtsmv ubA Wqfsuh; pJb sn ifsi dt rsq isV zKhf zjmf{ sjfb ifi jsv
hsn kJb wDOakfv ndrk kWhfv mfLAsm zffrv dbje [mf dH[f jvf hQ jfsu
oqQoY zKhf dTstdm bf jvf. jfvB, iaKmk} sn ufsb bf sp, kfsj sjfb OdVsk
mvsk rsh. dkDqk}; j ifi ziv ifisj zfjNGB jsv. kf nkv kWhf bf jvst
rqskf hf ifsiv shfUf dbsq mvsk rq zKhf ifsiv shfUf zfsvf Hfdv rsk Kfsj.
vk W mpGflfiCBG nmqjfst kWhfv hV B Kfsj. spsrkc nmsq zdLjfQw s[s
mb zfbcokA-iahB Kfsj hQ n{jfsuv iadk rlq zfjxNAmfB rq. kJb rlq zbAfq
W ifisj Djfv jvsk yfq hQ jxk ifsiv iv hV zbck W tdk rq.
pdlW kWhf jvf j iadkdbqk Wqfsuh. khcW spsrkc kWhf jvf zfmt jhct
rWqfv hQ zffrv [mf W zbcoar tfH jvfv srkcnmCsrv zbAkm kKf ifi
lCvDjvB W smfyb rWqfv jfvB. zfhfv hflk zffrv nfdLA W Hfstfhfnf tfsHv
srkc. snsrkc mcndtm pJb dh kWhfv nfsK ocvkiCBG nmsq mpGflfiCBG zfmt jsv
Kfsj kJb kfv Hqdhl zdkdv jtAfB tfH rq; pf nItkfv iadk dk jvsh
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
bwfzffr. zffr ifj hstb,
=9$# z 3t r& #|ys $[s=| xu zt#uu z>$s? t $r's

ksh sp hAd kWhfr jsv W n{jfu jsv sn skf zdysv nIt jfm rsh. (jc} 28/67)
mcndtm kWhf jvsh icvsNv mk. fmD nQnoG kAfo jvfv iv ianh shlbflf
bfvDv mk kWhf jvsh bf. hvQ kWhf jsv kfsk iadkdk Kfjsh. i[fsv ifi pdl
nQnoG W idvshw-slfsN rq, kfrst sn nQnoG W idvshw kAfo jsv nclv dbmGt
ntfmD idvshw oarB jvsh hQ n{stfjslv nQnoG oarB jsv n{jfspG zdhyt
Kfjsh.
mcndtsmv dyk, jtAfBmq ufkDq smZnsmv iadk tc rWqf. jfvB, kf [BfqD.
zfkfv ubA nQje mcrCskG nfrfspAv ubA sbj zfmstv ifsKq nQoar jvf iaskAj
mcdmsbv jkGhA. spsrkc ixdKhDsk zhfb jft zdk zi. jcsyv nmq zfn, iK
wfiCBG, spKfq iahbfv zfwf zdLj hQ dhislv Hq hV. zfv dbyq zffr ifj
nC[ W nhGlaf hQ kf]v dbje njstv iakAfhkGbt. zfv sp hAd zBc idvmfB
n{jfu jvsh sn kf lwGb jvsh hQ sp hAd zBc idvmfB zn{jfu jvsh sn kfW
lwGb jvsh. (nCvf dptpft 7-8zfqfk)

rr

r nfmKGAhfb mcndtm (icvN hf bfvD) v iv zffrv kvI rsk j Ivpjxk
zfmt. dkdb hstb,
tn=y9$# t ;_x !$# *s uxx. tu 4 W6y s9) t$stG$# t Mt79$# km $9$# n?t !u

zKGf{, mfbcsNv msLA pfv (mfq pfhfv) nfmKGA zfsY, zffrv sswA (jf'hf)
oxsrv r jvf kfv is[ zhwAjkGhA (Ivp). zfv sp zDjfv jvsh (sn susb
vfJcj sp,) dbyq zffr dhwuo{ rsk zmcJfsi[D. (dkdb uoskv iv dbHGvwDt
bb.) (jc} 3/97)
jcvzfsbv zfqfskv hfybHd zfvhD HfNfq zkAfhwAjkfv (Ivp hf Wqfsuh
rWqfv) iv hV kfjDl hrb jsv; sp vkiCBG kfjDl fvf rsj Ivp jvf rsqsY
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
hQ kfv mpGflfsj nck jvf rsqsY. zk}iv k{nQtso `jcIXv' w pc rsq
Ivpsj zdLj wdwftD W vkiCBG jsvsY. zfv Ivpsj iakAfJAfb W
zDjfvjfvDv iv dkvfv sOfNBf jvf rsqsY. (Ikt jflDv 1/363)
zffrv diaq bhD hstb, ntfm i]fyde (sHv) iv iadkdk; zffr YfVf
sjfb nkA ifnA sb hQ mcrfmfl zffrv lCk (vnCt) nf[A ialfb jvf, bfmfp
jfsqm jvf, pfjfk ialfb jvf, hfkcfrv (mf mcjfvGfmfq zhdk jf'hf wvDsIv)
r jvf hQ vmpfsbv svfpf iftb jvf. (hcJfvD 8bQ,mcndtm)
r uDhsb jhfv Ivp. zffrv bhD hstb, r jhfv, sp hAd zdLjhfv
jvsh kf (kfv ubA) bIt rsh. (zfhClfl 1721bQ)
zhwA mvfr Ivp djbf kf dbsq tfmfslv mfsU mkfv vsqsY. ksh kf kAfo jvf
dyk bq. uDhsb zk} jhfv kf iftb jvf jkGhA.
r jvfv iCshGW mvfr jvf pfq. hsb mfv hstb, sk sjfb [dk sb.
bhD rsv iCshG mvfr jsvsYb. (hcJfvD 3/598)
vnCt lc hflk jvfv iv mksj {nfdrk W zbciafdBk jsvsYb.
spsrkc hflskv mfsU vsqsY dywcd, sofbfrv mqtf W lfo rsk zfkfv
ia[ftb. pfsk mcndtm ivjfst kfv iadkiftsjv zbcoar W nmflv ifhfv spfoA rsq
WsE. bhD jvDm hstb, sp hAd zffrv ubA r jsv hQ (sn rs)
spZbfyfv W sjfb ifi (hf zbAfq jfu) bf jsv, ksh sn sn dlbjfv mk (dbifi
rsq) dIsv zfsn, spdlb kfv ubbD kfsj ianh jsvdYt. (hcJfvD 1449, mcndtm 1350bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, j mvf rsk ziv j mvf, Hsqv zhGkDG jftDb
ifinmCsrv jfIIfvf (iafqdy). zfv (zffrv dbje) oxrDk rsv iadklfb uffk
hAkDk djYc bq. (hcJfvD 1683, mcndtm 1349bQ)
oxrDk r sn rsj htf spsk ifsv, sp r dhwcdys jvf rq, pfv nmClq
vDdk-dbqm iftb jvf rq, pf nhGdlj sKsj iCBGf rq. mt W nlfyfv fvf iCBG rq
hQ zbfyfv jtcN W UoVf-dhhfl rsk dhwc rq.
zhwA iasqfusb nlXHfh W snZusbAv nfsK kjG jvf zShL bq. dj zsbj s[
zfsY spJfsb sjfb wvqD nmnAf dbsq nlXHfsh dhkjG jvfW dbvKGj, spmb zfbcjvB,
zbAfq i[ifdkk kAfdl dhkjG kAfo jvf swaq}. (mfbfdnjct r, zfthfbD 8ix})
rsv vk W mpGflf zsbj. zffrv isK durfslv iv mpGflfq rsv fb
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
vsqsY. spmb iCshG j rflDsn sdJk rsqsY.
rsv jde iaLfb z zfvfIfk mqlfsb zhfb. njt rfuDsj bhm pctrs
mqlfsb djYcjftW zhfb jvsk rq. spdlsbv mpGflf ians bhD hstb,
zfvfIfskv dlb YfVf mb sjfb dlb sb, pfsk zffr ifj hflfsj zdLj zdLj
zdojc sKsj mc jsv Kfsjb. dkdb ( dlsb) dbjehkDG rb hQ kfslvsj
(rfuDslvsj) dbsq dIdvfhsoGv dbje ohG jsvb. hstb, `dj yfq Wvf? (mcndtm 1348bQ)
rsv nm wkGfhtD iCBG rst (Hfviaf) mcndtsmv iv Wqfsuh, sn spb dht bf
jsv nkv rsv Ivp zflfq jsv. spsrkc dhbf Wpsv r iftsb dht hf oqQoY
jvst sn sofbfrofv rsh. (zft Jdkqfvfkct dIjdrqAfr 115 ix})
zsbj pchj r Ivp rWqf nsW Hfsh, Jb r jvst dIvfv iv mvB ipG
h nmq hfjD Kfjsh, kfsk ifiW rsh shwD. kf mvsBv iChGjft hfLsjAv zsi[f
jsv. zKy dmnjDb ufsb bf sp, kfv mxkcA jJb zfnsh. Ist Hfsh Ivp zflfsq
zhsrtf jsv. zsbsj dikf-mfkfv hkGmfsb r rq bf msb jsv. Ist nh sJ]fVf
Wucrfk W Yt-hfrfbf jsv pJb msv, kJb mrfifiD rsq msv.
nfmKGAhfb dikf zKhf zdHHfhsjv jkGhA kfv zLDsb njt idvusbv ubA rsv
nchlh jsv slWqf, pfsk kfvfW dbsuv Ivp zflfq jvsk n[m rq. diaq bhD
hstb, skfmvf iaskAsj v[j hQ iaskAjsj kfv v[Bfsh[sBv iv SjdIqk
dlsk rsh. (hcJfvD 853, mcndtm 1829,kInDv zfpWqft hfqfb 5/108)
r jvfv nfmKAG W ncspfo rWqfv iv kf zdhts iftb jvfv hAfifsv sp nm
rflDn hdBGk rsqsY kfv sjfbef nmfstfybf sKsj Jfdt bq. ksh dhNqde jcvzfb
mfuDslv dhdH zfqfk fvf nmdKGk rsqsY. pfsk htf rsqsY, zffrv zfslw iftsb
hf sjfb n{jfsu wDOakf jvf W Ivp zflfsq iadkspfdokf W kdVOdV jvf Wqfsuh.
nm rflDsn htf rsqsY sp, dhbf Wusv W hfLfq Ivp zflfsq dht jvst sofbfrofv
rsh. spmb, (Ivp) r iftsbv ubA wDOakf jv. jfvB, skfmfslv sj ufsb bf
sp, kfv dj zncdhLf idk rsk ifsv. (mcnbfsl zfrmfl 1/314, vqWqft oftDt 4/168)
mrfb zffr hstb,
(







)
zKGf{, skfmvf iadkspfdokf jv,skfmfslv iadkiftsjv dbje sKsj [mf hQ
uffskv ubA; pfv ia zfjfw W ixdKhDv nmfb; pf mcfjDslv ubA iak vfJf
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
rsqsY. (jc} 3/133)
zbA dkdb hstb, (

)
zkh skfmvf n{jsmG iadkspfdokf jv, (jc} 2/148)
rsv wkGfhtDv msLA nfhftjk W nfmKGA zbAkm. ksh sYfe bfhftj-hfdtjf pdl
dikf-mfkf hf ziv jfsvf nfsK r jsv kfrst sn r wc rsh hQ dikf-mfkf
nWqfshv zdLjfvDW rsh. dj rsv fvf kfslv Ivp zflfq rsh bf. zKGf{
nfhftj rWqfv iv pdl rsv zbAfbA wkG iCvB rq ksh kfslv iv zfhfv r
zflfq Ivp rsh.
nfmKGA ns zffr kfzftf hstb, mfbcsNv msLA pfv snJfsb pfWqfv nfmKGA zfsY
zffrv sswA oxsrv r jvf kfv is[ zhwAjkGhA. (jc} 3/97) zfv
nfmKGAhfb sn hAd, sp nwvDsv dbsuv m (rftft) nil fvf r jvfv [mkf
vfsJ. Lbht bf Kfjst B jsv r jvf uvvD bq. spmb Boa Kfjst r Ivp
bq. (zft mcmsk' 7/30)
pdl sj wfvDdvj z[m rq dj nisl n[m Kfsj, ksh slJsk rsh sp, kfv
Sldrj z[mkf lCvDHCk rWqfv zfwf zfsY dj bf? pdl hfLGjA zKhf dyvsvfsov jfvsB
rs znmKG rq, ksh sn kfv nil dlsq zivsj bfsqh jsv r jvfsh. zfv pdl
z[mkf lCv rWqfv zfwf Kfsj, ksh zfsvfoAtfH ipG zsi[f jsv dbsu r
zflfq jvsh. zfhfv zsi[fjfst pdl kfv mxkcA rsq pfq ksh kA nil rsk kfv
sYstvf hf zbA sj (kfv bfsm) r jvsh.
sp hAd zisvv kvI sKsj bfsqh rsq (zisvv bfsm) r jvsh kfv ubA j
wkG sp, sn spb iCshG kfv dbsuv Ivp r zflfq jsv Kfsj. dbsu r bf jsv
Kfjst zisvv bfsm r rsh bf. zbcviHfsh mvfskW nh bDdk mfbA W
iftbDq. sk icvsNv kvI sKsj bfvD zKhf bfvDv kvI sKsj icvN r hf mvfr
jvsk ifsv.
jfsvf fvf r jvst mb iadkdbdL dbhGfyb jvf dyk, sp rsv nm jkGhA hf
zfrjfm ufsb hQ sbj W ivsrpofv stfj rq, pfv r jhct rWqfv hAfifsv zdLj
zfwf vfJf pfq. zbcviHfsh iadkdbdLvW dyk, jfsu zffrv ubA kfv dysj
dhwc jvf. v mfLAsm idh W mpGflfiCBG fbnmCsr hflskv swA W Yf vfJf.
mcndtm Hfsqv hflk zflfq jsv kfsj ijxk jvf hQ zhsrtf bf jsv
niCBGvsi nm rsv jkGhA zfiafB syfv nfsK nmfLfb jvf. spsrkc jusbv
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
kvI rsk hflsk iadkdbdLk sbWqf j zfmfbk. zfmfbsk sJqfbk jvf zhwA
kfv ubA ShL bq.
spmb sjfb mcndtsmv ubA W rftft bq sp, sn rsj zsKGfifuGsbv mfLAm W
ncspfo hfdbsq sbq hQ sjht zsKGfifuGsbv sswA zisvv dbje rsk zKG dbsq kfv
iadkdbdLvsi r jsv. swA rst zhwA kfv ubA zfsJvfsk sjfb zQw
sb. ns zffr kfzftf hstb, pdl sj ifdKGh uDhb W kfv swfHf jfmbf jsv
ksh ixdKhDsk zfdm Wslv jsmGv idvdmk It lfb jdv hQ ixdKhDsk Wvf jm ifsh
bf. Wslv ubA ivstfsj zfocb hAkDk zbA djYc sb hQ kfvf pf jsv ivstfsj
kf dbIt rsh. zfv Wvf pf jsv Kfsj (dbqsk Jfvfdhv ubA) kf dbvKGj rsh. (jc} 11/15-16)
zhwA r zfnt swA rst rsv smZnsm zffrv zbcoar W vuD zbcnfb
jvf, hAhnf-hfdBuA jvf hf iasqfubDq sjfb dudbni Jdvl jsv slsw zfbf slfsNv
jKf bq. pdl kf zfnt jkGhA sKsj dhvk bf jsv, hAhnf rftft ifsq rq hQ kf
zffrv zbcoar W lfb msb jvf pfq ksh. dhNsq zffr ifj hstb, ncdhdlk mfsn
r rq. sp sj mfndtsk rsv rvfm hf]sL, sn spb rsv nmq D-dmtb
(sjfb iajfv spZbfyfv), ifi jfu hQ UoVf-dhhfl bf jsv. zfv skfmvf sp n{jfu
jv, zffr kf ufsbb hQ skfmvf (rsv ubA) ifsKq nQoar jv hQ kfjWqf
(ivsrpofvD hf zfknQpm) rt swa ifsKq. sr fbDoB! skfmvf sjht zfmfsj
Hq jv. skfmfslv is[ skfmfslv iadkiftsjv zbcoarnfsb sjfb slfN sb. nckvfQ
pJb skfmvf zfvfIfk rsk (lak odksk) iakAfhkGb jvsh kJb mfwzfvt rfvfsm
(mcplfstIfq) si]ZsY zffrsj nvB jvsh. hQ dkdb spHfsh dbdlGw dlsqsYb dEj
snHfsh k]fsj nvB (k]fv dpjv) jvsh. pdlW iCshG skfmvf dhfslv zHGc dYst.
zk}iv zbAfbA stfj spJfb sKsj sIsv snJfb sKsj dIsv yt. zfv zffrv jfsY
mfuGbf yfW, hk} zffr mfuGbfjfvD ivm lqftc. zk}iv pJb skfmvf rsv
zbcfbfdl ni jsv sbsh, kJb zffrsj mbHfsh nvB jvsh spmb skfmvf
skfmfslv dikxicvNsj nvB jvsk zKhf klsi[f oHDvHfsh. mb djYc stfj zfsY
pfvf hst, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmfslvsj ixdKhDsk (nhdjYc) lfW. hk}
kfslv ubA ivjfst sjfb zQw sb. zfv kfslv msLA (mb djYc stfj zfsY) pfvf
hst, `sr zfmfslv iadkiftj zfmfslvsj rjfst jtAfB lfW hQ ivjfstW jtAfB
lfW hQ zfmfslvsj slfpsJv zfpfh sKsj v[f jv. kfvf pf zuGb jsvsY kfv iafiA
zQw kfslv. hk} zffr drnfh oarsB zkA k{iv. (jc} 2/197-202)
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb

rrss
ppffW
Wqqffvv i
iCsCshhG G
mcndtm r jvfv nQji jvst dbsmf jmGfhtDv zbcnvB jvfv syf jvsh;
1- sJfvfv lc vfjzfk bfmfp zflfq jsv nmqfdl dbhGfysb zffrv nfrfpA iafKGbf
jvsh.
2- dh kWhf jsv sbsh. jfsvf djYc bf rj zfknf{ jsv Kfjst kf iakAfiGB
jvsh, jfsvf iadk pctcm jsv Kfjst kfv dbje [mf sysq sbsh, B Kfjst
idvswfL jsv slsh, jfsvf zfmfbk Kfjst kf sIvk slsh, jfsj zdnqk jvfv
Kfjst dtsJ slsh. jfvB, sn hfdV dIvsk ifvsh djbf kf ufsb bf. idvhfv-
idvusbv ubA idvdmk Jvy-ifdk dlsq pfsh, dikf-mfkf hf kctA sj Kfjst
kfslv nmdk dbsq W kfslvsj n jsv pfsh. yfjcvD Kfjst jkGxis[v dbje
sKsj Ycde sbsh. (mfuffkct hrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/67)
3- isKv ubA psK nt nfsK jsv sbsh. nHh rst shwD shwD ifsKq ns dbsq
iasqfusb zisvv nfrfpA jvsh. ksh ifsKqv nhecjc rftft mft sKsj
rWqf jf uvvD. spmb nIsvv ubA kfjWqf W zffr-HDvkf j mrf
nt. spsrkc kfjWqfsk bAfq-zbAfq ifKGjA jvfv wd nq rq, nsev
mcrCskG ncvfrf nxd rq, nmnAfv nmfLfb nru rsq pfq, ifi smfyb rq hQ
mrficvfv tfH rq kAfdl. mrfb zffr hstb,
(())
zKGf{, skfmvf ifsKq nQoar jv. zfv kfjWqf rt swa ifsKq. (jc}
2/197) fkhA sp, mb nIsv kfWqfct v bfm dbsq nt YfVf shv rWqf
iajxk kfWqfct bq, dhlzfk. (mfbfdnjct r, zfthfbD 48ix})
4- rsv nIsvv ubA nrfqj, nWqfh-diaq sbj nD dbhGfyb jvsh. jfdLj nfKD
rst m. ufmfzfsk jub zfstm rst skf snfbfq snfrfof. dpdb rsv
dhdH zfrjfsm nkjG jvshb, nlfyvsB c jvshb, nfvf nmqefsj sktfzk,
dpjXv hf sjfb r nidjGk djkfh iEsbv mfLAsm jfefsk iaqfnD rshb.
5- bfmfp jnv W umf jvf kAfdl nr nIsvv dhdH jkGhA ufbsh. rfuD mdrtf
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
rst kfv ndrk fmD zKhf sjfb mfrvfm (pfv ns mdrtfv dyvksv dhhfr
rfvfm spmb, fdksk dikf, ic, (zfib hf n{) Hf, yfyf. lc nisjG, lcL
dikf, ic, lcL Hf hf yfyf. Shhfdrj ns (zfib) ufmf hf wv kAfdl Kfjf
uvvD. hQ W uvvD sp, sn mfrvfm spb nfhftj W nc fb W mdsjv rq.
jfvB, kfYfVf jub mdrtfv ncnQv[B nHh bq.
mdrtfv ndrk mfrvfm wkG rWqfv hAfifsv kfv pchkD hf hxf rWqfq sjfb ifKGjA
sb. spmb nIv lDOG srfj zKhf sYfe, ifdb, t hf dhmfb iK srfj, rsv hf zbA
sjfb nIv srfj nhGs[s njt nIsvv ubA wkG iCvB rWqf uvvD. spsrkc
dhNsq diaq vnCt v nfLfvB d, mfrvfm YfVf mdrtf spb nIv bf jsv.
(hcJfvD 1763, mcndtm 1341bQ)
iajfw sp, mcsJ ifkfsbf Hf, iDv (?) Hf, yfyfskf, IcIfskf, Jftfskf, mfmfskf
Hf, slWv, Hfv, sifNAic kAfdl zfib Hf hf ic rq bf, kfvf mfrfsvm bq hQ
kfslv ndrk nIv ShL bq.
ufmfzfsk jkjdt dhw mdrtf rstW kfvf sjfb mdrtfv mfrvfsmv dhji rsk
ifsv bf. pfvf zdHmksj nmKGb jsvb k]fslv dHd lchGt hQ iCshGfsdJk nrDr
rflDsnv idviD. wfqJct ntfm hsb kfdmqf (v}) hstb, `zffrv W k]fv vnCt
(mdrtfv nIsvv hAfifsv) sp wkG zfsvfi jsvsYb sn wkG zfsvfi jvf zdLj
ipc W dbHGvspfoA hQ kfv pcdW i. spsrkc bfvD lchGt. iadkv[f W srIfpk
YfVf nrnfq dhislv nmcJDb rq. dhswN jsv nIsv WEf-bfmf kAfdlv hAfifsv bfvD
nrfqkfv mcJfsid[bD rq. zkh mb nrfqsjv lvjfv sp kfv iasqfub dmefsh,
slr iwG jsv zbAfbA nrfqkf jvsh. sn hQ kfv ndbD zbAfbA bfvDslv ubAW
j nfrfspAv iasqfub. zfv mfrvfm hAkDk jfsu jfsvf nrfqkfq dbvfif sb;
pdlW ( ofsqv mfrvfm) nhGswa mcfjD hf Hft stfj rq. spsrkc rlq-mb wDOa
idvhkGbwDt hQ wqkfb ncspfo nfbD. zfv ydv dhfbD diaq bhD hstb, sjfb
bfvDv ndrk sjfb (ofsqv mfrvfm) icvN dbuGbkfhtb jvst wqkfb kfslv
kxkDq (sjfebf) rq. (mcnbfsl zfrmfl 1/26, dkvdmpD 2165bQ)
dhLhf sk Kfjst rsv nIsv shv rsk ifsv bf. skv nmq ifv jsv
mfrvfsmv nfsK nIsv shv rsh. kftfjiaff D sk Kfjst fmDv zbcmdk dbsq
sjfb mfrvfsmv nfsK r jvsk ifsv. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/674)
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
6- ufmfzfkh rfuDslv dyk, zdH, fbD, SLpGwDt W nIv dhNsq hlwDG sjfb
jubsj zfmDv hf sbkf dbhGfyb jvf. dpdb njstv ivfmwG dbsq sbkxk slshb.
j jusbv iv psKfipc jfpGHfv ziGB jvshb; pfsk spZKHfsh njstv
is[ nIsvv Hfv rff rsh. zhwA fsKG zbAfbAslv dyk, pfsk njstv
tfH zfsY hQ pf wvDqk idviD bq kfsk zfmDsvv zfbcokA jvf. dhNsq
zffrv bhD hstb, pJb sjfb dkbub nIsv shv rsh kJb kfslv ubA
uvvD, jubsj zfmDv dbhGfyb jvf. (zfhC lfl 2609bQ)
7- nIsv dhdH zflh-jfqlfv zbcnvB jvsh. spmb, Ov sKsj shv rWqfv lczf,
ofdV yVfv lczf, idvubsj dhlfqjftDb lczf iVf, sbj stfjslv jfY sKsj
znDqk W bnDrk yfWqf, sjfb fsb zhfbjfst lczf ifE, ]yc isK yVfv nmq
kjhDv iVf, bDyc isK bfmfv nmq knhDr iVf, isKv msLA zhfb bf jvf
kAfdl.
8- nIsvv nlfyfsv ydvhfb rsh. iK W r zflfsqv jsv iv SLpGLfvB
jvsh. zisvv Hct nrA W [mf jvsh, bmakf, nAhrfv, fKGkAfo, ivdrSkNBf
hAhrfv jvsh. drQnf, dhkjG W dhhfl sKsj lCsv Kfjsh. zfmDsvv zfbcokA
jvsh. nDslv zdHmskv dhivDk jfjD sjfb dH mk dbsq kfslv dhsvfdLkf
jvsh bf. zfsifsn ivisvv dJlmk jvsk iaqfnD rsh. pKfnHh dbsuv
dJlmk dbsu jvsh hQ zisvv dJlmk jvsk W pKfnHh zisvv dbje
sKsj dJlmk bf dbsk syf jvsh. hfsu jKf, znfv hfjA W ofdt-ml jvf sKsj
durfsj drIfpk jvsh. zdkdv mufj-Eff jvsh bf. sj zisvv iadk
zrdmjf iajfw jvsh bf. nmsqv psKfdyk nAhrfv jvf nr zbAfbA n{ BfhtD
LfvB jvsh.
nfLfvB mcnfdIsvv zflh W dwfyfv YfVfW Jfn rfuDslv msLA dhswN B Kfjf
dyk. spmb, iadkjfsu Jtfn (dhHfsh zffrv kcdtfsHv Yf), zffr-
HDvkf (kfjWqf), zffrv dbslGwfhtDv pKfKG nmfb, zivsj j bf slWqf, dhswN
jsv kWqfI (jf'hf wvDI iald[B), nfqD (nfIf W mfvWqf ihGskv mLAhkDG fsb
pfWqf-zfnf) W vm dumfv (ifKv mfvf) jfst dH]sVv yfsi dbsusj nfmst sbWqf
hQ Lffq zivsj j bf slWqf, z mfbcN (spmb pfvf j]fL shv jsv bfmfp isV,
znmsq ifKv mfsv kfslvsj) ndEj fb lfb jvf, rfdvsq pfWqf hAdsj kfv
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
dEjfbfq si]ZsY slWqf hf iK dbslGw jvf. rsv njt zbcfb sjht zffrv
kf'pDm rlsq-msb-mcsJ vfJf; r iftsb W nhGjfsu ncfrv zbcnvB jvf. kAfdl.
iank} sJA sp, mcndtsmv sjfbW zfmt sjht lc'de jdifKsv dhyfv jsv oxrDk
rq. Jtfn (sjhtmf zffrv nsfNdhLfb) W shf (vnCstv zbcnvB, zKGf{ nm
zfmt k]fv dbslGw W idk zbcpfqD rWqf); lc'sqv jdev zHfh rst sjfb
zfmt jhct rq bf.

