CONSTITUTIVE LAWS FOR ENGINEERING MATERIALS With Emphasis on Geologic Materials (CHANDRAKANT S. DESAI | DDepariment of Ci Engineering and Engineering Mechanics ‘Unversity of Arizona, Tecson,arona EMA J, SIRIWARDANE: Department of Cbs Engineering West Vigicia University, Morgantown, West Virginia Prentice-Hall. nc, Englewood Cis, i 07632© 14 sPmtie ne. Rgnend Ca New ney OE ‘Ate sre No ef bck at aR ses icra in wing at ep: Tsay LIL, Pa at fe Sm a re Se ‘CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CONTENTS Protace “ Introduction ql Detniion, + ‘Statements of Axioms of Continuum Mechanice 11 ‘Strain, Components of San, and Stain Tensor 15 (One-Dimensiona seatzatn, 15 Twee-Densional Case, 18 Invanante of Stam Tensor, 19 Decomposition of Stain Tensor, 22 Principal Stains, 25 ‘States of Stan or Various Modes of Detonation, 31 Problema, 33HAPTER 4 ‘CHAPTER 6 ‘CHAPTER 7 ‘Stross, Compononts of Stress, and Stoss Tensor 35, Ivanants of Sess Tensor, 26 Decomposton of Stross Tensor, 38 Principal Stresses, 44 Staos of Stress for Various Modes of ‘etormation, 81 Problem, 52 Nonlinear Behavior, Importance of Tein, and TestDate 2 Nonlinear Behavior, 59 General Statement of Constitutive Laws, 55 ‘Stops n Developnent ofa Constitute La, 87 Determination of Constitutive Parameters 87 Laboratory Test Devices, 58 Testing Program, €2 "Standard Test Osta, 70 Elastic: First and Second-Order Models ® testo Materia 83 Cauchy Elastic Models, 85 Green laste Models, 95 Higher Order Mode's, 101 Determination of Material Parameters, 110 Ineomental Stress Sram Relaorsh (Cauchy Elastic Materia 177 ‘Procedure for Evaluation of Parametors, 116 Inccomental Sress- Sra Relaonsh ‘Green Elastic Matra, 120, ‘Applications, 128 Problems, 122 Hyposlatcty 138 oneral Equations, 138, ‘Models of Vaious Overs. 137 Implementation, 145 ‘Applcanens, 165 ‘rolems 167 HAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 HAPTER 12 uestineer Models 108 ‘asic Equation. 169 Vanaoie Paramsetr or Varabe Modul Models, 172 Unloading ana Hyeteretc Behavior, 189 ‘Applications, 197 Plast: An Introduction 208 ‘evi, 205 Vets Cetera, 206 ‘Some Yield Cresta Used In Metal Pasty, 219 ‘Post Yield Behavior. Plast Stress Stan ‘Rolaions, 278 Ganevalzes Plastic Srese- Strain Relations, 227 Posty Models | 240 Monr-Covlom® Faire Criterion, 241 Dnicker-Prager Modal. 244 Derivaton of neremerial Equations. 246 Determination of Parameters, 255, ‘Applications, 258 Prosiem, 278, Platety Modes: mea (Cam Clay Models Basod on tho Crvea Sato ‘Concept, 252 ap Models, 285 Evan of Paramore, 208 Computer Procedure for Finding Parameters, $28 ‘Aoplcatons, 529 Problems, 247 ‘Recent Developments aa 'sotropic ana Anisotropic Meterias and Haraeing, 44 Kinematic Hardening os, 347 Nested Surfaces Models, 949 Bouncing Surface Models, 364APPENDIX APPENDIX [APPENDIX ‘Some Generalizations and Special Forms, 370 Hypodlastoty ana Pras, 998. ‘Bret Rete of Other Recent Dovolopmens, 403 Review of indicia and Tensor Notation Cayloy-Hamilon Theorem and Invariants ol Teneors Leaet Squares-t Program ‘Computer Code for Parameters of Cap Medel teen as ‘28 ar as PREFACE CConsitive or srees-srin lane or mols of engineering materi plas figicant role in providing able els com ay solution procedure. The nportncr has bee ebaced sgalcanly th the great ness in Jeeop- ‘heat and applisnin of masy meer computer Dsed cgi sich a the fstesament, ite Gierene and boundary iatgtal equation woebods. hasbeen realized thatthe avanves and sophistication i the solution tech igus have fr exceodd oor Knowledge f the bahavor of material dina by conus Laws AS @consquence, very often els fom numedeal Drocedre that may have used lest appropiate consitave laws aa be of Timited oe douba aii “Te foreving veaton has spured active research and interes inthe ‘horetcal formalin of cose lavs abd determination of tet pare ter. The former involve ae of he principles of mateatis and continu ech, ween Sh ater hing on acatte dentition and determine tion of parameter that afin tho consittive model, The objective ofthis text fo presen « Spied Weaunent of the theory and mathematics of ‘aris comltte le opts wih the nportaot aspects ofthe Sterna ‘on of constitutive parameters, the erfenion, nd implementation. The er asp have not Doe coveted adequately n previous essen The smplestcnsitive iw aed in enlaces are inca sch the ookes im. Thess laws ate vied only for vey limied les of ata, ecase moet engnerng ses re none nd complet The infuence of ‘onliner reponse besomer more prominea inthe case of mate that artinucoed by factors sch a tate of ste, resid rina str, ome thangs der shear, seas history of ses pals inherent and inde Snorop, change othe physical ata and i i he pores ‘Althoagh the main aim of the ext is o cove various recent model for ‘complex (gol) mates as inuenced by the factors noted above eviews tnd desenptions of coventonal models are also itcuded for Ihe she af ‘completeness and to tee historial developments. Hence the text can be ‘fal for the sndyof models fora wider ang of nginosing materi Tensor aoa is used in he test however, al many locations ei leat statements in marx notation are presented. Since most ender ofthe text Wil be familiar with mate sotaton, this approach shuld be wef 'A special feature ofthe Dok the ue of «numberof laboratory es ata for various (gclopc) material, Here te inprtance of laberston test fata is emphasued, and brief descriptions of various Iaberatory devices, ‘oclug fecently developed truly Waka! cr ueedimensonal dvi, are Included Compebensve sees of tt resus for various aerial ae ase ‘lone the determination of maternal parameters for eoasive mevels dsb in various capt. Most of the laboratory test data are dered ‘vom eet resus obaind by the autos andthe aod using advanced test dees “Another important feat isthe discussion as to how to implement the modes in solution (numeric) techniques. Here the results ae often cas incremental matic olan for thee-dimensionl and vious two-dnen- ‘Sonal (lane strain, ausymmete)ealizations. This wil how the ear the ‘ofthe rosa i specie olution preadure A number f applicitins ae psented, Here numeral predictions with various eonrtuive models are empared with closed frm solstions aad/or laboratory and eld obser CChaper {preven an introduction to the text, incoding 2. simple repreeision of comtituve lave Brit sttenents of the axioms of cn "inv mechan are given in Chaper 2 simply to make the reader aware that the conittive ls ae Served auch that the axioms and natura piles te satis. ‘Chapters 3 and 4 preset reviews of scin aod tres and definitions of ‘hei invariants as used inthis text. Reasons for the study of ndvnced ortativeln,thirle in nplemenation (numerical) solrion schemes, ‘he importance o laboratory esting with brie deverptons of tet devices, and etal lnboratory tes results fran atic so obtained by wing te tly ‘wana device are ncaded in Chapter 5. These test data are usd in sbse- {ent chapters to lla the determination of parsmetrs for varios mo oe Higher-order elasticity (hypercasticiy) and hypolatty are the topics in Chapters and 7, wher deutled dsepions ar given for modes upto the second ode. Detemistion of partes for various models based on Inbocalry otra for thai sal ee Caper 3a wel fo aan ci ene yg pon te a Appendix 3: Chap 8 coves & umber of guuaca o pero neat models. s ‘Chops 911 cover deta ofthe pasty model, Invoducton © he te af plastic tpt with canal mods uch as thse of Teen ad vom Mie repent Chupe9, whle Cape’ WO ever thr modes Such the Matr-Coulomb nd Drecker-Pagr tia ste an cap ‘nodl we diosa io Chae ‘A numberof example robles rsd in ea of Chapters 31. “These the determination of pau for vases meh for various tater, predeto of umerad mehods ung te moda and cere protien fo stdens pete ih pr sas. ‘Chapter 2 vss comprohenae recy of cet developments inc ing Kgmute hardening, Mnemate nd fotopehardesne enc sae tops reine nomubsave modes pai and ueaype mel inoting combination of hypocaty ao eal ate. rie Tever of sone eet Seton nding vps tnd codaccon del ad trove fr ce Tog tad ffs ae presented athe ead ts om Append and reven of tenor olin vais of tensor aad te Caley-Hanton orem. Comput cae for tsquse tad {or computer evaluation for artes of the xp nel we ined fpendis 3 nd spec Tris expected hu the render has a et a bach mst’ dese in caging with ackpond in he renga masta sad an ined ont the thee of att and ply caren ee nd a thoares of ont ms can be hell background in matin ls ‘eyed. A background in tenor anys wl be ge we though he Slane ofthe notadon wel a thi text sa fe ndsod by thing Append 1 Many prsetay pisos are ive in vekng me sig ams TsRece the Bok can be wc to thems Spica ‘ech sti is ander wry many Sade nts toward develo teat aod apleaton of cout av. The Wok ca be wc 10 ch vcr ‘With the grosing need for advanced comsitetve laws in ecu, teaching, and applications, new cous ate expected to he developed onthe inbjet. 1 may be need tha courses on the torts aspect of consis Taw are already taught in many eniacesng (mechanic) curl. Ths book ‘woud fil de need in bring the hore enceps to implementation, thus Providing a tdge between theory and appition, The senior author hat Succesily aught sucha couse forthe la sevel yuFaly, ho Book endevors wo present a comprehensive treatment of sarious onaiativ laws By consdeting the elon ve Rept 1. Mathemtial formalaton 2 Lenieton of material parameters 5, Daermiaticn of mail parameters 4 Vesfcaton with cespect 1 laboratory test data under various sie pats an physical eaitons 5, Vercaton aod evasion wih reget to boundary vale problems ‘Me wish 10 expres dep apprasation Dr. R. 0. Davi Univers of ‘Canterbury, New Zealand, Dt. Y. F. Daiias, University of Califor at Davis and Dr. D. DaDeppo and Me: M. O. Faruque, Univer of Azra, for reading pace ofthe manuserpt and fr providing Useful comments end ‘sggeons A number of yaduste stent have contd rectly or inet trad schon of yor ofthe examples a toward th aborstory {ex dat edt fica wot them al here. We expres cur spec thanks to thm, We apreiate the pence and encouragement of our mies, Paria and Rajni. ‘Complete aprisiaton of conan may not be posi ‘be without many concep fam physics and mathematics, Physics provide the fandamental base and mathematics «concise 3) 10 igrss the phys phenomena. Most base conaeps governing psicl phenomena ean be esenilly simple, and they can be Undertoo through simple explanation. Our endeavor has bea 10 sonk toward ths pal CS Disw HL Smwraoue 1 INTRODUCTION ‘Tings that we can peredve, se, hear, of build can be explained. by sing cet principls and las of ature: conservation f mas, ney, nea and Sngelar momen, the avs of ecomagneti fs, and the concept of er ‘Syramic every. Taso are among the fundamental pinples on which the subject of mackie ig Bad. One of the fist aoable succes of ‘mechan was is appa i the study of plaatary motion ofthe solar ‘aterm, which nas indeed a mysterious problem in ancient ines! "he subject of consouum mechani is based onthe forgoing governing principe, wich are independent of the iteaalconstution materi However, tho response of stem or 2 redium subjected wo external frees ‘not be determined uniquely only wih the govern eld equations eves from the base picpls. The datenal consuton of menial plays an ‘mora ein ho sbjet of continuum mechanics. "A numberof eowepts lang to const ans are disused inthis caper na spiel muse. For atonal eading on thse concep the ‘ener nny consalt many formative works (1-6. A schematic agra show {ng the importance and pace of consiuive ws in comnuum mechan is tren in ig DEFINTION ‘A conse low ce madel represents a mathematical model that describes ‘ur ideas ofthe bebuvioe of materia Ia ober word, a oastuie law2 rvs cmp. sce gee ea thin ir on. simiats physical fehaior that has esa. ercived ments: The main ae “antgeofesublshing a mathematical model i to apply the es for song (Comple) ernts quantitatively. Theseloe the power ofa conve mse ‘ependson tne extent o which the physical phenomenon hasbeen understand ‘nd simulated. ‘Study ofthe response of bstance or hoy under exe exstation| onsiuts the major endeavor in enpneesog and xicnces. "The inert ingredient involved in such dy are (a extra excitation, () earl arstaton of the meu, and (2) the response “The exeral excation can be any seas by which the environment of Ue substance changed. Assn example, cons: an application of fwd 0a ‘certain mem, Tit oad, which ean extralexcaton testo det he objet Appiation of a diferent uid reste (ea) ang fa Aid (water or im a porous medium is anther example of an extemal feeittion. Wil teo objets made of ferent material but wih Mental [rometry respond ine sinlar minnir tothe sme extemal eetton The Iiswer to ths quesbon rege knowledge of the internal conan of the raters ‘Genally, has been observed that mates withthe sme geatry tut with diferent intemal camsation repent in illeren wap to ths same ‘rer o1Garnre Eton 2 ‘extemal excitation. Therefore, in the sty of response Beavirin mature, he Internal constiuto of matali ef wines importance. The primary gol of this boo to ntedute te base concepts of cousituive Iw that describe the response ofthe Rody and presenta dete desertion of widely used “onsite lan in engineering procice an tha appleations. To engineering Spplestons, the response behavior can be sotied at's macroscopic Lvl Sstovt considering omic nd molecalarsrucare The sijet of stadsing Iter Behavior the mtcroncpi eve i he called conse mans a2. '8 solution to boundary valve problem in continuum mechanics = quires conatuveequtions ia edon tothe governing eld equstions. The ‘esc pinciles governing Newtonian mechaic ar (4 conservation of ss (@conservauon of momenta, conserstion of moment of omentum or fngular momenta, (2) concevaion of energy, and) ws of thermody ‘ais thse pines are considered to be vad forall mates respecte ‘fh teen coasion I-4). Therefore, awique soliton to a Boundary “alu problem in continuum mechanics cannot be obtained nly with the pplctoa of governing fed equations. Hence nique determination of the ‘sponse seques addionl consierntions that account fr the ature of ‘ieent materia. The equations that rode! the behavior of a mater are ‘ele “consult equations” of “constaive avs” or“constiuive model.” ‘Consider the behavior of to bodies bith the same geometry. AS a2 xample, cemider two bel, on made of ruber and tho othe of sa but ‘nt te same geometry. Whe an extemal exstan sapped o these tvo Toi the rber brie wil deform more than the std. The ad-deeertion ‘ehavor or in general the cower elation is depeadeat om how the matters constituted, The intemal consti of mater affects the deforms- ton Beker ofthe body. ‘As another example, consider a pool of water and a poo of ie: The chemical and sfonde structure of hese oo bode ae the same. AS we cA Sex wate and ice wil espond or beta two diferenc ways unde the sane ‘tema lous. Although the cbemial and tenis stratus are the sme, ‘he lnteaal eoeatittonof mate foe waters oe ia iene. This cont ‘ion of mater gover the Neavior ofthe bods. The flacnship between ‘aut and effect an Be elle the comtutes lw ofthe mate for 3 ie ‘enor ‘THEORY OF CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS. ‘A constuve equation sx maha model that can permit reproduction ‘the obered response of a continous median. Tt ot ear to vise ack {general consate [forall mates, ever foe single at of mata,A ovaeton Chap. this cam bes dita wk! Because, fr instance, tehivior of the same ‘mater unde diferent etiations may or may not be related As an example, oder the response of a pie of sel tat is saberied to a voltage gradient. ‘The tof caret in ths medium an be esumad to be governed y ld law such as Oia’ lav. There may ext © certain conncton between the lead-delormation properties and elec! proper howcer this may ot alwaysbe the case, that the electrical properties arent alays related the ‘sfomation characteristics. Furterot, tse elaonships may be diet for diferent ans of loads ad vlage applied. Thus it beeres dificult o fstublsh a general coasttutve equation fr a mate to cove all pssible ‘anges and odes of exciton and behavior. Hence it wil be ncesry 10 anf the considerations to ranges of speci interests. Establsiment of constitute equation can be based onthe experimental hserstins ata macrosopic lee of from physical tenner of molecular thao. The second approach, which coasies the properties a the micro- seopic level can be gute complex. On he ther hard the establishment of Cnttuve equations based on observations made at the macroscopic level an impart phycal signifance fe engnsring and physical ences. Te ‘entation ofthe relevant costae variables for a ceriain mater ical task, The selection of pertinent properties often may have 1 Be done fied by experienc and nites ‘Once the pertinent constiative variables or parameters ae ienifditis ecesary to know the reationshipe among thoe variables. When thee re ‘many independent variables the tak of being the functional elon: ‘an bcerne complicated. However, wth mer thers of consti quae ‘on, ertaia rections cane imposed the general fanconal lations (U2) Thee esictons will certainly rece the igor invade generat. foncona forms On the other hand, this redces the elfen roguied in experimental explorstons of mate chritetic,a¢ well at pling ‘eran imitions on ther applica. Further dicasions of such ree ‘os re given in subquent chapter. SIMPLE EXPLANATION “The important question isthe determination of forma, lew, o device tht eine the behar ox mites. For tbe riter imple problem voting the ‘extension of (ines) spring which odes sail (Fi 12), the quan / ‘piven by fonu oy Hers debs (niet) the constiuion ofthe spring. Although / does ot inlog a exist desertion ofthe psa consttin ofthe pig t Sirol eration . esi ply. Because if we know f he reponse w canbe found foe 8 piven excitation or bad @. ow éo we ind /? The usual procedure iso conduct atest in which a known vane of @ tapped tothe spring and the rapens is measured ‘Then for linear material the ratio 4/Q gies the val off. Fora simple sping, thi rather an my ak Yor multidimensonal problems however, may 80 longer be possible 10 ‘write such simple expresons connecting the load and the displacement. As indicated in Pip 1-210), fads Q, can cause responses (formation) i all three dretions Moremes, in contrast 10 the singledlement materi inthe spring (Fig. 1-0), » body or sabsance (Fig. 1-209 is composed of oatinuum made up of interconnected partes, Hence, in adton 10 the fect of the fad i one direction, here exist coupled elects that consist of fesponss in the thee major dictions. Here it becomes dificult to write explit elationssoch ns that in Fa (1) inthe individual direction,borecveton Cop. For instance, consider the following equsion for dipincement of pin ages: (1) here, desibes the constatve behavior ia the ection and 4 the creons, rapes, "ences mus notaon we can write oy i fa = fe Sr fa In (043) fy fa fe IIe = (0) (14) [A moment’ tection wil show that determination ofthe conituive parumets in [7] can be a fermiable task. Unlike the sgl ping element, the contineu is composed a an “infate” number a spengs nternnesed Tn comtinuam mechanics, the exciton (ond) and the responce (de: placer) ate mally not expend exlicly at ia Es (1-8) The) are ‘xpresed though quantities tht are leant. tho inert reatons ihn ‘etn o= tim 2 as Inher Ais the sea on which Q i acing, and nsend of spocement we, ‘goat clled sa, ise ian average tense 28 ot ae ‘whee isthe length of the body (Fig. -3, Then EI) ea be writon as {a0)=c jroo] ae a a res ain a ay 07 be where (LI/P) denotes fexbilty of compliance of he body. A specie of {body af known aren and length ean be tested with a itn load Q. and « land o canbe found; this ean permit evaluation of D- At subsequent slags we ‘hall generalize his approach for mulisimensiona Boies. [NEED FOR EXPERIMENTAL DATA “The only atonal way to determine the parameters to define the consive Jaw st conduct appropri laboratory and/or ld ests. Fo instance, 10 etemiae teparanete! relevant to sponse inthe diecton, the est should Simulate that response. For the response paaater revatio the eft of lead applied inthe