mmDDj
jffk
k
mlDbfhfnDslv ubA pct tfIfr hf zfhqfsv zftD, dndvqf W dmnvhfnDslv ubA
ucrIf hf vfsho. bulhfnDslv ubA jfvbct mfbfspt, nft hf WqflD mfrdvm. vfj,
vfb W iChGslwDqslv ubA pfsk-jG. qfmfb, Hfvk, ifdjfb, hfQtfslw, yDb, hmGf
iaHxdk slwhfnDslv ubA qftfmtfm hf nf'dlqfr. hQ slwhfnD YfVf pfvf v
iv dlsq zfnsh kfslv ubAW fbstf mDjfk. dj pfvf mDjfk W mfv
mLAjfv hfdnlf kfslv mDjfk kfslv dbsuslv hfnfb. klbcvi mfhfnDslv
mDjfk kfslv zfib-zfib oxr. iajfw sp, duf sjfb hdrvfokslv ubA mDjfk bq.

rrvvffmm
mvfv vjXb dkbde; rvfm, kWqfI W nfqD. v Wqfsuh lc'de; mDjfk (isvf
rvfm h]fLfv dbdlG fb) sKsj rvfm h]fLf hQ mj mcb hf sjw jkGb jvf.
rsv vjXb yfvde; rvfm, zfvfIfsk zhfb, kfWqfsI dpqfvfr hf Ifpfr W
nfqD. zfv v Wqfsuh nfkde; mDjfk sKsj rvfm h]fLf, nCspGflq ipG zfvfIfsk
zhfb, mcplfdtIfq vfdpfib, ufmfvfsk ifKv mfvf, mj mcb zKhf sjw jkGb
jvf, dmbfq vfd hfn jvf hQ dhlfqD kWqfI jvf. fkhA sp, r hf mvfv sjfb
vjXb hfl isV sost r hf mvfr rq bf. icbvfq zfofmDsk kfsj r hf mvfr
(Ivp rst) jvsk rq. dj sjfb Wqfsuh Ycse sost dIlqAfr tfso, r rsq pfq.
r hf mvfv iaKm vjXb rvfm. pf hflsk iashswv ni (dbqk) jvfsj
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
hcUfsbf rq. zfv pf sjht rvfsmv jfiV iVfv bfm bq. spsrkc mcrdvm (rvfm sp
h]fsL) rvfm sh]sL bfbfdhL sifwfj-idvYl, nco, dhhfr-spZbfyfv iaHxdk zfsvf
zsbj h pf kfv ubA iCshG rftft dYt kf dbsuv iv rfvfm jsv sbq. (mcIDlct zfbfm 1/92)

rrvvffmm hh]f]fLLffvv ddbbqqmm

rfuD zKhf mc'kfdmv (WmvfrjfvD) pJb mDjfsk (zKhf kfv hvfhv) si]ZYsh kJb
kfv ubA mcfrfh sp, sn ziasqfubDq yct hf stfm W bJ idvjfv jsv sbsh. zhwA
ef rvfsmv sjfb z hf ShdwsAv msLA bq. ksh iasqfusb jkGhA dbyq hse.
(zhwA ixKjHfsh jcvhfbD slWqfv dbqk Kfjst kf jvsh bf.)
viv sofnt jvsh. (slJcb, dkvdmpD 830bQ, lfsvmD 2/31, hsb Jcpfmf 2595bQ,
kfhfvfbDv jfhDv 4862bQ, lfvfjckbD2/220hfrfjD 5/32, rfsjm 1/447, zft-mcmsk' 7/68)
rfsqp W dbIfn-WqftD mdrtfW idhf mdrtfv mk sofnt jsv rvfm h]fLsh.
spsrkc rfsqp rvfsmv iadkh bq. (mfumc IfkfWqf 26/109)
icvNvf slsr ncod tfofsh, ksh rvfsmv jfisV bq. nflf W idvjfv jde
sntfdhrDb tcd W jde yflv hQ yde hf yt ivsh. tcd bf sist ifqufmf hQ
uckf bf sist (yfmVfv) smfuf ivsh. (hcJfvD 1746, mcndtm 1178bQ)
mdrtf sp sjfb jfisV rvfm h]fLsk ifsv. ksh spb icvsNv lxd zfjNGj vdMb hf
snZlpG-Jdyk sifwfj bf rq. jfvB kfsk nWqfh jmsk Kfjsh. mdrtfv rvfsmv
ubA sjfb dbdlG vM hf Lvsbv jfiV sb. `zvfn' hf ufIvfb zKhf zbA sjfb nco
dmdwak jfisV rvfm h]fLf pfsh bf. zfv sk icvN W mdrtf njst nmfb. (hcJfvD
1468, mcndtm 1177bQ, Ifkt hfvD 4/52)
mdrtf sbjfh W lfbf ivsh bf. (hcJfvD 1741bQ) lfbf; pf mdrtfvf rfskv ilGfv
ubA hAhrfv jsv kf bf ivstW jfiV (shfvjf hf yflv fvf) rfk sTsj sbsh. sbjfh;
pf y[cq hfsv svsJ syrfvfq h]fLf rq. ofqv mfrvfm icvsNv buv sKsj h]fysk
mdrtfv ubA syrfvfq WVbf hf yflsvv ilGf vfJf Wqfsuh hQ syrfvfsj ilGfv jfiV
sKsj lCvhkDG jvf sjfb uvvD bq. ifsqv smfuf ivsk ifsv, hvQ kf ifsqv ilGfv ubA
m.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
icvNW lfbf hAhrfv jvsh bf. zbcviHfsh hce hf ufkDq uckf hQ smfuf ivsh
bf. ksh yde uckf bf ifWqf sost iasqfusb kf hAhrfv jvf pfq.
dwslv rvfm hVslv mk. sntf jvf sifwfj hQ zbAfbA rvfsmv zShL h
W jmGfdl rsk kfsj lCsv vfJf kfv zdHHfhsjv ubA Wqfsuh. pdlW zdLj dH]V W
jsv jfvsB sYfeslv r W mvf bf jvf dyk khcW ncspfso jvst jvsk ifsv.
zk}iv sthfnfdl isv pdl Ivp bfmfspv nmq rq ksh (spfrv, zfnv hf wfv) lc
vfjXzfk (jnv) bfmfp iVsh hQ kfviv rvfm h]fLsh. pdl bfmfspv nmq bf rq
ksh Wpcv ncskv dbqsk lc vfjzfk nck iVsh -pdlW hf sn nmsq bIt bfmfp
dbdN rq. YfVf rvfsmv ubA sjfb dbdlG nck bfmfp sb. zhwA mDjfk
pcttfIf rst Jfsb bfmfp iVf mcfrfh. rvfsmv ubA bq; hvQ fb (Wqfdlsq
zfjDj) W kfv hjGskv ubA. (mfbfdnjct r, zfthfbD 15ix})
bfmfp swsN ofdVsk hsn msb msb mvfv dbqk jvsh hQ htsh, `tffjf
mvfr.' rsv dbqk jvsh W htsh, `tffjf rff', Hsqv dbqk jsv htsh,
`tffjf rf]f z mvfr.' `nchrfbffdr zt rfmlcdtfdr zf zfjhfv,
tffjf mvfr' htfW Hft. (hcJfvD 1551bQ)
nmq `zffmf rfdprD rffr, tf dvqfzf IDrf ztf ncmzfr'- (zKGf{, ef
mb r pfsk sjfb stfjialwGb sb, sb sjfb ncbfsmv Yf.) lczfW htf m.
(mfbfdnjct r, zfthfbD 16ix})
mcrdmv svfo, wHq kAfdlv jfvsB r iftb iCBG bf rWqfv zfwf jvst kfv
is[ wkG tfofsbf m. sn s[s htsh, `pdl sjfb zhsvfLj zfmfsj zhv jsv
ksh sn zhsvfsLv fb zfmfv rftft rWqfv fb.' wkG wcvsk tfofst r hf
mvf zflfsq sjfb hfLf st mcrdvsmv ubA rftft rWqf ShL rsh hQ kfv iv
sjfb jcvhfbD zfdl Wqfsuh rsh bf. zbAKfq jcvhfbD Wqfsuh.

 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb

k
kfft
tddhhqqffrr
zk}iv ofdVsk ysV djhtfmcJD rsq kftdhqfr ifE jvsk wcv jvsh. icvN
ysv hQ mdrtf ycsi ycsi iVsh. zhwA dIkbfv Hq bf Kfjst hf ofdVv dHkv
sjht mfrfsvsmv nfsK Kfjst mdrtfvfW nws iVsh. ufmfzfkhHfsh nmsv
j ns zKhf jusbv htfv zbcjvB jsv iVsh bf.
kftdhqfr rsv j dblwGb W iakDj. (zfrmfl 2/325) zffrv vnCt hstb,
iaskAj kftdhqfr ifEjfvD pJb kftdhqfr ifE jsv, kJb kfv Ffsb W hfsm
iaskAj ofYiftf hQ ifKv-mfdeW kftdhqfr isV Kfsj. (hfrfjD 5/43)
bhD v idEk kftdhqfr iVf m;
.





()
yfvB}- tffjff-mf tffj, tffjf tf wfvDjf tfjf tffj, ft
rfmlf zbXdb'mfkf tfjf ztmctXjX, tf wfvDjf tfj. (tffjf tf-rft rfX)
zKG}- zfdm rfduv, sr zffr! zfdm rfduv. zfdm rfduv, skfmfv sjfb wvDj sb,
zfdm rfduv. dbyq njt iawQnf, sbqfmk W vfuk skfmfv. skfmfv sjfb wvDj
sb. (zfdm rfduv, sr nkA mf'hCl!)
kftdhqfr shwD shwD jsv iVsh hQ zbAfbA dpjXv W lczf zfdlW ifE jvsk
Kfjsh. kftdhqfr iv hfVdk zbA djYc bf htf m. ksh dbsmv lczf hfVdk
htf pfq }-




`tffjf pft mfzfdvu, tffjf pft Ifqfdpt.'
zKGf{, zfdm rfduv, sr snfifbswaBDv mfdtj! zfdm rfduv, sr hxr{ sbqfmknmCsrv
mfdtj! .





`tffj znf'lfj, ztXJfqv dhqAflfj, zvvfohf- tfjf ztXzfmft.'
zKGf{, zfdm rfduv, zfdm rfduv. nm jtAfB skfmfv rfsk, njt zfoar W jmG
skfmfv iadk. ( 16ix})
mcrdvm pdl jfsvf iadkdbdL rq kfrst htsh, `tffjf mvfkfb' zKhf `rffb
zfb (-----).' hQ `zfb' hst zfnt jkGfv bfm sbsh.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

rsv iajfvsHl
r dkb iajfsvv; kfmfc, djvfb W Ivfl. nhsysq m rt kfmfcv rvfm
h]fLf. kfmfcv zKG; rsv mfsn iaKsm sjht mvfv dbqsk rvfm h]fLf, zk}iv
mvfr snsv rftft rsq icbvfq nIsv rsv rvfm h]fLf. rvfm dhswN jsv
kfslv ubA shwD Hfstf pfvf h iCshG rsv mfsn mf wvDsI si]ZsY Kfsj. pfsk
kfvf mvfr jvfv iv rftft rsq rsv rvfm ipG `kfmfc' (Ifqlf) tfH jsv
Kfsj.
kfmfcv dhswN IpDtk vsqsY. spsrkc nfrfhfoB pJb (bhD -v ndrk rs
dosq) kWqfI W nfqD swN jvstb, kJb dkdb p]fvf ns rflD (jcvhfbDv i)
sbdYstb k]fslvsj YfVf njtsj mvfr (oBA) jsv kfmfc jvsk zfslw jvstb.
spsrkc dkdb dbsu ns rflD sbdYstb, kf mvfr oBA bf jsv rsv zsi[f
jvstb hQ kfmfc bf jvsk sisv zfIsnfn jvstb. zkh kfmfc m hst
k]fslvsj zfslw jsvdYstb hQ dbsuW kfmfc jvfv ubA zfIsnfn jsvdYstb.
hstdYstb, pdl rflD bf zfbkfm kfrst zfdm mvfr jvkfm. hQ rftft rsq
spkfm.
zdLj kfmfc rs zfmt zdLj Kfsj, kfsk ixKjHfsh iCBG mvfr Kfsj hQ iCBG
rsvW zfmt Kfsj.
kfmfc rs Ifqlf tfsHv jdvqf drnfsh hQ lc nIsvv j nIv nQd[ rhfv
jvfbfv ubA rflD (jcvhfbD) Wqfsuh. pdl rfuD kfsk n[m bf rq, kfrst (slv
iv iv) 3 dlb hQ hfdV dIsv 7 dlb nhGsmfe 10 dlb svfpf iftb jvsh. (jc} 2/196)
j ns r W mvfv dbqk jsv rvfm h]fLst zKhf mvfv ubA rvfm sh]sL
isv ns r jvst djvfb r rq. djvfb rfuDv ivW jcvhfbD Wqfsuh. bf
ifvst vi lw dlb svfpf iftb jvsh.
sjhtmf rsv dbqsk rvfm h]fLst Ivfl r rq. rs jcvhfbD Wqfsuh
bq.
sp hAd Ivfl rsv rvfm h]fsL, zKhf djvfb rsv rvfm h]fsL dj ns
rflD zfsb bf kfv ubA m sp, mf wvDI siZ]sY mvfr jsv (kWqfsI jlcm W nfqD
jsv hQ yct sYfe jsv rftft rsq pfsh. zk}iv rvfm Jcst dlsq icbvfq kfvdhqfv
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
dlsb (8 pct r) rsv rvfm hf]Lsh; zKGf{ kfmfc r jvsh. zsbsj vi
jvfefsj Wqfsuh hstsYb. (pflct mfzfl 2/185, mcIDlct zfbfm 1/130)

rrvvffssmm z
zddhhssLLqq
rvfm zhfq mcrdvsmv ubA pf djYc jvf zShL kf nfLfvBk} dkb iajfv. iaKm
iajfv zdhsLq pf bfvD-icvN njstv ubA nfLfvB hQ kf 8 vjm;
1- mcb hf zbA sjfb iajfsv msjv sjw lCvDjvB. zffr kfzftf hstb, hQ
sp ipG jcvhfbDv i kfv ohA fsb idk bf rq skfmvf mj mcb jsvf
bf. (jc} 2/196)
klbcvi slsrv msLA sjfb iajfsvv stfm skftf hf dY]Vf mcrdvsmv ubA zdhsLq.
2- rfk zKhf ifsqv bJ skftf hf jfef. spsrkc efW slsrv sjfb zQw lCv jvf;
pfsk dhtfdnkf tfH rq.
3- wvDv, h, JflA zKhf ifbDqsk ncod hAhrfv jvf. (hcJfvD 1206, mcndtm 1206bQ)
4- lfbf hf rfksmfuf hAhrfv jvf.
5- fmD-Dv jfmu zfdtb, ycb, iwG kAfdl spZbfyfv.
if]yde zdhsLqv sjfbdesk zfdt rsq iVst Jdkqfsvv nfsK dkb iajfv
`dIlqfr, (udvmfbf) zfsY. spmb zffrifj mj mcsbv hAfifsv hstb,
zkh skfmfslv msLA sj iDdVk rst, zKhf mfKfq sjfb hAfdL Kfjst (hQ kfv
ubA mj mcb jvsk rst) ksh (k{idvhskG) sn svfpf vfJsh djQhf nfljfr
jvsh, djQhf jcvhfbD fvf kfv dIlqf dlsh. (jc} 2/196)
nckvfQ udvmfbf zflfsq Jdkqfv zfsY. Yf jvst dkb dlb svfpf iftb
jvsh djQhf Yqde dmnjDb (db})sj mfKf diYc zLG nf (nWqf j djstf) jsv JflA
(yft) lfb jvsh. zKhf jde Yfo hf smN jcvhfbD dlsh. (zfv JflA W mfQn
rfvfm wvDsIv dmnjDbslv mfsU heb jvsk rsh.) spmb zffrv vnCt jf'h dhb
uvfrsj hstdYstb, nHhk} skfmfv mfKfv jcBdt skfmfsj j dlsY?
htstb, `r]Af, zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb, skfmfv mfKf mcb jsv sIt hQ dkb
dlb svfpf vfJ, djQhf Yqde dmnjDb JfWqfW, djQhf jde Yfo jcvhfbD jv. (hcJfvD
1719, mcndtm 1201bQ)
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zfv mj mcsbv iv bJ jfef, smfufdl ivf, ncod hAhrfv jvf W spZbfyfv
jvfsj djqfn jvf rsqsY. spsrkc dtW dhtfdnkfv msLA isV; pf rvfm zhfq
zShL.
6- spfdbisK nrhfn jvf. nrhfn pdl iaKm rftft (1) rWqfv iCshG rq kfrst
r b rsq pfsh. khcW hfjD zfmt swN jvsh. jde ]e zKhf ov jcvhfbD
jvsh hQ isvv hYsv icbvfq bkcb jsv jfpf r jvsh. D nrhfn hAkDk
sjfb mb zdhsLq jfu sb, pf iaKm rftfstv iCshG rvfm dhb jsv sIst.
kf ef nhsysq hV zdhsLq jmG. pfsk hV jfIXIfvf W jfpf uvvD jvf
rsqsY.
7- dhhfr. mcrdvm dbsu dhhfr jvsk ifvsh bf hQ zisvv zdHHfhj hf jDt
rsq dhhfr dlskW ifvsh bf hQ iqofmW dlsh bf. zhwA zdhsLq jsv
sItst sjfb dIlqfr sb, dj dhhfr wc rsh bf. (mcndtm 1409bQ)
8- zoxrifdtk tyv i pshr hf dwjfv jvf. zffr ifj hstb sr mcdmboB!
rvfsm Kfjf jfst skfmvf dwjfv u hL jsvf bf. skfmfslv msLA sj
YfjxkHfsh kf hL jvst, pf hL jvt kfv dhdbmq rsY zbcvi oxrifdtk
u, pfv mDmfQnf jvsh skfmfslv msLA lc'ub bAfqhfb stfj jf'hfsk siadvkhA
jcvhfbDvsi. (pfv mfQn rfvfsmv IjDvslv mfsU heb jvf rsh.) zKhf Wv
dhdbmq rsh ldvlasj (Wv nmidvmfB) zlfb, djQhf nmidvmfB svfpf iftb
jvf, (iadk dmnjDsbv idvhskG jde svfpf). pfsk sn zfib jxkjsmGv It
sHfo jsv. pf ok rsqsY zffr kf [mf jsvsYb, zfv sj kf icbvfq jvst
zffr kfv iadkswfL oarB jvshb. zfv zffr ivfmwftD, iadkswfL
oarBjfvD. (jc} 5/96 zfqfk)
zbcviHfsh dwjfv jfspG nfrfpA jvf hQ rfvfsmv sjfb dwjfvsj kfv fb rsk
kfdVk W ydjk jvf ShL bq. rfvfsmv ofY W Ofn jfef, iayfv W dIvskv swA
YfVf sjfb idvkA mft jcVfsbf zShL.
iajfw Kfsj sp, dmbf W mcplfdtIf rfvfsmv zHGc. zfvfIfk rfvfsmv msLA bq.

( ) jcvhfbDv dlb ifKv smsv sjw mcb zKhf jkGb jvfv iv iaKm rftft rq; pfsk D YfVf zbAfbA
zdhsLq ShL rsq pfq.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
rvfsm zdhsLq jmGnmCsrv dkDq iajfv pf sjhtmf icvNslv ubA dbdlG,
kf lc vjm }-
1- mj nQtso sjfb zfhvB (spmb; eciD, ifoVD kAfdl dwvfB) hAhrfv jvf.
dj pf msjv nQto bq hf mfKfv ns stso Kfsj bf mb sjfb zfhvB hf zfYflb
(spmb, Yfdlk ofdV, k]fhc, idhk hx[, Yfkf kAfdl) hAhrfsv sjfb slfN sb.
klbcvi, mfKfq sjfb shfUf skftf hf hrb jvf (pdl mfKf Tfjfv dbqk bf rq ksh)
lCNBDq bq. (mcndtm 1298bQ)
2- sjfb iajfsvv dntfjxk h idvLfb jvf spmb; ufmf, ifqufmf, tcd, sod,
smfuf kAfdl. zhwA zfQde, ywmf, OdV, she, zKGfdl vfJfv hAfo kAfdl (sntfjxk
rstW) hAhrfv jvsk ifsv.
zdhsLq jmGnmCsrv kxkDq iajfv pf mdrtfslv ubA dbdlG. zfv kf rsY sjfb
iajfsv syrfvf zfhxk jvf. dj sjfb shofbf icvN nfmsb st syrfvf zfhxk jvf
Wqfsuh. pf zbAfbA nfLfvB ltDtfdl nfhA jsv.
zdhsLq jmGdtv sjfb jefq udVsq iVst kfv jfIXIfvfW iCshGjfv mk.
i[fsv pfvf nm zdhsLq jsmG zfdt rq kfslv dkb zhf rsk ifsv;
1- sj dhbf Wuv W dhbf iasqfusb jsv. zhfq sn sofbfrofv rsh hQ
kfv iv dIlqf Wqfsuh; spmb iCshG htf rsqsY.
2- sj sjfb iasqfub W zncdhLfq isV jsv. zmkfhfq sn sofbfrofv rsh bf
ksh kfv ubA dIlqf slWqf uvvD rsh. spmb sj pdl mfKfq Of zKhf
uJmDv jfvsB yct jfse zKhf iay wDskv ubA mfKf Tfsj kAfdl. (mumC
IfkfWqf, hsb kfdmqAfr 26/113)
3- sj zufs Hcst, jfsvf kvI sKsj dbvifq zKhf dblafhfq jsv sIst.
mkfhfq kfv iv sofbfr sb hQ dIlXqfW sb. dj pJb nm
Wuv W zfid lCv rsq pfsh kJb zdhsLq idvkAfo jvf uvvD rsh.
zffr ifj hstb,
()
sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! pdl zfmvf dhmxk r zKhf Hct jdv ksh kcdm
zfmfslvsj zivfLD jsvf bf. (jc} 2/286) zfv k]fv vnCt hstb, dbyq zffr
zfmfv mskv Hct, dhmxk hQ pfv iv kfsj dbvifq jvf rq kfv (ifi)sj
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zdkm ([mf) jsvb. (hsb mfufr 2045bQ) zkh sp rvfm zhfq Hcst
ifqufmf hf sod isv sbq, djQhf mfKf sTsj sbq zKhf zufs bJ kAfdl sjse sIst
ksh kfv sjfb ifi sb hQ dIlqfW sb. dj nvB rWqf mf kfv is[ Wqfsuh
kf huGb jvf.
mcrdvm of-mfKf Lcsk ifsv, yctjfsk ifsv. pdl kfsk lc' jef yct JsnW isV ksh
kf sjfb lCNBDq bq. klbcvi rvfm h]fLfv iCshG slsr hAhrk ncodv zhdw djYc pdl
rvfm zhfq rfsk stso pfq ksh kfW slfsNv bq. spmb kfv ubA rvfsmv jfiV
idvjfv W idvhkGb jvfW ShL. (Ikt hfvD 3/405)
iajfw sp, rs sp Hcst hf Wqfsuh kAfso dIlqAf uvvD sn jfu jsqjde jsv
sItst swsN jde dIlqAf psK rsh. (mfuffkct hcrCnct ntfdmqAfr 23/94)

mmvvffrr W
W rrss
vv i
iddk
k
mcrdvm pJb mfv dbje si]ZYsh kJb iashswv iCshG kfv ubA sofnt jvf mcfrfh.
mfq iashw jsv zbA sjfb jfsu hA bf rsq snfuf jf'hf wvDsIv iadk vWbf slWqf
dyk. Wpc jsv rfvfsmv mndusl (zbcvi iadk mndusl) iashswv nmq Ffb if
zfso hfVfsbf hQ `dhndmfr, zn nftfkc znnftfmc zftf vfnCdtfr, zfpc dhfdrt
zfpDm, zdh zudrdrt jfvDm z nctkfdbdrt jflDm, dmbfw wfkfdbv vfuDm.' zKhf
`zffmfIX kfrtD zfhWqfhf vfrmfdkj' htf nck. iajfw Kfsj sp, mndulct
rfvfm iashswv nmq nfLfvB lczf YfVf dH sjfb dbdlG lcqf sb .
zk}iv jf'hf busv iVst lc rfk kctsk ifsv, ksh jf'hf lwGsbv nmq sjfb
iEbDq lczf wc rflDsn hdBGk rqdb. zhwA nmq rpvk mv -v lczf
`zffmf zffn nftfm, zdmbXjfn nftfm, IfrfdqAbf vffbf dhnnftfm' iVf
m. (mfbfdnjct rf, zfthfbD 20ix})
4- zk}iv jfhf wvDsIv dbje si]ZYbv iv kftdhqfr h jvsh (pdl mvf
zKhf kfmfc r jsv ksh) hQ kfdrqAfkct mnduslv bfmfp bf isV kWqfI v
jvsh. ksh pdl Ivp bfmfspv nmq pfhfv Hq Kfsj zKhf ufmfzfk Ycefv Hq Kfsj
kfrst bfmfp isV kWqfI jvsh. nhGfsoa rfufsv zfnWqfslv dbje pfsh hQ kf
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
ycb jvsh. nHh rst kfv iv (zffrsj) dnulf jvsh. pdl kf nHh bf rq
ksh Ffb rfk tfdE fvf iwG jsv rfsk ycmf slsh. pdl tfdE bf Kfsj zKhf dH]sVv
yfsi kf nHh bf rq, kfrst Ffb rfk fvf ifKsvv iadk wfvf jvsh. ksh wfvf
jsv rfk ycmsh bf hQ kjhDsv kfrvDmfv nmq rfk skftfv mk lc rfk kctsh bf.
nmq htsh, `dhndmfdr zf zfjhfv.'
nh djYc ifKsvv kf'pDsmv sswA bq; hvQ swA sjht mrfmdrmfdbk zffrv
nsfNdhLfb hQ diaq vnCt v zbcnvB. pfv Ist rfuDv ifi[q rq.
rfufsv zfnWqfl ycb slWqf r hf kWqfsIv sjfb z bq. kf ycb sjfb
uvvD jfuW bq. hjGskv tfsH iwGW dhlzfk hQ zffrv Ffb rfk msb jvfW
ndEj bq jfvB, dhNsq rflDsn oVf zKhf lchGt. (pqDIct ufsm' 2771, 2772bQ)
nckvfQ kfv ubA HD]V umfsbf zKhf sEtfsEdt W LffLfd jvf smfse ShL bq.
zk}iv jf'hf wvDIsj hfm dlsj jsv kWqfI v jvsh. dhdH lczf, dpjXv hf
sktfzk fvf kWqfsI dhbq, jfoakf, dykf W (jf'hfv bq hvQ) zffrv
kf'pDsmv ndrk msbfdbshw jvsh. zdLj dlj Wdlj kfjfkfdj jvsh bf W
jKfhfkGf htsh bf -pdlW kf ShL.
kWqfsIv ubA dbdlG sjfb lczf sb. zfhfv iadk ysvv ubA j j lczf dbdlG
jvfvW sjfb dHd sb. spmb, sp lczf iVsh kf dbycsi iVsh hQ yvsh isV
ziv kWqfIjfvDslv dFefhG jvsh bf.
pJb (rfufsv zfnWqfslv zfsov sjfB) vjXsb qfmfbDv hvfhv si]ZYsh kJb
nHh rst Ffb rfk fvf kf iwG jvsh hQ htsh, `dhndmfdr zfr zfjhfv.'
(rfkdesk ycb slsh bf zfv iswGv nmq zbA lczfW htsh bf, jfvB s[s lczfv
rflDnde pqDI. (pqDIct ufsm' 6127bQ) pdl iwG nHh bf rq ksh wfvf jvsh bf
hQ kjhDvW htsh bf. hvQ nfLfvBHfsh zdkm jsv pfsh. zk}iv vjXsb
qfmfbD W rfufsv zfnWqfslv mLAhkDG fsb htsh,
(