a-diection for response in the y-direction, the tes must ‘Smulte this partoult mide of deormation, and so on. The subj of entfeaton of parameters and appropriate laboratory tests to determine them are the tpt of intrest in this Bonk. They wl be diced sob: quent Further Explanation In onder to present the concept of constiaive equations, Jet us again consider the fallowing wellknown example of uniaxial strain. Consder the Sal cleat CD shown a Fig 3h body is neque under the ‘pple load Q. Therefor each lament such os ABCD ofthe ody bast be ‘i eqiibriam. The tres stem eth elements lo showa im Fig 3,eteion cra. “The eqlbrum ofthe ementcan be expres inthe following wy O-oA (os) where i the (unas) ass and isthe erosional ce "With de concept of sin ronal in the preedie set, lt ws now eine the sae of sia is tht one-dimensional clement. The ost simple ‘etinion of sain pena the ati of elonption a ad he length of the od er (9) In this problem, the known parameters are the geometry {ad the cxtemaly applied load Q. The unknown parameters ae the ste, andthe Siri caused by he response that, he axial dermaten omer Be hve aly two equations, Eas. (-8) aad (9), o se the tree unknown anaes 0, cand ‘In Eq (1:4) and (19), oo menton was made ofthe material prope, ‘Tosahe fr the three unknowns, additonal equation israel, and this third equation sl be the onsite equation ef he materi onsing the boa ‘As sated before, i this cas, this relationship cane the welLnow inks aw. Hook's aw pvesareltionip betwen he stead sins Sete (10) where B, is called the Yauns’s mada oF modus of ear, Tis this ‘huni incdes a parmoter£, wich denotes the peop f the mate ‘The cuample above show’ dearly that forthe saaion of wnknows quantiss (eformation, the consttuive Lay of the materi an important component ‘complete appreciation of constitive behavior of meri isnot posible out the we of the principles of physics and nathemates, Matewates Provides a conse way for expresing pict! ponemencn, The physi ‘Phenomenon that we propose to conse in Uus txt i the er of agineing materials une extra! ond, ‘We bel tht the sujet canbe stodied snd understood at citerent level, For instance it can be sted stl in terms of abet mathernies) ‘consideration on the one hand, abd ste ative ad empl considers tons, on te eer. Although a conederahe amount of work tomar develop- ‘cal of constiatverelaGens hs been dove io comingum and sod me chanics, ihas often resinedesentally wih the purview of one soph ated in sates In view of the growing importance of consitve ‘model, particule withthe awit of power eompotaonal ata, becomes secs) to Dring the sujet toa level thit the engineer can ‘comprehend ad apply. The purpose of ts book isto provide a lnk between theoretical retest and application, with emphasis op inetve expositions ‘Als, paul stenton i en to the importance of esting and determina ‘tm of he consti parameter "The sbjet of cone laws has developed eds various subi sins of mechani, sacha teey of clans, poss. and theory of ‘lsiciy. Asa rel diffrent consiatve ls based on diferent concepts Ihave beea propose: often, proponents of » partials model proclaim 1s tuperonty ovr others We bere hat cack modal ca Be valid within its O8% Tel ream, tnd that no tiers cnsitaive del has Jt been deysioped that wld forall materials under al eondion. We farther believe tha ace the phenomenon dexribd by a namber of diflerest sods unique, there ‘sy indcd be a common ground where many of Hose models may eet nal, the xd of Sonsiaive ave of engineering teal belongs 0 the genera subject of mechoncr, Mechanics ivales the study and under ‘nding of mton, Hence cr aim eo lear constave las as they relate {es eninering hae n motion, In other words, we vill suds the behavior of Inaetials as «bods deform unr te ocnce of exzeal and internal eres Mos dames ies wes ae eerily spa may, 4 re, be ‘Sores in slang eompeable woven. inom and af 1" NOTATION ‘In studying and undestanding the theory of consitutine ls it is necessary fn well to ploy tnd and tear notation. Siace most renders may be “ar wth matrix tain, in efor mode to we, barre posible, bot tenor aad uct notien, Ths tows ary eodertanding and pial interpeation of aso uaa, The folosons notations wed commen ‘ther notations defied Wherever it ecu ‘tian ow ter at Saunt tr fy 0 0) weet)REFERENCES 1 Bim 46M Ty of Cote Me, ME Sk Co 2 Fang ¥. C, Pudi of Sd Mecho, Pence Hall, nc, Eagewod Ci, NG, 1965. ES a 2. Tun C, Cam Msncr—Dhe Mena Fdsto he nd Padraic ahs rach Sa Pe aon Ya 4 mcm, W Coa Mechs, Marla Ping Co, ne, Now Yo ta bing Co, Ie, N 5. Mao. , tah Mec «Cm Med, Pent al Treen Cae NI 6. Ease, Gy Contomun Ph, YO 2, ede Pe a, New Yt 15. 1 mt, A an nl 1, he Bo of Pa, Se nd Sh, Ne ‘Yoo, 1968. Se be 2 STATEMENTS OF AXIOMS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS ‘Tho main ai of ths tox to presen, ins simpifed manner, the subject of coast laws fr (cpio) materials with specal alteaton to the etrnsnation of parameters and plementation. Sipe cousbuive equations (oF laws rlate to pha phonons such as Ths response of structure £9 ‘citations or loads, they ust obey ein principles or axons that govern the plc! pheoomens. Dias of memati apd gprs treatments aad the rion a somstttveoqustion to these anime ae value avasced tretments i continu mechanics and athemateal physics (1). In this hapter we have simply sated some of ick aniom in simple language fssetally from an iatveWewpoiat, thse statements ae guided BY the ‘matrlealbl inthe fovepsing eames ‘As avom ia wellestablabed seaiie principle hat does aot seed pro cases pliation has een accepted as tth fo aleng time. There «umber of axioms in continuum mechani that are occepted vives fd are based on principles derived from experience and rational acs, ‘Axlom of Determinimn (ur cartent actions ae influenced by our past dees. The magnus of tees and Seformation na body cf a extemal force ar pence? onthe ‘as istry ofthe external frees experienced by the body. These teen's Feprsea the principle of determinism, whieh fo general states that every plenomenon determined totaly by te istry of sequence of case, andthat is attibotes are ot fee but destined hy events tha it experienced previous Determinism as always ben, in ene form or another, a integral part of ‘he natal sence. I soir understood! to expla he fact th the peat dernier the fan. tn other words, future eos sed on what Fappeaed in the past and wthost the pas ute pest, To continu pss, what ve ats determin much simple, requiring thatthe past shold determine the fue and thatthe mate behavior of the body is independent of any peat outside the bod In other words all future cutcome is daarmined hy that st or hs) of te buy tp tothe preset time. That im continuum plyice the history up to the Present times reuire to determine the ftir uteome, This phenamenen Sometimes lero asthe prime of ered. Axiom of Causality Simply stad, causfey means that effect and cross 0 loge, In see word, things pd phenomena cannot tae place thot cute, Thee ‘anno aco deermaten (ls) thot an external fore (use) “Mathematica models wo deseaibe the sternal soasiuon of eater re developed afte sling sub consituve varsble The aso of cally provides a selon or eatiflcaton fale Wo isinguish dspendent costae “ables from independent ons ‘Axiom of Objectty To be objective meas to be without bis or prejion, The qulty of bing objet Is objects. Ths xin a sated 1a Ref and is gen etm “The cose rapome fnstonls mi be format onder airy gd movon of pal ane oleracea coma st ofthe Ot of Physically, the axiom of cbjetvity means that the material properties ‘cannot vary wih the motion of the bere. For instance, the mae of ‘dasiy of sie specimen found in laboratory wil not change even when the tet is camed out in a moving arf. Famtbermorg the tio of ‘objectivity mentions tha the modal of elasticity determin at tw dfs times under the same cendions will not change Hf the mei remains unchanged wih ine ‘Axlom of Neighborhood ‘This exiom, which was present by Bingen 4,8) also known asthe “sziom of local action” Thin anor states thatthe wales of raponse fue ‘lon at pat reno alfa by the eens far avay tom et pak. La ther words, he enim of neighborhood is used ro exude rem consinse ‘suntion the “actions distance [Axlom of Memory {A dete description of this asiom canbe found eeuhere (4.7.9) It sets tht the vals of pete const vale age not alected by ihe ‘les of constiuive variables at dant past Ths the counterpart of he {om ef eighboriood inthe tine doma. ‘Axlom of Equpresence "This axiom, arated in Rf 4 ad 8 i ‘te ove al nse pase fon ae be cored 1 pend ‘ne tame Ii of conse abe til cy decd ® “This principe sys that nce a constutve vvable as bean ened for a mate 1 sbeuld be asuned tbe preseat in all te consituve ‘gunton ofthat materi “The principle of equpresene says that all the consiutve variables sould te include in every cousututve equation, unless th presence of & era variable wnates a tale prinsple of mechanics oe themodyaamisy or ‘nother axiom, Hoses, whon there ate oo many wih inthe eoneiave guutio, te probe of renin al of them bevomescomplcatod. For this ‘reason, the ponsiple of eunresence often aot popula among aginst aad ‘cients, who may nt prefer o complete a prob by havin too many Sensitive parameters or vtabis partielrly if thse are not sgn. Howser fr generat itis seful to adopt this pape and then sips by raking stain ssvmprions. This wil ake the enpineer-aaas who develops the constitutive eqatons vate ofthe assumptions that were made nd th soca mations that ered the formulation Alor of Admiasbity ‘Tee consttutive laws il be diferent fr diferent mari. The phys- cal laws of nature, such ns conservation of mas near and angular mom "Tam Alina ona iY, Aen a Men Ya“ SutereotAtemsctconien cane Chan. 2 ‘wm, and laws of hemodynamics, shuld bested by any apse iespoc- ‘eof the maternal type, The psa awe end to the goveming ua os, such asthe continuity equation, equton af ton, sma of sts tense, ‘susay bales and te eatops inequality. Deus ofthese lus are ive it ais referenses (1-8). The asim of admit ansrts that conse ‘quetion most be consistent with the phys! laws ‘The siniements of various sons thit we hive gen are intended Primarily to mk the reader aware of certain principles a underyng founda tions of constitutive modeling, Although we sal often uy and se vaio lu in this book wibout direct reference oe wee of these aims and pinch ‘les itis understood that they for the bas of sa ews REFERENCES oll, We “A Matmal Thy of the Mecha Bebo of Conus Media” dl atin Mech. Anal Val 21954 91-22 Tovedel C. und Nol, W, “The Nealon Fe That of Mechanics” Ene of hss, 8. Page (BV 3 Singer Va, Bein. 15 Tred C, Cominnim MechantsThe Mekal Fada of Bay ond lad Dymomis, Vat, Gordon an Br Sone Polar ne, New ers kage, A.C, Mean of Comme, J Wiley & So 26, New Yok 867 Imani W. Cn Meh, Nacisn Pn Ca ne, New Yor, 6 Malvern 1 Jen te Mosh of Cnt Mafia, re Hs, Inc, Engvood CN, 190, ‘Clean, 8D nt Mie) ¥, "On the General Theory of Fading Mem.” Ac, Reson Wes int, Vo 13. (968m WH 5 ng, AC, Coma Phys, Vek. 2, Adem Pr, Inc, New Yr. 18 3 STRAIN, COMPONENTS OF STRAIN, AND STRAIN TENSOR, ‘When a ods is subjected oan enteral fore system. it experiences defo: ‘os ia rlaon lo the orignal contrat [Fig ia Tes caves! to ‘ise sein aba relation (ratio) ben the magnitide of deformations aad ‘exten he orginal or undclormed congas. "Tete ate a numberof ways im which meatus of skins sce decd (1-3); often these ae named ater the person who deine them. The Cauchy. Gren, Hencky, and Alans! are sour of the mearues of strains we commonly ‘ONE-DIMENSIONAL IDEALIZATION. Ass simple iltsiraon, considera cular bar Jaded axisly and appro ‘uted bys onccmensona lin eleent (Fg. 2-00). The original coeur tion ength ofthe tar slapd under an axial deformation, st extends or entra 1g 3 ew length equal 1, We hive expressed Below three ofthe ‘messes of sai a uniform quate ove ‘Cauchy This measures based onthe iil conga, tat, taht cote ant 5 pa Bapetnn ow ere As ul fo he Yi.‘Seam Conan Sah. an rin Tera ge 31 Seema domain: geal ih) eee tr, (Green: ‘The Grea struin s again based on the orginal configuration, oF (18) ‘Almansi‘The Almans stnia is bowed on the cuneat or deformed ‘coiguraton ofthe bar, G19) ‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL CASE ‘The foregoing concepts canbe generalize for tcedensional bodies. Here ‘we eed io conde ne components of sai, which wner the absence of ‘ody couples, reduce to sk sua components bucase =, Assim smal sai te symmetric tensor ofthe coxaponents is wek « (i 2 =) em seca Heng me component sha fen epee eer (Flo so ta tal 2») (Fela oy 6 ty te tel (20) ‘Hen ty tal eosin en and a gens ee ‘se ti Saar tad so tao eee ee fle G6 ty te tel (G28 whet ety: t, Ou en dete component of normal sing, whet tae tt ye Tats a 1, dente the components of shear sais Stan Tensor In this text we consider esetally the case of small ot intima srains hat i exteoal overs nue srl efomtions which rex in sas that ae much sulle sompated 10 uni, Ta Fit 32a) a parle ce point P move from position | to postion 2 under the inacace of an (extemal) fee system. The two pestons art ‘noted by Ph and Py [Fi 3210) and by pasion vector 4, and ‘espectels. The change in displacement of the partie ik dened by 1 (= 12,3) From Fig 1 weean wate aH, Gs) 4-4 x) For small sti and rotations, it an be shown that (1,3) Hd, dad.) oy] da, 64 hee, denotes grass of diplsemens ws, The dipicement gradient Tanbe wate ot ya, DAN, seytuy 63) "The int erm tyme and ical the al or ifitrial rain ea Has) 68) and he econd term, which s sew symaetieal is alld the mal tation ert, on For =J=1, 2,003,408 ges ou, urns Fah ie ER ou ow, co| ” ‘San. Conpontnis ofan a in Tere Chan 3 and for) we have ay) ere 34_Detrasionin #cimras nim: dm (od ner craig) Sin oa ene ox) ere wt, and w are the commonly wed symbols in enacting practice and they comespond tou, a. and up the components of displacements inthe 00). %40)) and 23) dictions, respecte "The fotation caso canbe expanded ae ye ea=en=0 (250) (09) INVARIANTS OF STRAIN TENSOR “The (ama stein tease in By. (46) i a second-order symmetric tenor, ‘enc, a scussed in Appendixes | and 2, # posses the tnstormaton std invariant properties of ener. ‘Thee are two sis of karan we shall deine and ust? one set sociated with he characte oguton ofthe (sti) fens, andthe oer ‘soca with he tensor though rope of ace ad drat onde of trace. Adional deals om variants of tensors are ven a Appendix 2 “The characecti uation of he tear in Eg, (328) cam he Mien 8s Cone the hn 0 (4100) where Fa amd ae invariamts with espe to he characteristic equation= ‘ran Compan ct Shan and Saher chp. 3 Taye se see Spee abe] ee beh ong Here denotes a determinant. For engineering ute, We can deine an allem form ofthe iavtiants Irased on the ce of «One ofthe advantages ofthis ternative i th ‘Physica mening am B¢asigned 0 these avant In he following Sti ‘ons of invacians we bie used a polation with an overbir and se subset, and alo a simple notation without a bar and with only one subcipt. The ‘rebar notion is shown Because sometnes i wed in oer publestions (2) howeve, inthis fet, we generally us the Sper soto, Fit ovarian ofthe srl tensor Kielimfeaumsiteatey tt) (310) “This ic the sae as before and, fr small sin, denotes vokmetic stan eased bythe applied load. Seco ivr ofthe stain temo: ehokge Ine Mi 2h) (3-100) | pees habit HCe) | AUR Bhelac + 3) (3-10) = -( 7b -Bs)ews E 0 0s 3) (44243) .10-2 910°? [x2 o esas axe- of cao* Compton 0 Berka sing teat ow te nt, a8 np tering osx} ca exw y(| 202 cea 587 a" Sete) cee coven eee aren Bie eee al eee seer a ea ner ere ee co mn -¢ os 6 Sas 25 Jao 4074525 +929 .c10-4 Comanion 1 Bahar bbines aig Ba, (109, we cn wate BWR 3h) =slox0 Seauscursyesxane-t]2 ‘ran, Conponens of Stan. sné San Ter cha.3 eo oom tel ee Steere te oe DECOMPOSITION OF STRAIN TENSOR ‘A tesor canbe decompose into two tensors. Accordingly, he sain tensor an be decomposed as cu Bit dou, ou ‘The tensor Bs ealled the arn deviation tensor or dela sri tases, and Jey ib clled the spherical et eolomeric sain tensor. The former is ven by yey Seay or) For cers mail it may be appropriate to gonsider the devitric and ‘olumece tain separately and superpese tei indidal ees ‘Consider E, fet and set = then Beata (130) Since 4, = 3 [8 (A112, we hase Fyn tanta 0 (138) ‘Thue ig the sum of the aormal components of E, varishet “The volumetric train tensor is en by fig at ee 38/8, ~ Med At e8,) = Harte ten) ow) Since 60 fr Fj, and 8, = 1 for =, the volomette sein tensor has onze terms onthe agonal oly or smal tn he sum of the diagonal terms denotes mean veloc sia Anvartnts of Devlaore Strain Tensor As indicted previously he tee of ais; hence, has ely ino soasino invariants hich at dented belom Decorgontonot San Taser 2 ‘Second Invariant of devistore strain tensor Toe hay = VLEP = BE, “4-4 on-# (ss) Wisma to noe that the subscript is sed ere simply to denote the deviatoric quantity. This quantity can als be expreed as h =s[e septgyetder2d+a-3(3)] (s15n) tag Allen en) #6 to) Hoo] + tht (15) Hex «i te tlumetic ri deed a = f= Fest Ts cancrng wn, ten quan i, ar Pa Ys 8 eed, Ths strain is equa to the projection of the sein vet Om an ‘rahe plane (Fg Dy which mates eqal angles withthe ree pial ‘ectons. The expen a BEN wen H[len ea + (eae? lene] Allo Hea) + (on!) 0-150) an sea Sra conponens oan ane Sia Tenor Chap 3 ‘The stcondinvaiant of the deviate strain tenor, Ino, is deal proportional ina ad given BY Lips (ese) ‘Many isd titra (Chapters 9 and 10 in the ory of plasty are elated to the deviatrie quanttes, and hence cctbedral quanites are frequen used inpracice, “Dir nari of Svar san tensor heh Wel EY = Hy Beale heal BU? othe Bit (159 amie 32 Frnt the devistor sain wor comeaonding te te af san gen in Esa ‘Mand then eat flop and og rom Esape 3-1 wee ce fee teen wean te en tat = 00. Compton a fy Using 158, we obi “Tes ane comp ing ee 9 Ta on wt = ALeR + 92 4265 +23] [10+ 10+00+2% 105 2025400) 10-* Compan of gs Using HN yy mW men we =H a = (2s jx 9% 1898 a?) x 10-4 ‘This ante empty fining he wae 0), can be canted wing ac hom te(ey Pe wie[ fas 225° Tuas} cj0'y Tela pnp alec e mpl sty, a Sh eve ale tm mor np! ran Toe hor val ad ‘he mada ppl sa Tame ind te pics and prnp] sain econ a pat Phere he la tant gesyNove Since te face 10? cons, wil 9% Be ae tn the compan. Batre comput the ars O78 ta-s-0 20) One 46es eed 629) Ee Fe 4M D=9 29) fe easy ‘Thee we cnn i ota Hence pe Mae prinipal sea; 40710" Min pnp sain; 1.0310"? ure inal sine 20310 ‘order pcp stan cect, tw ems the spate Map inci sin ects», =40%10", From By. (2-20) have a= 9h -0 280 sh ecose a0 020) wayne 02% os a B22, Bekemero om From (3-260, we ae honk (289) nd fam By (269), 0 (am) Sting ap 25, we bain aife10 eam) ieee 02%) ner G28) ‘Note tat We ssa tf vale er ose eston, Hee me shal we cls the dt at ponave deta fc ow aston. Mae pcp in anew <5 =10% 10-7 Saag eve for Bg Gov can mee long equine B= Dinh 0 09 “4 40-M =o one) = ng=0 e209 From Hg (30) and 30) it can be ses hah=00 omy Sings stom F251) 2 ere sae bento oom ence, he miner prix stindetony a hen by ote dt he econ et of ve ero nepavedvtn Imermetiae pra saindrecsion. = 20% 0 teri Be Gt) een re te lng mp Sabsing th ve fs ona +0 etm ho 40-m% =0 on) fee @x6 From Sp (5) and (2 we cn stow a he 650)» ‘San, Comonents ot Sra aneSan Tawar cha. 3 ad fom Bg (3.24 he00 30) Sinn (38 ad (0 no By (222, weve ai=10 6339 ed ons aoak 03%) eae etree pial reson gen by plea @ @ Me h-00 eben Hise the sum tof aus rer wo he negate ton, Hence the dein ‘ets of cpl edna ate sane allowing way boo * seers el-zle nema: | | | 0 ase Ges ceca ea 1 ede ches he for of hs te when pil stn dretns sewed te fefenesaf6,2 enone Useoeaton can be pore The "nfm Ye 9 be men sls ee peat ow cos) G39) ox) ‘Thies esa als oie by sing the characte ution. Tan be ted tha in (380, te ppl te aang ine ae ma ae Facial decom were sane i the tule ae, STATES OF STRAIN FOR VARIOUS NODES: ‘OF DEFORMATION ‘When deformable body is subj to extemal forces the gosral eoyplet Stale ofits defrmation can be eaprsted throug the sux cemponecs inthe ‘rin tensore, tie len convenient conser pes ier ofthe perl Asformation: as we sal se subsequent, hs approach would provide a hiss or deecmization of cost parameters relevant Io he specie mede ‘onder sonidrstion. Uniaxial state of stain. Figure 3) shows a tne har of uniform ‘ross seetion subjested 1 4 purely aul suain wile oer sean ate oo Stained Under there conditions, staan ca be stsamed (9 oscar cal 9 ‘Greco, long the ai ofthe Body, andthe rin enor vedoces tO sy) 69 [@ 9 9] Hydrostate state ofstraln (Fig 3-5()). Here there sno deistorie component of stain and the bods i asmmed Lo eapeience cay og)= ‘ran, Corgoneiao Sram and ran Tensor Chana wolumetie stain (deformation) in all diesions, Hen the srnin fasor — (' “ ‘|-( ‘ ‘| (oy Aa eps an bin aera ye some (pressure) dicot in Chapter 4, undergoes purely olumet sin a ea in Ea. G85) “Waxlal state of train (Fg. 3-5(6]. Tis states caused in & cubical specimen of materia in which the tee (oepenenssntapplicd tots hoes te de pins sesing the pees | eae goa 4 F | 91 { 7 t a ‘y35 Yin tt i in) te 0 A special ae of the iil stato sn ethene! ae of ain, Jin whic wo ofthe apled principal stains ae ual [Fig.l for (ise the safes nes th fer m1 0 0) fa oo we{@ a 0|-|0 «0 (336) 0 0 a) lo 0 af ‘Simple shear strain (Fg. $5]. Here an clement of material is subjected to shearing without any volume change, Hence -[» * 3) (33 oo can tsi it a taco sacha ee eon lr dor acon a ‘est devs (Chapter 3 hor to simulate sch sites, an then deere appropeiie parameters to define various conta i ROBLEMS Jaf fF A yo he toning in) a2 ( a2 135 Anon: fam 2X0 em aye tt. cayeny Eo soc* (vey {cavom digs 10*(oa/em hem» 1-5 ome 342. Dae the ices fr) f= E9180 nd) ray tae Sep 110" em e -2x0? ia™ Sam. Cononane Sra ann env Chap. 2 ee) ee expres or (op, 4840 a Paral Ss and Aves: ‘98 Fortuna em: iy mat WO beonh~ = [Bets 368636 - 3020 6309] ~esQovine) DECOMPOSITION OF STRESS TENSOR “The symmetric ses tensor, can he decompose int wo symmetric enor, the deviate srs tenor at the hydrate o sphere ress reso The eviatonc ses ensoe i sometimes fered to a he srs dean tor. ‘The decomposition i given by a7 5y4 body (4s) nba 5, the devitre sires tensor, gy = 0+ + 0 the hydrostatic Stes, ad 8 the Kronecker dela Eqution (Sa canbe writ na rotation én ta} [Se om wo] |? 2° fhe = 3}]< vl lo oS) | (el-I8}+0) om Hew Sp=sin5y~ ay, and 00 ‘he tier mat tp of estes te wich serous te toa ho aw ex ep Ske of soem Toe ta lech oe sata fl sly ote ‘phcaernoasemfthe mata bre chcmpnmc te pont at ar Geter promt p en sen open ck ve Seal ria 2 9] es oo, ‘Te devintovi sre tensor Scan e expres as follows Po, (454) sheep the ean pres and is equal 19/3. Sy20,~ bad Invariants of Dovistorie Stress Tensor Frat invariant of deviate stress tensor. Deviatrie ses tensor i ‘second order mete eto. Ie moran! 1 ete that he tac of this =5y 452455 9, beads =m -0 (440) Hence bas only wa independent onze invariants Second invariant of deviatoric srs tensor. We flow oe of the coumon smbal ad dente the second inva! BY Jy (40) 1 maura notation, since Jy = $17(5), we have Sn Sa Sp) (Si Su So Se ss ee = HUsh + Sh + She sh sh sh+ 5b = [lou PP + Con —PP + bea) +2 sh+si] 42884288 (60)From te definition, we have Sy, -64. y=. and S25 bce the fovea expresso sip fo = ifeh 0h oh 20h, 4208 4205-394] (468) Ie ana be shown that Fea~ iflon — an) +004)" +(2y~ em) ] +b +98 +98 (0) In roof pial ess 4ep™ i[ler-er)?+ 7+ (01-05) (sen) sing th expression fr J ven by Ba. (44 cn be wien as dont (4%) Ths rein ei tre sea (0 ‘ngacing practice often 4 quniy called actahdhl shear reer, suit Otte edt, Ts she eX al 0 he ng te pecton of te tse weir onan cxtaedral plane (Pigs 42) wh makes foal angles withthe thre pnp directions, The mean presse Ji, ‘emai constant on an octahedral plane, The expresion fr rs en by ran allo, 0) +) C04 a9") tla euF tour] «a Fi eee tn ark eae Ll ey [Proportional 10 7. and given by A= Ha (4) ‘ee 42 Cc pen pon se pe ‘Third Invariant of evistorc toss tonsor. This is denoted a8 Jy snd canbe expres as = 45, Sau 5 (SP 4) = 3 ev9ntme— ests Fete - 34) \(o0 (46) ates Col ors ae jen Pam Fanaa onli :) bya! a3) on Ey, A 9k /aF) : hewscovey BN Ted tn 8 ghey a fy 14041=0 yang (4) a (A-19) we omengrse ondraiata Hye 2h) 3 310-2(-1-4- 0) ~60(evsm)® ‘Sins Conpinaie! Shaman Svee Tm Chant ‘scan ao be aud ame expen dered Jin teasing ston Tea (ego we =195- 40) -600eNF ‘The inden epee AD ary HS, *3h,) =ifo-o+4— 91 =20(0/m') Tee ao hs aed tom By a8 Sine i Wie bP —HOKI953+ 807 ~soan en ee ate as o Pee ‘The stessvetor on any plane psi trough this point can Ye found by considering the equim of forces (Fy. 44a) Theses vector on the plane AC is given by the expres es ra) ‘whore ()~ 12,3) are the direction esines conesponding the wit normal ofthe pane "The componenis of suesses onthe plane AIC according 1 Ba, (4.70) ‘an be writen in expanded form as of =, + Ole Ole OP mash teats Hey (a0) of oak + oul Pals The superscript denotes the lane AKC. Late, we have wed 0, 0, and 1» denote principal tresses Tn the fnegoing sto, (= 1,23) denote the onponents of sess on plane ABC ia ihe x,y and x diresions They te expressed in tems of the componeats of the wets tear or the set (fon om 99 en Or en) (are Docent ot es Taser ® gs 48S mh om pe one pa ot vale ts Comids women tof Hex pot PUP 401 oh) ce) 038 Let fl he es on lt we elt eg 8 ihEs ecto nee ew) “Ts somal re on he line anh oud by stn he ores eso ee nefeot osind (98+ gyi 04 anger Pind fe) na star way the hae es en te pane can eel exesion ean ho be oad ty wing te cone ofthe Mode cick of ses staal sind ofc me co #) senna 6(e—¢2) 6) PRINCIPAL STRESSES: ‘When the sess tensor is known ta pint iis always possible find a set of planes on which the ser tectrs are noma tthe On tete pane the Shear stress are zero. Tes re calle the pip plc, andthe detion oftheir nora vectors are called the prima retos ot pri! axes of Siroa. Ips to fn thre such planes The normal Mees ce thse three pring pines are called propa reer and ein bo expres Follows by inducing lar quantity ON 1h33 (4a) where ste unit normal eto to dhe principal plane, By using Ba (47), an abo be expressed as MoM Thetor, ke- Myo 2 sige amet op) fe tema, ayn [lel-amjin-0 (100) fs he ent ri given by Loo wel L ‘| (4-100) ood (TU a) Eguaon (410) epresenis «set of thee Heat homogeneous algebraic equations eorespondig to ie dechen cosibes ff. and, Equation (G10 cua be wuten in algebraic frm a8 (n= Nhoeghenh=o fu 4-4 slot 69-50 ‘ken eed om i r=» ca) me * Teahould be noted tat the following ration alo holds: WI (e120) (ets) ‘hich canbe expand Beggar (e129) Since a, (412) has 1 be satis all thre components and scant be aero. Therefore, fora nota luton, the determinant of ceeicets of the mati a Bq. 10) has o be ero: tha i Jay-Muln0 (4130) on al fad tm \-0 (4138) tan “This reduces 10 a cubic equation ia Nand is known asthe charnceristic ‘quation (eae Append 2). This canbe writen 25 RON LA heed (a11 can be shown that this equation has thee sal roo. Thee tree alues are th three principal stesso, (4= 12,3). Their comesponding Sirens can be found by bck subst the value of Nin Eas (1) and (412) fr Jy tha i yr nd "the psincpal ditions are wed atthe axes of referee, the sss tensor aks the for a 00 une ao (as) 00s, 1 should be ote that Ea. 15) doesnot neces imply that 9 > > ‘The agst principal vale is cle the major pnp sre, andthe salle, alte i eld the minor prinpal ser The other wae is known as the Intrmediate principal res uample Find the primi ess andthe pina sires econ a pat PF. 420i ‘esr tn a epi pren Py wf H9) me eer Tag (24204 20 52 (KN)? Tyg (N/m Bet Ste -c0=0 (os) set (+18) o(6-9)-Bol0-3)+12(6-3)=0 (ate) =e Hfo-3)=0 (468) = 60,50,s0820 Majo principal se: 60.4 /a) Mace fecal 20 (N/a) Intermedate pia sues: $0 (N/a) nore fin pnp tes eons, conse then separa Major pra ses dicta, 60 From Bg a}, ne ve 4-04-20 (arn =O H4-O1-0 rm) 6-91.70 (ane) Reaeamio er om Be (4176) = 0. From Bq (4179) oe (10, = fy Sebtiag in Bg (arto, woke Teo, hoo ‘The scm st fv ee to mega drons fe rina ech Here we ‘fa sesh et rou uta Mine impasse: 6) =20% Byutton (1a) and (4136) can be ‘mised an-m400 (ing 2424-0 (1m) seo (46) fame dar 1) Hence 1, =a, =, Sobsiing hse aan (8), we banea Intermec es icon: SO: or ae, B18) an 12) Shetenptine mea (19) Haha (e158) oun0 em Retsg=10 (eas ete ,=/,—Dand (,~ 419. The ermine prnspl ses don en by hehe bent ‘Therefor he ton ones the pac roses at Me aang in the Isto o|st-|sI-l> =| s-| ‘he rele se term can be porsche anfoomon eat, ‘sn be rten bw (xm) ite ¢ ° ele ; ° 5 4 @ ae (20) a ° twarefi il (one) i @ I ‘ise she sem ta obey ohing he cate agin 1s ‘neg © eae that the penal sees ae range he Srey a he ‘sal diene noe sas Shere ibd ete ar sess nthe pclae re ca Sycondrng te sees om the ten [Pe 20, we hae wee a eds t let Ogle Ol ter yy he ition oie of thei neal vc fthe plan ‘yeaa #dbetons especie. The ara sto he le cme a Ne alata slat any Suhang lef. fn oP we oa Walt Be eat Abbe lltthinn) “he read srs oo is tice can be cal a low: ee Care «Therefor, (Ps (09) 400 -¢ (exm) Let us comer pei ee we the atte tes and psp se nie ‘he shew open ol he es eel ero fr hi ce Tice, any) se fey tea on am Sting be ales ace in, 225 fr her tr, Pett $8 + Beh (eu Bono G48) ‘ica be shows the mmm ss 168 cs erin plenes om ih taf, wal hae be Glog vate ‘Thos plac niet he sgl brwen be sien, Subang he vals ove im Ey ie, wee ox) sem #640) (29) a H(04 02) were arta epee he min sears aes on he he plant ove reper "The eel ts a he line ahore can be compte by ing Eg 230 tu Hon ta a2 sot Hoy ea) fom) sorHon ten) 3s otha be normal ses ack ots lanes ea the aeapeo tepacpal esc on tet pans sew ae tbe STATES OF STRESS FOR VARIOUS MODES (OF DEFORMATION. (Oe ofthe important aspects of conse modeling is the deermination of ramets tom laberatr) tests As lesen In sss usnt chapters ‘fen convenient vo consider spect stes of sues inthe Sterminatin t Parameters. These states of ess conta laermation repcding the sss ath flowed (Chapter 9. In Fig 44, some spec test ste te shown, furher deta ae gen in Chapa 5 Fee 4 Yrs of es wh rps ke: 9) il ard ee ta eo a2 Stas Componente am aaes Ter Ch 4 1a this chapter we have doxibd bey srs and relevant uantis| that ate ued inthis tet. For adional infomation, the eader ma coast vale erature, sch as Rel. 2196 41, Find ves eae S FSS Sage do he 68) 433) [aap om mt ee ne ee re Sipe i a ons ape ots wa ns (ind seta no 18 Pao 00 Pay = SAP = 373 (ars, 5 | Temagh Ka ek RB Sa Mss again Pre, 2a Job aly Sis Inc, New Very 2 Tumakek Pan Gar 1 Thay of laity, 3, Mero oc Copy Nem Ys, 170, 1 Froid, Dy and Ching. TS, Cum Mecha, Alm and Broa, Ia 4. Fang, Fotos of Sod thar, Preace Hal, Ine, Eapevod Cll, Nive 5. Mater Lain te Mecham of Cn af, rence, Tac, Brgevood Ci NS, 196 rs € Sand Chan. T (8), Merl Met m Green Bier 5 NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR, IMPORTANCE OF TESTING, AND TEST DATA. [NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR Very often, when we tlk of nonlinear behavior ve tend co siualize i as repreaned bya sre cure (Fs, 51) ats rot lina orale ‘Athouphsuch Syma snerpetations areas welts bite ee rnontinearty generally implies someting more. Nonlinearity may be dened a he alr ofthe magne of response to be proportional ete magutude ff eiotaton, There can be a somber of factors that can comnts 10 ronineary, which for engineering Bovis is usally manifed trough large ange inthe geometry and changes in mata properties the st salad seamed the second materia online. ten, periaity esi 253 Iiture of both categorie. Tp this text me are concerned eimai with ‘maria nontnary. Before we discuss various models formate poslinaa ity in deta et us st consider an explanation of nonlneat bev. Explanation of Nonlinear Bohovlor Fite 5:2 shows a symbole representation of the ration Between | foring function oe exciton dad. Q) and response (dspacement, 4) I Jnrenintal frm, a approximation fo this rlaion can be expressed a (1) (Ka = (40) &) ‘whee donass the material propery (ties) mauix of he stem, (44) The incremental response (displacement) vector, and (AQ) the ioeremeaalNant Bor mosrnescl Teg ad TestDala Chao. Pe St. Symic stew seas i$ mere : pee $2, dew cn li i (bp \ector of forcing faction aad) If he materi wo ses, kI-fk) (2) ‘where hs the constant ini sifess mati at he intl tage ofthe bod, Fr a linear materi fk] temais the same respective ofthe mngitde of sues oad ‘In numeral inte element) procedures thesis mtx [kis fen expresed 08 (1.2) tk, Aff etc te av 63) whee [Bs the suain-dsplacanentiransormaton mats, and Vis the ome of the region or lament Matrix (G] in Eq. (£3) m called the ‘tres-srain cosine mars, 0 represents tel behavior Tan be expres (doh [6 Kae) 64 42, de 3) where (de) and (de are vectors of incementa res and stan, ad iq is (angst consbiative enor ‘The implication in Eq (-4) is at the sooner loud-diplcemen; betavor in Eq. (1) onting as an intepal pact the mail bebaor ‘expressed though the constiutve max [C|. Tinea a Fig, 5:2 Symbolic form Ifthe material lear [Fig S205). the Tad-dplacement ‘elton i usally liner. Tf the mate betavir i nnlineat, enders the loaddisplacement behavior nonlinear Thus when talking of snlinea bia oy, itmay be undecsiond tat usualy ii exhibited trop a esi anton Aad)-respense spacement) relatoasp. Heoce whea we tlk of nonlinear ‘eave, ts appropriate fo eres it through a online’ lad-isplaeren ‘lation in cajuntion wih aoninea constitute law (Fig, 2), Fctors Causing Noniinarty (One ofthe major factors causing nonlinearity i the sat of stress Fis Sol and $2). AS ihe level of long inceases o dscns the mse {xpenence continuous changes ints phil caret. At any neat uring the changes inthe Ted, the matali diferent han ie was ithe Deviow instant In other word, tho modu r parame hat deine the Tatra! sie experence eoninaous changes athe loading changes. This canbe expressed by wetng (l= BGI] 5) [cl=[eve] (5)1s the mati (G] dati th main sobjot of his tex. Awe shall soe Inter, the major alm of cnstiive modeling wil be o define (Chin such a ‘vay tha it can Be sed in (omer solution Kies such a the nite sement ethod. tor factors. I addition tothe ste of kad ot ster, hee are ‘number fee ators that ean ese noniean. Chietnnong ese ae te Initial or in sts, physical sate of mati epresented by Senay, ‘mater content ovoid ati, type fudge, dsnamis or epetiie ste ‘oF loding, pth of lad o ress and eitnce, and/or oorurene of decor lines sch as joins, interac tracts, and eras, the emphasis in thi tex son continous media. Furano, although many ofthe cnsituie ‘models deserted ere canbe applied to cei lading, the min stron is sven sate oan. (GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONSTITUTIVE LAWS 1A general mathematical form, f, for constiuive equations or lis can be xpresed as.) fleaaei=0 6s) where» denotes sire ¢ denotes iniitesimal) stain and the overdt denotes Fate of change wih epee to sme ‘Most wel constntive laws o models for complex (gsi) matec- tls are obtained hy axing the incremental frm. Then eters beween increments sires and stain canbe expressed a low: Steer form: 4a (650) = Cullens (55) ‘Sires or nvers forme = iluee (6-100) 8 Dial) ar (109) In this book we consider the fresing equstons homogeneous in tne, Hence ihe quate & aod ¢ ea be replaced hy increments and de, respi ‘Thea, (59) ean be expresses he mars notation a in Bg ( {de)= (Coto) ny or iverstly fom Eg, (10), (d= [DKée) (2) ee Cay oF (C] and Do [] denote constuive tensors 0 mates, dg. af consitivefenctons, and, ate the Sead ta er respects and the vert denotes a increment. ‘As sited ati, formulation, determination, and implementation of oF [C) a5 a0] ae he subjects of eax ‘STEPS IN DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSTITUTIVE LAW Development of viable const lw for ssc implemention in (ume solution eenigue ane considered to consist f Sve min sept oh 1. Mathematical formulation 2 Ndentfston of sipican parameters 5. Determination of parameters from laboratory tess, advection, which can ioe the fling to adie ps 4 Success praticion of = myjority of observed ata ftom which the rameters Were determined and of her est dats wade dilerent sien pate 5: Saisacory comparisons beeen predictions fom a souton seamen \ich tho constutve uw iseteodaced, and obsenatons lve oes solutions fr relevant praca houndary value problems ‘A principal purpose of this tex 6 wo consider these ve pe and ‘strate tem Tor various av [DETERMINATION OF CONSTITUTIVE PARAMETERS ‘Once mathematical coostiuive ev coasistnt withthe pial laws (Chapter 2) is derive, iis noesny to identify and choos all Signin paraeters that ae mended wo define ik Then it Is cuenta o perform. appropite (ahoratry testo evaluat the parameters Ti san exteely importa ‘ep which een not given the stenton fy deserve our netion to ‘mphasze and sve comprebensve comideaton to hsp. "As we shal sem subsequent chaps, the mos common way to deily parameters 0 consider specialize forms ofa genera thveedmensos a, Sod then ascertain and devieefesng configurations that te scent tothe Specialization, For mstance,hyeosta, ste shea stem and vain. pteshear srs, one-dimensional stress an sin, and consenonal tras sass fare sme of the speciaratons that allow plyeicl iatrpreaions of the mocel) Tm order to deine each of the special stats of ses or sei, we rust consider est wth appropiate spcinans and Ved cones ors given ‘materia. Th bags to Ueto of labortoeyteing, which ina ial te Towa the development ofa comsstnt costae law LABORATORY TEST DEVICES Laboraioey and/ee ld cesting play sigefant role inthe development of ‘concivve lve of material. Maienatel Mae and developmen ended lanponat;boueve, wales he parameter inthe model are termine [om sapprcprite txt, thee wil always bo gap betweonthaory and practice Hence development of appropriate model fo the beavor of meas ma ince reals tests at can sama al signieant facies tat sever te tehusor of the intended boundary vale probe. In tha section we Seseibe 8 few ofthe conventional and recently developed tes devies fr slid {edges material nial touts (6) (Fig. $918]. A specinen of cirlar or square cross section sete by applying ail ses symetaly abot the center Tine. The ania sate of ress nes en exenio (cr compre) strain othe Greco the ond and compresion or external sam, pert. the Labora Tost One * er two direction. Figure $46) shows plot of measur ail ses, 4. ‘ernus anal sain, and lal sain, 6, rune, Clinciical taal device (2) (Fig. 54]. This device permis teting ofa findetal speinen pfs mate. A confning ates (Presa) qu to (=e) is appl. wsaly by sing a fd inthe chamber To the ase of polgic medi, this conning presure simulates inal vn sta ‘reer ha ens at he st efoe load inreet i apple The a oy) (oF deviator stress. (6,4) Is then ppc, which causes searing of the sample ‘Measurement ar obtsined i emt of the two sci, 2.0; ~ anal eformtion sai}, leteral or radial deformation (sean), and inthe case at ‘diane ests by allowing expulsion of ad fom the pores of the madam, the ‘ole of the cuting baud These measurements allow potas of resus in ‘aris forms; typical schematic pot in tems of sess difeteace (= 5) ecu ail tin (6) and radial stain (,) vote (,) ate shown It Fi. ee ge 4 de win Re 7, ©Nowlin Be, moran eT Tetba Chg. 5 5-4). Inthe case of undrned tess, messuements of Bil presse in the ores ato obtained Hollow cylinder tests (8,9) (Fig $5). In his est (ure) shear ses is induced in» hollow cjindsial specimen subjected to 4 tongue. Messe ments re mide for shear sts nd shear saa ‘Simple shear test (Fg. 54). Tis ox, which ete usd for sar testing of sas was devised by Roscue (10) Here iti pon to obtain stus-srain respons in tems of sear ses ero ses. Direct shear devico (11). Figure 5.7 shows schematic diagram of| the diet shear device A spicinien with a ght ocala costco end thickness of about 10 in. 254 em) is sheared slong the plane a idtion. ‘The rests re pled in erm of the ersten on th pla a the reltive movement of tp and Pott halves of the bos, The fet canbe comic Under varius normal tests othe specimen pee $46 Setar 1, Fame $9 Dice snat Lent Tet Dees S58 oy sacl san ve: 9) py, 20 p(s (®ve 2008p 8 et) ape ATM rp meee)e Nonna Bar, portant Teeny ansTetOala Chan § ‘Truly lalal (TF) oF mula! testing (12-16), The freeing tesing device llow pplication of Toad and measirement