)
`vffbf zf-dkbf dIcbXqAf rfnfbfkf] zdIt zf-dJvfdk rfnfbfr, zdjbf zfpf-
hff-v.'
zKGf{, sr zfmfslv iadkiftj! zfmfslvsj ifdKGh uDhsb jtAfB lfW hQ
ifvstZdjj uDhsbW jtAfB lfW. zfv zfmfslvsj slfpsJv zfpfh sKsj v[f jv.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zk}iv rfufsv zfnWqfslv hvfhv (bDsy jfstf lfsov snfuf) st j yv swN
rsh hQ sn nfsK v rsh dkDq yv. Jfsb sn jhfv `zff zfjhfv' htsh
hQ rfufsv zfnWqfl ycb jvsk bf ifvst iwG jvsh. kf nHh bf rst sjht
Ffb rfk fvf wfvf jsv (hQ rfk ycb bf jsv) zdkm jvsh. spmb snJfsb
(lfsov iv) sKsm dH]V hfVfsbfW dyk bq. sJqft jvsh spb rfkDsmv (2) hfsv
sKsj kWqfI rq. zfv Hfsh nfk yv swN jvsh.
mf zfomsbv iv nhGiaKm kWqfIdev bfm kWqfsI jclCm. kWqfsI lcde
jfu nck.
1- pdkhf, zKGf{ yflsvv mfUJfbefsj Ffb hostv bDsy vfJsh hQ djbfvfefsj
hfm j]fsLv iv yfdisq slsh. sk Ffb j]fLde hDvslv mk sJftf Kfjsh. pfsk
hflkst hthf W jmGBAkf iajfw ifq.
zkh kWqfsI jclCm v jvfv iChG rsk swN rWqf ipG nmqecjcsk pdkhf
nck. rvfm h]fLfv iv sKsj dbsq rsv nhGswN rvfm sJftf ipG nmq Lsv (mb
dj bfmfspv msLAW!) Ffb j]fLdesj sJftf vfJfv sjfb dHd wvDqsk sb; spmb h
rfuD kf jsv Kfsj. hvQ Hfsh bfmfp rq bf.
2- vmXt. zKGf{ sYfe ils[siv ndrk wDOa (jcyjfWqfuD) ytf. jf'hf wvDsIv
dbjehkDG rsq kWqfI zfIpt. dj lCvhkDG rsq vmXt jvf, dbjehkDG rsq
kWqfI jvsk dosq dH]sV kf kAfo jvf sKsj m.
sjhtmf kWqfsI jclCm (hf kWqfsI Wmvfr) v iaKm dkb ysv vmXt jvf nck.
zbA sjfb kWqfI hf ysv bq. pdl iaKm dkb ysv sjfb zncdhLfv jfvsB vmXt Ycse
pfq hQ ykcKG hf kfv ivhkDG ysv vmt jvfv ncspfo rq, ksh kf jfpf jvsh bf.
pfsk yvdtv dbdlG B dhb bf rsq pfq. iaKm dkb ysvv j zKhf lc ysv
vmstv ncspfo rst kfW jsv sbsh.
kWqfI jvfjfst pdl Ivp bfmfspv jfmk rsq pfq ksh kWqfI sYsV ufmfzfsk
W bfmfsp wfdmt rsq pfsh hQ bfmfp isV dEj spJfsb sYsV dYt dEj snJfb sKsj
hfjD yv icsvf jvsh. (zfpWqft hfqfb 5/228)
yv oBbfq nslr rst dbdyskv iv dHd jvsh. zfv dbdyk rsh jmdkv

( ) rfkDm jf'hfoxsrv v-idym sjfsB kA zQw; pf softfjfv slWqft fvf dOvf zfsY.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
iv. nckvfQ pdl nslr rq sp, Yq yv rt zKhf nfk; ksh Yq Lsv sbsh. klbcvi
nfqDv ysvW jvsh.
kWqfI swN rst yflv dnLf jsv sbsh. zKGf{ lc j]fL sTsj sbsh. viv zfv
sjfb nmsq j]fL shv jvsk rsh bf. zk}iv mfjfsm hafrDm (3) v dbje siZ]sY
iVsh, (

)
`zfdJpC dmm mfjf-dm hvf-rDmf mcnff.'
kfviv v iyfsk lc vfjzfk kWqfsIv bfmfp zflfq jvsh. dH]sVv jfvsB
`mfjfm' sKsj jfsY zKhf iyfsk nHh bf rst mnduslv sp sjfb fsb isV sbsh.
bfmfspv iaKm vfjzfsk nCvf Ifskrfv iv `jct qAf zfqcArft jf-dIvb' W
dkDq vfjzfsk `jct Wqff zfrfl' ifE jvf nck.
dEj kWqfI swN rWqfv isv pdl sjfb Ivp zKhf nck bfmfp iVfv Kfsj W isV
kfrst kWqfsIv lc vfjzfk zfv iVsk rsh bf. (mcIDlct zfbfm 1/307)
kWqfI jsv 2 vfjzfk bfmfp iVst jde Dklfn fLDb jvfv nmfb nWqfh
tfH rq. (hsb mfufr, dntdntfr nrDrfr 2725bQ)
iajfw sp, bfmfp tf jsv iVf hQ bfmfspv swsN rfk kcst mcbfufk dhsLq bq.
(zftmc'kfdmv ztrf---, hsb nfmDb 40ix}) YfVf mfjfsm hafrDm iwGg jvf, Yc]sq
hjGk sbWqf hf ofsq-mfKfq rfk hctfsbf kAfdl ShL bq. zbcviHfsh jf'hf wvDsIv
sotfI hf zbAfbA slWqftfdl iwG jsv kfhfvGj oarB, mlDbf wvDsI bhhD uvf,
dmv hf dmrvfh iwG W ycb jsv kfhfvGj oarB, mf W mlDbf wvDsIv mfde fvf
kfhfvGj oarB, jf'hf W mlDbfv mnduslv `mDpfh' (Yfl sKsj ifdb iVfv bt) rsk
odVsq iVf hxdv ifdb ofsq dbsq kfhfvGj oarB, mDpfshv dbsy sjfb dbdlG lczf ifE
kAfdlW zShL. (mfumC IfkfWqf 26/121)
i[fsv sj yfst rfufsv zfnWqfl W jf'hfv lvufv mLAhkDG slWqfst
(mctkfpfsm) hcj, syrfvf, rfk W hf svsJ zffrv dbje lczf jvsk ifsv, lcdbqf W
zfsJvfskv jtAfB dH[f jvsk ifsv. kWqfsI dhlf' hf kfv zfso isv sp sjfb nmsq
jvsk ifsv. lvufv nmcsJ lf]dVsqW lczf jvf pfq. (mfbfdnjct rf, hsb kfdmqAfr

( ) jf'hf wvDsIv iChG-v ifswG dk ocufjfv j]fy-dbdmGk jde sYfe Ov, pfv msLA ifKsvv iv
rpvk hafrDm v ildyr vd[k zfsY.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
386ix}, zfthfbD 23ix}) YfVf zfv sjfKfq lczf jhct rsh (spmb mDpfshv dbsy,
pmpsmv dbje kAfdl) kf mrfbhD sKsj hdBGk nrDr ltDt nfsi[.
ifsq yst kWqfI jvf zfnt. ksh pdl hfLGjA hf znckfudbk sjfb jfvsB
ytsk n[m bf rq kfrst sjfb hfrsbv nfrfspA kWqfI jvf dn rsh.
mcndtm bfvDv dyk, kWqfI hf hfjD nhG[sB ilGf, nm W bfvDskv sJqft vfJf.
kfv snZlspGv nhGf pKfpKHfsh zfhxk jsv icvNslv nfmsb zfnsh. sjfb dyfjNGD,
msbfrfvD W whAj sifwfj, ztfv hQ sjfb iajfv ncod kAfdl hAhrfv jvsh
bf. msbfvm idvYl W zfHvBfdl shfvjfv dHksv oc vfJsh. pKfnHh icvNslv
dH]V sKsj lCsv Kfjfv syf jvsh. rfufsv zfnWqfl ycsbv ubA zKhf vjsb mfbDv
iwG jvf ubA icvNslv ndrk iff slWqf dyk bq. hvQ zodBk icvsNv nfmsb
syrfvf Jcst hQ kfslv ndrk LfLd jsv ycb slWqf zShL. spsrkc jtAfB
zfbqsbv sysq zjtAfB zinfvB jvf zoaoBA. mfm bWhD (v}) hstb, `zfmfslv
zfnrfhoB hstb, vfd kAfdlsk kWqfsIv fb Jfdt bf rst mdrtfslv ubA rfufsv
zfnWqfl ycb hf iwG jvf mcfrfh bq. jfvB, (dH]sVv msLA kf jvsk sost) kfslv
dbsuv [dk rq hQ kfslv jfvsB [dk rq icvNslvW.' (Ifkt hfvD 3/479, wfvt
mcrfpXpfh 8/34)

nnff''

zk}iv kWqfI W bfmfp swsN pmpsmv ifdb ifb jvsh W mfKfq sbsh. zk}iv
nHh rst kjhDv isV rfufsv zfnWqfl Ffb rfk fvf iwG hf wfvf jsv nfIf
ihGskv dlsj zoanv rsh. ihGskv dbje si]ZsY zfqfk wvDIde ifE jvsh,







)
(jc} 2/158) (



zk}iv `zfhlf dhmf hflfzff dhr' hst nfIfv iv ysV sjhtfmcJ rsh hQ
jf'hf slJfv syf jvsh. zffrv kWrDl hBGbf jvsh W kjhDv iVsh hQ lczf
htsh,
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb




.
. ) (

yfvB}- tf tf-rf ff- zf- zfjhfv, tf tf-rf ff- zrlf tf
wfvDjf tfr, tft mctjc ztft rfmlc qcArXqAD zqcAmDkc zWqf zftf jcd wfb
jflDv. tf tf-rf ff- zrlf (tf wfvDjf tfr), zfbufpf Wqf'lfr, zbfnfvf
zfhlfr, zrfpfmft zfrpfhf zrlfr.
zKG}- zffr YfVf sj nkA ifnA sb. dkdb nhGmrfb. zffr YfVf sj nkA
ifnA sb. dkdb jj, k]fv sjfb wvDj sb. k]fv nfvf vfuk hQ k]fv njt
iawQnf. dkdb uDhb W mxkcA lfb jsvb. zfv dkdb nhG hv iv nhGwdmfb. zffr
YfVf sj nkA ifnA sb. dkdb jj, k]fv sjfb wvDj sb. dkdb Dq zDjfv
iCvB jsvsYb. k]fv hflfsj nfrfpA jsvsYb hQ dkdb jjHfsh wltsj ivfduk
jsvsYb.
nfsK pKfnHh rfk kcst lczf (mcbfufk) jvsh. (dj lczf swsN rfk mcsJ
dIvfsh bf. spsrkc rfk kcst lczfv swsN mcsJ mfnfr jvfv iamfsB sjfb nrDr hf rfnfb
rflDn sb. spmb kfjhDsv kfrvDmfv nmq rfk skftfv mk rfk kcst jf'hfv iadk
dk jvf Hct.)
vi kjhDv W lczf 3hfv ifE jvsh. zk}iv snJfb sKsj sbsm mfvWqf ihGskv
iadk ytsk v jvsh. pJb nhcu iakDsjv (tfsev) dbje si]ZYsh kJb ivhkDG
iakDj ipG pKfnHh slZV slsh hf nshso ytsh. dj mdrtfvf nfLfvBHfsh yst kf
zdkm jvsh. zfswifsw sjfb shofbf icvN bf Kfjst slZV slsh. zk}iv nfLfvB
odksk yst mfvWqfv dbje si]ZsY nf'v iaKm y swN jvsh. ihGskv iv ysV
sjhtfmcJ rsh hQ nfIfq spHfsh lczf zfdl isVdYt kf JfsbW iVsh. (sjht
zfqfkde iVsh bf.) zk}iv snJfb rsk sbsm nfIfv iadk pff jvsh. iCshG ysv
mk ysW nfLfvB ytfv fsb ytsh hQ slZsVv fsb slZVsh. Hfsh nfIfv
dbje si]ZsY dkDq y nmf jvsh. nfIfq ysV zfv zfqfk iVsh bf. dj lczf
W mcbfufk iCshGv mk jvsh.
nf'v mfsU nfLAmk dpjXv W sktfzk jvsh. iajfw sp, nf'v ubW dbdlG sjfb
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

lczf sb. ksh sk .

`vfdodIv zvrfm fjf zfft zfzfpXpct zfjvfm' lczfde htf pfq. de hsb
mfnl W hsb mfv ifE jvskb. (hsb zfhD wfhfr)
zbcvi 7 hfv pfkfqfk jsv mfvWqfv dbje si]ZsY nf'v nfk y swN jvsh.
kWqfsI rfufsv zfnWqfl sKsj v jsv rfufsv zfnWqfl ipG j yv rq.
dj nf'sk snvi bq. sk nfIf sKsj v jsv mfvWqf ipG j y hQ icbvfq
mfvWqf sKsj nfIf ipG zfv j y rq. zfv Hfsh 7 hfv pfWqf W zfnfv
mfLAsm nf' iCBG rq.
ufbfv dhNq sp, nf'v ubA idhkf W Wpc mcfrfh, (Wqfsuh bq). nckvfQ
kWqfsIv iv nf'v iCshG hf mfsU (mdrtfslv) zidhkf slJf dlst zKhf Wpc b
rsq sostW nf' icsvf jsv sbWqf ufsqp rsh.
nf' nmfdv iv mj mcb hf yct Jfsef jvsh. ksh mcb jvf zfIpt. dj
kfmfc r jvst yct sYfe jsv sbWqf Hfstf. pfsk jcvhfbDv dlb mcb jvsk ifsv.
zhwA rsv ubA psK nmq Kfjst yct shv rsq pfsh msb rst mcb jsv sbsh.
iv mfKfq sjfb yct bf Kfjst kf Wqfsuh bq. mfKfq [cv hctfsbfW dhsLq bq.
mdrtfvf ycstv Fof rsk sjht jde zfcstv Fof hvfhv mk yct sjse sItsh.
mfKf sbVf hf yct jfefv nmq mfKfv djYc zQw sKsj yct sbWqf psK bq. sbVf
jvst icsvf mfKf jvsh, Yf]estW icsvfef Y]fesh. djYc zQw sy]sY djYc zQw sYsV vfJf
ShL bq. y]fysk hf Yf]esk dbsuv (rfuDv) Ffb sKsj v jvsh.
ipG jvst mvfr swN rsq pfq hQ mcrdvm rftft rsq pfq W nh djYc
(sthfn, ncod, Dnm kAfdl) kfv ubA ShL rsq pfq.
dj pdl sj ns rflX (jcvhfbD) sb djvfb r jvsk yfq kfrst sn rftft bf
rsq rvfsm Kfjsh. ksh sp hAd ns rflX bf sb djvfb jvsk yfq hf Ivfl
r jvsk yfq kfv ubA mvfr jsv rftft rsq dosq kfmfc r jvf nck.
nckvfQ pdl sn mvfr jsv rftft rsq pfq ksh kfmfc rsv mk nh djYc jvsh.
zfv rvfsm sKsj sost kfWqfsI Ifpfv iv zfv dkDq nf'v iasqfub rsh bf.
mvfv rvfm h]fLfv iv pdl sjfb Dstfsjv kc (rfsqp hf sbIfn) v rsq pfq,
ksh mf wvDsI iashswv iv idhf bf rWqf ipG kWqfI W nf' jvsh bf. idhf
rst mvfr ni jvsh. dj sjfb mdrtf pdl zfvfIfv zfsov dlb ipG idhf bf
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
rq kfrst zbAfbA rfuDslv mk snW rvfm sh]sL dmbf pff jvsh hQ mvfr bf
jvsk sisv sn j iajfv djvfb r jvsh. rfuDvf spvi jsv dEj klbcvi
zfvfIfq zhfb mcplfdtIfq W dmbfq vfdhfn, ifKv mfvf W jcvhfbD jvf, yct sYfe
jvf kAfdl jmG jvsh. viv pJb idhf rsh kJb jhfv kWqfI W jhfv nfqD
jvsh hQ kf kfv mvfr W rsv ubA psK rsh.
iajfw sp, mdrtf kc h jvfv ubA NL hAhrfv jsv r nmfLf jvsk ifsv.

rrss
vv j
jvvBBDDqq
8 pctr
zfe pctr kfvdhqfv dlb (pfslv rvfm sb kfvf) dbu dbu hfnfsk (hQ
dmbfq Kfjst dmbfsk) bkcbvsi sofnt jsv slsr sJfwhc tfdosq W rvfsmv sthfn
isv rs iashw rWqfv dbqk jvsh hQ htsh, `zffmf tffjf rff.
tffjffmf tffj----.' bfsqhvf iCshGv mk htsh `tffjf rffb zfb
(Ictfb)' hQ pfv bfsm r jvsY `Ictfb'-v st kfv bfm sbsh.
kftdhqf Jch shwD shwD jsv ifE jvsh hQ kftdhqf ytsh 10 kfvDsJ ufmvfr
zfjfhfrsk ifKv mfvf ipG.
zk}iv mf wvDI sKsj dmbfv iadk pff jvsh. snJfsb spfrv, zfnv, mfodvh wf
hQ Iusvv bfmfp (mfodvh W Iuv YfVf) jnv jsv - nmsq zflfq jvsh.
9 pctr
9 pctrsv pJb nCspGflq rsh kJb kjhDv W kftdhqfv ndrk zfvfIfv iadk
pff jvsh. nHh rst bfsmvfsk (zfvfIfv iCshG jde fsbv bfm spJfsb mndusl
bfsmvfr zhdk snJfsb) zhfb jvsh. zk}iv nCpG Tst sost hfksb vfbfq iashw
jvsh. zk}iv j zfpfb W lc jfmsk spfrv W zfnsvv bfmfp jnv jsv zflfq
jvsh. Jfsb mfm Jc{hf slshb. zk}iv zfvfIfsk iashw jsv zjcI (zhfb)
jvsh. zkAfdLj dH]sVv jfvsB bfsmvfr hf vfbfq zhfb nHh bf rst nvfndv
zfvfIfq dosq zhfb lCNBDq bq.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zfvfIfv mqlfsb iashw jvfv iv dhdH Itj-nsk t[A jsv kfv nDmfv dHksv
zfsY djbf kf susb ncdbdyk rsh. jfvB ndEjHfsh zfvfIfq zhfb hAkDk r
rsh bf. zfvfIfskv mqlfsb sp sjfb fsb zhfb jvf pfsh. hfksb vfbfr
zfvfIfskv msLA bq. mndusl bfsmvfv sjhtfv dlsj iafq zsLGjfQw zfvfIfv msLA
oBA bq. zkh pfvf mndusl zhfb jvsh kfslvsj sjhtfv dlj sYsV iyf{ dlsj
zhfb jvf dyk. zhwA yfdv ifsw zfvfIfskv nDmf dbslGwj Itj fdik zfsY.
dwd[kslv is[ kf ufbf Jch nru.
nHh rst ufhfst zfvfIfr (stfjmcsJ iaydtk } ufhfst vfrmfr; zfvfIfskv j
ihGk)sj nmcsJ svsJ sjhtfmcJ rsq zhfb jvsh hQ nHh bf rst sjht
sjhtfmcJD rsq zfvfIfv nDmfv dHksv sp sjfb fsb zhfb jvsh. ufhfst
zfvfIfsk yVf hf kfv iv zhfb jvf sjfb dhsLq jmG bq. ihGsk yVst sjfb
ixKj mpGflf hf mfrfkAW sb. (zfpWqft hfqfb 5/263)
fsb rfuDv dyk sp, jfoadys W oHDv Hd W jdb Hfhfshsov ndrk
sktfzk, dpjXv, lczf W soIfv jvsh. mrfb zffrv nmDsi zbcbq dhbq jvsh.
dbsuv wdrDbkf W mcJfsid[kf kf]v dbje iajfw jvsh. `djYc iasqfub sb' hst
kA iajfw jvsh bf hQ dbkf zfoasrv nfsK k]fv dbje [mf, mcd W nfrfpA
yfsh. bhD v iv lvl ifE jvsh.
mrfb dlsbv nhGswa lczf rsY,

`tf tf-rf ff- zrlf tf wfvDjf tfr, tft mctjc ztft rfmlc zWqf
zftf jcd wfb jflDv.'
lczf shwD shwD jsv ifE jvsh.
YfVf nrDr rflDsn hdBGk zbAfbA dpjXv, lczf W zpDIfr hQ kftdhqfr ifE
jvsh. kftdhqfv nfsK `fmft Jfv Jfvt zf-dJvfr' zdkdv jvfW ShL.
(mfbfdnjct rf, zfthfbD 30ix})
mb mfrfkAiCBG dlsb mb nchBG ncspfo srtfq zhwA rfvfsbf dyk bq, lc rfk
kcst njfksv rstZdjj W ifvstZdjj mt W ncJ k]fv dbje iafKGbf jsv sbsh.
sjfb vjsmv ndl W dLfoa msb bq; hvQ zffr kfv iafKGbf mcv jvshb- mb
W dhhfn svsJ dmbdk nrjfsv zfjct zfshlb siw jvsh ivm lqftcv lvhfsv. (sp
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
dhNsq iafKGbf jvsh sn dhNsq bhhD lczf zufbf Kfjst dbsuv HfNfsk iafKGbf jvsh.
ksh bhhD lczf rt zfIXpt. kf]v znDm jvBf W dhvfe [mfv zfwf jvsh. k]fv
Hqv zfpfh W ophsj Hq jvsh. dbu zfkfv drnfh sbsh hQ dys k]fv dbje
zbcswfybfv ndrk njt ifi jfu sKsj kWhf jvsh.
iajfw sp, dlsb fsb (zfvfIfv) svfpf vfJf dyk bq.
ef j mrfdlb, mrf nsmtb. sp dlsb mrfb zffr hflfsj h djYc lfb jsv
Kfsjb. sp dlsbv ub-nmfshw dbsq dkdb dIdvfslv dbje ohG jsvb. ufrffm rsk
h mfbcNsj mcdlfb jsvb. dlsb wqkfb nhGfdLj tfdk, zil, rDbkfoa W
kcY rq; spmb rsqdYt hlv pcsv dlb.
mqlfsb nCpGf ipG zsi[f jvsh. (v iCshG zfvfIfskv nDmfbf rsk shv rWqf
ShL bq.) nCpG z sost LDv W wfHfsh mcplfdtIfv iadk vWbf rsh. ytfv isK sjfb
mfbcNsj j slsh bf, dH]sV LffLfdW jvsh bf. hfsu jKf, dhkjG W jfu sKsj lCsv
Kfjsh. vff Jfdt sist wDOa ytsh. shwD shwD kftdhqfr ifE jvsh. mcplfdtIfq
si]ZYbv iv mfodvh W wfv bfmfp umf W jnv jsv zflfq jvsh. dj vffv msLA
pdl wfv nmq rsq ifv rhfv zfwf Kfsj, ksh sp sjfb fsb isV sbsh. v mfsU hf
isv sjfb bIt iVsh bf. (dhkXv iVsk ifsv.) bfmfp swsN zbA sjfb jfu, oi hf
zpDIfq vfd bf suso njft njft Ocdmsq dhwafm sbsh. pfsk jcvhfbDv dlb dhdH
jkGhA zflfsq de W zftnA bf zfsn. zk}iv iaKm nmsq (zfWqft Wqfs)
Iusvv bfmfp zflfq jsv mfwzfvt rfvfm (ihGskv) dbje zhfb jsv sjhtfmcJ
rsq zffrv dpjXv jvsh hQ rfk kcst lczf jvsh. ksh ihGskv dbjehkDG rWqf
Wqfsuh bq. spmb Wv isv yVfW sjfb dhsLq jmG bq.
t njft rsq st nCspGflsqv iCshG snJfb rsk dmbfv iadk pff jvsh. nmq
zdLj zdLj kftdhqfr iVsk rsh. Wqfdl mcrfndnv siZ]sY jec wDOa ytsh.
hx, bfvD zKhf dw iaHxdk lchGt swaBDv mfbcN W kfslv nht nD W zdHHfhjslv
ubA vfs ylafsv iv dmbf pfWqfv zbcmdk vsqsY. (hcJfvD 1594, mcndtm 1293bQ)
10 pctr
dmbf si]ZsY ufmvfr zfjfhfr (pfsj hV ufmvfr htf rq hQ pf mndusl JfI
sKsj kxkDq W swN hQ mf sKsj iaKm ifKv mfvfv fb) si]ZsY kftdhqfr h jvsh
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
W ifKv mfvsh. ksh nht W n[m hAdvf nCspGflsqv iv ifKv mfvsh.
nfkde ifKv fvf vmX dumfv jvsh. ifKvdt nfsu sYftf sKsj jec hxrlfjfv
rsh. ifKv sp sjfb fb sKsj nQoar jvf pfsh. mcplfdtIf sKsj nQoar jvf uvvD
bq. ksh dmbfq si]ZsY ifKv bf ifWqfv hf nQoar jvsk nmq bf ifWqfv zfwf Kfjst
mcplfdtIf sKsj jcdVsq vfJsh. nQoasrv iv ifKvdtsj sLZk jvskW rsh bf. iadk
dbs[siv ndrk kjhDv (zff zfjhfv) htsh. fsb dbdlG sjfb iEbDq lczf
sb.
nmq rfuDv dyk, zffrv ubA kf'pDm W dhbq iajfw jvf. wd hAhrfv hf
LffLfd jsv ziv rfuDsj j dlsq wfd H bf jvf. ifKv mfvfv nmq dbdyk
rWqf sp, kfv ifKv dEj dbdlG fsb iVsY dj bf? sH stso rWspv hfsv spb yst
bf zfsn. iajfw sp, hAhrk ifKv jcdVsq dkDq hfv mfvf pfsh bf.
jf'hf wvDIsj hfsm W dmbfsj Ffsb jsv hfksb WqflDsk lfqmfb rsq ifKv
mfvf mcfrfh. dH]sVv jfvsB kf nHh bf rst zbAfbA dlj rsk dn rsq pfsh.
tfmfoB dhNsq jmk sp, jcvhfbDv dlb nCpGfsv iv sKsj nCpG Ttf ipG nmsqv
msLA ufmvfr zfjfhfq ifKv mfvf nck. zhwA dlsb nCpGfsv iChG ipG mfvstW dn
nmsq mfvf rq. dj pdl sj nCpGfsv iCshG mfvsk bf ifsv kfrst (isv zfv ifKv bf
smsv) ivdlb nCpG Ttfv iv (jfpf) smsv sbsh. (zfpWqft hfqfb 5/275)
ifKv mfvfv iv kfmfc hf djvfb r jvst jcvhfbDofsr sn dmbfv zbAfbA ufqof
hf mfv sp sjfb ufqofskW jcvhfbD jvsk ifsv. pdl dlsb nHh bf rq, kfrst
ivhkDG 13 kfvDJ ipG sp sjfb dlb jsv sbsh. jcvhfbD dbu rfsk jvf zncdhLf
hcUst jcvhfbD-dhNqj dbdlG nQf hf hAfQsj jcvhfbDv mCtA iCshG umf slsh.
kfviv sjw mcb hf jkGb jvsh, ksh mcb m. mCtA umf dlsq Kfjst ifKv
smsv sjw mcb zKhf jkGb jvsk ifsv. iCshG htf rsqsY sp, mcb zKhf jkGb
icsvf mj rsk rsk rsh. mdrtf iaskAj shBD rsk j zfcstv zoaa (j do]sV)
hvfhv jfesh. (iank} sJA sp, mdrtfslv ubA mfKfv isv sJ]fif hf Ucde h]fLf ShL
bq. mfKfv diYb dlsj sJf]if h]fLf sKsj shBD hf ycde so]sK mfKf h]fLf Hfstf hQ r hf
mvfv nmq j do]sV idvmfB YfVf zbA nmq yct sYfe jvf hf jfdeQ jvf ShL bq.)
kecjc jvfv iv mcrdvsmv ubA iaKm rftft tfH rq. kf hfsv sn dbsuv nfLfvB
sifwfj ivsk ifsv ncod hAhrfv jvsk ifsv, bJ jfesk ifsv kAfdl. hvQ D
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
hAkDk nhGiajfv h W jmG pf rvfsm zdhsLq dYt ShL rsq pfq. jcvhfbD jvsk bf
ifvstW ifKv smsv sjw mcb hf jkGb jvfv iv, zKhf ifKv smsv kWqfI W nf'
jvfv iv, zKhf kWqfI, nf' W sjw mcsbv iv rftft tfH rq. (zffrjDj
ztpfr 56ix}) mkfsv sjht ifKv mfvfv iv iaKm rftft tfH rq. (mfbfdnjct
rf, zfthfbD 33ix})
zk}iv sJfwhc hAhrfv jsv jfhfv sswA vWbf rsq rsv kWqfI (kWqfsI
Ifpfr hf dpqfvfr) jvsh; pf rsv j vjXb hQ pf bf jvst r rq bf.
pfv ians zffr kfzftf hstb,
,Fy9$# Mt79$$/ (#u9u u (#9u sWxs? (#)u9 O

zk}iv kfvf spb Sldrj zidvYkf lCv jsv, kfslv mfbk iCBG jsv hQ iafyDb
oxsrv kWqfI jsv. (jc} 22/29)
dlsb nHh bf rst vfs zKhf kwvDsjv sp sjfb dlsb kWqfI jvsk ifsv.
zk}iv kWqfsIv iv mfjfsm hafrDsmv iyfsk lc vfjzfk bfmfp zflfq jsv nfIf
W mfvWqfv nf' jvsh. pdl kfmfc r rq kfrst ef kfv rsv nf' rsh hQ
iCshGjfv nf' Wmvfv. djvfb zKhf Ivfl rs kWqfsI jclCsmv ndrk nf' bf
jsv Kfjst nf' jvsh.
kWqfI (W nf'v) iv mcrdvm niCBGHfsh rftft rsq pfsh. kJb D-nmW
kfv ubA ShL rsh.
jcvhfbDv dlb jvBDq zfmtdtsj bhD -v mk pKfsm jvfef nck. zkh
nhGiaKm ifKv mfvsh, zk}iv jcvhfbD, zk}iv mj mcb hf sjw jkGb, kfviv
kWqfI W nf'. zhwA v hAdkm jvstW sjfb slfN sb. ksh ifKv mfvfv jfu
nhGfsoa jvf dyk. jfvB, kf dmbfv j zdHhflb. (mcobD 5/288)
pmpsmv ifdb ifb jvf hQ kfviv sjfb ItianC lczf jvf W kf mfKfq Tftf rfuDv
ubA mcfrfh. spsrkc pmpsmv ifdb j iajfv zfrfv W msrZNL hQ kf sp sswA
ifb jvf pfq zffr kf iCvB jsvb.
iajfw sp, pmpsmv ifdb sjhtfmcJ rsq ifb jvf hQ kfviv `zffmf D
zfnzftcjf tmfb bfsIzf-----' lczf ifE jvfv hAfifsv hdBGk rflDndt pqDI.
(vWqft oftDt 4/325, 332-333) spmb ifdbsk sofnt dhlzfk. (mfbfdnjct rf,
zfthfbD 53ix})
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