of ses en in limited diectons and modes of defommation. In reais, steal ae sa ‘ected to thee dimensional stats of sess ad stn. The uly taal vce (ig. $8) permis application of thes indpondon (pineal seo, 90, ‘and, cos laces fa ebical specimen of a mutta. The applieation ofthe Suet canbe such that any path of loading inthe thie diensional sues Space can be followed. Testing under some of the commen ses paths is scusel sabsequeny, Deelopment and ose of truly taal testing is expected to play a signitcan rt in rserch fer development of consituve avs of engineering tmatrals The et dat for so includ inthis chpter end he est dts for ther stern subsequcn chapters were obtained by wing Ue al aa ‘levees shown in Fig 38. Reviews and deals of tly Wasa testing ae promntal a Rete 18nd 16. Interfaces anc Joints Behavie at intraceshacween to (simile) media, suc as cone apd so or rok joi ean be sigieany diferent rr tat or the niga ‘lid mda, Under lndig, th interface or joint can experince dierent odes, sust relative sip debonding betwee reo media oss of contact, find then rstablhnent of the lost contact. Infense of hee modes inthe Dehasor of an enpinsrng stractre cam Be important. Since this hook is Intended for materials assmed 10 We “cominous” dais of modeing for interfaces and juts beyond ts Scope For such details the reader can coum ros reference 7-23). TESTING PROGRAM, In order to eve a constatve mode valid for all ignifeant generis ‘ner of fading and dsformion, we mis ondt a comprehensive seri of {ese wi at many Tera txt toes as posable ere factors sich as easy, wate content, til] aisotopy, sts path and type of leading — Stati dmami, and reetie—can be import apending onthe expect {ie of te medel for practical boundary Yale problems. Hence it becomes ‘eceeay fo ptf sppeopit eto macs of matral y ncading find hy varying the foeprng factors. One o he pian tons the sess th, which dacued next. extn eran « Stress Pathe Figs $4 shows o practiol boundary vale prem of sncte embeded in 2 none halfspace. Under ail abd Iter load, difeeat ‘ements of the voi ergo diferent pais of loading or sus pas. AS ‘pained in sbseqoentcupten, oe ofthe ways wo dese ath sto Teresent srs history on the shear (ate) ris-mean pressure space ig 39 Typ wes pe kee y iin pi ne me) [ta aid ere scp i Spee oeo ener Soave. nporaneotesng Teas Cen 5 In Fig $9) we have wed the sess space in tems of Vip. the second lovarant of te deviate sues tensor, and J, the fis invariant of the stress enor, te ar denotes aqua) thal led (hee ies) the ‘mean psu Figure 5300) shons a symbolic representation ofthe ses ths fr a selcied numer of points in the hall-pace Under the hading point A may cod m hear mle nal sean presses ey emai tails costa. Point may fst load snd then esentaly load in tcan pesre with 2 ‘alice o decease in the vale of Jp ths tee rl an cause the Phonomenonkiovn a archi, paris t per loads [i 5H). Point (Ccam unload in and Jy and infact ay experience tense sues ondtion. Te sess path flloved by point D may inate an acbirary ‘lvecon of edn. while pint far ay foe th lad, may mt how a) Substastal change om ce ial ses “The foregoing problem ndaes ati se want 1 simulate and predict the behavior af the structre-tol str acura, ti peat ha the ose aw be valid forall the major sess phe that the Sser can experince in eat. Thus tis eid that ie specimens ofthe edu be {ered under diferent ates paths “Tue induence of the srs paths or ste history onthe behaver ofa feta, eel Deas ot th oka of te lve fete pects, hated ear i thi hapten Details of Sees Pate Figue $10 dhows « schomatic epresematon of varius commonly coasdeed sess putt ia the penpals space They are showa i the {racial and cctaberal planes snd thir dfs wre given inthe Toon In practi, iis casiomary 0 we conventional indica) rail ovces i studing te sues behavior of ool material nis Spparaan ts ef the mnor principal sree are aways el hat 0 = 8 ‘Therefor all possible sre paths foowes in cyinrcal taal device wi fallen plan inthe srs pe, This plane i alle the aaa ple and is Shown i Fi 500), igure -10() shows a projection ofthe space diagonal on the ial plane. Detaitens ad explaations of varour forms sak ar ses Spare Space dagoal and otahadeal pss, are ven a Chapter an 9 Jn this text wo include comprehen est data fora numberof matrils ‘ese with the fren devin, hee te wu taxa deve fr sd mois ‘8 ase extensively. Inthe following paragraphs explanations ae given ofthe ‘major sre paths une withthe ray sisal vee Taira rege e epee a ial (© Foe owe 4 ey weap eae Hydrostatic compression (HC) stress path. specimen sts fom anni hydostatic or tpi sae of res, py = oy, Then lis subjected to Increment of bpd mena presse p =, /2 Ths te leds occurs ‘ona the space agonal Fig 100) "The cua nes es provides information on the vslumetie ot bulk beivir of dis i his est or otope mei no sheds steses tne indaced, The observed test dats fom this tt provide eatin ofthe* ores Som, pararect weg a TeOua Chan balk modus K and ether information, suchas the hardening paramcter for ‘aris ensue as (Chaps 1012) THC and other tests are conducted with vious iil physical states eine by intial density and/or ini wid ratio «y. Meastements are obtained interns of lead (sess) and defomatins (rin) asthe leading ‘ogress. Inthe ease of porous media wih fluid in the pores, measurements ‘anal be mae for pore water pressures. Conventional axial compression (CTC). This ses path very ‘ten flowed in the conventional eyindia wis device (Fig 4, Here ‘he sample ted it in the form of a einer hen two ofthe pens stesso, andy, ae always equa. Lathe CTC res path, the spe subjected fo an inal conning Sues, =o, ~ a: = 95 Then Oy sa 6, aE Kept conta wale, i icremed [Fig S10) Here «ib the tajor ‘principal stress and oan, ar the inermediate snd ino pnepalstres respecte. inthe ly wna device (Fg $8), then valves of ado, fe maintained ate. and oy i increase The snes of both shen tc and Inyrosutic resue change Gung louding The inctements of octahedral ‘thet, and octahedral normal or mea prestre, Sey, p= Ady ae rea a (139) (sm) Here a denotes am intement. Eyuatons (5-13 at pl css the genera) inven of rand ev a Chaps tH =O ay Gay) state ‘ 2 18) Reduced tinal extonalon (RTE). Inthe tay tra vis he sample ie sbjected toa gen inal ste =e, 0, 0, Then ade) ae hel conta, whores reduced. Mere a and eae the major ad Intermediate principal sues, nd, Dosome he minor pnp sen “The changes athe oetahaial thar tnd normal sree re excialy sven by Ege (Ia) and (S130) the former icrese while the Tater Secrese. Since thee is an incense in the sate the path an be ‘considered as loading rather than unloading in shear. “eter o Conventional tiasll exlension (CTE). Inthe ily taal device, (Cres simulated by holding ae ofthe setey sy , constant whe 9a, tne iocraed. It any e noted that hee Becomes minor principal srest The snes fa the ectahaal sear ses is gen by Fa (2-130) with 3, replaced hy Se, while the nase nthe octahedral rma Sues sea By ea i, 615) Reduced tlanlal compression (RTC). For this test with the ly sania devise oan 9, ane ted whe 9, i eld consiant “At 3 conse Susnce, the ctadral shear tes incresces eset according 10" ES (S13) while the cotbedral normal sess decreases 8, ela a 10) “Trimal compression (TC) and wana extension (TE). In TC and ‘TE tty the sre applied such that we romuln alvass onan ocubedal lane (Fig 11a), note words, during loading unlodingl,theoctabedeal ‘oral test remains constant i. | | gs 11 Sie Chea se: a pte asa ie) ese« Norns Beaver. mocrines ct Tsing ws TastOath Ch. 6 In the TC ust o is incensed, whereas do are reduced sac that tm emains constant In ther words there's an inerese in, af oy fd , are decreased by equal ameuns of de, /2 Inthe cae cf 4 il xenson (TE) test 6 and 6 are increased bt is desea sch tat ay feaaite he same ‘As noted eae, the HC test isolates the volume behavior. The TC and TE tex, on the other hand, iat the eects of shar or deviatoric ‘chavin. Hence TC and TE test, among cer tings. permit Cuan of Shear medul for mates, ‘The ncement ofthe octahedral shear ses for TC and TE is given by om 1 teased Saabs ag esp hexan ° ‘Simple shear, ‘The SS stess path (Fig. $106) is conducted ia an ‘ciel plane; that i the mean presue is kept constant. This path is Sino in principe to TC and TE paths exp forthe dition of the paths Toloved. Ls the S ston of he sess, sy, bl constant, whe he ter two, ody are karst an dere, tempectively, by the sme mount (Bg S11)" Hence y= Be and yO The snercae in the ‘cae shear ses is given 3 (8) Proportional eading PL. The erp ating ot som bliguitess ae conducted such that the ato of liners) — ina (ayo) = ofeaer) “This vindicate the elave magnitude of he intermedi principal ss. ‘Tha ale of can vary from ser forthe CTC path oun forthe CTE pth (s19) eet $19. Scie mmo ere eit a 2,“STANDARD” TEST DATA Jn order to deine the consttve laws and thr paractey tst dat for various meals are considered ia subioqent chapters while acising ‘pec consuive laws than determination ofthe arumeters forthe aes fe lustre. 1a ts taper 4st of "anda data ost the word “standard” sued in tho sns tha the Same data wed a8 corimon for 8 ‘aunber of coasututve models i various cuptrs, The sandr et pecans fo mitenal made of snd cl, nd i called wife so. Important note. a this tx we have employe abaratny test data ‘tom vans deve deseibd prety. howere, 1 majority of data Wed are dee fom the ly trial deers ‘ery en te constitute parameter are determined from conventional ‘ests such endian and eonsolidtion, In svsaquent chapters ‘arate she ae of data from all sah devices fr various soatiutve avs, wie = sone Gee) ry Rem Fie ne Tiong ames sia he, danas, Sta) ies, dma She ac mca mem mu zantsny ss imum Seas mE wa eoruen o om ram oem sn mre ram emdnn oe te res worm, sigs mes, mommy Sih " coos so s sam many 529 tee amas Sit) mes) aman 530 som a0 amson saa ‘restate, Sa For some cas, paramere detemninad om lnsted conventions! ist onic ane compared with shone found fom ts esl Com eater ‘number of toting modes cbsind by using TT devices From a practical ‘empein, the plowph should be Yo ase'@ minima umber of testing Inodesomsisent wah the reed asics” At the sane te, for maby oundary value peblensinvslving a variety of tes pals, parame found From lied tuber of stew pts may not be appropri, apd Feurse tan be made 19 ely rl dvi ht peri a wade range of ses pats Data fora Soi! Atel si is wo fora number of scent sesearch projects (24-28), sd has bmn tested extensively by sing rly rina, yin toi and inet shear test device The ari ol consis of @ mature of fre cls (Go), snd Florida srs snd (508). Ten percent of No.3 SAE mineral oils Sed to the miu ol is wed as a binder to reduce the infuence of ‘Stoel dating tes for prac houndary value problens. The si ‘om te laid us sandy alk witha small amount of ecbesion. I exbits tighly compressive characterise oth Iver changes in olume under shear Sess The il as simo and minima denies of 248 and 1.0 em espsctvely. Figne 12 shows the grain se dsiibutin for he aia eh |S somal epeteniaton of he abn of he el shown in Fg. 13. "Table shows the deta of tat conducted wth dierent ste pats or tany ses paths more thin One st was performed with iferct tits Anstey ab0 mean prewar x conning ses. FigitsS-L4 to 525 show sels f espe tas under diferent sires ths oso By oning the ly Wana Gevie (1.16). These ts) ta ate {hod io dere appropnate parameters fr the sol for various Byperdlas, Typoelshs, clase! pasty, an advanced plasticity mls (Chapters 613 rs In the stress data sed in his and ote chapters from three imersonal tests on bial specimens, the curves ate pled in ems of mere of ses sich at (0,1) Adu, Yrs ppl sins beled as treaty of fytyty Depending onthe ares path fllowed, he atu of Shar ino dad ingenmedate stains wil change. Table $2 shows the Fao between id ye, mh respect aout pas. Iustrations of te Intuence a Stress Pathe Most geologic materia are inuenced by ses history or ses path sac mein abject ea change in late of ses, and bought che Sine ste ae bt through diferent ree paths the (inal) deformation Car be diferent forte suse sae of stress igre 5.23 shows nub atee in SE Se eee be a oS oS eine ee “leg edn wet 12) Bae sid mr pepe nce ep a Sec on erpecnmy uP siece = L owe S14. sree cnes onda compre pd TSiihlg comets He een ape ene Ml Byesce paths under which the ata eil (y= 20 g/m?) wa ested (7,2 ‘the final sate of sas reached in each ce was r= 10 pa (68 KPa. The ett pth followed wor 1s cach tet the 2eo state of stain comsspond to the hydronic condion immetiaiely preceding aplication of te ist increment of shear ‘Ment The inal Hydro tte of see was og= 200 pi (L380 KPa). It tris func thatthe snes of stene atthe end of ferent stress pas mere ‘Sgeany dierent. Desi C$, and Abe 1, tnt the Pie Sloent Methad, Vin ‘Nosvud Read Company. New Yr. 972, De, CS, and Csi 1. (Bib Nenana Meds Goebel ranting, Mo Beak Company Now York, 1977 gC Nar Try of Coa Mee MC a Co “Traeatl, C, Cova Macher The Mechanical evan of Ett and ‘Bud Dynamic, Vol Goon snd Brat Secs Pose ne New Ys DoCS, Phas H.¥ gd StS, “Pros Slaton aa Appesicn ot ‘Py Mod fra Sia. Mur tl Meads Games ol 3,158 pease TTmcihnt, S, and Young, DW, Eman of Sheth of Sai, D. Van ‘Nesta Coan, Pract, 3 185 shop, A a Henkel D. 1, The Taal Ta, Edvard Arsld Le, Londen 1% Hone, M. 3, and Kasimes, Rf, “Tonion Shar Apparaus sat Teas Petes Ne. US Army Cams af Engen Wate Exp Se Vika Mie, 1952 sre, M5. "Pyne Capen of be Sora Stent f States Cay Prat ASCE Rx Conf. Shr Soh Choe Sub. Bue, Clo, 190 > Bese, KH, An Appar fo the Appian of Sap Sesto Sai Simplest Pre sdf Cf Sai Ssh, Fond Ene lL 15D p. 1 Labor Shear Teng of Salk” ASTM Spee Teh. Pal No. 36, ASTM, ed, 1985 oY, an Se, RF "A Now Si Testing Appar” Get, Yo The 87 op 57 Artur 1 3. a Metals, BK. “TabeatAnsowopy a Sin.” Ges ‘meV 2,1, 172, 918-1 Ee, &¥,~Cabel Tal Appa fo Sail Testing” Gach Test Vo 10a 2 Jae 197 pp. 8100 Se 8. and Daa CS, “lad Coion Try Tio Malia Testing Devi Geach Te J ASTM, Vol 2.No, 1, Mat 1973 pp. 20-38, De CS. emuhucum, Ry and Str, S; “Hi Copscty Tay Tana Matl Dee" Gant, Fat ASTM, Vol 8 No 17, Mar 1982 pp. mrad) WF an Lei, GA, "eperimenal Sy of Sti ant ‘Djmui ieda betes Sad and Typical Custcon Nae” S781 Po oa Wal NO 3 173, pp. 1216S Bost, Peta, "Dynamic Response of Si/Concrte tee at Hi France fap, EAPWE Trae, Wy TR, Chg, 1 Dee Nate ‘eines, Washington, D.C, 918Desi C$, “SolStovtme Intaton sad Satine Probe,” in Fate ‘Tones in Gemecai, GG (Ea Wik & Sin Lie, Chistes, Engn, W chiper 7 ews, C S, “iehr of Invi Yet Status ad Geshe Mein” ‘Strole An Paper, Cin Reon da Gatch. rua ig Sal Di St Loni, a, Ape Dest © 8, "A Cycle Malt Dee orem ter Doses” Repro ‘Gel Eng Ga Poel a Ste Ua, Mis, 90 Desa CS, Zama, MM. Lihue JG, and iande 3, Thier lane fv frac sn os in. Nam dnl Mad Goch Dea C 5, Zaman MM, se Dram, EC, "Coo Tsing a Medea of Ince Row Dp ing Es Mah Un of Atm. Toe A Doak, C'S Ste, Sand Perampa JV, “Sioa! ota ie Tig” Pept, Dept Chl Eng, Var Pech Testa State Us, set 1998 aaa C5, Sore Auge of Conse Lan of Ore Metin” Proc Sed Tr Con. Nkr Mes Gomes Auten, W. Ceaay Ya I, W. Wie iy ame Preah Reed 1%, pp. 3-38 Star, $, Des CS, an anda, "Deegan of Conve Lam (ova Ail So Proc dn, Ca Nuer Mas Geom Aen, W ‘Geomany W Wie Ed, Blkema Pres. Rotem. 179. ‘Mou 3. “Multan Tesing aed Afric Contave Chrctsaion of Caml Mele” MS. hey, Ua Poach In and Stas Ui cans, Sue 5, Des, nd Peumpr 1 V Sa rhe VOR. a vs abornory Behav. Ari nm and Sine Un Hasta 6 ELASTICITY: FIRST- AND SECOND-ORDER MODELS la is chapter we consider two elsicty mel: the Green aud te Cauchy ‘asic. The extence of sain energy fonction is assumed forthe Green late utr thx ar alld hypertase materials. On the ter hand, or CCaocy clastic mater the stom is assumed to be a funcion of stun [itera "hyper" means one ot beyond; bene hypereastc ean imply beyond fr hightrorder cls, Hewe we consider oaly the Bst- and second-order dare the determination ofthe teil prumees based on ELASTIC MATERIAL “The ime mechanical responce of material can be expressed in terms of ‘trees and strain, Foran ease material the Sate of sess 4 futon of the erent state of deformation only Am dsc med retro nia fate after a eye of loading and unloading. Ia ether words it riins no permanent sua (Pi 6 ‘Aa elaine general con be nnkner (Fig. 61s). A speci casei hat of liner ease behaie Fig 6-10], The linear elastic Hooks Taw is the simplest xarpe of conto nw fr uni Todi it can be expressed onke fo where isthe sre the stn, and the response parameter commonly oom asthe Younes modulus.” asic Ferbane Satan eats Op 8 ave a i rina Fr thee dimensonal bodies, the generaied Hook's aw ca be ox pressed a (13) cuz Gus Gusnt Cota * Gata * Coe Et Ho Gat Gata + Gat + Guts Gat Cty (623) 802 G8 Ga Gn G4 Cate Euty sate (62) (or=teke (620) In general, the ean fr nominee lactic law can be expressed as sigue relition betwen sts and sais as eyrhlew) 6) where the ae espouse uncon "ery ten, base laws an exsist gover polems in enginering are derived an the bass of the enery stored in s Body, We talk the Potential of a bod to perform woth wits eeenc to a datum emfguation, fad inthe same sense, we alk of the potential of foc to perform work when caver Bnet " it acts om «body, As the hoy deforms it res intra ener’ de 10 dhe ‘ain or delormation. There i 4 defisteslaon betmecs the potclal of the fers apet and the internal ssn nery. The ater asl related ‘he eeasttton of the medium, and is often sed to die constiative oF stro siin Tans Iw dhs chaper we consider two sich laws bated on onlinar elicit. Eigen (3) has dsussed them as he Covey and Green ‘te model, cave ELasTi¢ MODELS cach s sed on the asumption that for an eae materia, he function of sain Here the fanconalrlatinap of Ea (63) 8 txpesed as By 2 O61 Otay t Otatatast 4) whan 4. epresent sponse functions er eens er para {hr ln sds expe Bg (64) ems he tres invariant fsa, we an make seo the Cayley-Harafton (CH) thecrem (fee Ret 4nd ApEn 4c 3} Then we can wite «function espresed with ems incoling e powers ‘of al simply ia tems of a and [a Thus the funtion is ea by ‘Hal aolllrailal tesla +<~ teulal” (650) tam te writen ax al) = Ault + Ala fst (es) sphere fly at ar pono fonctions ofthe invariant Tread) the deat ati Us of Eg (5) sow allows woking the expen fin Ea (Sl 9) OB, OF as «9 here 4 and a the else response functions dependent on he sain evant PI 0d fs FT, ye Chapter 3). ‘We a fs write ah expen Yor sain ems of invariants of stress Tro Foal iro rempnsefaneons Ya ad 828 Vt At Heer ro 6 has fr eo sia eels, Bg, (6) becomes ayy 6) The grein (6) (67 terms th ope 1 corte teansloriton. For insane, conser (o30)« ‘Satay Fa Sacer nts cep. Substring Eg (66) ito Ba, (683), we obtain — blayhy # Oalyy Haale, (6m) 8 Hi a Hain (65) “This has the same form as Ee. (64), showing that he expression show is invaram wih pet to ceedinte transformations then complisnse wil, ‘ne avo of oes disease in Chap 2. Ths shows tha he quate: 4. dy andy ae fonctions of material ceatents and invariants Fist-ordor Cauchy Elastic Medel For linear clas beavis, the second-order sai tems vanish ad henoe¢s=C. Also, yi coestan nd gy valine function of he st tn Invariant. Then Eg (66) can be writen 2s y= (au yd ae, (6-108) ‘nbere (2) siti (sotopc) tes, Ia the absense of inl ses, Fa (610) scones sna taa, (610) ‘vhore anda; fe mses constants. Ths reesei the generalized Hoke’. iow. In order to ideal he means of, and in terms of the fair vion of Hooke’ lam fetus fst conie the cs of simple sear deforma ions hich mpl that the is 9 values ai, Ts tere ont ne oni shear iin component ~ and Ex (6106 can be wt =| yey (etna) ‘rin expanded frm 0 agn 0) atlas, 0 0 (on) oa 0) hee is ual o one half the engnesing shear sta, yp. Hence (eng) casera toaee » [Now consider vaiform dilatation of volume change. For this cise the stein teaser can be expressed a walilnela & en ood 3 wo) eee sutegeen 4 oa Seman (6-140) pr 62 Line bar: aH: = come ew »‘his reltion can be pote as showa in Fig. 62, i which the slope of the -ydrostate set p sera mete stain curve denote the bull models Keaivenby Kone iw) The, nk (6148) Whereis known as Lame’ constant i the daniel theory of east (2, "Wecan now expres Eg, (610) at (omy Asda in Cape 3 he erm bya, Ge Sete the snin deviation nr. Buon (615s) ca bo be writen as a7 K1, #208, Ages, (1) ‘This i an interetng nd wf rion that we use often in the clasial {theory of ast fr near Giotopi materi. Te sys that he tes tensor ‘sdzcomposed in two pars volume tess or mean pesure ease aes, omy snd dito ses tensor 5,=208, em) ‘Thee ae welLnown rations ond the ales of Kan Gar etn as slopes in Fi 62, Asin the coe of he Buk moduls K, the slope ofthe shear stressshear sri curve pes a measue of shear modula 6 (Fig. 6200), Here the slope is expressed 8 20 because of the tensor deiion ofthe components of shea svat Equation (6-16) can be expressed ia matrix notation a on} [x offen eal | of ea jo, (7) ofjen len} | o Olen es] [0 off en ° Whey! eri alle [ onc 5 alle +. © 6 0 offen) mm) oo olla, © 0 a oles 0 8 0 alle Fil: oo ofa es] |= 00 olen oof 0 0 ols Ele a a6 0 ofl El a ° i olla SE tee ee ceca: (om) Ws crn hse atin grind Hoke nh hay of lass. Thus the lowest oder ofthe Cauchy sate law ste sme a ie fsenevalzed Hooke aw Inverse relation. Equations (610) and (16) expres elation bebeeen stress and stain. The ovene relation between tin and sess can he wenA a6 eh i a8 ths, 5,-208, Ana, uation (19a) ean be expressed in mats notation as eo 0 0 olla 0 B ox a ae os jen Joo my in| foo ou ez] [oo ea ea) | a zd 00 1 jy et fl : zd oo o ° » 00 “ ° ar) © ° » 00 (6198) (6199) (e180) 2 o (6200) cat Ee ee a A ° fel (esas ° aed ° Bees sie ee ee aa a la a ei en oo Various eaiatone © ]fen » | Jas 0 | Jes 0 |e 0 flow 1 S| leo (e208) Equation (616) represents the stes-stain Ia fr thre imensional bodies. For two-dinensionalidealzatons such ar plane sites and plane Stain it cn Beinplied 35 sown below (1), Plane strain. Figure 6a) shows various problens tht can be ap- ‘proximate a plane sain. The loading is uniform inthe ong die tion (2), Besse ofthe loading and geometry the sain nthe ection is ‘ssumed tobe zero or constant. Then the nonzero sans occur oly in he 2 direstions “The sree-stzan relation canbe drive forthe plane sain case as a psi case of Ba (615) 28 ono 2004-4) =(&-22)y+206, =). +( Sinn, (Spa (e-2e, iene Be 49260, ay=0 (62) (ea) (6216) (era) (o2te)2 ety int nt Sooner Cha. ws 63 Esk pane on pens ae een hn see ape ai or matric orn, fr ak+aG K-26 a + $ os anf7| 28226 Kee (eas) \n 5 5 es en ° © aol lea (ots) Plane stress. Figure 6b) shone an example of pine ste ease ‘The plat s subjected to load in the plane ofthe pate, causing in-plane ex membrane elles If the plate is thi tha isi he hee, he each ‘Smale than the width ofthe plat, te onal sues es assed Wo be er) cnet oses a tnd so are the shear sess ey andy. Hence testes tensor and vector ae on 0) alex on 0 (6220) 0 0 0 (o=fe o% on) ‘The stress-stain reitinship for the plane stress case can be derived as 2 special as of Fa, (18) a8 oe 0367 OR omy eam) = oe ean ern yatta peek (eam re Geese: Coote ee m0 0 ani oom)~ aly: Fist et Sastre Onerdee Oh ‘Sobstitton of hs pei relation in. (19 ld to ((2542) ) os . 