11 W 12 kfvDJ
viv rfuD icbvfq dmbfv iakAfhkGb jvsh hQ ofsvf W hfsvf kfvDsJv
(zdLjfQw) vfd pfib jvsh. pf rsv j dblwGb dhswN, zfv kf idvkAfo jvf
ShL bq. jfvB, vnCt jvDm ifdb idvshwj W iv[j ltsj dmbfq vfd pfib bf
jvsk zbcmdk dlsqsYb. `zbcmdk' wde dk hrb jsv sp, kfv dhivDk (vfd
pfib jvfef) zhwA-jkGhA. zbcviHfsh pfslv zbAfbA sjfb Wpv W zncdhLf Kfjsh
kfslv ubAW dmbf YfVf pKffsb vfd pfisb zbcmdk rsh.
lc dlsb dkb ufmvfsk ifKv mfvfW Wqfsuh. v nmq v rq nCpG Ttfv iv
sKsj. ifKv mfvfv ubA ifsq sr]se pfWqfef zfIpt. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 5/103) iaKm
ufmvfr (pf mndusl JfI sKsj dbjekm W mf sKsj kxkDq hf lCvkm)sk iviv
nfkde ifKv dbs[i jvsh. iadk dbs[siv ndrk `zff zfjhfv' htsh. zk}iv
jec nsv dosq ufmvfsj hfsm jsv sjhtfmcJ rsq lc rfk kcst shwD shwD jsv
zbcbq-dhbq nrjfsv lczf jvf nck.
zk}iv mLAm ufmvfq zbcviHfsh nfkde ifKv dbs[i jvsh. zk}iv jec
zoanv rsq ufmvfsj Ffsb jsv iCshGv bAfq djhtfmcsJ lczf jvf nck. zhswsN
kxkDq hf swN (zfjfhfr) ufmvfq zbcvi nfkde ifKv mfvsh. zfv v dbje (lczfv
ubA) bf l]fdVsq pKffsb iafb jvsh.
dkDq dlsb (12 kfvDsJ)W zbcvi jvsh. viv kfVfkfdV Kfjst ifKv mfvfv iv
iv nIv jvsk ifsv; hQ kfsk sjfb slfN sb. ksh nCpGfsv zfso zfso kfsj
dmbf kAfo jvsk rsh. zhwA dmbf kAfojfst svfF ufm hf zbAfbA jfvsB dmbfv mfsU
isK nCpGf rst dmbfq Kfjf zhLfdvk rsh bf. jfvB, iCshG sn iafsbv iadk dbsq
ytsk v jsvsY. bsy{ nCpG Fcsh sost vfd pfib jsv isvv dlb (13 pct r)
nCpG Ttfv iv iCshGv bAfq ifKv dbs[i jsv slsw (hf mfq) dIsv pfsh. zfv ef
nck, zfIpt W nWqfshv dlj dlsqW hV. dlsb ifKv mfvst kf djqfmskv dlb
kfv ubA bCv (suAfdk) rsh. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 2515bQ)
dj 12 kfvDsJv lcicsvv iCshG ifKv dbs[siv ubA jfsj iadkdbdL jsv dlsq nIv
jvf ShL bq, spmb nCpGg Ttfv iCshG ifKv smsv Kfjst kf psK bq. sk dIlXqAfr
tfosh.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
sjfb Wpsvv s[s 11 kfvDsJv hf 11 W 12 kfvDsJv vmXsj 13 kfvDJ ipG
didYsq slWqf yst. jfvB kfwvDsjv dlbdtv iaskAjef vmXv nmq. zkh
(nfmKGA Kfjsk) iadkdbdL jvfv sysq vi jvfef m. spsrkc vnCt ]e
v[jltsj jcvhfbDv dlb vmX jsv kfv ivhkDG lc vmXsj jdk jsv lc'dlsbv
msLA sjfb j dlsb vmX jvfv zbcmdk dlsqdYstb. (mfbfdnjct rf, zftfhfbD 40ix})
zkh idvddksk iadkdbdL jvf ufsqp Kfjst dbyq dkdb kfslvsj kfv
dbslGw dlskb. jfvB, kf nru dYt. i[fsv pfvf vmX jvsk z[m; spmb, dw,
hx, svfoD iaHxdk) kfslv ubA jfsj djt jvf ShL. s[s djt iaskAj ufmvfq
iaKsm dbsuv nfkde ifKv dbs[i jvsh, zk}iv smfqfsstv kvI sksj nfkde
dbs[i jvsh. dj djtsj hkGmfb rsv rfuD zhwA rsk rsh.
nCpGfsv iChG ipG vmX jsv sbWqf m. zhwA djYc zfrst tXm kfv isv
jvfW ShL hstsYb. zfv kf pcdpc. jfvB, vnCt vmX v rWqfv nmq dbdlG
jsvsYb; dj swN rWqfv nmq dbLGfdvk jsvb db.
iv rpvk hsb zffn hstb, `jub bhD sj dufnf jvt, `zfdm
nAfshtfq ifKv smsvdY?' dkdb htstb, mfv, sjfb [dk sb. (hcJfvD 1648bQ)
zfv zfvhDsk mfnf- (nAfshtf) hst nCpG Ttfv iv sKsj dbsq nCpGfsv isvW vfd
ipG nmqsj. dj bhD dufnfjfvDv dbje dhNsq sjfb dhhvBW ufbsk yfbdb
sp, sn nCpGfsv iCshG zKhf isv vmX jsvsY. pfsk nfLfvBHfsh dk ifWqf pfq
sp, vfsW vmX jvf ShL. mfm bWhD `wvsr mcrfpXpfh' hstb, `vfs vmX jvfv
hAfifsv lc'de mk zfsY. ndEj mk ShLkfv. jfvB, ]e v[jslvsj vfdjfst vmX
jvfv zbcmdk slWqf rsqdYt.'
i[fsv zdHmk ntfsmv nvtkf W zbfqfn-dnkfv zbcjCt. dhswN jsv
pcso rfuDslv mw} nQJAfdLsjA sp j W zncdhLf rq hQ zdk dH]sVv yfsi sp
djYc mfbcN zfrk hQ dbrkW rq, kf htf hftA. zfv nCpG Ttfv iv sKsj z
ipG nmq dhvfe nQJAj rfuDslv vmX jvfv ubA psK bq. zhwA dH]V rWqf
zdHmskv ndEjkfv jfvB bq. jfvB, rfuDslv ubA Wqfsuh, ntfmD zflshv
zbcomb jvf hQ zfkv[fv nfsK nfsK ziv rfuDslv ufsbvW drIfpk jvf. pf
iftb jvst zhwA dH]sVv yfsi iafBrfdb Ose bf. dj iCshG pf sJ jvf rsqsY
kfsk WpvWqftf z[mslv ubA vfs vmX jvfv ShLkf iamfdBk rsqsY. zkh
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
iv[j, ifdb idvshwj, hx, lchGt, dw W mdrtfslv ubA vfs ifKv dbs[i ShL W
dn rsh. jfvB, nfLfvBk} kJb dH]V Kfsj bf. (zftmfumC' 8/240, zfpWqft hfqfb
5/283, dnIfkct rf, hsb nfmDb 62ix})
rfuDv nvsB vfJf dyk sp, vmX dumfv j hflk pf vnCt v zbcjvB jsv
zffrv dpjXv iadkf jvfv sswA dhdLh jvf rsqsY. pfv ubA iaskAsj iadk
dbs[si `zff zfjhfv' hst Kfsj. bhD hstb, ifKv dbs[i W nfIf mfvWqfv
nf'v dhLfb zffrv dpjXv iadkfv ubA jvf rsqsY. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, zfhC lfl)
zkh idh fbnmCsr dpjXv sKsj dhnxdk W ofItdk zfslZ dyk bq. hvQ
kjhDv W lczfv jf sJqft vfJf dyk. spmb njt fsb zivsj sjwlfb,
zfsifsn hfsu jKfhfkGf, mdrtfslv iadk zShL lxdifk kAfdlW zdLjvsi ShL bq.
ifKv dbs[siv nmq mfKfq W sjfmsv jfiV sh]sL ufmfv zfDb ocdesq `pcQ sldr'
Hfh sldJsq stfsjv dH]V dyvf dyk bq. klbcvi ifKv mfvfv nmq dhhfn W LfvBf
vfJf dyk bq sp, kf wqkfbsj mfvsY. (zftdmbrfu ID qfWdmqAfdkt rf 25ix},
IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/636) spmb, nfIf-mfvWqf nf' jvf jftDb LfvBf vfJf
dyk bq sp, sn ifdb Jc]usY zKhf sjfb stfj Jc]usY. hvQ jsmGv srkc YfVf nshv
mCst vsqsY zffrv dpjXv W bhD v zbcjvB. zbcviHfsh zdkvb jsv hV
ifKv, Yfkf, uckf kAfdl dbs[i ShL bq.

mm
ff mmcj
cjffvvGfGfmmffvv z
zffllhh W
W ddhhllffqqDD k
kWWqqffI
I
dbvfil bovDsk zhfbjfst rfuDsj (mcndtmsj) dhswNvsi nkjGkf, nfhLfbkf
W nQpmwDtkf zhtb jvf dyk. pfsk kfv fvf sjfb iajfsvv ifi nQOdek bf
rsq pfq. spsrkc idh rfvfsm nQOdek ifsiv wfd hxrv. zffr ifj hstb,
(

)
hQ sp kfsk (mndusl rfvfsm) nDmftQOb jsv ifi jfpG jvsk Yf jsv kfsj
zfdm mmGl wfdv zffl oarB jvfh. (jc} 22/25)
zkh snJfsb ifsiv Yf jvst pdl mmGl wfd sHfo jvsk rq, kfrst ifi-
Yf jfsu idvBk jvst dj wfd rsh kf zbcsmq. zfhfv snJfsb jCIXv W dwjG jvst
kfv sHfoA wfdv jKf htf hftA.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
spmb rfuDv dyk, i]fy Wqf bfmfp ufmfzfskv nfsK rfvfsm zflfq jvf. jfvB,
Jfsb 1de bfmfp 1 t[ bfmfp zsi[f m. spmb kfv dyk, shwD shwD kWqfI
jvf. ksh r-mvfr YfVf sjht nf' jvf dhdLnmk bq.
ifvkis[ sjfb bfmfpDv nfmsb dlsj zdkm jvsh bf. spsrkc nh mndusl nckvf
uvvD. (mfbfdnjct rf, zfthfbD 7ix})
mfq zhfb jfst rfsk nmq slsJ kfbm (mndusl zfsqwf) hf dudqvGfbfr
kAfdlv mDjfsk shv rsq hfv hfv mvfr jvfv dHd ncfq sb.
rsv nm jfu swN jsv pJb rfuD dbsuv hfdV dIvsk yfsh kJb kfv iv
kWqfsI dhlf' (dhlfqD kWqfI) Wqfsuh rsh. sp hAd kWqfsI Ifpfr hfjD svsJ
dmbf sKsj nIsvv dbqsk mf wvDI pff jvsh hQ kWqfsI Ifpfr jsv slsw
dIvsk yfsh, kfv ubA jef kWqfI psK rsh. zfv dHHfsh kWqfsI dhlf'
jvsk rsh bf. sYfe hVv msLA iadh rsh. zkh dbqk Kfjsh kWqfsI Ifpfv.
jfvB, kf vjXb. ef dn rsh ubA sp, zfslw rsY, rfuDv nhGswN dhlfq-t rsh
jf'hfoxr, zfv kWqfsI Ifpfv iv nIv jvst kfv zfslw iftb rsq pfq.
kfYfVf spsrkc j iajfsvv lc'de hflk j nmsq idk rq, kf jde ziv
sKsj psK jvsh.
(iCshG kWqfsI Ifpfr jsv Kfjst) kcmkD mdrtfslv s[s kWqfsI dhlf' sb.
nIsvv nmq idhf rst kWqfI jvsh bsy{ nDslv ndrk nIv jvsh.
dhlfq jftDb kWqfsIv iv zfv sjfb jfsuv Jfdksv mf wvDsI zhfb jvf
dyk bq. hvQ nIsvv iadk dbsq mf sKsj dhlfq rsh. mndul rsk shv rWqfv
nmq hfm if zfso shv jsv `zffmf nfd zftf mcrfmfl znfdm, zffmf D
zfnzftcjf dmb Ifpdtj' lczf ifE jvsh. shv rhfv nmq jf'hfv dlsj nmcJ jsv
ef ifsq shv rsh bf. ytfv nmq diYb dIsv jf'hfv dlsj kfjfsk kfjfsk, zKhf
ytsk ytsk sKsm jf'hfv iadk dhsqfohAKf iajfw jvf wvDqk-nmk bq. (mfbnfj,
hsb kfdmqAfr 387ix})
slsw dIvfv nmq ns pmpsmv ifdb hrb jsv dbsq dosq svfoDslv ifb jvfsbf,
mfKfq Tftf hQ hjGk W zfsvfsoAv zfwf vfJf dhdLnmk. (dkvdmpD 963bQ, dntdntfr
nrDrfr 883bQ)

pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

mmnnddu
ussll bbhhhhDDvv ddppqqffvvk
k
rsv iCshG zKhf isv sp sjfb nmsq mlDbf wvDsIv mndusl bhhD dpqfvk jvf
nck. spsrkc mnduslv hV mfrfkA W IpDtk vsqsY. Jfsb j Wqf bfmfp
iVst j rfufv Wqfsv sysq shwD bfmfspv nWqfh tfHg rq. spmb, jf'hfv
mndusl j Wqf bfmfp iVst j t[ Wqfsv sysq shwD bfmfspv nWqfh tfH
rq.
mlDbfv mndul dpqfvskv ubA rvfm ivf dhdLnmk bq. spmb nIvjfst sjht
bhDuDv jhv dpqfvskv dbqk jvf ShL bq.
dpqfvkjfvD pJb mndusl si]ZYsh kJb kfv Ffb if zfso hfdVsq `dhndmfdr
znXnftfkc znnftfmc zftf vfnCdtfr, zfpc dhfdrt zfpDm, zdhzudrdrt jfvDm,
znctkfdbdrt jflDm, dmbfw wfkfdbv vfuDm. zKhf`zffmfI kfrXtD zfhWqfhf
vfrmfdkj' lczf hst iashw jvsh. spmb, zbAfbA njt mndul iashswv nmq
lczf iVf rq. jfvB, mndusl bhhD iashswv nmq sjfb dbdlG lczf hf dpjXv sb.
zk}iv `kfdrqAfkct mfndul' lc vfjXzfk bfmfp zflfq jvsh hQ kfsk
iYlmk rstZdjj W ifvstZdjj jtAfB W wfd iafKGbf jvsh. bfmfp vWpfq
iVst zfsvf m. zffrv vnCt hstb, zfmfv oxr W dmsvv mLAhkGD fb
uffskv vWpfr (hfdoyf) nmCsrv j vWpfr (hfdoyf). (zfrmfl, hcJfvD, mcndtm,
dkvdmpD, bfnf, nrDt ufsm' 5586, 5587bQ)
sJA sp, kf]v oxr Jb k]fv nmfdLs[. pfv iv nhcu ocu dbdmGk zfsY. pf
rpvk zfsqwf (vf}) v uvf dYt. nmfdLs[sj vWpfr htf rq bf. hvQ
uvfv idym ifswG bhhD dmv ipG nflf vsMv ofdtyf dhYfsbf fbsj vWpfr htf rq.
zk}iv bfmfp zflfsqv iv bhD hQ k]fv lc nfKD zfhChjv W mfv v
jhv dpqfvk jvsh. mnduslv dHkv (idym) sKsj iChG sose shv rsk hfm dlsj
nhGiaKm jhsv bhhD isV. pfv dEj snfufsnfdu jsv svdtQ v slWqfst jde
zsi[fjxk hV dYla hf softfjfv I]fj zfsY. I]fsjv nmcsJ zflh W wafv ndrk
(sjfb vjmHfsh bf U]csj hf kfrdvmfv mk rfk bf sh]sL lfqmfb rsh. jKfhfkGf
htst dbmsv htsh. zk}iv k]fv iv nftfm ifE jvsh; htsh, `zfnnftfmc
zftfjf qf vfnCtffdr zvfrmfkcfdr zhfvfjfkcr.' dkdb nftfsmv v dlsq
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
Kfsjb. zhwA kf ruo{ sKsj sj bsk W zbcHh jvsk ifsv bf.
zk}iv k]fv iv lvl ifE jvsh hQ k]fv ubA lczf jvsh. kfviv jec iChG
dlsj zoanv rsq ivhkDG dYslav nmcsJ lfqmfb rsq rpvk zfhchjv W rpvk mv
v iv nftfm iVsh. k]fslv ubA lczf jvsh hQ zffrv dbje k]fv nsfN
iafKGbf jsv htsh `vfdpqff zfbmf.' uvfv dbje shwD tf nmq Lsv l]fdVsq
Kfjsh bf hQ swfvsoft jvsh bf W sufsv jKfhfkGfW htsh bf.
sjfb jhsvv dbje jhvhfnDv jfsY dbsuv ubA djYc yfsh bf; jfvB, kf dwjG. djYc
yfsk rst zffrv dbje yfsh. zsbsj hstb, sjhtfmcJD rsq lczf jvsh.
zffrv vnCstv wfIfzfkW k]fv dbje bq, zffrv dbje yfsh.
uvfv kWqfI jvf, iwG jsv ofsq mfJf hf ycb jvf, dmrvfh hf dmv iwG jvf hf
ycb jvfv zbcmdk ntfsm sb. dmrvfsh bhhDsk bfmfp iVfvW sjfb jKf hf
IpDtk wvDqsk sb. mndul sKsj ef ifsq shv rWqfW wvDqk-nmk bq.
iajfw Kfsj sp, jhv dpqfvk sjht icvNvf jvsk ifsv mdrtfvf lCsv sKsj hf sp
sjfb fb sKsj nftfm W lvl ifE jvsh. zhwA mndusl bfmfp iVst icvsNv
nmfb nWqfshv zdLjfdvBD rsh.
mlDbfv dpqfvkjfst nHh rst i]fy Wqfsv bfmfp mndusl bhhDsk zflfq
jvsh. (ydw Wqf bfmfp iVsk rq jKfde dHdrDb. ians hdBGk rflDnde
mcbjfv.) (dntdntfr pqDIfr 1/ 540) dpjXv lczf W bIt bfmfp shwD shwD jsv iVsh.
nHh rst vWpfsk bIt bfmfp zdLj iVsh. ksh Ivp bfmfspv nmq vWpfr sYsV
iaKm jfkfsv W Ffsb wfdmt rsh. spsrkc iaKm jfkfsv W Ffsb bfmfp iVfv
IpDtk zfsvf shwD.
nvsB vfJfv dhNq sp, jhsv bhhDv dpqfvk Wqfsuh bq. rsv sjfb z hf wkGW
bq. hvQ kf dbjehkDG mfbcN W mndusl bhhDv dpqfvkjfvDv ubA mcfrfh. iv jhv
dpqfvskv sswA nIv jvf lCvhkDGslv ubA ShL bq. ksh idh mndul dpqfvskv
sswA nIv jvf nck. zk}iv mndusl si]ZsY sost jhsv bhhD W lc nfrfhDv
jhv dpqfvk mcfrfh. nckvfQ mf hf sjfb lCvhkDG fb sKsj mlDbfv isK pff jfst
rfuDv dbqk spb jhv dpqfvk bf rq.
zffrv vnCt k]fv jhvsj l hfbfsk dbsNL jsvsYb. k]fv jhv dpqfvk ians
sp nh rflDn hdBGk W stfj mfsU iadn zfsY kfv nhef uft zKhf lchGt. spmb,
sp hAd r jsv zKy zfmfv dpqfvk jsv bf, sn zfmfv iadk zbAfq jsv. sp
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
hAd zfmfv mxkcAv iv zfmfv dpqfvk jvt, sn spb zfmfv uDdhkfhfq zfmfv
dpqfvk jvt. sp zfmfv dpqfvk jsv kfv ubA zfmfv wfIfzfk Wqfsuh rsq
pfq. kAfdl.
mlDbfv dpqfvkjfvDv ubA mcfrfh mndusl jchfv dpqfvk jvf W kfsk bfmfp iVf.
vnCtcfr mnduslv dpqfvk jvskb hQ dkdb hstb, sp hAd hfdVsk (hfnfq)
idh rsq (Wpc jsv) jchfv mndusl zfsn hQ kfsk sjfb bfmfp isV, kfrst kfv
jde mvfr jvf hvfhv nWqfh tfH rq. (zfrmfl, bfnf, hsb mfufr) lc
mndul YfVf zfv zbA sjfb mndul dpqfvk nck bq.
zhwA hfjD'v jhvnmCr, wrDlosBv jhvnmCr dpqfvk jvf nck. nh fsb jhv
dpqfvskv pKfvDdk lczf ifE jvsh. (sjfb h]fLf lczf ifE jvsh bf hQ sjfb
mckfWdhI hf siwflfv ofsFv Jsv iVsh bf.) zfsJvfk mvB jvsh, jhvhfnDslv
ubA, k]fslv zfkfv jtAfsBv ubA zffrv dbje [mf, jvBf W zfdwnX iafKGbf jvsh.
YfVf k]fslv jhsvv dbje lczf jhct rsh msb jsv lczf jvf, sjfb jhsvv Jfdlm
rWqf, jhvhfnDv dbje iasqfub dH[f jvf, svfomcd hf sjfb dk yfWqf, k]fslv
mpGflf W mfrfskAv znDtfq zffrv dbje lczf jvf, mf hf mlDbfv sjfb fsbv mfde
hjGskv zfwfq ns sbWqf kAfdl dhlzfk W dwjG; pf wvDqsk zShL hQ ntsI
nfstrDboBW kf sjfb dlb jsv pfb db hf jvfv dbslGwW slb db. dj lc}sJv dhNq sp,
h rfuD ifi[q jvsk sn dwjG kAfdlv hV ifsiv shfUf dbsq hfdV dIsv, Ivp
zflfq jvsk sn mcwdvj rsq slsw zfsn. zsbsjv HfsoA sjht j, zfVv,
zKGhAq W ncbfm Kfsj. zsbsj rfvfm ifsq zsKGfifuGb jsv (nCl, OcN kAfdlv efjf
dbsq) r jsv zfsn. htf hftA, mb mfbcNslv uDhsb r sjfb idvhkGb zfbsk
ifsv bf. hvQ ifi W idtkfv uDhb isK kfv zhf `pKf iChGQ kKf ivQ' Kfsj,
kfrst msb iaw Kfsj sp, mb stfjslv r jhct rq dj? zffr ufsbb.
i[fsv sp kWrDlhflDvf rftft mft fvf jmf zffrv nsfNdhLfsbv sswA,
k]fv vnCt v kvDjfr hf idkmsk sjfb iajfsvv odrGk W zdhsLq jfsu dt bf
rsq r iftb jsv, kfslv ubA zfwf jvf pfq, bwffr- dkdb kfslv `tffj'
(rfduv rfduv Ffsj) nfvf slshb hQ kfslv r jhct jvshb. kfvf bhufk
dwv mk dbifi rsq hfdV dIvsh hQ kfslv zfofmD uDhb sn zfstfsj
zfstfdjk, nQswfdLk W idvhdkGk rsh. zfv ivjfst uffskv mrficvfv tfH
jvsh.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb

j
jcvcvhhffbbDDvv i
iafafvvddH
Hjj ddk
krrffnn
jcvhfbDv dkrfn Jch iafyDb. sn zfdl dikf zflm -v pco sKsj jcvhfbDv
dhLfb yst zfnsY. zflm -v lc sYst rfdht W jfdhstv jcvhfbD siw jvfv jKf
zfmvf mrfoa zft-jcvzfb sKsj ufbsk ifdv. (slJcb nCvf mflfr 27 zfqfk)
rpvk hvfrDm -v jcvhfbDv zflwG hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstb, zk}iv sn
(nmft) pJb dikf (hvfrDsm)v nfsK ytf-dIvfv (jfu jvfv) hqsn ibDk rt,
kJb hvfrDm kfsj htt, `sr shef! zfdm si sldJ sp, skfmfsj pshr jvdY; Jb
skfmfv zdHmk dj slJ.' sn htt, `zff! zfibfsj pf zfslw jvf rsqsY, zfidb
kf iftb jvb. bwfzffr, zfidb zfmfsj SLpGwDtvsi ifshb.' zbv dikf-ic
Hsq pJb zfbcokA iajfw jvt hQ hvfrDm kfsj pshr jvfv ubA zsLfmcsJ
wfdqk jvt, kJb zfdm sFsj httfm, `sr hvfrDm! kcdm skf isj hfsh idvBk
jsv slJfst. zfdm Hfsh n{jmGDslvsj iadklfb dlsq Kfdj. dbyq ef j nci
ivD[f. zfv zfdm kfv idvhskG pshr jvfv ubA j mrfb u dlsq kfsj mc jsv
dbtfm. zfv kfv ubA dhNqde ivhkGDslv ubA nvBDq jsv vfJtfm. (nCvf nfIXIfk
102-108 zfqfk)
iajfw sp, i slsJ hvfrDm -v 3 njft ]e jcvhfbD jvfv jKf bq.
Wsv rkAf bq zfu `nkA-oar' wdv sfLb!
dlb dmbf-mqlfsb
ic-snsrv olGfsb
Ycdv srsb Jcb [dvsq sb'
svsJsY zff hvfrDm sn zfibf v iB!
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

j
jcvcvhhffbbDDvv I
IppDDt
tkk
`pXdrqAfr' jcvhfbDv dlbnmCsr zffrv nfdLA tfsHv sswA pshr-spfoA ]e,
ov, Yfot hf sH]Vfsj htf rq. wde `pcrf' w sKsj oxrDk pfv zKG iChGfr.
spsrkc jcvhfbD pshr jvfv m hf zfIpt nmq rt 10 pctXrsv (slv dlsbv)
iChGfrjft. kf nfmsnAv ubA kfsj `pXdrqAfr' htf rsqsY. pfsj `pfdrqAfr' hf
`zfpXrfr'W htf rq. zfv `zfprfr' v hhyb `zfpXrf'. pfv ndrk nijG ucsV
slv bfm rsqsY `lct zfprf'. htf hftA, lcpXspfrf jKfde dEj bq.
jcvhfbD wdeW `jchG' Lfkc sKsj odEk. pfv zKG SbjeA. jcvhfb rt, iaskAj sn
h, pfv mfLAsm zffrv SbjeA tfH jvf pfq. zfv snJfb sKsj IfvnD hf lGc-
hfQtfsk oxrDk rsqsY `jcvhfbD' wde.
jcvhfbD jvf djkfh, ncfr W nhGhfdlnmdksm dhsLq. zffr kfzftf hstb,
()
`zkh kcdm bfmfp iV skfmfv iadkiftsjv sswA hQ jcvhfbD jv. (nCvf zfnXv 2zfqfk)
zfqfk wvDsI zffr kfzftf k]fv bhD -sj bfmfp W jcvhfbD lc'de
hflksj jdk jsv iftb jvsk zfslw jsvsYb. sp lc'de hxrm zfbcoskAv
zbAkm hQ msrfm nfmDiAlfbjfvD hflk. zffrv vnCt sn zfslw
pKfpKHfsh iftb jsvsYb. kf dkdb dYstb- zdLj bfmfp jfsqmjfvD W zdLj
jcvhfbDlfkf. hsb mv hstb, bhD lw hYv mlDbfq zhfbjfst jcvhfbD
jsvsYb. (mcnbfl zfrmfl, dkvdmpD)
rpvk zfbfn hstb, `vnCt lDOG (W nclv) lc'dwQdhdw nflf-jfstf dmdwak
(smse hf Yf) vsMv lc'de lcf jcvhfbD jsvsYb.' (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
dkdb sjfb hYv jcvhfbD kAfo jvskb bf. (pflct mfzfl 2/317) spmb dkdb kf]v jmG
fvf jcvhfbD jvfv iv mksj zbciafdBk jsvsYb, skmdb dkdb k]fv hfjA fvfW
zbciafdBk W kfjDl jsvsYb. spmb dkdb hstb, sp hAd (slv) bfmfspv iCshG
pshr jsv sn dbsuv ubA pshr jsv. zfv sp bfmfspv isv pshr jsv kfv jcvhfbD
dn rq hQ sn mcntmfbslv kvDjfv zbcnfvD rq. (hcJfvD 5226bQ)
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
dkdb zfsvf hstb, nfmKGA Kfjf nsW sp jcvhfbD jsv bf sn spb zhwA zfmfslv
lofsrv dbjehkDG bf rq. (mcnbfl zfrmfl 2/321, hsb mfufr 2/1044, rfsjm 2/389)
njt mcndtmoB jcvhfbD dhsLq rWqfv hAfifsv jmk. hAfifsv jfsvf sjfb dmk
sb. (mcobD 13/360, Ifkt hfvD 10/3)
ksh jcvhfbD jvf Wqfsuh bf nck kf dbsq mkfv zfsY. zfv lc mskv ltDt
iafq nmfbHfsh hdt. pfsk sjfb jefv iadk i[ifdkk nru bq. pfv ubA djYc
nQfvj W dyfdhlX Wtfmf jcvhfbD Wqfsuh rWqfv i[ nmKGb jsvb. k]fslv msLA
wfqJct ntfm hsb kfdmqAfr (v}) zbAkm. dj zdLjfQw nfrfhf, kfshqDb hQ
IjDrosBv msk jcvhfbD ncfsk mczfflfr (kfjDliaf nck). zhwA mcndtsmv ubA
mLAif sp, nfmKGA Kfjsk jcvhfbD kAfo bf jvf dyk. (4) dyk dbsuv W
idvhfv-idvusbv kvI sKsj jcvhfbD jvf. pfsk zffrv zfslw iftsb hQ mrfbhD
v zbcjvsB dhvfe nWqfshv zdLjfvD rsk ifsv.
hk} jcvhfbDsk zffrv SbjeA tfsHv sswA hflskv Jfsk zKGhAq (W
fKGkAfo) rq. pfsk kWrDlhflDslv mfm rpvk hvfrDm -v ncfr uDdhk rq.
ntfsmv jde iakDsjv dhjfw Ose. idvhfv W ldvlausbv iv Jvy jvf rq hQ
zfkDq-ub W hc-hfhslv ubA rfdlqf W isTZjb siw jvf rq. k djYcv
mfLAsm mcndtm slv JcwDv fl oarB jsv Kfsj. iajxkis[ zffrv zfbcokA jvsk
sisv mcndtm zfbltfH jvsk ifsv. sn JcwD kfv zfnt JcwD. vmpfsbv nfvf dlb
svfpf swsN Ikfsvv nmq kfv JcwD rq. iCBG j mfn svfpf jsv sn dhvfe zfbcoskAv
mfLAsm slv dlsb kfv zfbl zbcHh jsv Kfsj. JcwD kfv pKfKG JcwD. hfjD
zbAfbA ifdKGh ncJ-dhtfsnv JcwD JcwD bq. hvQ kf nhGbfswv jlmhcnD. zffr ifj djYc
ufrffmhfnDslv sswA htshb, jfvsB sp, skfmvf ixdKhDsk zpKf zfbl
jvsk W lH iajfw jvsk. (nCvf mc'dmb 75zfqfk)
jfvsbv ifdKGh {Ickf nvB jdvsq dkdb hstb, nvB jv, kfv nialfq kfsj
hstdYt, (liGmq) zfbl jsvf bf. zhwA zffr (liGmq) zfbljfvDslvsj iYl
jsvb bf. (nCvf jfnfn 76 zfqfk)

( ) zisvv lfb hf nrspfdokf dbsq r hf jcvhfbD jvst kf iftb rsq pfsh hQ lfkf W jkGf
Hsq nWqfshv zdLjfvD rsh. B jsv jcvhfbD slWqf uvvD bq.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zk}iv fkhA sp, spmb r bf jsv kfv Jvy nljfr jvst Ivp zflfq rq bf,
skmdb jcvhfbD bf jsv kfv mCtA nljfr jsv zHD nck zflfq rq bf. spsrkc pshr
rt zffrv kf'pDm-ndtk j hflk hQ k]fv Dsbv j dblwGb W iakDj. zfv
mCtA nljfr jvst kf hfdkt rsq pfq.
i[fsv jcvhfbD bhD -v ncfr hQ nmoa mcndtm ufdkv j zfmt. zfv
sjfKfW jdKk sb sp, k]fslv sj jcvhfbDv idvhskG kfv mCtA nljfr jsvsYb.
zfhfv pdl kf m rk, kfrst k]fvf dbyq kfv hAdkm jvskb bf. (IfkfWqf hsb
kfdmqAfr 26/304)
hbct jfsqAm (v}) hstb, `pshr kfv fsb jcvhfbDv mCtA nljfr jvf zsi[f
m. pdlW sn mCtA jcvhfbDv sysq idvmfsB zdLj rq. jfvB, zfnt pshr swA
W zHD. spsrkc jcvhfbD bfmfspv nQpc hflk. spmb zffr kfzftf hstb,
.()
zKGf{, zkh kcdm skfmfv iadkiftsjv sswA bfmfp iV W jcvhfbD jv. (nCvf zfnXv)
zbA hstb,
.()
zKGf{, ht, zfmfv bfmfp, zfmfv jcvhfbD, zfmfv uDhb, zfmfv mxkcA dhwuoskv
iadkiftj zffrv sswA. (nCvf zfbzfm 162 zfqfk)
zkh iaskAj LmGflswG bfmfp W jcvhfbD zfsY; pfv dhji zbA djYc rsk ifsv bf.
zfv ubA pdl sjfb rfuD kfv kfmfc' hf djvfb rsv jcvhfbDv hlst kfv
dkbB zKhf kfv sKsj shwD mCtA nljfr jsv ksh kfv idvhkG rsh bf. zbcviHfsh
jcvhfbDW. zfv zffr zdLj ufsbb. (kcrIfkct mfWlCl 36ix})
zfsvf fkhA dhNq sp, mCtk} jcvhfbD pKfnmsq uDdhk hAdv kvI sKsj
iafKGbDq. zhwA sn Yf jvst kfv nWqfsh uDdhk zKhf mxk zfkDq-ubsjW
wvDj jvsk ifsv. spsrkc bhD k]fv nfrfhfhxl dbsuslv hQ idvhfv-
idvubslv kvI sKsj jcvhfbD jvskb.
jfdLj mxkhAdsj jde mf jcvhfbDv nWqfsh wvDj jvfW ShL; pdl kfslv msLA
jfsvf iv jcvhfbD Wqfsuh (bpv) bf Kfsj ksh. vnCt dbsuv kvI sKsj,
idvhfv-idvusbv kvI sKsj hQ sn mskv kvI sKsj jcvhfbD jsvsYb; pfvf
zffrv ubA kWrDslv nf[A dlsqsY hQ k]fv ubA dvnftfk hf iayfsvv nf[A dlsqsY.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
(mcnbfl zfrmfl 6/391-392, hfrfjD 9/268) zfv dhdlk sp, nf[A ialfbjfvD djYc
mk k]fv pcso mfvf dosqdYt. zkh j jcvhfbDsk sj dbu mxk dikfmfkf
W lflf-lflDsjW nWqfsh wfdmt jvsk ifsv.
mxkhAdv kvI sKsj ixKj jcvhfbD jvfv sjfb ltDt sb. ksh jvf pfq. spsrkc
jcvhfbD jvf j iajfv nljfr. zfv mxskv kvI sKsj nljfr jvf dn; pf
pKfiamfdBk hQ mxkhAd kfvf ijxkW rsh - bwfzffr. iv mxkhAd
swaBDv icBAjsmGv mcJfsi[DW Kfsj.
spmb, jde jcvhfbDsj dbsuv kvI sKsj bf dlsq sjhtmf mxskv ubA dbdlG jvf
dEj bq hQ sk zffr kfzftfv nDmfrDb jvBf sKsj hdk rWqf dyk bq. hvQ
dyk sp, dbsuv bfsmv ndrk uDdhk-mxk zbAfbA zfkDq-idvubsj jcvhfbDv
dbqsk wfdmt jvf. spmb zffrv bhD jcvhfbD pshr jvfv nmq hstsYb, `sr
zffr! (jcvhfbD) mcrfmslv kvI sKsj hQ mcrfmslv hQwLsvv kvI sKsj.'
nckvfQ dkdb dbsuv bfm iaKsm dbsqsYb hQ sn ns hQwLvslvsjW kfv nWqfsh
wvDj jsvsYb.
i[fsv mxkhAd pdl kfv j kxkDqfQw nil sKsj jfsj jcvhfbD jvsk
znDqk jsv pfq, zKhf djYc WqfjXI jsv kfv zduGk zKG sKsj jcvhfbDv znDqk
jsv pfq, ksh znDv ubA kf jfpGjv jvf Wqfsuh. jcvhfbD bf jsv zKG nljfr
Jfsk hAq jvf ShL bq. jfvB, kf ncfrv idviD hQ zdnqskv vifv. zbAKf pdl
jcvhfbDv ubA zdnqkjxk zKG nQjctfb bf rq, kfrst lc zKhf kskfdLj hYsvv
zKG jdk jsv jcvhfbD dlsk rsh. zhwA dbsuv kvI sKsj hfjD zKG iCvB jsv
jcvhfbD jvst kf nshGfm. smfejKf znDv dyk, nC[Hfsh znDqk jfpGjv jvf hQ
pfsk mxk zdnqkjfvDv ijfv W tfH rq kfv pKfKG iaqfn jvf.
fkhA sp, vnCt jkGxj zftD -sj jcvhfbDv zdnqk jvfv rflDn pqDI.
(pzflf} 596bQ, pdk} 255bQ, pmf} 672bQ, dm} 1462bQ rflDsnv eDjf }) iv bhDv bfsm
jcvhfbD jvf zfmfslv ubA dhsLq bq. dkdb nfst-nWqfshv mcJfsi[DW bb.
sJA sp, mcnfdIv rstW kfv ubA jcvhfbD jvf dhsLq. zffrv vnCt dmbfq
Kfjfjfst dbu DosBv kvI sKsj ov jcvhfbD jsvsYb. (hcJfvD 294, 5548, mcndtm
1975bQ, hfrfjD 9/295)
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

j
jcvcvhhffbbDDvv mmffrrffk
kAA nnQQ
ff
i
iayayddt
tkk
jddk
j ki iqq z zyyt t rrffllDDnn
1. jcvhfbDv ufsbfqfv djqfmskv dlb kfv dwQ W iwm hQ Jcvnr zhwA
rfduv rsh---. (pqDI, pqDI kfvoDh 671bQ)
2. jcvhfbD skfmfslv dikf hvfrDsmv nck. kfv iaskAjde stfsmv
idvhskG vsqsY jde jsv sbjD. (rflDnde uft, pqDI kfvoDh 672bQ)
3. jcvhfbDv iaKm dhlc vsv nfsK iCshGjfv nm sofbfr mfI rsq pfq.
idesj kfv v W mfQnnr l]fdViffsk 70 B HfvD jsv slWqf rsh. (rflDnde
uft, pqDI kfvoDh 674-675bQ)
4. Hfstf msb nWqfshv sswA jcvhfbD jvst kf ufrffm sKsj ilGfv
mk rsh. (rflDnde uft, pqDI kfvoDh 677bQ)
5. skfmvf skfmfslv jcvhfbDsj smfef-kfuf jv. jfvB kf skfmfslv
ictdnvfk ifsvv nWqfvD. (zdk lchGt, dntdntfr pqDIfr 1255bQ)

j
jcvcvhhffbbDDvv z
zffrrj
jffmm
jcvhfbD jvf zffrv j hflk. zfv djkfh W ncfq jKf iamfdBk sp, sjfb
zfmt sbj, nfstr hf Hfstf rq bf, djQhf oxrDk W SbjeAlfbjfvD rq bf; pk[B bf
kfsk lc'de wkG iCvB rsqsY;
iaKmk}- Jtfn. zKGf{, kf spb J]fde zffrv sswA rq.
dkDqk}- kf spb zffr W klDq vnCstv dbslGdwk dhdL-dhLfb zbcpfqD rq. zffr
kfzftf hstb,
(



)
sp kfv iadkiftsjv nf[f{ jfmbf jsv, sn spb n{jmG jsv hQ kfv iadkiftsjv
hflsk jfsj wvDj bf jsv. (nCvf jfrXI 110 zfqfk)
nckvfQ pfvf sjht shwD jsv sofX JfWqfv sswA jcvhfbD slq zKhf stfj nmfsu
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
bfm jcVfhfv sswA smfef-kfuf zdkdv mCstAv i q jsv hQ kf ialwGb W
iayfv jsv Kfsj kfslv jcvhfbD sp hflk bq kf htf hftA.
jcvhfbDv ubA djYc wkG vsqsY}-
1- jcvhfbDv i spb sn swaBD hf hqsnv rq sp swaBD W hqn wvDqk dbLGfdvk
jsvsY. zfv dbLGfdvk swaBDv i yfvde; ]e, ov, sH]Vf W Yfot. zdLjfQw tfmfslv
msk nhsysq {jx jcvhfbD rt ]e, zk}iv ov, k{iv smN (sH]Vf), kfviv
Yfot. zfhfv bv smN mflf smN zsi[f m. spsrkc ians ltDt hdBGk rsqsY.
(zfpWqft hfqfb 5/634)
jde ]e zKhf ovsk nfk hAd jcvhfbDv ubA wvDj rsk ifsv. (mcndtm 1318bQ)
dj smN hf Yfso HfofHfdo ShL bq. ksh kfv nWqfsh jfdLj hAdsj wvDj jvf
pfsh. nckvfQ jde idvhfsvv kvI sKsj mf jde smN hf Yfo psK rsh. kfsk
sn idvhfsvv stfj nQJAf pk Kfj bf sjb.
dj ]e hf ovv j nfQw jde idvhfsvv kvI sKsj psK rsh dj? dbsq
tfmfosBv mfsU mkfv vsqsY. sj hstb, psK bq. jfvB, kfsk 7 usbv zdLj
hAdv wvDj rWqf ShL bq. kf YfVf idvhfsvv kvI sKsj jde iCBG `lm' (ufb)
psK rsh. zfv 7 Hfsov 1 Hfo iCBG lm bq. (IfkfWqf wfqJ mcrfmfl dhb hvfrDm 6/149)
zsbsjv msk jde smN hf Yfsov mk j nfQw ]e hf ov psK rsh. (mfufdtnc
zfwdv dptrffr, wcmfdmvD, 26ix} zft-mcmsk' hsb nfmDb 7/462-463)
htf hftA, jde idvhfsvv kvI sKsj j hf lc Hfo ov jcvhfbD slWqfv yfsk
1de Yfot hf sH]Vf slWqf zdLj m.
jcvhfbDv nfsK jde Hfo zfjDjfv sswA slWqf psK bq. spmb psK bq
jde i jcvhfbD W zfjDjfv dbqsk pshr jvf. jcvhfbD W zfjDjfv ubA ixKj
ixKj i rsk rsh. zhwA pdl sjfb dwv zfjDjfv dlb jcvhfbDv dlsb isv hQ
zfjDjf pshr jsv, kfrst zfv jcvhfbD bf dlstW yst. spmb, lcde sofnstv jfvB
idk rst jde sofnt jvst psK, ucmzfv dlsb slv bfmfp iVst zfv
ucmzfr bf iVstW yst, dhlfsqv nmq rsv kWqfI jvst zfv dhlfqD kWqfI bf
jvstW yst, spfrsvv nmq mndusl iashw jsv spfrsvv nck iVst zfv
kfdrqAfkct mfndul tfso bf hQ kfmfc rsv jcvhfbD dlst zfv ixKjHfsh
jcvhfbD bf dlstW yst. (mfbfvn nfhDt 1/280)
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
hqsnv dlj dlsq ]sev i]fy hYv, ovv lc hYv hQ smN W Yfsov j hYv rWqf
uvvD. zhwA zncdhLfv s[s Yq mfn hqnD smN jcvhfbD jvf pfq. diaq bhD hstb,
l]fkfstf YfVf pshr jsvf bf. ksh kf lctGH rst Yq mfsnv smN pshr jv. (mcndtm
1963bQ)
dj tfmfoB dhNsq jmk sp, Y'mfn hqnD smsNv jcvhfbD dn rsh; kf YfVf
zbA i ifWqf pfj zKhf bf pfj. zdLjfQw tfmfoB rflDsnv zfslwsj
srhfh (m) hst Lsv dbsqsYb hQ hstsYb sp, rflDsnv mmGfKG bq sp, zbA
jcvhfbDv i bf ifWqf sost ksh Y'mfn hqsnv smNwfhsjv jcvhfbD ShL. spsrkc
mb zbAfbA ltDtW vsqsY pfvf iamfdBk rq sp, hqnD smsNvW jcvhfbD ShL;
iajfwk} pdlW jcvhfbDlfkf zbA l]fkfstf i sisqW Kfsj. spmb vnCt hstb,
Y'mfn hqnD smNwfhj m jcvhfbD. (mcnbfsl zfrmfl 2/445, dkvdmpD)
jhfr dhb zfsmv hstb, (jlf) bhD jcvhfbDv i dhkvB jvstb.
jhfv Hfso iVt j Yq mfsnv smN. dkdb htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfv
Hfso Yq mfsnv smN rt?' iakcAsv dkdb htstb, ef dlsq kcdm jcvhfbD jv.
(hcJfvD 2178, mcndtm 1965bQ)
2- i dbsmf denmCr sKsj spb mc rq;
(j) j syfsJ i zk. (J) i hAfdL. (o) i Jkf. (O) zdm hfLGjA.
hAfifsv zffrv vnCt hstb, yfv vjsmv i jcvhfbD ShL hf dn rsh bf; (j
ys[) i zsk z, i svfof, i Jkfq J hQ lcvfsvfoA Hoil. (zfhC
lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf)
zkh yfsvv sjfb j depc i fvf jcvhfbD dn rq bf. hsb jclfmfr
hstb, ` dhNsq sjfb mksHl zfmvf ufdb bf.' (mcobD 13/369)
dedtv dhfdvk hAfJAf dbmvi}-
(j) i jfbf (j ys[v z) pfv jde y[c Lsn sosY zKhf shdvsq zfsY.
lxdrDb rst skf zdLj de rsh. ksh pfv y[c nflf rsq sosY, dj b rqdb kfv
jcvhfbD dn rsh. jfvB, kf i jfbf bq.
(J) i svfsov svfof; pfv iv svfsov dyr iajfdwk. sp yvsk zKhf sJsk ifsv
bf; pfv lvb lchGtkf W mfQndhjxdk rsq Kfsj. klbcvi ymGsvfoW jde de; pfv
jfvsB ydhG W mfQn Jfvfi rsq Kfsj. skmdb i [k jde de; pdl kfv Ist
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
iv iv sjfb iaHfh isV Kfsj.
oHGLfvB sjfb de bq. ksh oHGifk hf ianshv dbjehkGD i jiajfv svfooa
hQ kf jde de. spsrkc ofHDb iv sofX zsbsjv dbje zvdyjv, snsrkc
susbsb kf q jvf dyk bq. zhwA jcvhfbDv ubA dbdlG hf q jvfv iv osHGv
jKf ufbf sost kf jcvhfbDvsi psK rsh. kfv sisev hfyf JfWqf pfsh. uDdhk
Kfjst kfsj pshr jvsk rsh. mxk rst pshr bf jsv JfWqf pfsh. sjbbf, mfsqv
pshrsk snW rftft rsq pfq. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb,
rfsjm, lfvfjckbD, kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm 3431bQ) jfsvf vdy bf rst sn jKf dH.
(o) lcvfsvfoA Hoil. (O) lchGtkf W hfLGsjAv jfvsB pfv ydhG W mf b zKhf j
rsq sosY.
sdJk rflDn wvDIdesk isvf depc iv jcvhfbD dn bq hst dhhxk
rsqsY hQ hfjD zbAfbA dev jKf hBGbf rqdb. dj zdLjfQw tfmfosBv msk,
pdl denmCsrv zbcvi hf kskfdLj ml de sjfb isk ifWqf pfq kfrst
kfskW jcvhfbD dn rsh bf; spmb, lc ys[v z hf if jfef iaHxdk. (wfvb bWhD 13/28)
JffhD (v}) hstb, rflDsn jKfv ltDt vsqsY sp, jcvhfbDv isk nfmfbA de
mfuGbDq. spsrkc rflDsnv hhA, i jfbf, i svfof, i J zkh dev
nfmfbA zQw zi rsh hQ kf mfuGbDq W zLkGhA rsh. (mfzfdtmcn ncbfb 4/106)
i[fsv zfsvf jkjdt de vsqsY pfsk jcvhfbD dn rsq pfq; dj kf mjvr
hst dhshdyk rq. kf ufkDq de sKsjW jcvhfbDv isj mc jvf m.
sp depc i fvf jcvhfbD mjvr kf dbmvi }-
1. jfb jfef hf dwQ Hff. v fvf jcvhfbD mjvr. ksh dn rsq pfsh.
jfvB, sk mfQsnv sjfb [dk hf jdm rq bf hQ nfLfvBk} mb de iv
msLA shwD idvtd[k rsq Kfsj. dj sp iv um sKsj dwQ hf jfb sb
kfv fvf jcvhfbD mjvr bq. spsrkc Hff hf jfefsk i vf W dj rq;
pf j svfsov mk. dj um sKsj bf Kfjfef Lvsbv sjfb svfo bq. zhwA
iCBGf i zfIpt.
2. stu jfef. pfv iCBGg zKhf djYc zQw stu jfef sosY kfv jcvhfbD mjvr.
sHVfv icsY mfQndi jfef Kfjst kfv jcvhfbD dn bq. spsrkc kf j i
jdm hQ dnk zQw. zhwA mb ufskv sH]Vf pfv iyfsk mfQn di rq
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
bf kfvf jcvhfbD .
3. jfb dyvf, SlsOGA dyvf, iyf{ sKsj dyvf, nmcJ sKsj ias dyvf, jfb Ifef
kAfdl.
4. dt jfef. zhwA mcj jfef mjvr bq. spsrkc JfnDv slr ric W mfQn
{jx rq.
5. l]fk Hff W yfmVfv sjfb zQw zoHDv jfef hf dyvf kAfdl.
jcvhfbD dn rWqfv kxkDq wkG rt mfdtjfbf. zKGf{, jcvhfbDlfkf spb ShLHfsh
iv mfdtj rq. nckvfQ ycdvjxk, zfknf{jxk zKhf zShL q-dhsq Dk iv
jcvhfbD dn bq. klbcvi zShL mCtA (spmb nCl, Ocn, iahbf iaHxdkv zKG) fvf Dk
iv jcvhfbDW ufsqp bq. spsrkc jcvhfbD j hflk pfv fvf zffrv SbjeA tfH
jvf rq. zfv jcvhfbDv iv mfdtj rWqfv nm idk rt ifimq. zfv ifi fvf
sjfb iajfv SbjeA tfH nHh bq. hvQ kfsk lCvk nxd rq. vnCt hstb, zffr
idh, dkdb idh hAkDk djYc oarB jsvb bf. (mcndtm 1015bQ)
jcvhfbDv i dbLGfvsB mcndtmsj ndhswN pkhfb rWqf dyk, pfsk i nhGsB
niCBG rq. spsrkc ef zffrv dblwGb W kf'pDmspfoA DbD iakDjnmCsrv zbAkm.
pf zfknQpm W kfjWqfv idvyfqj. zffr kfzftf hstb,
(