0 . x , ° Jou (62%) 26-3K ° ° Cae ou ach ips bat cum (sees (62%) a (ox) ice £ andy ae the weFinown Younes modu an Poison’ at, {especie The ler dees aren btwn the ate sn Grand teal Sain That sxe BS eo) sK=26 aie (ox Physicals, te fregoing pis that a uniailat of stress canes stains ia the ail sod inter drctions| Una a, 1 har bjs singly an i tae of san grey oy 08 0 oe (omy to8, icp eae he ese en a 4.616 8 “ (ee ° a=] 6 0 | team ° ° En), We -ay" Physical tis implies that if he strain tapi ont in the axa ection tnd the lateral sin cu and cya raid, we need = yan Ey. (6-24 6 prevent sch ltr sas. The rao BM bewecn (he scat oy td cy i oica refed 0 as connained mois, given by (620) (68) “ 4g») oh 3" Trym) (ore) ‘stress Path ‘As desea in Chapter 5, he path of applid sess isan important paraetr tat infueoes te mates Behave. The sae material cab exist ‘ferent behavior under diferent stress paths. Is effet canbe Ye) important in characterising the behisior of geological meeia,Peease they ae gute senate to theses path. Tn view of thi we pve considerable attention tot inthis ex. or the nina ain nat, the net path ig vem J/3 mil have slope gven by ares (oun TH ‘GREEN ELASTIC MODELS -Asmeationd previous for an dase Body the sate of stress isa function of the state of stain ony” Fr elastic odie it is assumad that there exists a ‘unstessed state Know asthe natural state 3). When enteral loads ate ‘applied, the ody deforms and reaches a dieene state of sess. When the ‘rte lade are remove, the lsc benior requires thatthe hod ein satura stae Theefre, te energy supplied to the boy by external meas is fll recoverable tha is, no energy is disipated during the deformation pros. The ensue equates dere frm the term energy conser Tivas to cael Greer cles mall rc A. Rrpwelai om ‘eine as one that posenes a sain energy function, Uy. The yet of (Green shat mols dacsed in varou seleresces (23,5-7), hee we presen some special abs abd an application ofthis concepsty Fin ant Senn Wels Cap € Relation benieen U, Stress, and Stain The intemal strain energy deny, U Fi. 6 tat is, he stan energy ‘er unit volume under deformation canbe deft in terms o seain Hence G=4e,) (625) [Now we ute he ist nw of hemmednamisy, wich fates that “the work performed on sdefoming Dod by enteral forces piste heat, 2. Nowne Into the stem from outsde equals the increas in th Kneis cote ple the inetese in itera stain ener, (238). Hence 807, +49 604 87 (626) Here 8 denotes chang, ‘The lw of enserition of kinetic enrgy, which ats hat “the wok of al forester and external ,) equals the increase of Line ene rot the stem” gees ow, From Bs, (626) and (627, we have B= BT BW, = BP 8U—8T 6 8 =90-w (ox) 1 tere is no het ow 8 or (om) (6280) [Now me write variation or change inthe exec work, Hn tems of ‘te vation in Ue work by external ody frees F and surface sues the es v= [Fant foyninas (2) hee 8 denotes vation: the my, 1~ 1.3, ae the components of dplace- ments the ate the crecton cosines ofthe outward mea osurice 8; ee ¥ dente volume, Ian be shown fom Ea (62) that Im. fan), A? (620) ‘The em (fu. noes rant of apacenents (a= ba 8, fn where, he sual eso, whichis symmetric, and oy 6 the strain fesor ‘wich skew sjmmetde (oe Chaper 3, Hence Eg, (6-30) gives {ojtey abo.) av om Sno = nd shew sym be, 0, Mence B= fo, Beua (ox 137-89 = 0,4 (625 ads» atu ais (ox) au~ [sav 209) Hence y= 0,8, fo) Nom tm E625) we pe, ox* aay Fee and Sand One Mle Cho ¢ Compan of Eas. (634 aad (635 eds to x 36) ‘This lation i called the Gree elas connate faw. By expressing U, {in terms of components of sai o iavarans of ain, we ca deve Gre laste models of dierent onder ‘Wernow expres interns ofthe invariants of sn se GC Ba) ~ Ufa a) (om Simplifled notation, 1,2 i Sed hee isa of FF a Fe (Chapter 3), Thea Ea (639 aes (63%) Equation (65) hosomes 4, ‘We note that Eq, (6384) has the same frm as that of the Catchy clastic ‘model, Ea (66). The eiferene Berne the trois ha the ponte ene ue fu ad in By. (66) are independent, while those in Bq (638) are {epanden a ftlows alta) ar (a) o A )-2(%) em) alata) wom “Ruste Gn demo cn eco a pc ca oe Ch elastic model. : ‘ere ono (90 ab de yn Bet) ay ver Ui th complementary cary desi (Fig 64, erred inte of Slovene ot srt Epon (oa) en be eased ts 2g, Me FirtOrder Green Elastic Modal ‘Wo can obtain modes of various orders by retaining terms of ap- propriate orders of stn in Ea (638) and sess in Eq 6400). Foe the frstordr model from Eq, (380, ezessry to retain quate terms in ‘Stns in Une afer aking the Gt dente the sess san la shold te oft cde or neat. 1 the bod i nly untrained then the sain ery i om 0 the new extemal forces. Under tis astmption, the expression fr obtaining {he fist onder model can be writen a6 Ge Ght Gr (a) whee C; and C; are material constants. Substitution of Eq (61) in Bs (esto ead HGR GI), , ACs Gt 6 | G+ Gt) %; Cali, + Cit (60) ‘This expresion i emia to Ea (6158), which epesents the rs-order ce iear Catchy elas model Tso sesame as the chasical Hooks a {nthe thoory of asic, ‘The constants C, and C, havea smlar meaning 38 in By. C15) cok 83K =26 ner @ (6a) c\-26 (60)1 eH Fi rd Sasnd Ores Oras 8 ‘ei rb ed (okay -20(4- Be -20,+49 on Since for lina lic materials (64s) (6450) (eas) “The fs erm in Ea (648) presents the sein energy due 1 distortion oF shear, and the second erm represent stein energy det volume changes, ‘Wan alo te shova that for near elas materas, the stain enc density {andthe complementary eaegydetsity {are cual hat i Hak (6462) ‘Terex am ayeyG (6-480) Ue tnteey, (tee) This vs ust rest, Properties at Linesr Elastic Parameters ‘Toe expression for Un Ba. (41 cm be expanded as wo Olle tard) edd a) Old) + ett 2et + 2eata 2a] (64) ‘hich can be writen in quadratic for as BB des, ) ere, denote the ss companens ef the sri tensr and, in tix operon ode ves 4G G G 000 Glee, ie 0-0 GG Ht 6 6 Ol pa ° ° ere ° ° oe ° ° i030 wher G,~ 6 ‘Site U's a positive quantity rom the theory of quadrats, all minors ofthe dagooal elements of, mast be postive (7,8) Hence G20 Geero (6-496) oe (90) Sargro {In tems of faitiar rameters G, KB, and » which ae based onthe theory of elasticity, te condition in Eq, (86) become ooo Koo Bo (6%) HIGHER-ORDER MODELS 1 hissxtion me eonsider both he Cauchy aad Groot elastic ws and discuss some of the atl higherordr dels based oa thea. In ths iaoduclony Treimeat onl the secondeder modes wll be desea in deal: the dh. nd higher-order models wl be state oly bes. ‘Second-order Cauchy Elastic Model et us case the Cauchy lac ven by yn thy toy Hains (6s) sd its avers form, N90, +i, en ‘The ret tr in hes equations denoes the 2to cela state of ses or strain; tbe pend tere ences near tera Tn dng the sedewe tat Fie and Sere oneracle Onn 6 ‘models we have included these to terms, Now, we consider the hind tem, BOE ak A We consider Eq (64), and ax sated before, wie the reponse functions (ad as plpnomian terms ofthc ivan fn in such wa) Shr (6) ender spreader al over tema tal +ash (6-300) 4 = When, 1,2. 6 af materi paramelets of consuns Theds constants es be determine experiment, Tema be noted at the inva fr dy, and in Eq. (650) car In doresing cn starting with 9 20'S Spade Sd msn esa The aloe sme ie ‘Substation of Eos. (5) in a, (66) gies ny (ail FanHF + ayha)R + laa ashy + aeetms — (610) Foc consistent polsnomil expression, Bg. (651) shoul specie to tinar elastic ster nw [Eq (184) Hence the iar mal aly the “stom: terms in (ST re resin hes ae osm Compton of E15) wtb 6180 gre ens ep “hn 8, (63) ome nin [(x-22)r-teuteonleyt Doreen, ox ‘hate appear sx material parameters, K; Gy 43x dy dye abd in P (650, Its momessry to nd thn from apprpriate horton ete ach ‘ofthese parameters or thir coabinaion can ually e relate to specie Iaboratory eis In order to understand the propniee ofthe secondo law, we onside ew special test ead sein contin Unlall erin state. Here the sain temor i given by 0 8 0 | x) i060 Honeroreroane and its sbstiation i Bg (652) shes 6 ea tect Be + anh t Beh + Wey + acs + 0h (e+ Glens (at rata) (esta) oun (KPa tanh + Fes (ese) = (K-Fed Feh (634) aera 9y70 (sea) Figue 66 shows the grapicl representation of Fi, (654) asa combi tion ofthe loca and oalncr parts, the near part beng eset the Sane as the sles. (frstordet) Hooke's aw. It may be noied hat the aoninearporton of the reponse [Fig (5) includes he elect of the ftstonder termi tia that cn sin i ta 9bme ‘ia Fanant Secne One Mele Cho & “The ual way to determine ay 1 ay woukl be to pot appropriate experimental retrain Fig 66, a0 then fd them by tal tad er ong leassquares anor optimization ecnigns, ‘Simple shear tran sate, Now we consider the sat of searing etormaton ins twodimensonal ste wher all other sain compoaen's Vanish exept cy (Fig 67), We irs nae a, (66) fr spe shear stain Been by a oo (6550) {o 0 0 With his, Ba, 6) ies 100) (0 @ 0) [ae 0 o w-mlo 1 alttles @ aftelo ad o oo Le oof lo 0 0) Gsm Hence th ess component can be deed as ont teh ean tyt tah 6 anne ow eo=en=0 “The devintoi ses tensor canbe expressed as Syma, bad, (osm Tecan, Suen -toud ney Hen ten+ on) 1-44, +05) =Hou-eu) =o + eh) — Hoy alot, (osm) Soa toads (se) Sy=(- dah) (e570) Equations (56) ply that a simple shesring stn & accompaniod by Foe 67 Sie sheng, oma onuiform valu of sonal sts and Bg. (6379 shows that there exists 2 ‘Boal deviato ses onthe planes of shesring. Te shuld be noted that forthe strech that, Hooke law, foreging tates of oral sets arent induced sie sequal to 2 ‘Now we contderthestme dentin ith reyes to he spl fem Eq, (-s0yof Ba (66). Sabitton of sin components it a, 62) ives a5 (680) ane (680) oe [20 )o,rontt eatad +(26-ra2 Rew taleien tb ead! tens! tates) 264, (6s) e=0570 (6583) ‘Symbot plats 0 (0,2 ad ye shown ia Fi 8 canbe ssn thatthe Gachy ct concorde law fr simple hear sorin ste prdits ner elation Deen searing Sues aad seat sain [Eg (Sto anda scondondr relation betwen naval sees and seat rai [Eg (S89) and (656). The farmer i the sae ain the stor ‘model, hat i, Hooke’ aw. 1A sate of simple searing stun i aecompanied nonuniform slates of normal sss Tht whea we simulate 4 tate of simple shea sain sa Tatortory device for a sonndordsr Cauchy eatie male sonaniform‘soem srs re deelped. This steals induces normal deviatoric ras bn shearing planes ofthe following mages, Sy=Sa-dech (3%) A (6s) ‘Tod sua macs Gti eesary to perfor test that indies simple shea cons a nich he ppd ie wy ad ae Se own (nese) The als yan wl heb deter fm rmesurl repens (Fig 68), eprint elon beeen ad yd Seventy ty Ten he wns of sya yl tine she spe form of ie eon order Caschy ssc aw fy. (C2), apple for petting he ehir of mda abel. ile shat sa, Sst mip Fa oy nd de he eo and a, cst for rat we my Hee aces) we whe ‘also hese constasta often defn! st spice o sso an Symi Pure ser stress state. Cooss the pure shear ste ste gen as a oes 0 0 4 Substitution n Bg, (67) leads 0 ine oo lo 00 (59) Hence sunvet te combtiek cute (690) ‘Terfoe, the vohmeti ran A is Some 26 Hat ot Met 20h (sia) ‘Alo, the deviatoric sain tensors Byrey Heady (oa) Fyre Sead 7) Herter t en) Tay Hea Senet) = Sde+ ears) Heo) ah aay (ean) By 7 ee] Fam ben Ea=0 (oa) y-0 Equation (6394 indicates that a stato imple shear sues sxompanid by ‘volume changes during deformation, Equation (6-600) sown tat there ext oral deviate sa wih the volume changes. We nets again that Hf the ‘hid erm were nat present in Ey (67, Ut he meal was frstonder Cac lic or Hook's ln, the olume change uader searing ses wold not be predicted. ‘Comment. From the wo fregsing sats of hear ran and res seven that the tsorder Cauchy ela oF the corventional Hooke’ aw apnot be sed rely 10 slate hehaor of mater tht expenence ‘ole changes under shear luding. Ts is particle true for many {elope materi, Hydrostatic stress state, For hydrostatic ses, ate 0), =eu:= 0, sod gem 0. Weave, fom Eq (67), scume cng Se Grastertene Met Mion teh E6ta) aad ee (ests) From he freeing ite evden that a second-order, noanes Cauchy elastic model mould pri olume change Pehvior under both shear and Inds sates of ses, Third-Order Cauchy Elastic Mod 1s posible to obtain thi, four, and higher-oeder Cay elastic model based on Eqs. (60) and (67). his inroductory weatment ne do 01 plan to go ito deals of thse modal, However, bef des of the ‘hid oeder model are ses below.we aston Fs ard Sonor Moos Chan t “The this-nder Cauchy cle lw ea be writen by including a cubic tex or ems of he hid order in stan Hence ay = [(K=36)t, + an! Fastet oll oll ash}, +064 o,f aight + o4hs)ey ++ Oh Ventas — (62) ‘We noc tht Eg. (632) will pei to the stand seconde avs it ae second ad horde terms in sta, espectiey, were deed fom “The hitd- over a enti nese matt puramees to be determined from appropiate laboratory tet As the cede ofthe model increases, te ‘numberof partmeters need to define tau increase. Consoquent the tisk of tha determination bosemes more aod mone dill ‘Second-Order Green Elasle Model ee ee ee) Fi it sot in ts ik less Bin te maine a oat em geomet Sisco teen me hones cores Sete ruaniebaanwsman date Me Cha be tIP BLP Putte bly hhh (6600) whee by sy ys bya ya teal ons. Fora 20 sate of {ieuneorlpondig toa Deo sae of se hy =P, 0. Then Uy becomes y= bull + lt + balls + Oy (os) Uy= (tll + yds) +02 + balls + By (exe) 1 the tid onder ors are nord, Ba. (6%) reduces to y= bth + byl, (653) ‘which epresens the frtrder or near eae mode [Eq (6-4). The param ers and are gen by R_MK=16___ > Taya em (6s) where Xana ave Lame’ constants 1). Then Jp e26n ree rathens — (66S) ‘which contain toa of fie parame: noe that te coteponding Caschy ode egied vx paraetre, (Un fq (45) oth proper deities ies 2y_/K=26) a1 5 He (8520), cayenne (6) (6 (40) Substation of Bas (686) ito Eg, (38) eats to oye|(e-22)a-rsn vary 02h thease shoal te nd ht B65 or Cty eas mati as» sin ens By oh ie Sects Cen omc Ua ae eee ie ota gs os poe ea oe pee oe ee See eae cee ee oo oe eee oe Suen eee nian straln stato. The sirsn tensor for this casei ind in Ba (653), Sabsituon of Bg (653) into Ee. (87) wes eum (K-2B hau + 3beh + Pha + (20+ bandon tach ~(reMZ)eurfne ben), ato a= (-29)eu+ fea (oo) on=(«- Jet (34.4 g)eh (68) a en eymoynd (os)we aoage Pr aa Secnd crteroste Chan. § ‘Simple shear strain state. The scin ence fr scsi defined in eq (Ss Sttuton of hi into Ea (6) ies ayn thet d= (Bo Ales (660) = (Het ds (09) enn thet (6@0) 097 2Geq (ou) ° (oo) quations (6495) 10668) ply ha snl shensing sein ecompanied ‘ny monn values of normal sess. "The inverse eatindip, thai he sran-stess relations, for dhe ‘Green sn materal canbe sxprested ins sine form This sn Be writen cya (hs SisF HADES OHH KE Karey (670) ee, ns Band ae the material parame. Thi telaonsip can espa fo spacial ess of sas nd sn “Third-Order Green Elaale Mode =104+(F-9)ibentira rns snatenstbtsbah orm) ‘ee 0 ar aonal constants tobe determined, Use Bg (579) 1g, (6380) leas to y= [UR -F0) +3812 +0 N+ yl, + 2h hs, $QG4AK LIME ble + (+ Dl aay (66) By expres Ua function fight endef the varias fai, we eas btn thir-orde, fourth-order, and 0 on Green dase model Ab {he onder meres, the amber of parameters would eres. For exam, = fhirc-oder modal weld reese ies partis. 