)
de zffrv dhLfb, hQ sj zffrv dblwGbfhtDv nmfb jvst skf kfv
rlsqv kfjWqf (LmGdbf) nfk. (nCvf rX 32zfqfk)
skf nfLfvB DbD iakDjnmCsrv jKf. dbdlGHfsh jcvhfbDv i sp j DbD iakDj
hQ kfv pk jvf sp zffrv nmfb W kf'pDm jvfv wfdmt, sn jKf zbA j
zfqfk zfmfslvsj dbslGw jsv. mrfb zffr hstb,
()
(jcvhfbDv) ]esj skfmfslv ubA zffrv dblwGbfhtDv zbAkm jsvdY. (nCvf
r 36 zfqfk)
Jfsb jcvhfbD iv kf'pDm rsh kf m dbhGfysbv mfLAsm. hsb zffn iaKm
zfqfskv hAfJAfq hstb, `jcvhfbD iv nmfb jvfv zKG rt, ic mfQnt, nclv W
hV i dbhGfyb jvf.' (kInDv hsb jfnDv 3/229)
vnCt v pcso mcntmfboB lfmD i jcvhfbDv ubA q jvskb, smfef-kfuf
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
hQ m i hfYf jvskb; pfv fvf zffrv dblwGbfhtDv kf'pDm sOfNBf
jvskb. pf jmf k]fslv kfjWqf, zffrHDdk W zffrsiam sKsj lXok rk.
(Ifkt hfvD 10/9)
zhwA mcndtmsj fsb sJqft vfJf dyk sp, smfef-kfuf i jcvhfbD jvfv
swA sjht m mfQn JfWqf hQ zfsifsn iadkspfdokf jvf bf rq. hvQ swA
zffrv dblwGb W LmDGq j iakDsjv kf'pDm hQ kfv mfLAsm zffrv nfmDiAtfH rq.
jfstf vM zsi[f LCnv vsMv i jcvhfbDv ubA m. mrfbhD hstb, jfstf
vsMv lcde jcvhfbD zsi[f LCnv vsMv jde jcvhfbD zffrv dbje zdLj
iYlbDq. (zfrmfl, rfsjm, iamcJ, dntdntfr nrDrfr 1861bQ)
i sqv nmq demc slJf W kfv hqsnv sJqft vfJf dyk. spsrkc i pk
dbJ]ck rsh kk zffrv dbje diaq rsh, nWqfshW Jch hV rsh hQ jcvhfbDlfkfv
zfdvj kfjWqfv idvyfqj rsh. jfvB, zffrv jfsY Wslv (jcvhfbDv iv)
mfQn hQ v si]ZsY bf, hvQ skfmfslv kfjWqf (LmGdbf) si]ZsY Kfsj. Hfsh dkdb
slvsj skfmfslv zLDb jsv dlsqsYb, pfsk skfmvf zffrv swak sOfNBf jv;
ubA sp dkdb skfmfslv iKialwGb jsvsYb. nckvfQ (sr bhD!) kcdm n{jmGivfqBslv
ncnQhfl lfW. (nCvf r 37 zfqfk)
jcvhfbDlfkf jcvhfbDv i sqv iv kfsj jKf fvf (mcsJ hst) jcvhfbDv ubA
dbdlG jvsh hQ jcvhfbDv dlb kfsj jcvhfbDv dbqsk pshr jvsh.
pJb sjfb i jcvhfbDv hst dbBGDk rsq pfsh, kJb kfv ubA jkj zfrjfm
dhNqDHCk rsh. spmb }-
1. iv k jcvhfbDlfkfv rfkYfVf rsh. Ist kf dhq jvf, srhf jvf,
{jxkv dhdbmsq YfVf idvhkGb jvf ShL rsh bf. spsrkc pf zffrv ubA dbdlG
rsqsY kfv q-dhq ShL bq. ksh spsrkc Wv sysq {jxkv iv dhdbmsq
idvhkGb jvfsk jcvhfbDv mfb zdLj hdLGk rq, kf kf ShL. zfv Wv sysq mlkv
i fvf idvhkGb zShL. jfvB, kfsk jcvhfbDv zfQdwj idvmfB rfkYfVf rq.
jcvhfbDv i dbdlGjfvD hAd pdl mfvf pfq kfrstW kf dhq jvf ShL bq. hvQ
kfv vfdLjfvDoB kf pshr jsv H[B jvsh, lfb jvsh W isTZjb dlsh.
2. pdl kfv sjfb de slJf slq, kfrst de hV bf rst (pfsk jcvhfbD mjvr
rstW dn rsh. spmb, jfb jfef, dwQ Hff kAfdl) kf jcvhfbD jvsh. dj de
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
hV rst (pfsk jcvhfbD dn rq bf, spmb i Jkf kAfdl) pdl kf dbu jmGslfsN
rq, kfrst kfv idvhskG derDb i jcvhfbD jvf uvvD rsh. zfv depc
ide kfv zdLjfvHc rsh. ksh de pdl jcvhfbDlfkfv jmGslfsN hf zhsrtfq
bf rq, kfrst Wef jcvhfbD jvf kfv ubA dn rsh.
dj dbBGsqv iCshG pdl jcvhfbD kfv iv Wqfsuh Kfsj, spmb sj jcvhfbDv bpv
smsb Kfsj hQ kfviv sjfb Yfot kfv ubA dbBGDk jsv hQ kfviv kfv dbu slfsN
kf depc bf rsq zbA jfvsB rsq Kfsj, kf rstW derDb i fvf kfv idvhkGb
uvvD rsh.
3. jcvhfbDv i rfdvsq hf ycdv rsq sost, pdl kf jcvhfbD lfkfv zhsrtfv Ist bf
rq, kfrst kfv iv zbA jcvhfbD uvvD bq. jfvB, kf kfv rfsk j iajfv
zfmfbk, pf npk nsW dhb rst kfv pfmfbk sb. ksh HdhNAsk i pdl
dIsv ifq, ksh jcvhfbDv nmq ifv rsq sostW nmsq kf pshr jvsh. dj pdl
jcvhfbD lfkfv zhsrtf W zpskv jfvsB v[f bf jvfv Ist rfdvsq hf ycdv rsq pfq,
kfrst kfv idvhskG zbA jde i jcvhfbD jvf uvvD rsh.
4. jcvhfbDv iv sjfb zQw (mfQn, ydhG, yfmVf, ldV kAfdl) dhq jvf ShL rsh
bf. jfvB, kf zffrv sswA {noGDjxk h, kf sjfbW iajfsv icbvfq kf dbsuv
hAhrfsv dIdvsq zfbf ShL bq. klbcvi Wv sjfbW zQw fvf jnfsj ifdvwadmj
slWqf ShL bq. spsrkc snefW j iajfv dhdbmq pf q-dhsqv mk. (hcJfvD 1630,
mcndtm 1317bQ)
zhwA jnf ovDh rst lfb vi zKhf ovDh bf rst rfdlqf vi kfsj jcvhfbDv
sofX kAfdl slWqf lCNBDq bq. spsrkc kJb kfsj zbAfbA rjlfvslv wfdmt msb
jvf rsh; hvQ sn zdLj rjlfv rsh. jfvB sn jcvhfbDsk jmGspfso wvDj rsqsY
hQ kfv mb Wv iadk zfwfdbk rsqsY. ksh m sp, kfv mucvD zfso dmdesq
slsh hQ isv djYc lfb hf rfdlqf slsh. pfsk sjfb nslr W softspfo zhdw bf
Kfsj. (Ifkt hfvD 3/556)
5. i q jvfv iv pdl kfv hfyf rq, kfrst mfsqv nfsK kfsjW jcvhfbD jvsk
rsh. (dk} 1503bQ) v iCshG iv lcL JfWqf pfsh; ksh wkG rt, spb hfyf
[dkoa bf rq hQ kfv iasqfusbv zdkdv rq. (hfrfjD 9/288, zft-mcmsk
7/510)
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb

ppsshhrrvv nnmmqq W
W ddbbqqk
k

jcvhfbD j hflk. pf kfv dbu nmq YfVf zbA nmsq dn rq bf. jcvhfbDv
nmq lw pctr slv bfmfspv iv. bfmfspv iCshG sj pshr jvst kfv jcvhfbD
rq bf hQ bfmfspv iv Wv idvhskG jcvhfbD jvf uvvD rq.
ucblch dhb ncIqfb zft hfuftD hstb, vnCtcfr v ndrk jcvhfbDsk idk
dYtfm. dkdb pJb bfmfp nmf jvstb kJb jkj Yfo W smNsj slJstb pshr jvf
rsq sosY. zk}iv htstb, sp hAd bfmfspv iCshG pshr jsvsY, sn spb Wv
idvhskG zfv j i pshr jsv. zfv sp hAd pshr jsv db, sn spb zffrv bfm
dbsq pshr jsv. (hcJfvD , mcndtm 1960bQ)
slv Jc{hfq bhD hstb, zfusjv dlb zfmvf pf dlsq v jvh kf rsY
bfmfp. zk}iv dIsv dosq jcvhfbD jvh. zkh sp hAd vi jvsh sn zfmfslv
ncfr (kvDjfv) zbchkGD. zfv sp hAd (bfmfspv iCshG) jcvhfbD jsv dbsqsY, kfrst
kf mfQn; pf dbsuv idvhfsvv ubA siw jvsh hQ kf jcvhfbDv djYc bq. (hcJfvD ,
mcndtm 1961bQ)
zfv zfIpt ef sp, bfmfspv iv Jckhf swN rst ksh pshr jvf. sp hAd
Hftvsi pshr jvsk ifsv kfv dyk, dbsuv jcvhfbD dbsuv rfsk pshr jvf hQ
zivsj kfv lfdqk bf slWqf. spsrkc zffrv vnCt rs dbu jcvhfbD pshr
jsvsYb. hQ spsrkc jcvhfbD SbjeAlfbjfvD j hflk, kf SbjeA tfsHv
jfsu zisvv nfrfpA bf dbsq dbu jmGhst tfH jvf m. mfm hcJfvD (v}) hstb,
`zfhc mCnf (vf}) k]fv jbAfslvsj zfslw jsvdYstb sp, kfvf spb dbsuv jcvhfbD
dbsuv rfsk pshr jsv.' (Ifkt hfvD 10/19)
i[fsv pshr jvfv ubA zivsj bfsqh jvfW ShL. spsrkc j nmsq bhD
dbsuv rfsk skNdde jcvhfbD pshr jsvdYstb hQ hfjD ]e pshr jvsk rpvk
zftD -sj iadkdbdL jvdYstb. (mcndtm)
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
pshr jvfv nmq dhswN t[BDq W jkGhA}-
1. iwcv iadk lqf jvf W zbcoar ialwGb jvf. zfv kf dbm idksk nHh;
(j) snvi hAhf dbsq pshr jvf, pfsk iv zdLj j bf rq hQ nrsu sn
iafBkAfo jvsk ifsv.
(J) pshr spb Jch kD[ Lfvfstf z fvf rq hQ kf Jch wDOakf W wdv nfsK
pshrst (otfq) si]yfsbf rq.
ItjKf, iv dhbf js Jch wDOakfv ndrk kfv iafB hL jvf swA. dhNsq
lqfv bhD hstb, zhwA zffr iaskAj hv iv zbcoar dtdih (uvvD)
jsvsYb. nckvfQ pJb (durfl hf rs) rkAf jv kJb mvsi zbcoasrv ndrk
rkAf jv hQ pJb pshr jv kJb mvsi zbcoasrv ndrk pshr jv. skfmfslv
dyk, Ycdvsj Lfvfstf jvf hQ hLA isj zfvfm slWqf. (mcndtm 1955bQ)
hLA iv nmcsJ Ycdv wfb slWqf dyk bq (mjvr). spsrkc bhD Ycdv wfb
dlsk hQ kf i sKsj sofib jvsk zfslw jsvsYb hQ hstsYb, pJb skfmfslv
sj pshr jvsh, kJb sn spb kfVfkfdV jsv. (mcnbfl zfrmfl 2/108, hsb mfufr
3172bQ, nrDr kfvoDh 1/529)
zfv spsrkc iv syfsJv nfmsb Ycdv Lfv slWqfq kfsj ydjk jvf rq; pf hfdk
zbcoar W lqfwDtkfv iadkjCt.
klbcvi jsj zisvv nfmsb pshr jvf hQ sY]yXsV pshrst sesb dbsq pfWqfW
mjvr.
2. jcvhfbD pdl ]e rq, (zKhf mb sjfb i rq pfsj zfq jvf nHh bq),
kfrst kfsj hfm if h]fLf zhfq l]fV jdvsq brv jvf rsh. zffr ifj hstb,
nckvfQ lfqmfb zhfq Wslv pshrjfst skfmvf zffrv bfm bfW. (jc}
22/36) hsb zffn zfqfskv kInDsv hstb, `hfm if sh]sL dkb ifsqv
iv lfqmfb zhfq (brv jvf rsh).' (kfInDv hsb jfnDv)
pdl ]e YfVf zbA i rq kfrst kf hfmjfsk wqbfhfq pshr jvf rsh. spsrkc
kf nru hQ Ffb rfsk Ycdv dbsq hfm rfk fvf mfKfq yfi dlsq Lvsk ncdhLf rsh.
ksh pdl pshrjfvD sbef hf sh]sqf rq kfrst sn isj Ffbjfsk sq pshr jvsk
ifsv. spsrkc nru ifsq pshr jvf W isj zfvfm slWqf swA.
iv olGfsbv j iafs if svsJ pshr jvf mcfrfh. pfsk isj zbfqfsn jfhc jvf
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
pfq. dj olGfsbv diYb dlsj if mcyXsV Lvf ShL bq. jfvB, kfsk i zdLj j
ifq.
3. pshrjfst isj sjhtfmcsJ wqb jvfsk rsh. (zfhC lfl, hsb mfufr
2/1043, rflDndev nbsl nmfstfybf jvf rsqsY) zbAmcsJ sqW pshr jvf dn rsh.
spsrkc sjhtfmcJ jsv sq pshr jvf Wqfsuh rWqfv hAfifsv sjfb iamfB
sb. (zfrjfmct pdrqAfr 88,95ix})
4. pshrjfst zffrv bfm sbWqf (`dhndmfr' htf) Wqfsuh. zffr kfzftf
hstb, pdl skfmvf k]fv dblwGbnmCsrv dhhfnD rW ksh pfsk (sp iv pshr
jvfv nmq) zffrv bfm sbWqf rsqsY kf zfrfv jv. (jc} 6/118) hQ pfsk
zffrv bfm sbWqf rqdb kf rsk skfmvf zfrfv jsvf bf; rf zhwA ifi. (jc}
6/121)
zfv bhD hstb, pf Jcb hrfq hQ pfsk zffrv bfm sbWqf rq kf H[B jv.
(hcJfvD 2356, mcndtm 1968bQ)
`dhndmfr'v ndrk `zff zfjhfv' pc jvf mcfrfh. zhwA v ns jhct jvfv
lczf YfVf zbA djYc zdkdv jvf dhsLq bq. zkh htsh, `dhndmfdr zf
zfjhfv, zffmf f rfpf dmbXjf ztfj, zffmf kfjfft dmD.'
(sjht dbsuv kvI sKsj rst). dbsuv hQ idvhfsvv kvI sKsj rst htsh,`---
kfjfft dmD zdmb zfrst hfkD.' zisvv bfsm rst htsh, `---kfjfft dmb
(Jfsb pfv kvI sKsj jcvhfbD kfv bfm sbsh). (mfbfdnjct rf, zfthfbD 36ix})
nmq bhD v iv lvl ifE jvf dhsLq bq; hvQ kf dhlzfk. (zft-mcmsk
7/492) spmb `dhndmfr'v ndrk `zfv vfrmfdbv vfrDm' spfo jvfW nck bq.
spsrkc ns sjfb ltDt sb. spmb pshr jvfv tf lczf `D zuXufrXkc' v
rflDn pqDI. (pqDI zfhC lfl 597bQ)
pshrv dEj zhAhdrk iCshG `dhndmfr' ifE uvvD. v iv pdl tf hAhLfb isV
pfq, kfrst icbvfq kf dIdvsq htsk rsh. ksh Ycdv kAfdl rfsk dbsq iadk sbWqfq
specjc hAhLfb kfsk `dhndmfr' dIdvsq iVsk rq bf.
zfhfv `dhndmfr' wcLc sn iv ubA idvodBk rsh pfsj pshr jvfv ni jvf
rsqsY. zkh j iv ubA `dhndmfr' isV ziv i pshr ShL bq. hvQ
zisvv ubA icbvfq `dhndmfr' iVf uvvD. zhwA `dhndmfr' htfv iv z
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
idvhkGb jvfsk zfv icbvfq iVsk rq bf.
iajfw sp, pshrv iv iEbDq sjfb lczf sb.
5. pshrsk Jcb hrf uvvD. zfv kf lc wfrvo (jbftDv lc ifsw lc'de smfef
zfjfsvv dwvf) jfest zdLjvsi nHh rq. diaq bhD hstb, pf Jcb hrfq,
pfsk zffrv bfm sbWqf rq kf H[B jv. ksh spb (pshr jvfv z) l]fk hf bJ
bf rq. (zfrmfl, hcJfvD, mcndtm iaHxdk, nrDt ufsm' 5565bQ)
nckvfQ v iahfdrk W pshr rWqfv ubA yfvde z jfef uvvD; wfnbftD,
JflAbftD hQ ifwG lc smfef dwvf.
6. iafB kAfo jvfv iCshG iv zbA sjfb z sjse j slWqf rfvfm. spmb OfV
mejfsbf, ifsqv dwvf jfef, yfmVf YfVfsbf kAfdl ufb pfWqfv zfso ShL bq.
zbcviHfsh slr zfV rsq st yfmVf YfVfsk v jvfv iv pdl icbvfq tfdIsq
WsE kfrst zfsvf djYc[B iafB kAfo jvf jft ipG zsi[f jvsh. spsrkc
zbAHfsh isj j slWqf zfslZ ShL bq.
i ifdtsq pfWqfv Hq KfjstW OfV mejfsbf pfsh bf. hvQ kfv hlst djYc[B
Lsv vfJf zKhf (r]fn-mcvoDsj UcdV kAfdl dlsq) sysi vfJf pfq.
pshr jvfv nmq iv mfKf pfsk dhdY bf rq kfv sJqft vfJf dyk. kf nsW
pdl sjse dhdY rsq pfq, kfrst kf rftft rWqfv hAfifsv sjfb nslr sb.
phf jsv sYsV slWqfv iv (zniCBG rWqfv Ist) sjfb i sE ifdtsq sost
kfsj Lsv icbvfq phf jvf pfq. bkchf djYc isv sn mdbsk mxkcAv dlsj Tst
isV. zfv kf rftft.
iajfw Kfsj sp, pshr jvfv ubA idhkf hf pshrjfvDsj icvN rWqf wkG bq. spmb
mfKfq eciD vfJf hf mfKf TfjfW dhdLh bq. zhwA dhhfn W mfsbv idhkf uvvD.
nckvfQ jfsIv, mcwdvj (mfpfv hf jhviCufvD) W shbfmfpDv rfsk pshr bq.
spmb pshr jvfv zfso jcvhfbDv isj sofnt slWqf, kfv Jcv W dwsM skt slWqf
zKhf kfv zbA sjfb iajfv skfqfp jvf dhlzfk.
iajfw Kfsj sp, pshrjxk iv v rfvfm. zkh kf sjfb IttfsHv sswA
ifsq mfJf, slWqfst Yfi slWqf hf kf dbsq YcVfYcdV jsv sJtf jvf ShL bq.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb

z
zffvvffI
Iffvv ddllssbbvv I
IppDDt
tkkW
Wjjk
kGhGhAA
pctrsv IpDtkiCBG lw dlsbv msLA zfvfIfv dlb zbAkm. dlb ifi[sqv
dlb. ufrffm sKsj mcd tfsHv dlb. oxsr zhfbjfvD mcntmfbslv ubA svfpf
mcfrfh rWqfv dlb. sp dlsb Dsb ntfm iCBGf rsqsY hQ zffrv dbqfmk W
zbcoar mcntmfbslv iv ni rsqsY. rpvk mfv dhb Jffh rsk hdBGk, k]fsj
qflDslv j hAd htt, `sr zfdmvt mcsmbDb! zfibfslv djkfshv j zfqfk pf
zfibfvf ifE jsv Kfsjb, zfqfk pdl qflD nialfq zfmfslv iv zhkDBG rk,
kfrst (sp dlsb zhkDBG rsqsY) dlbefsj zfmvf l hst oBA jvkfm.' dkdb
htstb, `sjfbX zfqfk?' htt, zfu skfmfslv ubA skfmfslv Db iCBGf jvtfm W
skfmfslv iadk zfmfv zbcoar niCBG jvtfm hQ ntfmsj skfmfslv ubA Dbvsi
msbfbDk jvtfm ( zfqfk). rpvk mfv htstb, ` dlbdesj zfmvf
susbdY hQ sn fbdesjW dysbdY; sp fsb zfqfk bhD -v iv zhkDBG rq,
pJb dkdb ucmzfv dlb zfvfIfv mqlfsb lfqmfb dYstb. (hcJfvD 45, mcndtm 3017bQ)
iawjfvD dYt jf'h zft zfrhfv. spmb kInDsv kfhfvD (9/526) sk hdBGk rsqsY.
htf rsqsY, zfqfk ucmzfv dlb hQ zfvfIfv dlb zhkDBG rsqsY hQ lc'de
dlb zfmfslv ubA l, zftrfmlc dtfr. (5)
zfvfIfv dlsbv vk ns bhD hstb, zfvfIfv dlb YfVf mb sjfb dlb sb
spdlb zffr zdLjvsi hflfsj bvjfdo sKsj mc jsvb W hstb, `dj yfq Wvf?'
(mcndtm 1348bQ)
hsb zfct hfvG hstb, `rflDnde dbslGw jsv sp, zfvfIfq zhfbjfvDoB mfduGk W
[mfiaf. jfvB, zffr ifj kWhf W [mfv iv YfVf ifiDslvsj dbsq ohG jsvb bf.

( ) zsbsjv LfvBf msk ucmzfv dlb zfvfIfv (rsv) dlb rst sn r zfjhvD r rq -
jKfde dHdrDb.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zf zf'tfm.' (kfmrDl 1/120)
diaq bhD zfsvf hstb, zfvfIfv dlb YfVf zbA sjfb dlsb wqkfbsj zdLj
zil, tfdk, rDbkfoa W c rsk slJf pfqdb. spsrkc sn sndlb zffrv vrmk
zhkDBG rsk hQ mfbcsNv hV hV ifi mfuGbf rsk slsJ kf. spmb hlsvv pcsv
dlbW sn zil rsqdYt. pJb duhvDt sj (pcsv ubA) dIdvflstv hcArdhbAfn
jvsk slsJdYt. (mczf mfstj 1/ 422, rflDnde mcvnft pqDI, dmwjfk 2/798)
hsb zfct hfvG hstb, ` idh mqlfsb iddkv IpDtskv is[ rflDnde
m. pfsk mcndtmslvsj r jvsk c jvf rsqsY. rflDsnv zKG
jfdLjHfsh nQvd[k hQ rflDn jKfv iv ltDt sp, sp hAd mrf
iafsv idk rsh kfsj zffr ifj mfuGbf jvshb. bwfzffr.'
bhD zfsvf hstb, zffr kfzftf zfvfIfk-Wqftfslv dbsq zfnmfbhfnD
dIdvfslv dbje ohG jsvb. dkdb kfslvsj hstb, `zfmfv hflfslvsj slJ, zfmfv
dbje LCdtmdtb W zftcKftc v[ sjsw idk rsqsY! (mcnbfl zfrmfl 2/305, hsb
Jcpfmf 4/263)
nckvfQ rflDnnmCr zfvfIfv dlsbv vk W mfrfkA dhswNHfsh hBGbf jsv. de
mb dlb pfsk lczf jhct jvf rq, zfshlbjfvDv zfshlb mcv jvf rq hQ ifi
mfuGbf jvf rq. kfskf mcndtsmv dyk, dhswN jsv mrfb dlsb sbj zfmt
jvsk pkhfb W iaqfnD rWqf; lczf, dpjXv, kjhDv, sktfzk, bfmfp, nljfr iaHxdkv
mfLAsm dlsbv pKfKG rj zflfq jvf. nHhk} sjfb hfrfbfq zffr kfsj [mf
jsv slshb hQ k]fv slfpsJv HDNB wfd sKsj dbjxdk slshb. hsb vuh hstb, `
icvfv nfLfvB njt mcntmfbslv ubA.' (tfkfdqIct mfzfdvI 315ix})
pdl sj pctrsv iaKm kfvDJ sKsj svfpf vfJsk n[m bf rq kfrst zk}is[
kfsj mfsnv 9m kfvDsJ svfpf vfJsk zhwA syf jvf dyk. spsrkc vnCt kfv
vk W IpDtskv iv mksj dhswNHfsh zhdrk jsv svfpf vfJsk zbciafdBk
jsvsYb. dkdb hstsYb, zfvfIfv dlb svfpf zkDk j hYv W zfofmD j hYsvv
ifsiv iafqdyk jsv. (mcndtm 1662bQ)
iCshG htf rsqsY sp, svfpf zfvfIfsk zhfbvk rfuDoB vfJshb bf. jfvB
dlb sJsq-ifb jsv wd W lxPkfv nfsK shwD-shwD lczf-dpjXv jvfv dlb hQ
rfuDslv ubA mrf-nmfshswv dlb j slv dlb. kf bhD dlsb zfvfIfsk
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
svfpf vfJsk dbsNL jsvsYb hQ dbsuW zfvfIfsk svfpf vfsJb db. (hcJfvD 1575,
mcndtm 1123bQ, hfqrfjD 5/117, mcnbfl zfrmfl 2/304, rfsjm 1/434, zfhC lfl 2419bQ)
iCshG zfsvf dk jvf rsqsY sp, zrfuDslvsj i]fy Wqfsv ufmfzfkD bfmfspv iv
dhswNHfsh kjhDv ifE jvsk rq hQ kf 9 pctrsv Iuv sKsj wcv rsq 13
pctrsv zfnsv nmf rq. hsb rfufv (v}) hstb, ` ns bhD jkGxj sjfb
rflDn iamfdBk sb. Hfsh pf iamfdBk kf rsY zftD , hsb mfnl iaHxdk
nfrfhfosBv d.' (Ifkt hfvD 2/462)
hsb jclfmfr hstb, `mfm zfrml (v}) sj dufnf jvf rt, `sjfbX rflDsnv
dHdsk msb jsvb sp, zfvfIfv dlb Iusvv bfmfspv iv sKsj kfwvDsjv swN dlb
(13 pctr) ipG kjhDv ifE jvsk rq?' dkdb htstb, `rpvk mv, zftD,
hsb zffn W hsb mfnl (nfrfhfosBv) nhGnmdksm.' (mcobD 3/289,
vWqft oftDt 3/125)
hsb kfdmqAfr (v}) kjhDv ifEsj ndEj hst nmKGb jsvb hQ hstb,
`zdLjfQw ntI, Icjfrfsq nfrfhf hQ mfmosBvW d ef.' (IfkfWqf hsb
kfdmqAfr 24/220,222)
hsb jfnDv (v}) hstb, `ef iadn d hQ v isv (njstv) zfmt.'
(kInDv hsb jfnDv 1/358)
bfmfspv iv pdl sj kjhDv jhfv mf ifE jsv kfrst psK. zhwA
dkbhfv iVf m.
nckvfQ mcndtmoB slv dlb W kfwvDsjv dlbdtsk kjhDv ifsEv iv nfbcvfo
msbfspfo slsh. mdrtfvf hfdVsk bfmfspv iv zKhf mndusl ufmfzfsk idk rst
ufmfzfskv iv ycsi ycsi kjhDv ifE jvsh. mfm hcJfvD (v}) hstb, `mfqmCbfr (vf})
jcvhfbDv slv dlb kjhDv iVskb hQ mdrtfvf zfhfb dhb nmfb W mfv dhb
zfct zfpDspv iyfsk kfwvDsjv vfdnmCsr icvNslv ndrk mndusl kjhDv ifE
jvk.'
ltDstv nrufsKG jKf iajfw ifq sp, oxrhfnD W iKyfvD, ufmfzfsk W jfjD,
zflfq W jfpf, Ivp W bIt bfmfspv isv ifE jvsk ifsv. zhwA dhNsq
tfmfosBv msLA mkfv vsqsY. ksh rfsIp hsb rfufv (v}) hstb, `mfm hcJfvDv
hfdrAj Jdkqfsv hcUf pfq sp, (kjhDv isvf) njt mfbcN W bfmfsp wfdmt rsh
hQ dkdb sp nm hBGbf siw jsvsYb kf jKfv nmKGb jsv.' (Ifkt hfvD 2/457)
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
zbcviHfsh mnhcj (sp mfsmv disY djYc vfjzfk ifqdb sn)W hfjD bfmfp zflfq
jsv kjhDv ifE jvsh. spsrkc kjhDv nftfm sIvfv iv j dhsLq dpjXv. zf zf'tfm.