1 beeen Seat to esform appropriate esis fr determination of vc Iarge numberof parame. Tes Alo foe any engineering purpves sch highe-tder mes may not ‘Se seded Sich aher er modl i no be covered ith xt. DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS ‘The material paramere that define the constutive lows have 10 He de- ‘ezine from appropriate laboratory et In almost all he Iboratory ests fom seslogc mater the soet-nrain reponse i mesma rom 4 known cron Svee-Sran fasten Cavey se Me os intl state of sess. Hence iis sible 1 exes the previously deed sress-stainrelaioshpsin incremental forme string ith sina State of sirin , comsponding fo nial sate of sues, a3, In the (losing Section, tha derivation of incremental ses-sain elatonships and dee termination of trl parameters ae rested fr the second-orde Cauchy sod Gren dase meri INCREMENTAL STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP: ‘CAUCHY ELASTIC MATERIAL ‘Te laboratory test at for the sl reporte in Chapter Shave heen obtained ‘rom srese-cnuoled tess. Hens in this ston we conde he verse fom ofthe Cauchy model E67) 1 tht ican be realy aed in determining parameters forthe material described in Chace 5. Te inves relationship For Cauchy mei ean be expres se aid a dP + oh) B+ (a+ 0h 05+ 046, (672) Ite oa, and ar ix material parameters to be detemined. Substioing = ome ad Jee? im By (672), polo express Eq 7a 647 (Want tm Pane), (0h a, +a ‘or eee tae ee ee ee Shiny si earn toe eof sea bof a ‘wot sina be wisown Teo etn asaya Soe eee eee ae econ ‘sa anect md comaponng sal aueet teal Hee Sere ee ee seme tecwce as insonent (claps in te) oy alin caret ‘Stn he mia aie Utes ey ue & ets ge By Sencrioeee = are + Bey [iat Sn) (+ ena)? “+e (08s + Sema) 984+ Boon), + 4eua}(0f + 89) $45( 08+ (of 8,) or Hc, the sper 0 denotes he ntl sae at he tat ofan neromen. By sbrsting Eq (67) frm Bg, (74), the ineementl Torn can he tained + aittot iat weer oneruocia Cho 6 = [el 2th aon + it +a e+ 40a, + [otdn, + atte, +s ean ten) +iftatey + Bday] (625) By rearanig cates te an wit hs a w+ 0520+ Bran) Man + 008, ¢ rear 4+ [ozte, +.65( 2880, + of Sean + Mega be, )] +05 [208, Se, + pom] 67) 1 the ntl stat of stress is ot hydrostatic, then under an increment of sts, th relation in Eg. (676) can exhibit what is termed as arex-indced or ‘oirepy Isa consequence ofthe nonlinear dependence of the sain nee- ‘meat cathe total sess a he start of te inremeat. The material ts fsotopic and is defined by the six parameters a 6); however ving he incre-enta Todi, the mati ean display iret responses in ‘dierent directions “The relationship in Eq. (676) can be specialized vo a few tesing ‘configurations inorder 1 determine the material parameter. Let conde tn increment of sess sate from an aivary inal hydrestatc condo, ‘he see temsor fo the Nfresai state takes the form 0 0) (3 34 (orm ee Fae ee ete res re cred rarer cn epee me [: ‘| em aa Substiming Ep. (67) ito Ea, (676), me btn Be ~ [bean + 060+ My) Bag + 450+ Helge) + [aide + 05(S0de, + 08, q + Mam] + 6208, + Sean] (79) In order wo determing the materi parameter in Bg. (678), let ws consider toon spel ees of Eq (77D. rere Sbes-Sva Fidaerane: Cay a Maen 1 (Case 1: Hydrostate state, Heve the incremental sires tes (6-70) becomes fa 0 9 ie (faay ‘| (omy oe as Fortis ee, 5 (679 rcs ey") +(e 2+ 626) + [925+ 05-4345 +05] do? (6756) Gave 2: Comentonal wil compreston (CTC) ste. For te CTC state of stress [Eq. (6-776)], es oe en, oe ti) ae 000 For this case Ea. (678) edocs 0 ‘ey = [lei +04) + 605 + 054405 +2e;)o] So, + [45+ Joh+ a5 +a] 0} (6500) ‘ez~ [a+ (605+ 05 +05)0] bo, + (a+ 405) Saf (630) Case 3: Conventional waral extension (CTE) state. ‘The ince. ‘mental ses tensor [Eg (6-77) Desomes rn a a(t os ;) (st a, For tice, (6:70 ea =e (neh 044 20] ay be) af (641) y= [20 p(n +2 2) tere} 20 fb} eg ‘Case 4: Reauced anal extension (RTE) stat. ‘The incremental stress enor [9 (6-77) becomes oe Saleem de> = [aj +44) + (605 +05 + 405 + 245 )0] da, + [ai + ta; +0} +a) do? (6-820)ne Lame iat a Seer OnerMoala Cho. ¢ {Case 5: Transl compression (TC) state, "The incemental ses tense [Ba (677) becomes eee a-(# sin toa oes Ftc 29 ees ae eee eae eee d= — [hens (lait ai)e] b+ [s+ tai] do? (64%) ‘Case 6 Trial extension (TE) state. The incremental stress tense (9 (7%) becomes a 0 Beyn] ode (oa) “This cam be substituted in Ea. 678 0 obtain A= [a+ Ga +2a;)o] do, + [os + of] So? (6848) suse(toi+ Goi +ecel Lista] det (084) ute Spa shar (8) tol an te pi ee cote eas en ete erie (5 a) (oso ae elo) igo *0bq+2neio ji] toh (688) aj hof {6-85e) [i+ (865+ 204 )e] bo, + joi) dof (6-854) PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS equations (67) to (65) sive telaonsips between ses and strain under deren esting cndlons. Heace th marl parameters an be deter! by ung seme or all of Eas. (678) wo (645) math data fom conesponding ‘ening sonfigatons. For Ue scend-oder Cauchy materi under considera: ‘om there aes independent ater parameters tobe determined In order to etemine the sx parameter, we ned lasts indepen dent etions wth he paramere ar wkaonns By spat of (6-9), ‘canbe seen that six datapoints rom a hydrostatic compression tt wold ‘ve sc sulianeous equations, and hence dhe sk mater parameters an be ‘brine by sling thom. This can aso be done wth the CT tt data by ‘wing Fy. (60). When the mater parsmeter are desrmined froth aly fae pe of tet, the model may’ mot he le to repduce bev of 8 “EiereatAind of tet. sboald be noted that if Ue miter is aly & econd-orer Cauchy lai ype hen the parameters wil not depend on The type ol tet, “here ae unavoidable eo in testing procedures, and hence thee my ‘cc vations in the parameters if they ae eterained lem deren! tery Hence if we ena we the data obaine fom tess conducted ser iferent ttre paths the rors can be roundel oer the whole range of the sts pace. [Asan example, et ws coaie the case a te bydostai cmprensen (GC) ste The vlationshp berween the ssn and the ses eget in Ey. (6-386. Fora given value of inal hydostae state, Eq. (6790) can bo (2a )-= [Aldo + 19]40,)) U2 1.2m) (686) Here and Bar functios of toa, and subscript dence the data point somber. Ifmore than tw da pons ar slot, there wl be ve tha wo ‘Sato to determine and B. Tati the wil be an oveneterned st ‘Sfequtions in 4 and. In ode to obtain appropriate values of 4 and 8, he ‘verdcterined act of sma equations can be slval by sing = ‘numerical method suchas the ear-qare echgue (9) ths i dese in the following section. For numer of dit points Fa (6798) can be weiten (de), = AC de), + BCS) (Sey) Al dy)» BCA (6s) (24 ),=4(0)).+ BC), In matic form, fg, (6873) ca be expec 8¢ {oo} a. anni] {4) (ede p=] (doe (dol (6-87) laid [ese Gat 4 (Sq) = 18] (ear) (nxt) (92) (21) here isthe numberof points chosen ona given sros-sttin curve. Thit" ‘Smit act. Me Chap «an be solved by using the least-squares method us (9) [sl OW (S10) = ISI Iw (ae) (88) (em) (nem) (2) (2301) Daem) (1A) (ne) Here] i a digmal mattis having the weit sven foreach data point, When agul weights te given tol data points [W]is uit dagen mas, geaton 68 can be writen Dl oo = @ 9) @x2Qx1) axt By vering Eq. (689), the vals of 4 and cam be found. This wi ive tmo equaen:cenaning te material constants and kaon values of fad This procedure can be repeated for a mune of tests, heer, one an obtain af any sts of equations as th numberof tests. These equations fn ako be overdtemine, and can Be sed ford, 2, ve, by ung the Teaseagures technique again. "urter deals and a computer eat forte Seastsquies methed ae iten in Append ample 1m his cumple te mater patamce lobe nee ented Catchy tol Armin The xpeinenta aa fr ol en Caper we we. We cose > few tesing engin ong intel ey 920 oor doe ti ey eee eee | ooo atin: bec the eneeeo acing swe, he boned fog eires ae nt sonido. Abs, fr mats eating spy {Gienson san in the CT ests (Pe 19) o8 eae vale ed his bec Aine cor fo pis eral Hydwae wt The data shoes a Fy. $140) ae wed, The osepontng deny [S18 en and he nl cntig peste 20 po C8 KP. Suh teva for Eq (90), he lllwng cxeeion can cba ejay +a (om Aaj 936054 6h a ah 4a Beso tah +3866 ‘By wing he lestsquas fay med dss pee me otal vaso +H Ooh +t ah Aah 00K (698) +4054 305 +0; -o0mrONe (si) ‘Tal compen tet Espen st shown in Fg $190) ae wet the cemiontng Sony 2 2D fom an he al cntns pre 10 pt Po substan he eo he ti pre in, (6, ne ine pemrrene re (om Am 543005 2, eof be experiment dates he fig also A en A= Mas $206,~ - 000005 (60) Bata} +a;= 0001 (on) ag a, (6) fr 0 10 we on Ser ade, + mde? (om Am -Haj~156)~ 1005 Bates, Uso eet atin 1) ses A= Lat I5eh~ og DOE Bota}; - ents Simple a sti) house dai fo aS ‘eny oF 205 /e Teailcneats 1 p @EPD Dy ag Eg (6-38) Beye, 4 Bde om) shore 490 +2045 By ming he esque ing mtn, we hoe Ameo Mas 2 ry Boa) =0.00198 (oom Use of (854) for 9 10 pi A den Ade + Bet (690) Aa na 30a Ba, ‘Us ofthe experimen dala ini. $2109 ges he elu of 4 a Aaj 302-206 (699) Daas «= 000138 (om)™ cata ina Secor Ms Co 8 Comme weal exe Har ihe dia shown in Fig $17 with ena Senay of 36 4/en® te et Te inl eofmng pea 10 po (02 HP Sibntng ths alae a a Bg, (AD), he lowing expan fre cn shear day 9 Ba? (6:00) were A= 24) 1208520654205 By wing We kanaguce mo ae of Aan Bean De ond. I ce, na ~oomnset (i019) a= 001 (01) Upon shen of the alo, he exes gine nf. (1) fr Mees toe fon fn Poerrennye) (10) here Anda 04+ We +2005 +965 +2065 Anais of experimental data abe; +20; +5085 + 200 Dos (itn) (ew) a°9°o mate ecetaceest ub otobese: Mies-t-eeusece ggggeuaedaan Proceso Evite fas 1 Dying te stags fitng method heutige abe 61 canbe ened ota the aus fsa, ayaa, foe (~0.0%28 (psy = om99 (0) 0.081 (ns) 0014 (pi (100) i> 0000507 (pa) * 200018 (ps)-* Comment. In oder 6 stly the scurscy ofthe scond-oder Cauchy ‘mods jst established, the observed deformation Behm is predicted by ‘ting the model with the computed parameters (E108) for a fo sss ‘ath sown in Figs. 69 ang 610. These gues show tha the predictions re 69 Compr pci md sasha cmp ‘Set ang Cay es mol 22% pu ea or a ‘ania Fa Stay)ge 614 Cong to od tena fo il eompeion ‘Nein te Cay dane oe =o seem to match the obverved dats stsfactrty only i sn approximate sense ‘his cam imply tant the matral does not behave asa second-onder Cauchy Ide Tae prcticons may have been improved if the inal slopes of Stress sia caves wee enforved at condiion in the decrmination of Parameters Honever in the forecing wample the iia slopes were not, enidere, nce it was seat only fo eiborating the sumer provedore {or eventing male param. Sabsoqaent, in Example 62, the prose hve for ncorpatng il pes is dese. INCREMENTAL STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP: (GREEN ELASTIC MATERIAL In this section the iveserelaionahip, that ithe straints salon a Ey, (69) fr secoarder Gren materia wl be considered ist. Then te incismentl fem of he est -san relationship, E67, wil be eae "By ung a procedure lar fo tht desorbed in dhe preceding Section (as. (273) (Nth incementlstain-steess rains for te Gren latter an Be obi ot = [20+ 984+] age (8 Hd) 8, dandy + Kaha Sr) + [285(deeg)? + $868 eon] $e a +8, (us) ese, the suesrpt 0 denotes intial conditions heforeappicaton of the ineremor. Since mest of the Ibortoy te are cated ut om ab ii hdrowate state of ses, Let us consider an ariary inital hydostaic sencton [Eq (77a Stace all the states of sucses are refered to the Dna scythe fermen ses tenor dating testing takes the gener] fem given in Ba (677). Subsiting Ba, (70) sat Ba. (6105, we aban = 8-95 +3:)e] 48+ (1543) 0, + (hed ph 2Ked,) + [estapy' secoa9y = G2, 2 Sy 2. by, 13H, +d, (108) whee p= (da +o, +24) mun ilar Wo ue debe fr he {ity aera Ey (€106) cn be ope forsee espa The ‘ata ili in Example 6-1 con be one to eve parameters 9B, 6108) forthe scond-ndor Green tei. aang 62 a his cumple, tr pranter for he avn scot ene Green model re ‘dca’ forte expt agren s Caper. Hew the tae ete Sam sto wed in Exampl 1 fr fe Cauety mol Tn nape he al Speco sesh sien ces ae ncaa own blow dena st By sinpivig Ey (106 losing epesion am Be Sine dew Ade Bd? (our) A= (64546) + (th-+981=28)¢ s+ 2 1089) eet he ale of 4s deem! rom (108) the al af Bean be fun om1a (610 by sng umber of dat pints wih lenge td. For thse ‘8 oie of Be en apd eal dpe some A~(G+u)+ ($48, +98) 424)275=< 00050 (10m) 2-00m13 (60%) Te camped tt =10 pi 51%} Fer hw 10 can te be Ade, +e w) ten 4-8 6205 4208 newt "Tei peo te sea sein sare an eed (3), e-em cs Saetig Ee (0,610 ad smi arf i a nama (61109) Forte mime tt, cn te ep at dead + enn (B+ +108) Baie 3h) 2 incprmng hina ope mene sin 0 hat deed prev the ‘stu of 4 and bane een ad 4000s (ina) n= oon (eum) Sete w= Dp S210. Forasinge ar (Habe dey y+ 89? ww) sere +308; +205 poe Dy ocrperating the nial spe, he abe of 4 canbe competed 3k 40000 Guay ‘Theva of ca eo fom By (615 by whiting te val fr amber of Bo vale by ng asesgures meta B=000081 Gna) Nonsby combining Bo 6-108 (110, (112, and (110 and sing ances ‘het the flowing wes fr ound 5-019. 10-94)? 02232 10-*(pa) Hom 0505 10" ony = 02m x10" (p5)"* =0587% 10° (es * Figure 611 1961 sow aconpais of mead and pce tba for aes stem pt. Te peice ter foc he egg es pa ea ally (po apeomen ni mens se pre Compare pti nl tera brs me ‘inet wag ne ren a oat = 75 aed a ran ma 09,Te eet eral eerie ned oeceer i Nite Ge dea aoc Sal = pe Fre 1 Comprn fst ta crs (Sim rt ‘lace Une amr me Pe S200 1 Buample 3 {ths example we comer the erew-stin (20 sins) rdacaip for ‘Somer Gen sate mn a ven in (687). We ta fom ai at of sin and seem «Tien we ad arene of fond ase Inoemen a ihe, and tn emen of a, By Then By, (667 becom apeanye [f= 22] ted) 9h eet sll ehat Bea], Sel e+ ey) +8 + Beall 8) (eu Hie + for nls 1125 (669 ested (105, woe tny={{e-22) ont] Se + (2G + bet) Beis + Dt toad, + Behe, +e) death] Rad dy ‘any Ia mt nn nips ine pn (40) [Ec * [eee on bere [Cj] cortpond to th nar prt td [Cy] 1th oir part, I the Tidtecedr tem ae sce, the ete sbore ees = Ca (ens) (an [eked (1096) tue [(x-22) -sne.Joaue oe HN (bue ees, oR CetB 1 canbe ned that i he ital tte of sein na, Ea, (120 retest the ‘tren Hooke a I eu atc te meter besa nv nour tte tes sense in F3.(¢13 Beemer amo bies efened oat Lessin! cy. Egan (5 as Been amplje By Chang ta) Ie ‘Modeag ete o¢ Oa sna "he woof Change has bon one of eins sudo perce (Gen eat) se saan te ear of Ota sued. Te fons ‘Sic panne rhe Ona su hae ben roe By Chang (ng (129we eto Feta Secor Crerose Cho. 28 4610p (21605 107RN/0?) (6=46 10% pa (3.60% 10 RNa) yo 120k pa(-827% oY) fea 02x 106 pa (-1371% 10 N/a?) 12.10" pa (197 10) Figure 614 10 616 so ses of ompations between pein: and bors Serene foe Pre, single earn coed ceprees te, ‘Sipe, spt by Change al (3), Thon tt data hve been sts) ‘Sing aut tale lata teing See, shoud be ate ta te coma ‘Shoe sult He muenl behave troy only oe ised range of he Fes 61 Hens compen ot (al 9, er 8 Sesh om tly y=v0 iy Fev and Sean One Mndee Ch } I Fre 616 Oneness smpre want) fone = 2410 a APPLICATIONS. Applcauons of the ner ela (rsterder Green or Cauchy) mods for Setting boundary value peeems recommen i the htertre ara hence wil ‘not be conidored har. In fact the simplest mode one eta we 4 ‘eseribe tie material Yeh log in many fsanoes des wo ap lopiately deci the el bela, Secondhorder hypetelasic model dered previously in tis chaper Inve wud in counion wth the Fate clement metho fr sling se houndary vale pablems 10), The scond-order Cauchy cast model gen im Ba (652) in geal ead x nonsymmetecoasutve mats, whe romeo 9 ‘he Grom elastic model leads to a symmetric constitutive mauix. Theor, ‘rom a sewpoint of computational efor, smpenetation of sovtnd-det ‘Gren este model an beens than the conor Cauchy lst me. ‘The incremental ses-stain elationshp for sxond-ovderhypeeastic man cls are geen in Bs (676) and (117), and cn aly be ued with «molest “ine element formant, ‘Change al 3) ve implemented the second-order Gren dase mode ‘nan oerenenta mie demeat procedure which wis tanga element. A= fn example they soled a problem tating to plane strain pre eer test ehasor The conditions used in thir example wee chnehn eb (constan) BO terins day te Begone Se=0 Aen0 forte) | el 2 =a‘The fine lament mesh used in he soap shows in Fig, 617, The smatecal pauneies used inthe anlyie were given in Example 3. A comparison of faite element resus wit he elosoform solution show Fig G18. Tho eit obtained with 3 iacements eu to compare wel with she eat solton “A trd-rder iyperelste model has ben ied by Ki and Mason (10) 10 characienae the behator ofa sand. They ule» Geen elute al a this Study. The parameters forthe moéel we evaluated from Inburstony da ‘bianca by wing a tly rail device. The wovircy ofthe model hasbeen ‘ested by preiting the reponse under diferent ses pls, They have then sed the cnsiuve model in corunctioe wih afte element procedure 0 ‘lve a ahoratory Totng problem. ‘The Brite clement predictione are co- ‘re wih experaeatal als Showa ia Fig. 618. Overall te thid-oder ‘Green casi model was demonstatl to be adeuat to decibe he behavior srt Comino mo a pn pu et destatons el ATE: Pure 619 Vet mot in Rt 1,= evicy reba Sane Ornruoges Chun 6 ofthe snd. Sieh and Chen II) have pesated application of hyperelaie {Groen) modes for simulating beavioe of ome sal 1 thas appeas ht te higher-order byperelastic modds ean be ued ceil for deserbing the monotoic lading behair of granular sil, However, thee ae ceran lntatons acid with hyperclasic odes ‘The second-order model because ots mathematical form, can exhib materi instaity eyond a etn level fsa: the magitie ofthis erie sain depends the material parameter ofthe model Change a (5) have sos Sow this instability problem was handed inthe compotion. In he et, that cern elements are afleced by insta in a cl repo, the eres Sndveed inte entre problem ae ested to he imedae viii of those semen The hypereasic models are based en concepts of nonlinear lasts, aod bene thes may Dot be suitable fo mde! Uae general Deavior of elope ‘media whch exhib ils deformations Homer, they can be Died to ‘lie estan heir of sch materi bjt omy mancton Cally inccasig loud. That ig dee models may not be sutble wo debe the bchaor of geologic mea subjected te oacing nleading and tleding PROBLEMS (61, Espen sin esp erie cond ade Gree els fon Sep med Te nec Senay a efor = WUsh) (62, Won = U/86 ban a deco the relatinsip (0) (63. o) Chae ae foe, 62, 8 25, AM a and hen lo he expen 2 2s (un) and (68). 1b) Ghose als oy ad plot Sy eas and Sy, ve ene dein fa em ak a (64, Derne second eer Canchy date (Bq, (5) and scorer Green dae [i (ety mode to (0) rae an 6) endear (sya) curves to eae the sess recs npr (a a0 Conant he Stein dein itn fom ean an. 165, Dame th canner tn at md fr he ier elton exp, a xen en itn Bee want an a fo a) a uaa ate of ses, and (Bets of ses lt he ‘sin ssn reno. Caen op WE dad Yuet Beit ln (66 i ina sate of seine ence stent ner er nH (45), de tnd date the ane oder Gren ease nth nee orm 167, Deine the sess reaton fer the end eee Green and Cay eaic ‘ods fra) onedmcaoalcompreston ant (plane sin Heaton Uitine:Use Be (5) nd 7, Deve "insect Tom (68, (a) Show tut ta estore Cavey and Gree lac del ptt topic ‘nual bh (Show tt he een fo ofthe senor Cay mode can rec (rw Come nal hyosae sof (ipa sus ith sosase tel pal ates perme dh hat male spe: hee {Tie ital sates ams nob the mal wl Soy se Inde aniotpy ade renenta of en, Fn atoms betwee Sy 8 {do andy andes Se and Sy nd chow Ht hy tp) RENCES 1. Timabenk, $B, and Goode, 3. Toy of Elsi, Mera HN Book Company, ew Yaa, 197 2 Fang. ¥.C, Pandan of Sod Mechanic, Pence Hal ne, Englewood Ci 2. een, A.C. Nerina They of Contmaar Meda, MG Hl Bak Cow pa Neo Yok, 196 Frit J, Marts Tho, Prescot, Ic, Eoghan Cs, 1968 Chang, 7 Yo Ko H Yo Sot RF and Westman, A, “AR nut ‘Sepsis ote Sie Ato Gramiar Meese” Repo, Caer Ts SE erecta Puan, Cat, 5 esa C$, "Oveiey, Teds sd Poeions: Theory sd Appice of he PEM in Govmineal Engg” Sunes be A Pup Poe Symp- 8 PEM Gch Eng, Vek M197 Reka, “Mesa Casittie Model fo Engineering Materia" Rape ‘$5779, US. Army Cog o Eames Woteraje Ep. Sny iy, My Langhans, arg Mane Ap Moca, Fh Wiley Son New York, 1 Corsts, B, Late H A, and Wis, 3.0, Apple Nemec! Metab, Sn ‘Wy Sone, New Yo, 10, Ko, and Maton RM, "Near Character el Aa of Sandoo et it on Seer Cre ods owe ‘Pre 2a nC Naar MethdeGomach, C8 Den (EA), Dnt, Vs, [ASCE ne 6 Sch, AF an Ca W. F, “Nomiaae Hyper (Gren) Comte Ma for Sa eos and Canario,” Prec, Wars ov Lit Ea Ime, Play and Ganrled Sen Sirat e Gewch rg, MG Un Mona May 38, ASCE, New Yok pp 265-288, 7 HYPOELASTICITY 1n Chapter 6 we presented mals bas on higherorder asi in hich the stato ies Gepend on the current tt of deformation (rn), and the [ehavor sot dependent on the sess path followed. Fer many mates, inclding geologic materials, hs may not be realistic since the behavior may ‘lepend onthe sues ath fllowed. The (otal deformation of such materi, an be decomposed into a recoverable part and an recoverable part. "Te concept, called Hypo eases a gentalzed sneemeatal Inwrin whch the havior con be simula fom increment 9 interment ther than for dhe ene ead or sess aa tine 1a hype, the ineemea of ttc exresso at function of tts and increment of sas, Hypocace= ity was st imtroduced by Trusel (1) and is details can be found in Refs. | nd Ltely, “hypo” means “in a lover sete” or “io lower dere: Hence poetic can ply a material that slat a owe o inceental ‘ene: cones peeae sans lat higher desce AX wl ese, ‘mbocquenty, a hypeclaic material ean be inept 10 be capable of lowing fr ints o plac behavior ‘Tre hyplstic concept can provide imulition of constitutive behavior ine smooth manner, and hence can be vsed for hardening oF stenng ‘aterns Its incremental natere allows fr path dependence Hence yp ‘htc models ean be appropri for some peli mater. "1 nc intended to ein thin text ll Geta of hypoelete modes they are available in varius pubheations (1-4) Here we have considered ‘some of the spect in 3 simples way with special ateton Wo her penal pplication,” patasiy crap 7 (GENERAL EQUATIONS ‘Wecan expres gee frm of conte lave se Chapter 5) Heidest)=0 ony ero th sts, he at of, he itn sei a ‘Alou exresion (71) ives a tine dete (Senta by an cverd it an repeat ietndaendeat rental este cuaen 5 hompecou ia tine Tat i tne apps ne dina i alle terme of Eq Cs tne oy Sey etn fined he erecta a ag ero a 1 pec form of Ba, (7) xa be expend ws 8y flout) 0 ‘Th stony in Ea (2) a