j
jcvcvhhffbbDDvv ddllssbbvv I
IppDDt
tkkW
Wkkffvv z
zppDDI
Iffrr
jcvhfbDv dlb j mrfb dlb. dlbsj `rs zfjhfv' v dlb htf rq. (zfhC
lfl 5/420, hsb mfufr 2/1016)
dlb nfvf hYsvv swakm dlb. bhD hstb, `zffrv dbje mrfbkm dlb
jcvhfbDv dlb. zk}iv dvkfv (jcvhfbDv isvv) dlb. (zfhC lfl 5/174, dmwjfk 2/810)
jcvhfbDv l hf lct zfprf, svfpfv l hf lct dIkv zsi[f m. jfvB, lct
zfprfsk bfmfp W jcvhfbD zfsY. dj lct dIksv zfsY bfmfp W nljfr. zfv
jcvhfbD nljfr zsi[f m. zfhfv jcvhfbDv dlsb rfuDslv ubA fb W jfstv
mfrfkA W idhkf jdk rq. spsrkc nmq idh jfhfoxsrv r rq. zfv pfv
iCshG zfvfIfv dlb W isv kfwvDsjv dkb dlb. hQ dlbdtv nhef rfuDslv
ubA l. (tfkfsqIct mfzfdvI 318ix})
dlsb jkjdt iftbDq zpDIfr vsqsY pf ipGfqsm dbmvi}-
1. lofsrv iadk hdroGmb }-
dlsb nclv sifNfj W shw-HcNfq ndk rsq m sJfwhc smsJ lofsr pfWqf
nck. spsrkc dlb snZlpG W nfu-nfv dlb. spmb slv ubA sofnt jvf djYc
ntI, nfrfhf W kfshqDb jkxGj Hfsh iamfdBk zfsY. (Ifkt hfvD 2/439, mcobD 3/256)
Jch njft njft lofsr si]ZsY mfsmv dbjehkDG fsb hnfv syf jvsh mcndtm.
sk bfmfspv ubA iakD[fv nWqfh tfH jvsh.
lofsr pfhfv isK kjhDv ifE jvsh. mfm shv rWqf (bfmfsp l]fVfsbf) ipG
kjhDv iVf nck. pcrvD hstb, stfsjvf slv nmq kjhDv ifE jvk, pJb Ov rsk
shv rk kJb sKsj wcv jsv lofr ipG isK hQ mfm shv rWqf ipG lofsr
kjhDv iVk. mfmsj (bfmfsp l]fVfsk) slsJ njst yci rsq spk. icbvfq mfm
pJb (bfmfspv) kjhDv iVskb kJb zfhfv njst kjhDv iVk. (hsb zfhD wfhfr
2/165, vWqft otDt 3/121)
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
njst kjhDv ysv ifE jvsh. ksh j ns nmsv kjhDv ifE ShL
bq. sJA sp, lct dIksvv sysq lct zfprfv kjhDv zdLjvsi kfjDliaf.
(mfumC IfkfWqf, hsb kfdmqAfr 24/221)
lofsr i]fsq sr]se pfWqf nck. zhwA lofr lCv rst zKhf zbA sjfb Wuv W
zncdhLfv s[s nWqfv rsqW pfWqf yst. (mcobD} 3/262)
lct zfprfv dlb bfmfspv iCshG djYc bf JfWqf nck. zfv lct dIksvv dlb
lofsr shv rWqfv iCshG djYc JfWqf nck. (dkvdmpD 3/98, hsb mfufr 1/292)
hbct jfsqm hstb, `dkdb lct zfprfv dlb lofr sKsj dIsv sn (jcvhfbD
jsv) jcvhfbDv (sofX) sJskb.' (pflct mfzfl 1/441)
iajfw Kfsj sp, lct zfprfv dlsb bfmfspv iCshG bf JfWqfv bfm rfI svfpf bq.
zfv svfpfv ubA Iusvv iCshG snrvD JfWqfW dhsLq bq. i[fsv ufbf jKf sp,
rfI hst sjfb svfpf wvDqsk sb hQ slv dlb svfpf vfJf rfvfm.
2. slv bfmfp }-
bfmfp ncsk mcqfflf. sjfb n[m mcndtsmv ubA kf kAfo jvf hf zflfq jvsk
zhsrtf jvf dyk bq. dwslvsjW bfmfsp idk rsk c jvsh. snZlpG
iajfw bf rst, ilGfv vDdk Kfjst hQ isK W lofsr bfvD-icvsN dmtf-dmwfv Hq bf
Kfjst mdrtfvf ufmfzfsk wfdmt rsh. hvQ ilGfv hAhf jsv lofsr mdrtfslvsj
idk rsq bfmfp iVfv hslfh jvf uvvD. pfsk kchkD mdrtfvfW bfmfsp bf
rstW lczf W JcwDsk wvDj rsh. YfVf ixKjHfsh sjht smsqslv ubA sjfb hfdVsk
hf mndusl slv bfmfspv jKf wvDqsk sdJk sb.
zsbj Wtfmf spmb, hsb kfdmqAfr, hbct jfsqm, wWjfbD, dnDj rfnfb Jfb
iaHxdkosBv msk bfmfp Wqfsuh.
slv bfmfspv ufmfzfk Ycse sost jfjD lc vfjzfk bfmfp isV sbsh. (Ifkt
hfvD 2/474) slv Jckhfr swfbf nck. ksh idk sKsj kfsk tfHhfb rWqf
dyk. Jckhfr swsN (sp isK dosqdYt kfv) dH isK hfdV dIvsh. (hcJfvD 943bQ)
3. jcvhfbD pshr W sofX dhkvB }-
iCshG zfstfdyk rsqsY sp jcvhfbD pshrv nmq slv Jckhf swN rst v rq.
jcvhfbD lfkfv ubA nck sp, sn kf sKsj Jfsh, zfkDq-ubsj (kfvf jcvhfbD dlj,
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
yf bf dlj) rfdlqf slsh hQ ovDhslvsj nljfr jvsh. zffr kfzftf dhNsq
hstb,
()
zKGf{, zk}iv skfmvf kf rsk H[B jv hQ db} zHfhoaslvsj H[B jvfW.
(jc} 22/28)
diaq bhD hstb, (jcvhfbDv sofX) skfmvf JfW, umf jv, hQ lfb jv. dkdb
zfsvf hstb, kf JfW, JfWqfW hQ umf vfJ. (mcndtm 1971bQ)
ipGc zfqfk hf rflDsn JfWqf, rfdlqf slWqf W lfb jvfv sjfb dbdlG idvmfB
dhhxk rqdb. ksh zdLjfQw WtfmfoB msb jsvb sp, nm mfQnsj dkb Hfo jsv j
Hfo JfWqf, j Hfo zfkDq-ubsj rfdlqf slWqf hQ j Hfo ovDhslvsj lfb
jvf m.
sj yfst sn kfv jcvhfbDv nm sofXsj dhkvB jsv dlsk ifsv. zfv kf jvst
zfqfskv dhsvfdLkf rsh bf. jfvB, zfqfsk dbsu JfWqfv zfslw rt mcfrfh
hf nck. sn pcsov mcwdvjvf kfslv jcvhfbDv sofX sJk bf hst mrfb zffr
zfslw dlsq mcndtmslvsj kf Jfhfv zbcmdk dlsqsYb. zhwA sj sj JfWqf
WqfsuhW hstsYb. (kInDv hsb jfNDv 3/292, 300, mcobD 13/380, mcmsk 7/525) nckvfQ
djYc JfWqf rt m.
jcvhfbDv sofX rsk jfsIvsj kfv zHfh, zfkDqkf, iadkshw zKhf kfsj
ntfsmv iadk zbcvfoD jvfv ubA slWqf ShL. zfv kf ntfsmv j mrfbcHhkf.
(mcobD 13/ 381, Ifkt hfvD 10/442)
dkb dlsbv zdLj jcvhfbDv sofX JfWqf dbdN rWqf nQf rflDnde mbncJ (vdrk)
rstW spJfsb lcdHG[ Kfsj snJfsb dkb dlsbv zdLj sofX umf vfJf ShL bq. (Ifkt
hfvD 10/28, bnfI 4/107)
jcvhfbDlfkf i pshr jvfv iv yct, bJ kAfdl jfesk ifsv. ksh sk jcvhfbD
slWqfv nmfb nWqfh tfH rWqfv jKf dEj bq. spmb jcvhfbD dlsk bf ifvst mcvoD
jcvhfbD slWqf dhlzfk.
zfv lfdV sjfb nmqjfv ubA yf]Yf ShL bq. dj h mfbcN zfsY pfvf jcvhfbD jvfv
nfsK nfsK dbsuv lfdVW jcvhfbD (?) jsv Kfsj! sj sj skf bfmfsp shv rWqfv
iCshG lfdV sy]sY nfu-nf jsv. zKy sn jfu jsv dkbde ifsi zfdt rq }-
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
(1) lfdV y]fyfv ifi (2) ifi jfsuv mfLAsm slv ubA snZlpG zuGb jvfv ifi hQ
(3) jcvhfbDv i pshr jvfv iCshG yct (lfdV) jfefv ifi. (nftfkct lfb, zfthfbD 40ix})
zbcviHfsh zdLjfQw lfdV-dhrDb rfuDslvsj slJf pfq sp kfvf rvfsmv jfvsB
lfdV djYc hfdVsq Kfsj. zk}iv pJb rftft rhfv nmq rq, kJb mfKfv sjw mcsbv
idvhskG kfvf kfslv lfdV mcb jsv Kfsj! zKy vnCtcfr sjw mcb jvsk
{nfdrk jsvsYb hQ lfdV hLGb jvsk zfslw jsvsYb. zkh `fdtfdr zf
tfdr vfsub.'
iv zijsmG jsqjde dhvfyvB vsqsY. (1) lfdV hLGsbv iv vnCstv zfslw
QOb hQ kfsk kf]v dhsvfdLkf. (2) jfsIvslv iadkvi LfvB. zKy mrfbhD
hstb, sp hAd sp ufdkv nflxwA LfvB jsv sn kfslv swaBDHc. (3) bfvDslv
nflxwA zhtb. zKy dkdb bfvDslv zfjxdk LfvBjfvD icvNsj zdHnifk jsvsYb.
(4) (zffrv dhbf zbcmdksk) zffrv nxdv idvhkGb hQ wqkfsbv iadkfv
zfbcokA. spsrkc sn zffrv jfsY iadkf jsvsY. mrfb zffr hstb,
uUu tit_{u =_{u $Z $Y7t x8$t6 xB{ t$s%u !$# uy9

i $w9u zs9$# Ft tu 4 !$# t,=yz itn=s zUu yF{$# #s#u 6nGu;n=s

$Y6 $Z#uz uyz s)s !$#

zKGf{, zffr kfsj zdHnifk jsvb hQ sn (wqkfb) hst, `zfdm skfmfv

hflfslv jef dbdlG zQwsj (dbsuv lst) oarB jvh. kfslvsj iK jvh,
kfslv rlsq dmKAf hfnbfv nxd jvh, zfdm kfslvsj dbyq dbslGw slh, Ist kfvf
iv jBGsYl jvsh, hQ kfslvsj zhwA dbslGw slh, Ist kfvf zffrv nxd
dhjxk jvsh.' zfv sp zffrv idvhskG wqkfbsj zdHHfhjvsi oarB jvsh,
dbyq sn iakA[Hfsh [dkoa rsh. (nCvf dbnf 118-119 zfqfk)
4. slv mchfvjhfl }-
slv dlb j zivsj mchfvjhfl slWqfq W wcsHYf fisb sjfb slfN sb. spmb,
`kfjfftff dmf zdmbjcm' (zffr zfmfslv W zfibfslv dbje sKsj hflk
mcv jsvb), l mchfvj kAfdl lczfmCtj hfjA hst j zivsj nf[f{ jvf ShL.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
spsrkc sl W zbAfbA JcwDsk mchfvjhfl slWqf, hjGk, mt W mcsvv lczf jvf )
ntfsm iHfsh Djxk.
spmb, nfrfhfoB lofr rsk dIvfv nmq j zivsj htskb, `kfjfftff dmf
zdmbjX. (rfhD 1/82, Ifkt hfvD 2/446, kfmfmct dmfr 354ix})
zbAfbA JcwDv dhNsq mchfvjhfl slWqfv hAfifsvW ntfsm dk vsqsY. spmb
rpvk zfbfn hstb, (dhusqv Jhv dbsq) pJb --- ubA sp, dkdb skfmfv
zkDk W HdhNAskv denmCr mfuGbf jvshb--- zfqfkde (jc} 88/2) lfdhqf
sKsj dIvfv isK bhD v iv zhkDBG rt kJb dkdb htstb, zfmfv iv mb
jde zfqfk zhkDBG rsqsY, pf Lvfixs nmoa h sKsj zfmfv dbje diaqkm.
zk}iv dkdb k]fslv (nfrfhfslv) jfsY kf isV bfstb. kf sb nfrfhfoB htstb,
`sp dudbn zffr zfibfsj lfb jsvsYb kfv iv zfibfsj mchfvjhfl---.' (hcJfvD
3939, mcndtm 1786bQ)
zbcviHfsh pJb jf'h dhb mfstj -v kWhf jhct rt kJb k]fsj mchfvjhfl
slWqf rsqdYt. (hcJfvD 4156, mcndtm 2769bQ)
dhhfr-wflDsk zffrv vnCt `hfvfjff tfjf zhfvfjf zftfj---' hst hvsj
mchfvjhfslv lcqf dlskb. (hcJfvD 4860, mcndtm 1427bQ)
zhwA slv JcwDsk mchfvjhfl slWqfv hAfifsv bhD jkGxj sjfb rflDn iamfdBk
sb. ksh djYc nfrfhf W kfshqDb rsk jKf dhvsi iamfdBk zfsY. zkh sj
jfu jvst jvskW ifsv hQ YfVst YfVskW ifsv. (mfumC IfkfWqf 24/253)
wfqJ zfcv vrmfb nf'lD hstb, `dhdH ipc H[sB mchfvjhfl wvDqskv j
ItianC hxr{ mCstv iv dHd jsv iadkdk. jfvB, pfhkDq jKf W jfsuv slwfyfv W
iaKfv mCt rsY ShLkf. zkh sjfb zfyfv hf iaKfsj rfvfm jvf pfsh bf; pk[B bf
iaKf hf zfyfvsj wvDqk dbdN sOfNBf jsvsY. zKhf kfsk sjfb dhO hf [dk iajfdwk
bf rsqsY.
hxr{ mCstv nis[ djkfh W ncfrv nmKGbW vsqsY. nckvfQ stfsjvf
mchfvjhflsj sjfb hflk hst msb jsv bf. hvQ kf jef iaydtk vDdk msb jsv;
pfsk H[sB Jcdwv ndrk j zivsj sHYf fib jsv Kfsj hQ kfsk sjfb
hfLf hf dhOW sb. hvQ kfsk ijfv zfsY; spmb, mcndtmvf j zivsj v
mfLAsm ipc lczf dlsq Kfsj hQ kfsk zfsifsn snZrflGA, Hfthfnf W niaDdk nfv
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
W hxd rsq Kfsj. kf vDdkv ndrk pJb sjfb tfH W mt pc rq kJb kf kfv It
drnfsh ubdiaq rsq WsE. (IfkfWqf nf'dlqAfr 487ix}, rfhD 1/79)

5. dikf-mfkf W zfkDq-ubslv ndrk nf[f{ }-

dikf-mfkfv iadk nAhrfv W fdk-hsbv lfhD sp, dhswN jsv slv dlb
kfslv dpqfvk jvf. kfslv zhf ians dufnfhfl jvf, slv JcwD W ncsJ kfslv
wvDj rWqf. dikfmfkf sKsj ixKj Kfjst (hf j hfdVsk bf Kfjst ) kfslv dpqfvk
icsv ubA ncdbdyk rq. zk}iv zfkDq-ubslv dpqfvk W kfv iv DbD Hf-
hcslv dpqfvk jvf jkGhA. nckvfQ hc-hfh W zfkDq-usbv dpqfvksj dikf-
mfkfv dpqfvskv iv iafLfbA slWqf zfslZ ShL bq.
spmb, dpqfvsk shofbf bfvD-icvN, pchj-pchkD, djswfv-djswfvDv zhfL
dmtfdmwf, ilGfrDbkf, bfvDslv bfbfb nfu-nf W zvfso nco smsJ ofsqv mfrvfm
(omA) icvNslv ndrk nf[f{ W mcnfIfrfr jvf, sJtf, Ydh skftf kAfdl rfvfm.
fdk-hb ufovj vfJfv ubA l j hV HihG. spdlb iafq njstv mcsJ rfdnv
Ictj]cdV Icse WsE. dj mb zsbj mfbcN Kfsj, pfslv sn rfdn WfLsv si]ZYsbfv iCshG
rlq mfsU dhtDb rsq pfq. kfvf JcwDv fl zbcHh jvsk n[m rq bf. hvQ mb}js
zsbsjv y[cq zwadn rq. mb stfjslvsj shsY kfslv rfdn Icdesq kctsk
nrspfdokf jvf j mrfb jfu. dlsb zfkDq W iadkshwDv sjfb zbfK, kDm,
lc}, lfn-lfnD, dhLhf zHfdobDslv jKf dhnxk rWqf dyk bq. its[ kfslvsj
djYc irfv dlsq nfbf lfb mr{ stfsjv jfu.
6. slv dlb n{jfu jvf W kfv jXv (jxkkf) zflfq jvfv
dlb. zkh dlbsj ohG, zrQjfv, buvhfdu, kfnhfdu, zfkwhfdu W zbAfbA
zShL sJtf, dnsbmf hf zShL dImX lwGb, ofb-hfubf swfbf, mfljlahA snhb iaHxdkv
mfLAsm zShL rsNGf{Ic dlb hfbfsbf sjfb mcndtsmv ubA nmcdyk bq. bsy{ sbj
zfmstv jXdvqf zflfsqv hlst jxk zfmstv It b rsq pfsh. zhwA idh
Jcdwv dlsb sYfe dw jbAfvf `lcI' (TiTsi zfWqfudhdw jmcsJf sTftj) hfdusq
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
mfduGk ShL out kAfdl ofsk ifsv.
nkjGkfv dhNq sp, dhswN jsv slv dlb slv bfmfspv iv dikfmfkf hf sjfb
zfkDq-usbv jhv dpqfvskv iaKf ntfsm sb. zHAfndesj jkGhA msb jvst
db}nslsr kf dhlzfk rsh. (zfrjfmct ufbfsqp, zfthfbD 258ix})

k
kffw
wvvDDssj
jvv ddllbbnnmmCsCsrrvv I
IppDDt
tkk
11,12,13 pct rsj `zfqAfsm kfwvDj' htf rq. kfwvDsjv zKG rt, svZs
sofX jfsbf. spsrkc dlbdtsk jcvhfbDv sofX shwD dlb vfJfv ubA svZs
jfsbf rk, kf dlbdtv bfmjvB rq.
dlbdtW swa W IpDtkiCBG dlbnmCsrv zbAkm; sp mrfb jft-nmsq zffr
ifj k]fv dpjXv jvsk zfslw jsvsYb. (jc} 2/203)
hsb zffn hstb, `zfqAfsm mf'tCmfk' (dhdlk dlbnmCr) hst swA rt,
(pctrsv) lw dlb hQ `zfqAfsm mf'lClfk' (dbdlG nQJAj dlbnmCr) hst swA
rt, kfwvDsjv (jcvhfbD slv isvv dkb) dlbnmCr. zfv hAfJAf zdLjfQsw
tfmfv. (Ifkt hfvD 2/458, tfkfdqIct mfzfdvI 329ix})
mcIfnXdnv jcvkchD hstb, `tfmfslv msLA sjfb mksHl sb sp, `zfqAfsm
mf'lClfk' v swA dmbfv dlbnmCr hQ kf kfwvDsjv dlb. zfv dkbde bfm
dlbdtv ubA hAhrfv jvf rsqsY.'
dkdb zfsvf hstb, ` zfqfsk dpjXv jvfv zfslw dbsq rfuD-zrfuD dbdhGswsN
njtsj nsfLb jvf rsqsY. zfv dhswN jsv bfmfpnmCsrv nmsq -kfsk bfmfpD
jfjD srfj zKhf ufmfzfsk- dpjXv jvsk dbslGw jvf rsqsY. jKfv iv nfrfhf
W kfshqDbslv iadn IjDroB jmk.' (kInDv jcvkchD 3/1,3)
vnCt hstsYb, kfwvDsjv dlbdt ifb-sHfusbv W dpjXv jvfv dlb. (mcndtm
1141bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, (spmb iCshG sdJk rsqsY) zfvfIfr, jcvhfbD W kfwvDsjv
dlbnmCr zfrst ntfm, zfmfslv l. zfv zffrv dbje nhGmrfb dlb jcvhfbDv
dlb. zk}iv kfwvDsjv (slv dkDq) dlb.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
zfqAfsm kfwvDj swakiCBG dlb. spsrkc dlbdt pctrsv iaKm lw dlsbv
nQtso isV; pfv IpDtk icdjfv iafvsH zfstfdyk rsqsY. i[fsv
dlbdtsk rsv djYc zfmt isV, spmb vmX, kWqfI kAfdl. pfsk mCt swask
dlbdtv ndrk dmdtk rq. spmb kjhDv dhsLq rWqfv hAfifsv lc iajfsvv
dlbdt nix.
ipGc rflDn rsk hcUf pfq sp, kfwvDsjv dlbdtW ifb-sHfusbv dlb. zfbl W
JcwD jvfv, zfkDq-ubsj nf[f{ jvfv hQ hc-hfh dmst ItianC ShEj jvfv
dlb. dlbdtsk zdLjvsi m Jfb-ifb; dhswN jsv mfQn hAhrfv jvf lCNbDq
bq. ksh kfsk spb sjfb iajfsvv ziyq, b W zffrv dbqfmskv iadk zhf
iajfw jvf bf rq.
dlbdt zffrsj dhswNHfsh nvB W kfv dpjXv jvfv dlb. dpjXv rsh
dhdhL iajfsvv}-
1. iadk Ivp bfmfspv iv kjhDv ifE. pf kfwvDsjv swN dlsbv zfnv ipG
iVsk rq. zhwA zsbj tfmfoB msb jsvb sp, kjhDv sjht bfmfspv isv
ncdbdlG bq. hvQ dlbdtsk sp sjfb nmq nhGlf iVf m.
zdHmkde zhwA pcdpc. spsrkc zffr kfzftf dlbdtsj dpjXv fvf
dhdw jsvsYb. dj kfsk sjfb dbLGfdvk nmq dbdlG jsvb db. dkdb hstb, hQ
dbdlG nQJAj dlbdtsk zffrv dpjXv jv. (jc} 2/203) zfv zfslw rfuD-
zrfuD njstv ubA nfLfvB. klbcvi vnCt W hstb, dlbdt zffrv
dpjXv jvfv dlb. zkh dbslGw iftb iHfsh kJb nHh rq pJb
kjhDvfdl nhGfhfq (sp zhfq zffrv dpjXv jvf yst) ifE jvf rq. spmb,
bfmfspv isv, mndusl, hfdVsk, isK, mfsE kAfdlsk. (bftct zfWkfv 3/358)
2. jcvhfbD pshr jvfv nmq kfndmqfr W kfjhDv ifE.
3. ifb W sHfusbv iv dpjXv W lczf. spsrkc dlbdt zdLj vsi JfWqf W ifb
jvfv dlb, pfsk iCshG zffrv bfm W isv kfv iawQnf jvfq dpjXv rq.
4. (rfuDslv ubA) vmX dumfv jvfv nmq kjhDv ifE.
nckvfQ mcndtmsj ofItdk sKsj nkjG rWqf dyk. kfv dyk, nmqdtsk
zffrv dpjXv W sbj zfmt fvf zfhfl jvf. bsy{ zffr-sHftf mfbcNslv mk
Iftkc shwD shwD vfd suso sjfb dhtfn W iasmfl psv nmcsJ hsn jXdvqfv
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
idvhskG ifi jvf zfslZ dyk bq.
zdLj sJsq-ifb jsv zffrv dpjXv W hflsk nfrfpA sbWqfq k]fv dbqfmskv j
iajfv jdvqf zflfq jvf rq. dj zffrv slWqf dbqfmk fvf lviCdkG jsv kfv
zhfLAfyvB W ifijfsu nfrfpA sbWqfq k]fv zjxkkf jvf rq. zfv k]fv slWqf
nilsj zDjfv jvst hQ k]fv jxkOkf jvst jJsbf kf dYdbsq sbWqf rq.
i[fsv jxkkf fib jvst nil zdLjvsi hLGmfb rsk Kfsj.
spsrkc kfwvDsjv dlbdtsjW l htf rsqsY, kf kfsk sjfb iajfsvv svfpf
iftb jvf bq. jfsvf zHAfnmk pdlW dlbdtsk svfpf isV, khcW kfv
ivhkDG sjfb dlsb svsJ sbsh hQ dlbdtsk Jfb-ifsbv mfLAsm zffrv dpjXv
jvsh. (tfkfdqIct mfzfdvI 333ix})
zhwA sp kfmfc rsv rfuD jcvhfbD dlsk n[m bf rq, sn dlbdtsk dkbde
svfpf iftb jvsh djbf kf dbsq mkfv zfsY. zsbsj hstb, `sjht rfuD svfpf
vfJsh. jfvB zffr hstb, zkh sp hAd (jcvhfbD) bf ifq sn rs dkbde svfpf
(iftb jvsh). (jc} 2/196) zfv `rs' htsk jcvhfbDv iCshGv W isvv dlbsjW
hcUfq.' iv rpvk hsb mfv hQ rpvk zfsqwf (vf}) rsk hdBGk, k]fvf
hstb, `jcvhfbD dlsk z[m mb hAd YfVf zfv jfsvf ubA kfwvDsjv dlbdtsk
svfpf vfJfv zbcmdk sb.' (hcJfvD 1898, Ifkt hfvD 4/243, bftct zfWkfv 4/294)
kfwvDsjv dlbdtskW jcvhfbD pshr jvf pfq. kf nhGsmfe yfv dlb jcvhfbD ShL.
spsrkc kfwvDsjv dlb, jcvhfbDv isvv dkb dlbsj htf rq. (kfInDv hsb jfnDv 5/412,
zft-mcmsk 7/499) zfv bhD hstb, kfwvDsjv nm dlbdtsk pshr jvf
pfq. (zfrmfl 4/82, hfrfjD 9/295, dntdntfr nrDrfr 5/617) spmb dlsbv shtfq ncspfo
bf rst vfskW jcvhfbD pshr jvf pfq. (zft-mcmsk 7/503) vfsk jcvhfbD pshr jvfv
hAfifsv rflDn nrDr bq. (mfpf} 4/23) zfv bfmfspv dbdN nmqstfsk jcvhfbD pshr
jvf dbdN bq.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb

i
iddvvddw
w
rr
nni
iddj
jGk
Gk ddj
jYYc c I
Issk
kffqqff
B jsv r jvf pfq, pdl idvswfL jvfv nru ifq Kfsj (zKhf sBv kfoflf bf
Kfsj) ksh. zbAKf B jsv r bf jvf Hfstf. jfvB nHhk} B jvfv isv
idvswfL jvfv nfmKGA bfW rsk ifsv. svfoff hf mxkcA-jhdtk rst idvswfL bfW
rsk ifsv. zkh iCBG nfmKGAhfb rWqf ipG zsi[f jvf swaq}. (IfkfWqf hsb
nfmDb 2/675)
nvjfvsj sLfjf dlsq uft bfm W ifwsifeG dbsq r jvst r rsq pfsh, ksh
sLfjf slWqfv ubA sofbfrofv rsk rsh. ( 2/675)
hdlb ndlqfq sKsj Ycdev nmq r rst hQ idvhfv-idvub r bf jsv hfdV
dIvsk zfslw jvst hQ r jvfsk kfslv nmdk bf rst, pdl Ivp r rq ksh
kfslv jKf bf smsb r jvsh, zk}iv hfdV dIvsh. bIt rst kfslv mb JcwD
jvfv ubA r bf jsv hfdV dIvsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/67)
D r jvsk yfst hQ fmD kfsk hfLf dlst fmDv jKf bf smsb sjfb mfrvfsmv
nfsK zhwA r jvsh. fmDv hfLf mfbst sofbfrofv rsq mvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/184)
sVf djQhf ifdb-ufrfsu r hf mvfq st dbdlG mDjfk hvfvhv ufqofq zfnfv
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
iCshG (ufrfsuv jmGDslv dk sist) rvfm h]fLsk rsh. zhwA yVfv iCshG qfvsifeG
sKsj sofntfdl snsv jfiV isv Jfsb sjht dbqk jvf Hfstf. duf sKsj rvfm
h]fLf psK bq. dhbf rvfsm dufq bfmst dbdlG mDjfsk dIsv dosq rvfm h]fLsk
rsh. duf sKsj rvfm sh]sL mvfr jsv Kfjst lm (jde Yfot zKhf sH]Vf zKhf
nfk Hfsov j Hfo ov hf ]e) tfosh; pf mfq pshr jsv mfv IjDvslv mfsU
heb jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 34ix})
zhwA pdl sj bf susb sjfb zfstmsj dufnf jsv `duf sKsj rvfm h]fLf rsh'
Iskfqf dbsq duf sKsj rvfm sh]sL r mvfr jsv sIst, ksh kfv iv lm
sb. jfvB, sn kfv Wqfsuh iftb jsvsY. zfv Hcstv mfnCt mcIkDv OfsV.
(IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/569)
nIsvv vsk mlDbf pfWqfv dbqk Kfjst isK mDjfsk rvfm bf sh]sL mlDbfv
dpqfvskv iv mlDbf sKsj rvfm sh]sL mf sn r-mvfr jvf ytsh.
dbdlG mDjfskv iCshGW rvfm h]fLf yst. (mfbfdnjct rf, zfthfbD 12ix}) zhwA dbdlG
mDjfk rsk rvfm h]fLf m.
r W mvfv dbqk bf Kfjst mf iashswv ubA rvfm h]fLsk rsh bf. dj mfq
sjfb zfkDq hf hcv hfdV hf hAhnfv ubA zfnfv iv mvfr jvfv Yf rst rfvfm-
nDmfv hfsv shv rsq rvfm sh]sL mvfr jvsh. r jvfv Yf rst hfnfb
sKsj rsv rvfm h]fLsh. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 22ix}) dmbfq Kfjst dmbf sKsj
rsv rvfm h]fLsh. ( 26ix})
iChG sKsj r hf mvfv sswA dhbf rvfsm mDjfskv nDmf zdkm jsv nDmfv
dHksv sjfb wrsv zfkDq-hfdVsk sKsj snJfb sKsj rvfm hf r jvst lm
tfosh. bsy{ mDjfsk dIsv dosq rvfm sh]sL zfnsh. zhwA mDjfk zdkm jvfv
nmq r hf mvfv dbqk bf Kfjst hQ isv zfkDq-hfdVsk dbqk rst hfdV
sKsj rvfm h]fLsk ifsv. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 19/169)
rvfm h]fLfv iv sjfb jfvBhwk} r (hf mvfr) nfvsk bf ifvst pKffsb
jde jcvhfbD jsv mfKfv sjw mcb hf jkGb jsv rftft rsq hfdV dIvsh. zhwA
rvfsmv nmq wkG tfdosq Kfjst kfv iv djYc Wqfsuh bq. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt
ntfdmqAfr 14/138)
kfmfc rsv dbqsk mvfrv rvfm sh]sL mvfr snsv rsv rvfm h]fLfv iCshG
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
pdl sjfb jfvBhwk} hfdV dIvsk rq hf r jvf bf rq, kfrst kfv ivW djYc
Wqfsuh rsh bf. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/210) mvfrv rvfm sh]sL sj zjfvsB
mvfr bf jsv dIsv dosq susb-sb rvfm Jcst sItst 1de jcvhfbD jvsh, zKhf
dkb dlb svfpf iftb jvsh zKhf Yqde dmnjDb (db})sj mfKf diYc zLG nf (nWqf j
djstf) jsv JflA (yft) nljfr jvsh. (zfv JflA W mfQn rfvfm wvDsIv
dmnjDbslv mfsU heb jvsk rsh.) D-nrhfn jvst lm tfosh hQ mf dIsv sn
mvfr zhwA icvf jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/300)
kfmfcv mvfvf iv mlDbfv dpqfvsk sost zKhf sjfb iasqfusb mDjfskv hfsv
sost icbvfq rsv ubA zfnfv nmq mDjfk sKsj rvfm h]fLf uvvD. rvfsm
zfsvf jde mvfW jvsk ifsv.
djvfb hf kfmfc rsv dbqk jsv rvfm sh]sL icbvfq Ivfslv dbqk rq bf.
spmb rsv mfsn mvfr snsv mlDbf hf sjfb (oxr YfVf) nIsv sost rsv nmq
dIsv sn Ivfl rq bf. zhwA djvfsbv dbqk jsv kfmfcv dbqk jvf pfq. (IfkfWqf
mcdrmfr 36ix})
dbsuv bfsm rsv hf mvfrv dbqk jsv rvfm sh]sL mDjfk ifv rsq isv zsbAv
bfsm idvhkGb jvf pfq bf. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/676)
nfmKGA Kfjf nsW jcvhfbD slWqfv Hsq Ivfslv rvfm sh]sL r snsv icbvfq
kfbm- dosq mvfrv rvfm sh]sL mvfr jvf wvDqskv dbslGw W dbqsmv
hAdkm hQ mb jvf wvDqskv nfsK Yt-hfrfbf jvfv bfmfv. (rffkcfhD, zfthfbD 20ix})
siwfh Uvfv svfo Kfjst rvfsmv sjfb [dk rq bf. bfmfp W kWqfsIv iCshG
sbuf jsv Wpc uvvD. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 24ix})
kftdhqfr iVsk Hcst sost sjfb [dk rq bf. jfvB kf nck. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 17ix})
rvfm zhfq zdbYfjxkHfsh dhVft smsv sItst djYc Wqfsuh bq. (IfkfWqf hsb
nfmDb 2/676)
mvfr jvsk dosq iCshG mdrtfv mfdnj v rsq sost idhkfv zsi[f jvsh.
nIv jvf uvvD rst rvfm zhfq sKsj nIv jsv icbvfq dIsv sn mvfr zflfq
jvsh. dj hdrslGswv rst Jvy, dHnf kAfdlv Ufsmtf sKsj h]fysk mvfr jsv dbsk
ifvsh. zKGf{, dHnf swN rWqfv Hq Kfjst tffsb ide sh]sL dbsq kWqfI W nf
jsv ycstv Fof sjse mvfr ni jsv rftft rsq pfsh. spsrkc nmq kWqfI jvf
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
kfv ubA uvvD iasqfub. zfv zdk iasqfub W zncdhLfv s[s dbdN dudbN ShL rsq
pfq. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/643) ksh rsv mvfr rst rsv jfu nfvfv iv
mvfr jsv sbsh.
zbcvi kWqfsI Ifpfv iCshG mfdnj v rst kWqfI W nf YfVf rsv nh
djYc jvsh. zk}iv nIv jvfv zfso idhf bf rst hQ nIv uvvD rst nIv
jvsh. dj hfdVsk rvfm zhfsk Kfjsh. ncod kAfdl hAhrfv jvsh bf.
fmDv ndrk sjfb iajfv spZbfyfsv dt rsh bf. zk}iv idhf rst mfq dIsv sn
kWqfI W nf jvsh. pdl dIsv zfnf znHh rq kfrst mfdnj h jvfv sjwb
(hf eAfhste) hAhrfv jvsh. kf nHh bf rst tffsb ide sh]sL kWqfI jsv
sbsh. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/237)
kWqfI W nf jvfv iv icbvfq Jcb slJst, pdl kf nkA mfdnsjv Jcb rq ksh
icbvfq kWqfI W nf jvsk rsh. spsrkc zidhkfv jfvsB iCshGv kWqfI-zfdl
hfdkt rsq pfsh. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/647)
kWqfsI Ifpfr jvf jftDb nmsq sjfb mdrtfv mfdnj v rst kWqfI sYsV
mnduslv hfsv yst pfsh. dj tfq htsk bf sisv sj pdl sn zhfsk
kWqfI-zfdl snsv hfdV dIsv iajfw jsv kfrst kfv fmD hf zdHHfhsjv dyk,
kfsj icbvfq mfq dbsq sn kWqfI (hQ nf uvvD Kfjst nf) jvfsbf. v msLA
pdl sn ncod kAfdl hAhrfv jsv Kfsj kfrst 3de svfpf vfJsh zKhf 6de dmnjDbsj
(nWqf 1djstf jsv yft) JflA lfb jvsh zKhf 1de Yfot hf sH]Vf jcvhfbD dlsk rsh.
fmD-nrhfn jsv Kfjst mfq 1de jcvhfbD dlsq kfv sofX rfvfsmv IjDvslv mfsU
dhkvB jvsh. zfv mb mdrtfsj jfsuv ubA zhwA kWhf jvsk rsh.
(IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/238)
kWqfsIv iv nf jvfv iCshG mfdnj v rst nf snsv sbsh. jfvB, nfv ubA
idhkf wkG W uvvD bq hQ nfv fbW mnduslv msLA oBA bq. kf sn snJfsb
zhfb W zsi[fW jvsk ifsv. ( 2/239)
nh Ufsmtfv rfk sKsj h]fyfv ubA mdrtf mfdnj zfnfv nmq hcsU mfdnj h
vfJfv eAfhste kAfdl hAhrfv jvsk ifsv. ( 2/185)
Ivfslv dbqk rst kWqfsI jclCm bf jvsk ifvstW sjfb [dk sb. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/251) sjht rsv kWqfI psK. s[s sn nvfndv dmbfq spsk ifsv.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
kWqfI jvsk jvsk Wpc b rst kWqfI sYsV Wpc jsv icbvfq bkcb jsv kWqfI
jvsh.
kWqfsI bfvDslr iwG rst pdl tffsb sjfb kvt ilfKG zbcHCk bf rq, kfrst
sjfb [dk rsh bf. zhwA njstv dyk, shofbf bfvDv iwG sKsj lCsv Kfjsk syf
jvf. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/613)
kWqfI W nfv ubA pdl sj jfsj hrb jsv ksh hfrsjv ubAW kf psK rsh.
hfrjsj zfv bkcb jsv ixKjHfsh kWqfI W nf jvsk rsh bf. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt
ntfdmqAfr 23/95)
kWqfsIv iv 2 vfjzfk bfmfp nck. sj Hcst kf bf iVst sjfb [dk rq bf.
(IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 40ix})
kWqfI jvfjfst uvvD jKfhfkGf htf lCNBDq bq.
rfufsv zfnWqfl ycb jvf nck. kf ycmsk dosq tVf jvf hf jfsj OcN slWqf
mrfifi. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/17)
dH]sVv jfvsB dkDq hf kxkDq ktfq sE kWqfI W nf jvf pfq. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt
ntfdmqAfr 1/194)
jfvBhwk} kWqfsIv 2/3 dlb ivW nf jvsk ifvf pfq. spsrkc kf kWqfsIv
iviv jvf sjfb wkG bq. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/252)
rsv kWqfsIv zfso nf jsv sbWqf pfq. zhwA m rt, kWqfsIv iv nf
jvf. ksh mvfv kWqfsIv iCshG nf jvf pfq bf; jvst kWqfsIv iv icbvfq nf
jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/622, 624)
nfv j yv Ycse sost hQ h isv msb iVst zKhf ncspfo rst icbvfq
bkcbHfsh 7 yv nf jvsh. ( 2/623) rftft rsq nIv jsv Kfjst msb iVf mf
icbvfq rvfm sh]sL mfq sn bkcbHfsh nf jsv yct jfesh. ( 2/628)
bf susb dEj kWqfsIv mk nfW 7 yv (zKGf{ 14 hfv pfkfqk) jsv KfjstW 7
hfv oBA rsh hQ zufs hfVdk jvfq sjfb [dk rsh bf. ( 2/626)
nfIfv idvhskG mfvWqf sKsj nf v jvst nf rsh bf. icbvfq nfIf sKsj v
jsv nf jvsk rsh. ( 2/628)
pct rsv 8 kfvDsJ i]fy Wqf bfmfp bf iVst hQ dmbfq vfd hfn bf jvst
sjfb [dk rq bf. zhwA kf nck. mkfsv Wqfsuh. (mfbfdnjct rf, zfthfbD 7ix})
zfvfIfv mqlfsb rfk kcst lczf jvf pfq. ufmfzfskv jub lczf W hfjD
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
`zfmDb-zfmDb' jvstW slfN sb. ksh jfjD lczf Jfsb wvDqk-nmk W
m. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/267-268, zft-mcmsk 7/329-330)
zfvIfv nDmf sKsj nCpGfsv iCshG shv rsq st dIlXqAfr tfosh; pf mfq pshr jsv
snJfbjfv ovDhslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh. slsw dIsv sost hQ icbvfq mfq
pfWqf nHh bf rst mfv mcnfdIv hf idvdyk jfsj lfdqkHfv nmiGB jvsh.
sj bf Kfjst slsw pshr jsv sofX ovDhslv mfsU heb jsv slsh. (mfuffkct
hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 6/254, IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/264)
mcplfdtIfq vfdhfn Wqfsuh. kAfo jvst lm tfosh. mcplfdtIfq Iusvv bfmfp
sist snecjc psK. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/271) zfvfIf sKsj mcplfdtIf zfnsk
zfnsk pdl zLGvfd ifv rWqfv zfwf Kfsj ksh mfodvh-wfv bfmfp ytfv isK
mcplfdtIfv hfsv rstW isV sbsh. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/270)
mfwzfvt rfvfsm dosq lczf jvf Wqfsuh bq; jvf Hfstf. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/271)
mcplfdtIfv nDmfbfq iashw bf jvsk ifvst snJfsb vfdhfn mfI rsq pfsh hQ lm
tfosh bf. () Jfb sKsj mczfdsmv hfn zLGvfdv iCshG kfVfVf jsv yst spsk
yfst hfn sYsV ifsq sr]se Iusvv iv dmbfq pfsh. rfdvsq pfWqfv Hq Kfjst hfsn
pfsh. hfLA rWqfv jfvsB kfv iv lm Wqfsuh rsh bf. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb
2/600) fb rsk zLGvfdv iv dmbf pfWqf pfq. ksh y z pfWqf ipG zsi[f
jvf m. zfv Lc lchGt swaBDv mfbcN (W kfslv nrspfoD nD)slv ubA. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/272) zLGvfdv iv swaBDv mfbcNvf ufmvfsq zfjfhfq ifKv smsv
mfq rsv kWqfIW jvsk ifsv. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/86) ksh
zLGvfdv iCshG vmX W kWqfI jvst kf rsh bf. jsv sItst icbvfq jvsk rsh.
bsy{ vmXv ubA mfq lm slsh hQ kWqfI pct rsv hf mcrfvGfsmv swsN zKhf
pJb Hct hcUsk ifvsh kJb mf sn iCBG jvsh. bsy{ r rsh bf.
kWqfsI Ifpfr nIv jvf ipG didYsq vfJf pfq. dH]sVv Hsq pct rsv swsNv
dlsjW jvf pfq. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/624) hvQ ndEj Wpv Kfjst pct r
mfsnv isvW jvsk ifsv. ( 640)
kWqfsI Ifpfv iCshG sj mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj kWqfI iCBG jvsk rsh bf.
(IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/612)
kWqfI W nf jvsk jvsk ShL jKf htf, ifdb ifb jvf, jf rsq iVst jec
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
zfvfm sbWqf ShL. ( 2/620)
ifKv smsv sjw mcb jvfv iv kWqfsI Ifpfrv iCshG D-ycb hf zfdtsbv Ist
hDpGifk jvst kWhf nr lm tfosh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/74)
iaKm rftfstv iCshG pdl sj D-nrhfn jsv sIst ksh kfv r hfdkt rsq pfsh.
zhwA hfjD rsv jfu kfsj iCvB jvsk rsh hQ jfIXIfvf vi jde ]e jcvhfbD
dlsq kfv sofX mfv dmnjDbslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh. zfv hfdkt r bIt
rstW kfsj zfofmDsk bkcbHfsh iftb jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/272)
islfsN hDpGifk Oest r hf mvfv sjfb [dk rq bf. ( 2/233-234)
kWqfsI Ifpfr hf nf sj jvsk n[m bf rst zbA sj kfv bfsqh rsq jsv
dlsk ifsv bf. Jfe hf sEtf ofdVsk hsn zKhf jfsvf j]fsL hf disE ysV kfsj dbsu
jvsk rsh. pdl nHh bf rq ksh svfo hf lchGtkf lCv rWqf ipG zsi[f jvsh hQ
rvfm Jctsh bf. pdl zfsvfsoAv zfwf bf Kfsj ksh jde Yfot hf sH]Vf pshr jsv
kfv sofX mfv ovDhslv mfsU dhkvB jsv rftft rsq pfsh hQ r zfofmDsk
jfpf jvsh. ( 2/243)
sjfb jfvBhwk} rsv jcvhfbD dlsk bf ifvst 10de svfpf vfJsh. 3de rs,
zfvfIfv dlsbv iCshG svsJ sbsh hQ hfjD 7de slsw dIsv vfJsh. zfvfIfv dlb svfpf
vfJsh bf. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 38ix}) rsv msLA 3de svfpf kfwvDsjv dlbdtsk
11, 12, 13 kfvDsJW vfJsk ifsv. zfv ef dlbdtsk svfpf vfJf dbdN zfsbv
hAdkm. ksh zfvfIfv dlsbv iCshG svfpf svsJ sbWqf m; pdl kfv iChG sKsj
ufbf Kfsj sp, sn jcvhfbD dlsk ifvsh bf. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/295-296) mfhfnD
rfuDslv ubA jcvhfbD sb.
13 kfvDsJv nCpG z sost zfv jcvhfbD dn rsh bf. ( 2/296) zkh 3de svfpf
svsJ kfwvDsjv dlbnmCr zdkhfdrk jsv icbvfq jcvhfbD dlsk yfst zfv rsh bf.
hfjD svfpf slsw iCBG jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/660)
jcvhfbD dmbfsk pshr jvf uvvD bq. mfv rfvfsmv nDmfv dHksv sp sjfb fsb
jcvhfbD pshr jvf pfq. rfvfsmv nDmfv hfsv rsv jcvhfbD dn rsh bf; pdlW kfv
sofX rfvfsmv dHksv dhkvB jvf rq.
jcvhfbD pshr jsv niCBG sIst slWqf ShL bq. hvQ kfv djYc JfWqf W lfb jvf
jkGhA. jcvhfbD jvsk Hcst dosq slsw dIvst jcvhfbD nkv mfq ifEfsk rsh.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
yct jfesk Hcst dosq nIv jvfv iv nvB rst, nvB rWqf mf (icvN rst hQ
rvfsmv jfiV Jcst sItst) rvfsmv jfiV ivsh hQ r icvf jvfv dbqsk yct
sjse sbsh. zk}iv pdl v iCshG mfq D-nrhfn jsv Kfsj ksh mfq 1de (Yfot hf
sH]Vf, bsy{ ]e hf ovv 7 Hfsov 1 Hfo) lm tfosh. zfv sn sofX snJfbjfv
ovDhslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh. ksh pdl nrhfn mfv hfsv sjfKfW rq ksh
slsw dIlXqAfr pshr jsv slswv ovDhslv mfsU kfv sofX dhkvB jvsk ifsv.
(mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/67) klbcvi sp hAd bf susb mfKfv niCBG yct bf
sY]se sjht Jfb-WJfb sKsj djYc yct sjse rftft rsqsY sn hAdv ubAW dhLfb
. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/634)
kfwvDsjv vfdstf dmbfq pfib jvf uvvD. zhwA 12 kfvDsJv nCpGfsv iCshG shv
rsq sost 13 kfvDsJv vfd pfib jvsk rq bf. dj pdl sj 11 kfvDsJ dmbf kAfo
jsv yst pfq ksh kfsj dIlXqAfr dlsk rsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/88)
zhwA zncsJv jfvsB kAfo jvsk hfLA rst sjfb djYc Wqfsuh bq. zffr jfsj
kfv nfmsKGAv zdLj lfdqk ziGB jsvb bf. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/276)
vfdv zdLjfQw nmq dmbfq jfdesq hfjD nmq (zKhf nfvf dlb) zbA sjfKfW hf
mfndulct rfvfsm jfefsbf pfq. kfsk sjfb [dk rq bf. ( 2/274)
dmbfq Kfjfv ubA ufqof bf sist dmbfv nQto ifwGhkGD sjfb ufqofq dmbfq
zhfbjfvD zbAfbA rfuDslv ifwfifdw fb dbsq hfn jvsh. dmbfv nDmfbfv dHksv
ufqof ifqdb hst mfq vfdpfib ShL rsh bf. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/604)
spmb nfmKGA Kfjsk jm HfVf sisq dmbf sYsV mcplfdtIfq dJmf sbWqf ShL bq.
dbvifq rst vfdskW ifKv mfvf pfq. j dlsbv ifKv iv dlsb smsv jfpf jvf
pfq. ( 2/284) zhwA zfofmD jfstv ifKv zfu zfofm mfvf pfq bf.
ifKv mfvsk n[m hAd zivsj iadkdbdL jvsk ifsv bf; jsv Kfjst lm tfosh.
pfsj iadkdbdL jvf rsh kfsj hkGmfsb rfuD rsk rsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr
14/140) iadkdbdL ifKv bf mfvf ipG dmbf kAfo jvf pfsh bf. nckvfQ 12 kfvDsJv
njfst jfsj ifKv mfvsk iadkdbdL dbpc jsv dmbf kAfo jvf ShL bq. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/240-242)
kfwvDsjv (11, 12, W 13 kfvDsJv) dlbdtsk nCpG Ttfv zfso ifKv mfvf dn W
psK bq. nCpG Ttfv iCshG ifKv smsv nIv jsv Kfjst mfq dIlXqAfr tfosh.
 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb
klbcvi 7de ifKvsj j ns Y]csV mfvst, sYfe ufmvfr sKsj v bf jsv
dhivDk dlsj hV ufmvfr sKsj v jsv ifKv smsv KfjstW mfq lm tfosh.
(IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/285, 286) zhwA nmq Kfjsk jfpf jsv dbst lm tfosh bf.
ifKv sH tfof uvvD bq; uvvD rt rWsp iVf. rWsp bf iVst lm tfosh.
(IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/635-636) vmX swN rWqfv iCshG ifKv swN rsq sost rWp
sKsj lCsv sjfb ufqof rsk ifKv jcdVsq sb hfjD vmX iCBG jsv sbWqf pfsh. ( 236)
dmbfq vfdhfn W nm vmX kAfo jvst 1de mf dIlXqAfr dlst psK rsh.
(mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 23/94) zhwA dIlXqAfr slWqfv iv icbvfq sjfb Wqfsuh
kAfo jvst icbvfq dIlXqAfr tfosh.
kcmkD mdrtfv ubA kWqfsI dhlf' mfI. lchGt W svfoD rfuDslvsj hrb jsv
dhlfqD kWqfI jvfsk rsh. kAfo jvst lm tfosh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr
6/254, 14/137) kWqfsI dhlf'v iviv mf kAfo jvsk rsh. h slvD jsv
sItst icbvfq kWqfI jvsk rsh. zhwA kWqfsIv iv djYc sjbf-jfef jvfq W
nDslv zsi[fq djYc slvD rWqfq slfN sb. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 43ix})
nIsvv dlb mfq dosq dhlfqD kWqfI jsv icbvfq dmbfq sn j]fjv smsv hfdV dIvf
ShL bq. (ltDtct rf })
dhlfqD kWqfsIv iv bf susb Hctsm nf jsv sItst sjfb djYc Wqfsuh rq bf.
(IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/625)
dhlfqjfst jfhfv mndul sKsj shv rWqfv nmq ef ifsq shv rsq nmfb ialwGb
hQ mnduslv lvufq dhswN dhlfqD lczf ifE wvDqk-nmk bq.
icvN mdrtfv kvI sKsj hQ mdrtf icvsNv kvI sKsj rs hlt jvsk ifsv.
ksh v ubA wkG sp, kfsj dbsuv r zfso jsv Kfjsk rsh. ovDh nfmKGArDb
dikf-mfkfv kvI sKsj r jvf pfq. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/72-73)
uDdhk zhfq sj jfdLjhfv r jsv mfvf sostW kfv kvI sKsj nfst
nWqfshv sswA bIt r jvf pfq. ( 18/118)
j nIsv dikfv bfsm mvfr W mfkfv bfsm r jvf pfq. ( 12/97)
wd W nfmKGA Kfjsk jfsvf fvf rs hlt jvfsbf bq. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/650)
mxk mf-hfsiv kvI sKsj bfsqh hfdbsq r jvfsbf pfq. ( 2/651)
rs hlstv ubA Jvy dbsq shsV sost pdl slWqfv nmq mcWqfst hst sp, `pf
 pct rsv skv dlb *****************************
Jvy rq jsvf hf zKG sKsj Jvy jsvf' kfrst hfjD zKG sIv{ dlsk rsh. zbAKf
pdl zKG slWqfv nmq hst sp, ` zKG skfmfsj zfmfv bfsm r jvfv ubA dltfm'
kfrst sIv{ bf dlstW slfN sb. ( 2/652)
j nIsv hfvhfv mvfr; jhfv mfsqv ubA, dkDqhfv hfsiv ubA, kxkDqhfv
lflDv ubA hQ Hfsh zfv jfsvf ubA (hf dbsuv ubA) kfbm sKsj zfnf-pfWqf
jsv zflfq jvf dhdLnmk bq. kfYfVf mxskv bfsm r jvfv sysq lczf jvf shwD
m. ( 2/198, 266)
mxk shbfmfpDv kvI sKsj r oxrDk rsh bf. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/186)
dikfv iqnfq r jvstW icsv Ivp zflfq rsq pfq. ( 2/188)
Ivp rWqf nsW dikf r bf jsv mfvf sost ic hf Wqfsvsnv dyk, dbsuv
r zflfq jsv kfv kvI sKsj r jvf, zKhf dikfv sYsV pfWqf zKG sKsj sjfb
rfuDsj Jvy dlsq kfv kvI sKsj r jvfv lfdqk slWqf. ( 2/194) spmb sYst
r Ivp svsJ mfvf sost kfv dikf hf zdHHfhsjv dyk, kfv kvI sKsj Ivp
iftb jsv slWqf. ( 2/195)
iajfw sp, bIt r-mvfr jvsk zKG hAq jvfv sysq zKG durfsl hAq jvf
zdLj m. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/677)
dwsj r jvfst, dw pdl mb jfu jsv hsn pfsk dIlXqAfr Wqfsuh, kfrst
zdHHfhjsj kfv kvI sKsj kf zflfq jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/182)
ifijsmG zet sKsj r jvst r , ksh zniCBG. ifi sKsj kWhf uvvD.
dwjG jvf zhfq r jvst skf kf mjhCt bq. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 14/140)
sjfb shbfmfpD rfuDv r oxrDk bq. (IfkfWqf hsb nfmDb 2/687)
rsv bfsm swA dH rst r rq bf. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/68) ksh
zfnt swA r rst hQ kfv nfsK djYc q-dhq W ShL hAhnf jvst rsv
sjfb [dk rq bf. (jc} 2/198)
r jvfv ubA rftft ifsq zduGk zKG rWqf uvvD. dhdV-dnofsve iaHxdk
mfljshAv hAhnfv zsKG r rq bf. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 16/116)

K


 ***************************** pct rsv skv dlb

nnmmff

pf LbD kc pf-sv rsu Ivp zflfq jvX sv,

Lsbv mfqf kAfo jsv slJX hfsvj jf'hf-Ov sv.

j busv rsv idk

mfq sn kWqfsI mf sKsj slsw dIvfv zfso
jclCm hf mvfr jvb. dhlfqD kWqfI jvb.
10 pctr zfhfv
8 pctr rvfm dmbfq dIsv 11, 12, 13
sh]sL dmbfq pfb. mf kfvDsJ 3 ufmvfq ifKv
mfvb.

ufmfvfk 10 pctr hV ufmvfq

9 pctrsv njfst ifKv smsv, jcvhfbD jsv
zfvfIfk pfb. hQ mfKf sbVf jsv mfq
dmbf dosq kWqfI W nf jvb.
pct rsv skv dlb *****************************

10 pctrsv njfst dmbfq dIsv ufmfvfsk pfb.

mcplfdtIf

9 pctr nCpG Fchfv iv

mcplfdtIfq pfb.

zfvfIfk