penal egreio that ci nce aie ope behav, nian be mode ined enpensoe Spey ‘Scottie lw toad pes Gmenonl ivan tate ae ‘com sould hae te sane itesons and he peas ae ae ‘apo fn ia Gy ar ape on ia eal Rete sa funtion of ume (0) Hons By 0.2) can ween 80=Gate ey ee Gat funn of ny he es tee. Se he aos. ¢ tomogstin n= and we re ntesed enn wind Be in th pte ved mete sity cement fanny. Pa int boc materia (3 can Be expend (19), chy ay + pataa* 4a it) Festi Stadt eed, ais ta,)* ada ta, Feat OMe datdi, (4) ay aden by 4 ade 0:46.44 Ogden dy Haul dens dite) *8deQh aay Seutenteas+ 8% Badlands ¥e4(tataades,+ Mtr) + abate, tate + Meade, (7-40) here ay. te fusions of invariant of ses and dy add, ae ‘he incremental sts and ineremental stain tensor, repels, Deine ‘of the general hypoelastc model in Ba, (7-4 equies 12 response futons. Hypecstic models hive a greater general, and in fact the theory of ‘incremental clatity can he considered» spa eas of hype Ao ‘© disused in Chapter 11, hypoelaicy aod plas can have oxtmon {features ands common bai, Ta classy, sussesteachod from a natal stat sould be compatible wid lai tains uta statins a state ef 270 ses and rin. On the other hin, in ypoclasicity ay sate of sess that satis equim ‘conditions is admissible, The general relation [7-4] canbe used to obtain itr special forms of vaio orders or ares, Since the word "prae” it ‘Sommonly soo in terstare we shall se tha erm herein, MODELS OF VARIOUS ORDERS (Grade-Zero Hypostatic Model 1 ho law ia Ba, (7-48 i assumed wo be independent of ses, the matric grades Wyo. For this ase, ayrayn ee may =D os) Heose Be, (7-4) becomes dayne + ae 08 here gy snd ay =p, snd and pare Lami’ constants (88 Chapter 6) ‘With ths Ba 7-4) the incremental fom of the generazed Hook’ lav, srhch cam be wien fay (- 22a 2 on Tid ciclo pr md i eid ge ell hp | bah ra oni of pron a Sse htcetaroneteee uae iocues Ses aoe Serrae (Grede-One or Linear Hypoctaatic Model 1 the sighthand side of Eq, (7-4) i assumed tobe linear fntion of ‘tres, the materials called’ gradeanehypoelaric mate. For th ce we detne tory tad m06* tg einai hadi a + A ane oy hee yen. ate material constans perusing to geade-onehyposastic= peasy Onp.7 model Then the grade-onehypodati mael can be exresied aye + de + bE 8+ Anh + alle, $43 (alns + dts) +a 9) and the coniaie esr (3s expres 6) (60+ 0 )8 a+ $0, 48, )(548,~ 8) aaeybrt bss + abt ty + s,)* 0408) (710) Euan (73) reprszats the diferent equation in the incremental fora for radecne hypocaie ol The mater paras y10 ay ci be determined by intrating specialized forms of (19) for a Specie est ong. gen sea pth tis obvious tat dcerminaton of the even Farancien ay 1 ay woul regure data fos umber of appropriate {ort tes Since its diel to define unigee numberof tet 10 dermine thse parame, the stl procedure ito Obtain as many tet omubl Tien we we cuveSitng and other eptiniation lenis o fd {Be bes valus of he parameters as dseribe in Chapter 6. We now consider 4 few common et and sow how the intertion along the specie stress paths ie achieved. Hydrostatic state of sess. For hydrostatic state of ste with trop maim. we ave Pam 997990 famteanennd “These values can be comsdeed as boundary conditions fr the specialized {oom of the diferent equation (Eq, (7-9) ven by 1, 3 egg +d + 3830) ese ay dey +0 dey, aglg dey + ondea) aloud, ide =3% 30; de4 30,de+3%3x3e0de 43x Sajadet $>ayode 43 x2as(odd) +9% ade do = (20, +.0,) de-+ (905+ 3454304426543 de det ood (e+e) ais gee 7 Symtoe ean pre (Ears ee Yemen tay Bae 2ay + Bagh Eution 7-11) whee ¢) = ap ay 308 | ha be wren as te (7b) ow ween inte 5, 00) fete he vs Cahek hte te inl sin is sumed bearers sh elt (S+a)er-3 Gn) ner te ial hydronic srs. The inverse elation can be cbiined A yg( tee cette) gel eee] ‘ 1 parameters ean, in Bq. (7-12) can be obtained by cure fing on Tees fom bytes (ompresion) ts (PH {eer presture-vlometiz sain cures. “Convontona axial compression. a this est onfirition, we use finde pete ot esdoge) teal The el pressure othe cofing na cota andthe ail ses, need. The sess tensor given by my 0 8 a7]o om o o-) 0 8 wy= potascty hae 7 Figure 1-2 shows symbetc cures frm CTC tts, Since the conning of ‘ayes stress ep consant, we ave dey, = doy. With thet cond tons, Eo (5) speciale 6 doy olde + de + dey) rade + 204+ De )dey, ens + dey) +0s(04, +293) dey Payouldey des * dey) aslo de+ Onde! + onde? + ode eich + onde) tale dey + 0 de ede) = [a9 +a, + a,601 + 26y)+.05(04) + 205) eae +249 at] dey Play ay(on +205) +246 taxon] den (114) sad tog ~ age, + deg) +44, ay(oy + 26 Nidey +2dey)+ 24(0y 426) des stats Dey) gt dee +09 ders) teqloydey +204) dog = [44+ 4440, +265) + 0x69 +4504] de, + [ay +4, +20y(0y +20q)+24(04 420) 4 ay + Dost +2450] dey (718) Because doy = in the CTC tes, Eg (7-14) gives If we subsite for dey, tom Fa, (1-15) in, (1-4), the raio of the increment of asa ses to that of eal stain it doy ed fue (7160) where B= Mag 0) (as 05+ 24428, 09) + (2a, + 20,)eu] 8, 2[d9+ (02+ 4)0n + (2a, apdaullay +(e +,)0u* Qe, eden] (66) Bum ay tai)> (at as)ou+ 255 +a, +44 45+ 05) (tee) dey + dey) a plot wi respect othe wal San, de, the rao of deg/dey We use Ba (15) a8 am ott) Moy Bh re ‘ich ends wo ee deg a+ (a) Dandou+ Day 9,4 2,2 ey” digs Bago, ag asJoy Dag 8, Fay hay FeV (rm)18 ypoatety oh? Equations (7-16) and (7-17) give two deel equtions that canbe integrated canbe son hat they are complicated, and love fr itera ion can he quite dic. Hence a siwler procedure would be to ft en ata of , versus, and versus for ested suber of pins on te ‘curves (Pin 7-2, One sich pont would be the nial hydrostatic ses 0 ~~, Then the nial slopes of curves in Fig. 12 cording to Tap, (tea and 176) are given by (Pa 7-2) ~teyced (1) (a8) where Aya lage) (+ 3054044205 +ap)a)As ~ALag+ (a:+ 0444,)e leg en tat 2))a] Aym Rag 0+ (+ 3054 2+ 206+ 24) a5 Agmty + (305 +044 00g (Coon and vans (6), Vagneron eta (8), and Myeore(10) have prevented ‘od usd elation ofthe same form asin Fas 7-16) an 7-17 oc CTC et Inview ofthe complexity nese equations 28 approimteprosadu can be ‘eto derive the mater parameters. Hee we can use cure Sing oly for ‘limited numberof pois, forthe ntl slopes an alr cman, For ‘he formes, let ws expres the ai ef slope a Bap. (7-16) ad 7-178) a, sagen) Gers itsenea tae Sree 29) Te parame a aero how (fre sau empremion abso sient oe el Sop ‘oso oy nt fh ar be fer daca puma ‘rete ope) a eal tS ee om 4 ¢60 he eves acaitact2avainys as7iae)eo) x [Qay+4,)+ 00,4) #2(2ay + 85 bay +054 34) 3) ~ay4 (ey +0x)ey-+ ert aon) + (er taalay+ Castanos] =6 [lest ai) 4es(oy+ 2m) +0426) 45st 20st ase] x [estes +0s(ayt 2en) Henley 4 Zen) 22 afar agloy+ 2a) ea, salou t2en)+a,e oy ereayi the maximo o peak sess at Tale” dee by day,/dey =O ‘Now Bq (7-174) canbe uted wo dele the slope ofthe volume sain sew ial ua vlan at ure 42a Taga +(e, Fas)ey+ Hae, Fay oa, as Fay)ay, ons where dey denoes the measured Spe of, versus, cure a fale 42 Henke, ast (dey N+ Cay dey Aaa + (ode 044 20 dey— Ben} (a dey) 4 04) + (2nd 20) a4 (20y~ 264 20 y= 0 20) we define, 8 the ail ses at which the rt de, de 8200 (Fi 1-2, Ba. (-1Tb) ead to one aden relation as 2, + (4+ 24)45 + (26) 45~ 2a ~ 265) 73) Equations (1-20) (7.23) can be nse to can the equted paraesers fom fee of CTC to det Its posse to specialize te gide-one hypoelastie ov for other tet ofiguatons, sch ae conenton| trawl, one-dimensional compresion. lane sti eymmete, simpe shear and cher general ste pats inthe ‘ree-dimensonal sues space (Fig. $10. Some of thee are ven a problems tthe end of hs chapter we coasier blow the simple shea stain condition ‘Simple shear strain. The incremental sin tensor can be expressed 0 deg 0 diy 00 0-4) oo 0,oy omamcy Ow? Sabtition of Ea (28) in the ges frm 36 sre ane Seton (20 the eel fr (9) ae da =a dey dng + dey), tande? (0 +02 +0 )(dey + de! +) “osloy tn +05) +a (de des dey) Peso det Bu dey) +50, deady, don masloudet? onde bande onde? ogden t onde) +e de des) doy = eset 050+ aye eds ge dy Ma, eden deg 625) don = dy (7259) y= Basra dey on) dem aidea talon $45 +04) den taeda 60d Hla Heute to)es elo eeadesldey (7288) and % (7256) Nove tat fr grade ee model we hive cas Heace a, =26. Eauato (7-250) india that for inducing the simple bear conden, that sno volume change, ts ecersry that nota trees doy and do it ys. (1-25) and (7-29) 10d doy in Eq. C1250) must be appiied tee boundary ofthe specimen of the med. Also, mote that the Tequied normal steses ae of diferent maghitdes tnd that they cause otal evitore sree Eqs (7-28) wo 7250] onthe sheng planas This est Js Similar to the one noted for she yperlatic models (Chapt 6) Tis Important to now tat the Storer nar ease lnws are el capable of Incorporating hs eee. Henes the material exit second-order eet ‘Snesessary to ue modes that cam acount oe tem Comment. It becomes neceiary 0 eviete 4 gresier muaber of parameters ts the grade of the Iypoetnse model increases. or sree and raceme model the sequel numbers of parameters ae two and seven. especvely Fr the prado two roid the number becomes 18. Is ifcalt {o determine sich urge aumber of parameters and inpiemes he models elution techniques. Hence in Uk chapter we slop atthe grade-one model For deta on ighenordr ede, the render can coal vais publeations 0-6. IMPLEMENTATION Ses the hypodasie molt exresed in an Soren om, ican te {pled ean istenenal ore Sluton seb (Chap 3). et Intancs (5)] en beers a mat neta (de)~ (cae, 629 were (do)"=[doy doy dey dow dO. doy) 60 Lae te den deg de ded sn [G) denotes the costes etic lest co the given Snerement of ses and sta, "we now expand Ba (7-25) for gradowone hypdlsi law; for example, al dey est dey) ty dey + fay tines + des dey yy aay dey, +040 dey dea ey) Haley dey + eden ton den + oy den* Sides Ode) mde onde * ondey endl, Ondtas tends + ouden +n dty ten den) (04 05+ 8 + 5h + 484 +2850 0404) y+ (84+ 83a 240+ 0402) A ea) dens ¥ (2ay + 20,3) dee + 2estendes + (2asoy +24 Hot apccbaaty# 9) dey 2 snd 9 on In mati notation this equation ean Be expose as follows (page M6)Bene eee eed eagle ei Sot Mag FPenoctntra putes pari mold he al decid in Caper S83 oot as empe Toe mves tea oh Sos dn andthe dhe d, ? ai erat aay dey tu dee) + de turdeas bi, os) fs Asc betes the en ae unison eed eo he é uaa tc oles fe pede © {ov aco ewer nde cere ln sng We Se sem po 2 Iran Secon ml pms wo code sae pas cae of Eg Hoe on a ee sin hc peda may we a at he a Hoye ioe ine ses tr penpals rme tena, bese hd a gs ical aa ane ep en (3 = :| am f¢ oo ay (0 a, 0 ap gg Sate 0.299) i 09 we in of feo belo) om) a5 ws dandy de aaltepet ead Soslade +e de) tase, dese.) (30) ; dapnagearteides ett eps ete 4 wenlan de) eerdty#d6,40)45) cam) ce dered tet oak ast ty i ff asad) taal #2 a 4.46) 20) te wt now somite the hess comprees CHO) ste, Fer thin ene y= syeoyand deyrde,=e, By denoting sre a 7d ta tomes de By 308 can be wth demande ta,de+ Syede + 30qn de Sede Hayede Senet cay (aja) des (a,+3e,+304426)43egede (316) deboede cate)a ptstety Coy 7 (e080; 345 13044 28; Dae tw ay caer he CTC, CTE, RTE, and TC es (Chap 9) Fe al ‘those test conditions, the stress tensor takes the form ease fee) om Re baat i: = 2) oa) ‘Athos income sala esr a hes far al aeons he 29m ote icc a ifent. Table sunaras eds af ena ‘tani fr hecho see For th flaring toni, Bs 70 ae the owing for doy =oulde $246, )40,de40,(0, 2m des #2de) eyo, +2), ‘ade + 2a) +0204) + 4y(e,de, +26) ats) By reais equine ne oo a) y+ (405% a 205 aay te + (205+ 2a )esde Hagdit Ga, +2ey)4 de + (des Haydoude, 038) Bauatin (3) be wit as Momoude tani dest ade tad, saseidestagndey (228) ‘TARLET_Syet ems ue Dat otra i ay-2e;+26, arte, eyntay2e een age2a Sina (94 can Be wnt deyndesmayde tote Feades tanger aeideseqeyde, (038) i+ Tey4 2a,4 20,4255 te the ca of ie ingle sw sine he earl ses ter ks te om Ge Spy ea ree to he fata etn, names vas ft prance wil be eerie fore areal vl eric fo Chapter HLse epee ata wl wed ‘cia wh he aeaent stomp eae i the ogg etn. Tie funeral a mune be vowed erage vl of ated san a For stampa rhe CTC to 18) an evenget he iereneemic sis toed Ae ny he hag eves 9 come10 ypesaisty Chan? Hydrostatic Compression Test ean be observed thai he loading eave [Fig 514) xz tte | stean cortespoods loan inal hydotae see f 275 po (19 KPa). Thee fore, 0 model the lading behav, fetus assune that ¢=0 when = 2.7 sk Table 7-2 gives deta ofthe eserved dat othe hydrostatic ese ‘By sing Bg (731, the also anda, were deremined yang te leasesquaes meth [64 (688) 38 = 6120p 3620 ‘Conventional Taxll Compression Tost Figue $15 and Table 73 show observa data for a CTC tet with an inal hndrestate stesso 50 ps (50 HPs). By using Eq (32) conjone ion wit se Fnstsquare ing metod [E9.(38) the valves of fn (7-35 were obtained se = 1750p Pee n= 799 pe == % 39 TABLETS HC Teta es Sa Fe S14) TABLES CTC Dr Ait re 545 Jue §‘axial Comprssion (TC) Test Figue 5-18) and Table 74 show served data for TC st with a3 intial restate sues of 100 ps (620 ¥P2). By esing Eqs (7.38) and (7-36, the Yalu of ia the equations above were found as 3 Beifgg88 Hid}33'3988 39 en Fa. 198; sE2EEL00E “a ae ayaa ,H PEEP P EE ES sue ~H0094 guy edieiaged acme Hosa] GER GRRE E Hada] GEEREGTE riko eae a ee aa i fasidabaaig Coetiems of Fquiions 3 aeae lt ae rks £ 3358 |3 1 we 1900 i satay = eg : sees ff es Paras rate = - a: aif ae vat \! be $i3h a Bow ofeg all LE tee ald La Heratie eeneny Owe Fgwe 73. Conus men pin om ose bpm au nnn or HE sp Says OCT ie Si. ns mig Te tle S91 el ps MC tt Tht ot pe pesos nnd eee mee) TE eS Siialbe)=0 fa edema ce none pean reece ws Fee 19 (ent ‘Then by ing he feastaquares method, the flowing vals of, were found: y= 19500 poi 4) ~ 6700 9a 0.2357 aeons oy 161 2-3 42103 ‘emay be noted that the calculated negative value of ay may pt be realistic ‘Thies the consequence taaly of the averagag of the Properties ever @me umber of sues puts, The details are nce hee for the sake of isn ing the presdure foe Haig the parameter of thi mode “The values of [Eg (7-3) and (7-35), determined on the bass of sta ‘rom these nda ses paths, andthe Vales of, found by metaeing ‘esis ffm vanous tts pats, were wed to back peat the Bevo of Te, CTC and TC tests Comparisons of preicion snd experimentally ob- served dt re shown is Fg 73. Predictions obaied by wring te parae- ‘ers, determined cn the bass of data fom ses ste paths, compare very swell wth oberved curves forthe HC, CTC, and TC tt Figs 7-30, 73), tnd 230. Comparisons between cbsersed dats and predictions, bated on the als fo, obtained by averaging data Tom ounbr of srs path, are sha Figs. 7-4) and 7.40) The ocean btween observed dats tnd pits | 00 sitisfctr. may be ood tha the parameters thus deemed "eprebent weighted uta Yalu based on tests nder ame of ier pee 79 cone) stress paths The devon besen predictions and observed dat indicates Uhat te gride-oe Hypocastic model may aot be appropiate aii Sei. Hence, the tack precios show diferent gress of coeraton with ‘heer dat or dire’ ste path sanile 72 Colray Re Sunt Fig 7) an (9) sows ou tet ata under CTC lng cot fo Colao ‘River sad ode oy = 230. 460.695, nl 869 pl (600, 3204, 4800 and 1.00 S28 Th ey ads n/n ea ad ie pt 29 “Teele nes i060 om uct and Sun (12 erg Pareto (o's, fore pndecoe unde obtond Wy sae (10) wig» cueing ‘Paco he cones = 2504 898 pk ie 7 es d/o Be ll eo 7-68 ede at 9 Eg (P12 a eo tele) yay On oe io teva bb ing Be 8,19, (2), and (2) te fobolanv8 rpouscety Ou 7 i Fawr 13 contd ales or termine (10 oye 192.800 as=smd618 = 262097 ‘The date cones ia Fig, 7-4) show precios by wing the foegsing ramets The coeiien wih becune fr, © 440 pa wa 90% ed semitone parame, ao waar. The pics fore es ‘ine a sts Fe a (tower, eles at ce "The frog armel were id exalt te bbe and other (thr cnn ts 120, 30, and 00 pl 2 19 0307 Kalo a 1p (i, Vato pares Wee bad fr he prec ees (Eb? ‘he are asesen wee unc Then Mos ce Wee eee ia a, owe 74 Comrren nen cen il pcs deanFees il Greed outieceeay Contig Fae Instr ‘ ce ‘be se tat te god ane ot eat prt th fre evi of hand quite we sample 7) Oriana Sant In ths ample a gadecre Hypoxic model or Otao4 sand i prsonte he ‘cerita veal mre determined by olor (1) sod ete ed by Cone oa none (0 die gad ome mde fri. “Te epenmens wre condo! ing omnia al dose. Cita cal tet apis wee 200 (A0 en) in ameter a 40 in. (100 cm) 9 Meh Sapir wee prepared a tee avai taten, 0865, 059, and O48, and ‘onrpening reste ener were 08, 1, and 96. Farber dea sag Speen cn ean in ele © an Type ers obtained by Hater ‘Uatesbowsin Fa {Gan ta va (expres Bas 1) nd 14 a dyn Ade Aad, (400) Bendy Aude o-)ace pt 0,4 2na 205+ Dee aces ve Be etm (61 Habe et dt at shan SH'The aes fe prams compte by Coon and Esa ae en ag 20 4-9cy Hipeltcey han 7 ee 18 ie omen tienws ipessaety 7 11 aston pate ut by Coo and Ee (6) at same cima of somtinis cade foud oe a reteset et dat the para ahs fen abee hve ten cen tht he el bear tomer tle APPLICATIONS. ‘The hypocastic model esrbed ear inthis chapter could describe eran spect of sesvpathedependem behavior of geelape media A rndeone spots mods hasbeen implemented ina numesal procedure fer song seme boundary value prelems in selena enginsting (10. The inpe= ‘mention of tis mode in a aumerical technique such as he tate cement ‘method eee pec attestion bec the rating centutve mat, ral, s nonymmenc "The material consans used inthe ansbsn were the same at tho given 1 Example 12 forthe Colorado River nd. One of te example problems porte n Ref (0) wl be deserted tric nthe owing seton fo show the applction of the hypeclastic mel for evaluation of dsplacermens and ‘tees sand du fo a footing “The fit element mesh wad in he analy is shown in Fig, 7-8. The inal vera stresses were computed based on the self-veight ofthe si and {hein houona sens were eaclate ing Ky = [~n6, he coset ‘of iateral cart prs at rent here rhe angle eon A yer lead ‘0 60 pi (48 KN) was then applied onthe fotng and Ue analysis was farred ou for 60 Jad increments. Typ! oad-daplacementeaionships ‘few nodal points are shown in Fig. 7-5. The predictions um to be ‘quaitaively reasonable. Although hyposastic meals can be implemented in ‘uel solsion procedure, the computational efor eas be late is gs 19 (on-Sign canesr p ae el 10, in view ofthe nonsymmtric nature ofthe resulting consittve max. One Ivemtoge is thatthe required constitute parameters for wade-one evel Shay ofen be determined from conventions ial tess. This mode, ia [rvera.can be eapleyed for station wth megeenically increasing ad PROBLEMS 711 Show hat for aon me, work 22 wad 0026 Lut tse 91 1.2 Dain nos lor dy/d a e/a freee ypc mn feccovenec! al em C18 (Ia i ae wy ideo snd sl stony toed) 19, Deve te comme lav for aoe dieoa compreion ses poh ft Pascal w [Hea = =~ Onl tenet y= Ra shee p= tng, de coat ae ort pee at en tg i ang of a son} Sarl Sto: Tos aoe cans re $e aya Har tes tae 245 Fae +e nay Hlast ident Gates Wh 6 = Ra mee dy =(A+ Bau ay fy ell 62K) 08 aly, sie Amaya ne whe Hh nia posta es REFERENCES 1. Tee C, "Hype J. Ran: Mech, Anal, V4 19, 89-13 2 Trae C, “Hypo Sea". Ape, Val 27,196 yp 44-40. 4 Gwen, AE, “Hypeaty and Prey, 1," J Raton, Mech, Ana. Vol 5, Ne 3186, pp. TT 4. Edagea A Cx Mona Phy of Conran a, Mir Bos Com pany, Now Yor 862 Ronin, RS. and Biche, JL, “Ste Dloraon RE. or atopic ‘ita Rano. Meh nal Vl 62 Mat 198 pp. 33-25i ivosately chan 7 6 Com M.D, and Evans RJ, "Res Deora of Cbensle Sek Jes Fa Be ASC NP 1. De 8, “Onerven Ted, nd Betws: Tey aA, Fine Ec: Metin Crteaned Easting” Stare! geo ‘m9 o Alo he FEM nov ng Vb Ne 8 Vagnn, 1 Lode? Vs ad Le XU vale of Ter Stee Sela Mode fx Sg” Pr ind et. Ca Niner Mes Care, (Gay cbr, Ver ASC Jue 9% yam 9 Rol Mectanal Ccave Mod oe Egicrng Mater” Report 57798 Us Amy CofE Wass SVs, 1. Mor R, "Fine Bent Anais fx Sunda Hip MnaP, sista, Sate Uni of New Yor: Bate es 1, Holub, 1 “ae Bhar of Coens Sl" J. Sl Mesh. Fan i, ASCE, Val 84, Na SBS New. ich pp TH : 8 QUASILINEAR MODELS ‘A qunstinear mol can be considered an approximation of actual polinear Peuor by wsng extent sens of Iinent Reha. Many ofthe models ‘ed inthe pst (12) apd ase cn pce linear behavior can fall to this atepry in cher words, 2 given noaoear beanor is divided into pies of Tinea as Bebaviog, and very often the iacemental Hook's lwo radecr0 lspoclate lw is asomed dsenbe the baka. Fo each pice Fi. however, the materal parameter 14) K and G or B andr. aze revised bs ‘aking them funtion ofthe tat of see trai). Thus quasiear model ‘tes approvimstes nelieanty by inching the noalnes efi in een tal wo parameters, K and Go Eon. BASIC EQUATION. [Asin Chapter 7, we express the consti equatin for grado-2roineremen {al model an day = Raga 26d, Mea) oy sap de em) {dog} = [Gulu (ste) here m denotes the mt increment of ses (de) and strin (eh. ad (9)the Mee 81s ier or pie ppm, denotes the (ange) consatiee mass tleent othe mth incement (Fig. 8), The magnitude of [Cy] i ferent for diferent inctemons s fen compute a a tangent value at pois within the mth increment. Since [Gq] composed of blk and shear modulo Youngs medals sad Peisu's ‘i itis the angen was ofthese paranetrs that we are intersted in. Foe instance (Eq, 6-180), Kt ooo oo 0 Weal ooo Sym 1, 0 6 a5, 4 26, ‘er 6 and rte ange sera tangent lk ods, epee ences iden of pene hora Davis based Rang We hanging oe usable lbs othe patsnes ol ot me fe anges dung the incremental losing Ths Ihe reason the appeach ‘ec vale paces (VF or able mou mel (VND. ere #2 varie ume mon ae (ale G0) ‘We cane bo parameters, say K, and Go and, ary ding the ‘acremeatl loading, Te my also be pole to ary only on ef them and ep tho other constant. Ths wil depend on the (ype of material. For ‘ramp for straed obese ook the variation in the values of Ky a», nay be msgaiase Suh amatenal can be characterized By keeping oF onan and varying Gof F,. That i, only one paramere varie2 ate eater, guia me tet fe on tte online eles in the tw praen,For tae Kb eee {Suncom ofthe se fe ee Ko Ki net) (Fees) ‘Coupled and Uncoupled Behavior 4s pena ot volume nd hes regne oa meal ‘Tia i prs nate oat ca ce vee den es Isat snes cn cms dermatoses seo FoF) (e30 Jop= Alia.) (8.8) 1 for cotsin muta, we cn sume hat the wo repens are ‘ees he yc st ft ly es emai a’ sae of seat stony sat Sas Then we specialize Eq, (8-3) as : a Fro Fin) (ou) Anpenui) (640) Depending on therm of Fan, was din varus nine od Ie fonctions Fn we citation ee) and (rao one scl Pah a 26hp (8-4) as -K, (ea) \VARIABLE PARAMETER OR VARIABLE MODUL! MODELS ‘A vail parameter (VP) models obtained F, and; provie simation of 1 noniearsreststrain response as sees of linea inrements of pcet [Re 820) Then (fin), ~ 264i) (5) (4), =xauy (3 where mv denotes the increment. The waht of Gand K,_ change from Increment to incfement, bul are usualy assumed to remain constant wit ‘ich increment (te, the sre sain relations are expressed in ems of axial ies 0 or see diferece (0 ~ ,) ves axl Sai, Fi. (6), then F(a) a lead to Alo,-0)= Bnd (660) sd th son relation is expressed in ems of late d= rade, (0) where Ey and rq ae tangent Young's modulus and Poisson's ati, respec Tsay relevant terement ‘Now we consider seme examples of dhe YP models often wed with solution techniques such a te it element wetbod. Consider a smbobe ‘essa cove (Fi, $3) expresied in tems of some Measure of sites enoted BY 8005 ~ #5 Fp ae Pad f train dented ye. (hiner ts Functional Representation ‘As discus in Chapter 5, for nosinesr ana the sod recom puted ah anaes oe ist) derivates he anetions epresning ies sain sper. Hence if the carve in Fig, 83 were exprel by using a mathemati {al Function, we can evaluate te modal at the fest dervatve ofthe fanetion ‘ta pet cevaat fo ave increment. Inthe llowing, we have considered Suter of pons a pei ates of Bas (0, Fp 83. Symotc sor snin ane Tai1 cuties cr. All tessa responses may not be amenable 9 aay one mata cal fupeticn, For instance, often (o, 0) vem [Fig 26) curves ay be simulated by wing a hyperbola oe parabola The presue-volune relaons for materials re tn obtained informs shown ia Fig 4-26) Here it may be ‘mote appropriate to we exponential Tunctons. Ta the following, we stall present some commen Taneons wed for simuaing + given ses Hyperbole. Use of the hyperbola for representing sizes carves (lor scl (i, $4, vas proposed by Konner (3) ands ven by Fig a) + (er) hee and 6, are elated tothe inl slope tangent modus, Fy, and the rye ui te hi oe asymp stress, 10 the eaves a on) 709) es a Shas a cet sete oon ets ee (a ws pee esac ere ee cess i 69) Geb oo a o%) OK (ors na ‘Snee the reponse of many (elo) mea i dependent on ean prnze (p=) or cong ses (). fo 4 ven suo pul te boo ote repeated a sein of cones ferent po 4R)) Tampere ths aes Dunn nd Change he yperia tn cousin wih ie featon toe ial modal abd contin pro Sure propos Dba = Kat (4-100) (s-106) where oF and represen materi pametr snd, the atmosphere Dressed o expres the els a aondmensonl frm. With Eq S10) land the Mohi-Coulenb fate ete, the folowing expression Ter the ‘ange mods can be obtained (5) Ky(1~sindMo,~0) e * Here cs the cohesive strength, ¢ the angle of tion, and, te ratio the shimate tee ofr ses 8-4) similar relation Based on the hyperbole concept was proposed by ull al (7) or he tent Poisons ratio as loale/rs) - a (eng) eum= here GF 0d dae mater parameters, nd (a=a)d Filo, 5 =se#) Decoag + Doing Kurdov/ns" These models cam be simple to wa because only five parameters, bang lice physical mening, ned to be determined. They canbe bland fom nora test data at elindial aaa deve conduct under aie stress pa, sy conventional taal compression (CTO) [Fig -40)}. They angie satciry rests for only amie chs of problems, however. Fer Instance, if we are iereted i srest-formation analyst of ¢ nonlinear seai-ifite mum under a monotonically ineeasig point rsp oa, the ‘esl could be accepuble Hover, for problems involving loading abd “loading, and various sues pats in the Soi, resus fro the hyperbobie imulaon may not be rable, one of the major liitatons being thatthe rode itcades only one sts pu, whereas the loading and/or taleading could aus wide rage of re pats Pig 3-10), As indiaed in Chapters © hd 7 thee model re not able to aceout forthe (conde) diltancy ‘fects. The expression for, los signicance as soon a > 0.8. Hence this tie ctr todas Uwe echo sintcatioa of a gen Carve fora spec Stes path should be ied with cae and cently for cases inven tmoncteic leeing. angle 1 Hype Simon gir hows ast of stern ues or medium deme sind es ying ‘incall deve aa ae dey of abot WW ues treat olin, Dyess (4. The samp wrest cosa der seating presi ‘ten sh ses wes gpd unde the coma cement Tg 8 show pt |e terms of wansiemed prac e/(y 1) and, Thy bet a pas {the nal ranger arnt iene Sevan rom hehe non the eat sag othe sean ron sch devon can ee fr may ‘The traloned plot in Fg. 84 poids aus fa ,~ 1/2) an 1/8= (a, 1), fs ge eve The fae at, By fad et a a chosen) {athe pan, (0) 2) theultimate rang tthe cure od (os) Pig ‘The po of fess 9 on gts al) peo vas fy and "he Krging state es doe fora er Gita eer to tc ein, 6 a 0 (9). Toe vcs he prac fo deg the mel EQ 3) er Tod tobe ge 4 oem et aa TE wonFlees 66 Tamla pow to CTC a $9, ‘The vl of xhson andthe angle of ion cn oun by drag Mobs ces to the est ta (7, 3 foe Sa a qt, he Yale ere owe 1 be C000, and = 33" cape ‘arin (1) ba propre sn und vil shear mods saad by wing probe ast: he shea odin tad the Posse rae made ‘pcs oe rr ear nn apne promo Resilient modulus (12). ‘The concep of resent modus iften ‘sed to characterise materia sich ae gael in pavements and lls ‘lead tack support stsctres The expresien forthe resent meds 1 slaw chat fer the inal mods, in Bg (0) BAKA" (1) B= K(o,) (129) in which and ae material parametes The relent mule f ften afered tothe unloading (eld) ‘modulus dung tess in which lading, unloading and vleaing ae slated der state or cyl (repetive) loading Avent modi 8 eten dei emacs oot venteean it ae 14 I ge inl i tin ce all 319 er 48 Sra cane orate compen et 13,gm $41 Si-nc i ih (0 = i = atten ba 1s the aio of epeated deviatoric wrt (a) — 0) tthe recoverable par ofthe ‘Seal sain i conventional tail deve). Hie we comider tos oss for fll wed ia lood tack support saci athe Tranaportation Tet Cote, Poco, Ceorsdo tals ‘ofthe pblem ae svn in Refs 13 015. Thre diferent so ballast were {Esed by sing the tuly tail device (Fig, 540) and ta conan press, The alts density was 9016/00 (4b g/m) use ©7 shows the ain nie Stabuton Tor ono ofthe ses tte gues 8 to 812 show tpi test rely under HC, CEC, RIC, SS. and RTP es puts ‘ee sea pn et td i non pe 1 Vein tee ac eh ein pee Re 8 Figure 8:13 shows a plot of the esent modus (average slope of the snlang-sloading cr) vermis conning presarea, At = 1K, = E,= {500 ps (897% 10" kPa). The slape ofthe Lie pies the valve on, = 057 Hence he expesson fr F, = 13008" (126)hao oe ee = igus 814 Ramrs-Owed pe "pallets 8 Ramberg-Oogood Type models. The Ramberg-Osgpod (16) mosel as often ben wed for simulating cures for loading unui. and etuvor A sina al was propsed by Richard and Abbot (17) and used ‘a general way by Desai and Wu (18) The expresion for this model in terms fof sess (4) and stan (2, and for angent modus, its st dsvave a point can be ween as (Pap 10) (639) ponte error ramr 35) here, = E~ fy i the meds in plastic ona, he tial mods, the eld pla ros dm a materi parame tha ins the cede the curs I m= I the simulation abore ean be shown lo seduce 1 the hyperboln.The parameter, £,, 8, and mean be deeined using earvesiting proce (18). angle 82 Ramberg Ongod Mode Conidae f sess cues in Fg. #15, The parame for (Fig B19 ae alow alee) due) we #5 Coe sme ing Rano pe ma Bl 16 Tas Rs Bd dep tn ee seg = tn iechineiistnienement an aniet pao eemet eae Tecate: emicte cara ae Sento ning an ne va 15 cry Imre is hero tetwen stains a wo seed pests oh ca, = W=E ICE, Bp B= E/ Ey Bp. Byte aad Eye, ht and 3 Senor te wo en pints. acm sun, canbe eat ton 4 (ea) ‘Spline functions. The wse of spline functions (19) for simalating strescarain cures var propose by Desa (20) A spin function approx Imaes 1 given core by a number of olysomials ofa given degree spanning & rumber of nodes or deta points (Fig #-16. The polynomials ae Sted in sich {way that simulation over the node of sucesve polynomials ss Smbth aste ge 84, Smalsiony wing pine nin el 1.2 ‘can be made without resorting (0a sitle pobyomil ver the complete ‘ange. The Sting bf 4 spline provides an anlycl curve sim to ose ‘htsned by wang «mechanical spline or French cure A splie function provides a soother approximation to the faction it silat and its denvatives Hence tea prone beter approimaton 10 cure and the tangent moll than tat given by we ofthe hyperbola (20) ‘The major drawbacks of ung 1 spine ae tat we seed fit to abun » smooth curve rm (scattered) est dt, and special subroutine needed the computer code to penerate the derivatives or med "AS an example, considera cubic spline (19,20) expres in ters of second desvaves Sta) ele), Ve Al-1 Ge) Needle 619) here 6 <<< A spline funtion ean ako be formed in terms of the ist Aexveive Further duals of splines cam be found in varoun welerenss (9.29, Exponential functions. Sirs strain curves such a hae from pres sure (por /3)-vohume (J) (Fig 17) slaons may be move amenable to mulation By am exponential fenton. Aca show in Fi B17 can be Flew 317 gore fae expres as P=(nt ner (816) ‘wee the intl presse, p, the stent fn volumetric tension, and & Irate pacemetr Variable Media Models ‘A foum of VP models red by Nein tl 21-24 i the variable meat (YM) mode: ths fora is based eset on using K and G as arial. In the gecral eae, we can asume tat both parameters are variable. Thi wll Involve adopting funedona repreenttion for bath K, abd Gin Bq (8-2), Fis conser lipear relations 38 ice tere ny tm (wma) GPa Blan = Go Buen (179) Hose ay = Ky an f= yr the inal vale ofthe atk an shear mx ‘eect Fig 800) nd a and are oer mater parameters. Eau tins (7) are based on the auton tht the vohmesri and shea tchavtorareuncoupid. Sebttaton of Ky and above a Eg) eds to a= (054 0:9) ded + 2+ BfBaa|ide,~$4e.8,) 18) [Now examine typi! states of tran for Eg (18). For siple shear strain fate, weave zene an al ober stan components are eo. Theo for terol srs and i, we have doy =e = day. = day = dey, =0 d,s (00 +P) dea BE +21 Pata de ~ eB") =e + Btn) des (e150)Te ws Qumran eds chaps Integration of Ea (19 gives 2, (199) ‘his meas that forthe simple sear sain sate he model isa notnese ‘elton berween the shear sai and shear ses. ‘Atterative forms of VM models. For one of the alleraies Nein et (21-24 wid Ba (2178) for Kt included the eet of me press In the deseo of G8 C= + 80+ Balin (20) ‘This sees hat volume sain ae independent of hae se bt he ates telanos depen om tsk solumene a shea sts Salan a gs (1) 080 a Ca) pes a= (0% 0) dng, + 2+ BiP-+ BlTan de, Bde By) (821) Under simple shar sate of sin, with zero inal tte of sin, (21)shes dey =e doy = dy ~ doy =0 29) sn e.a= ay a) dB? + 2( B+ Bi9+ Bain dea Mend) (0+ Pala) den (s2m) He l= doy = den — dy 0 an rh iste ae mth (51H) Hee po done i sine ane ak (B-19¢). rc = or rae ile ini, we ee =n dey ad ferqetgce Hamels abate 40 (my 0,934) 8, +285 + Bp Bin Kade" (29) and ayn dg deg=0 2) Aeyraton of Ea 23) leads to mentee (8-24) (62%) which epenent the pf, cue [Fig 6200 Thur the model pres nowinse Behavior Berwesn a, ad ene kd ‘emcen pa UNLOADING AND HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR Until now we have comidered esentialy moptonzallsineressng or derest- ing lad invlvng only lati beh. to realty, however, te chao of ‘seclogicmediasielasio¢ pasic and inveves yma hes epcsented Symbols Fig 16. Ths appt exhibited when the mater nlonded Up to eran pint and then reloaded, doesnot fallow the sane paths ig 88, ‘An improved eam of the plato nati behavioe would ti se ofthe ther) of arene pasty whichis the subject of Chapters 9 12. In the mean, we present lee some dts of somes based on the quasiear modelo aecoustapprosimatly for he amending aa the Byte is bchavon “The approximate model se based on the ide of sighing owing, ‘unloading. reloading mod, aay, and ay especialy (Fg 10, ete sae wed asa general notion. For instance, onside pee eaves In Fig 8180) and (0, Here we can deine louding ulcuding ad roading ‘ode (e250) 4] # -20, (6254) 1 the materi is inthe lnaing age, we wet onding model, 5, or X, and G,:if iis ueadng the loading wodul £300 7 0" Ky 308 ‘Gy are ‘wed and for tloadng We Use Ey andy O€ Gy and Ry. The nextas ee eee eer Fe $18 Hvac taor ‘question that ase rates to how to die the sate at which ankading ‘ecu If the sate of sue afer the erent creme, of Had (9) leer than that atthe end of the prencus increment, mI, we ea asa hat ‘wnoading occurs. This i not as es) ab ft Sounds. For instance, indicated by 2 number of arom in Fig 18a), unloding eta cour ang varios drions. Furthermore, ii pole tht the mate ay kad tt ‘ee mode of deformation. ay shear, bd unload in snober, ay volume: ‘onto ere Behr a (One teri often wed ished on the ato work pefoeme by sreses arog an increment of sean. We wate rate of work 38 =o, (6-260) ‘The rte then expres as Loading aw>o Unloading: aweo (6200) Neral condion: 47 =0 Subatnsing in Bg (26x) ad using the elation Jp = 15,5, we obtain 4/3) aw Sp a (ex ‘Then the eriterin in a, (8-26) canbe expres spaately as Loading: dy? and ol, >0 (em) Unloading: dy <0 and, <0 (ex) Here i an be posible tat we have Hadi in sea, thats > 0, and ‘unloading in mean presure, that i =, and vice versa, Other rer for Teaig and unloading based on sess power are Gscused in Chapter 12 Comments. Although the VM meses can account for Behavior of « Time clan of materia, lodings, and tre pat, hey may at Bersted ot sod geeral ues. Forster because te teh decomp nt ‘olometnc and deviate components, they cannot account forthe vole ‘hange Behavior undersea. The theory of VM model is gous valid for ‘Proportional lading ia sear and comin problem may sae for comples Frets paths where nial Tong in shear vce (21-20) ‘Next we carder some examples of VM model and dedvtion of parameters for MeCormick Ranch sand (21-24) and a ball (13-19, ample MeCormik Ranch Sand [A conprhenv sr fui, dee and conven tal compesica {eu er pestorand user sta and eye for McComie Ranch 25 ‘rina psy and able modal ad wee deve or he sz (21-2 Pipes $19 and 62) show tess fom wml and dose tet repeal ‘Type asta tom CTC tee se sown nF #21 "Hise we prea oe of he VM modes pope DY Bao et (2-29) nd Neon "spre selame when sere bh oa E ete é sib nane{Erhe ost oyé we #1 Ul tw Mica an and Re 31-292 Here 6.8 tmston posi a a ith min presi or byrotatie eb te wes ad rn i ae med yg Be ae Tor the devinore respons, separate vlc forthe shear modulo. Gar defied ‘cele. ling nd can Gira) =G+9iotnreme, pen 64 Hs pon Uist Gol poffn) = G+ tofln* vant rr", pn Bo oe rn (6) Una ayia: 1 ows 99M Racha: snc hyn dig 21-20, Resating Hee the ser mals Gy xsd ate ier combianen of Gy mea Go eal ofa)~ (FE) ool o¥0)+ [1- (36) ool ovo) (om) te th te or on ats ns Fi ad (vafia)= Seals) (e90) Sg he inp eof FThe of Fare hin the rnge OFT heme Ges 680 oansk Ah tlTET we uavinew vedo cha i anh ” 106000 ps o eat Baan mate iad hr eth r les cn ai fm diferent data. Then awh arrgig her ae wed to Mo te nal ef prac tt an be a or oer mar sora, Parameter or he eens VM model fre McCormick send ge by Nekon I and Baton ta 2) arereodiedin Table Fxample Bal i Ral Trask Sagpor Sees alas eres) wea he ead por state he Tang ‘ation Tet Secon, Pal, Clad 3-19, dug be ly wal ese {ig $40) The pain se dtm of of Be ans ed sn Fp Bo Tess were contd ede vert of te pate (ig 81) Figs i 0 812 dow pel dla om ater tes HC, CFC, RTC, $8. and RTE ses pub Toe fling sable mod) mod nas fophcd Tot Toning teh Ke Rt Kili tKily (eg) 6 +1 tral em) poseatons ww By snaing iil vas Ky ad Gyo ep vain nd eoading dnd bya pose of east sau: ane elon ale were un ore prices mBq 33) ye 410 ps (2163 10 RN/eF) Kyo 54017. 0! ps (379% v/a?) = 256% 10 pi (1753 10" aN?) (y= 171410 pa (1.98% 10 Nt) a2 e017 APPLICATIONS. ‘Quasitinear modes have bon commonly sed in noatiner amas oes ‘cal egicenng problems. A fw representative examples have een sles for the purpose of lstating pracicl sppiation to boundary valve prob lems sample #5. Amo Ps ‘plan of te pele sues sain rel is deo in Rel 8 for desi Stee pis in sans. The meh He wen jen with ite hme formalities ef ae pol Atpica ne cmex et ae vp wi unter ‘partic demented nthe ans chown in Fg #22" eae eat ete land hn ben deed ng sae cee “Ta fll le in toss nere ieee ty Akan Lock and Das ‘No 4(LDA} on he has Blea Ark and enel Le L) teHlsc ‘Rive n Lois. Tyl atest paras fer be Jat ner pen ape TAMU Pit Apr Sine Amen De aTak: wren ‘a ave z 7EE we ustnea asd Coan ey A Sn io pn es 1 aa gee 826 Veo ops nee al ee Re 29) 51 pypsine oof fe pcs a for he soe ‘The ans was permed by wing an ncemertaienve prea. A comput he empat and mes lest Sparse cures te el le town Pip 8a) Measured tp hd sad wal aon me compared vith ‘crraprading computed quay a thw in Fi $340) Te seoparsons te onsite fcr oie ses pei Ree 8 an 9 nds sir tes ‘Riou e hyeric med er ote saat er ts example vag ‘Renee sd, grea sppesh'y othe moll Jw nt sper bas ees ‘sien el nde usmle 66 Analy of Labora Tet ‘Ths sable adh ove deeb ia Example 84 and (622) has een Inplemeoted in eujuoon wa a alsa uacon sis G3), ‘hn pple o invent otter exch inmaomponen es ech ‘wok wppon stars), ei fs sppcaton ae gee i cpt ‘eau several eosin media ston Yo the sare oth mo te ‘sola He we gv sn cup of simating » le ' ofr! (sme) cine Fa 24a sae wig the 4 0 (ost) (de dep) 20 (2-57) ‘The second postu imple that inde 20 (os) ‘this stags emo basic sumptions are made 9) 1. There ens surface called the yd sarfoe, which presents the id Jimi asi with state of ses along any stress ath. Only elastic ‘langs of deforaton wil ecu for changes in sess ise the forfse, whe plate deformations soar for al sss paths dicted town! the exer of he yl rice 2, The rion betwee the infitesimal changes of thesis and plastic sain i incr. This imps thatthe sum of pase tia increments ‘buna by two st of sues increments dead de, will bebe same 2 he paste sun intent sulting ton de, = de, + de Further, some eonons shoul he sai to ensure am appropriate ‘serpin ofthe plc prose involved in pute deformations Thee are for concn formulated by Page (1) and these are piven belo. 1. Gann of comity. Let us considera sate of res, whi es on the eld surface An infiniinal change of ste do cats unl (lacing, oF newt loading depentingo® whether theses pth

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