Constraints and Opportunities of Small Ruminant Production in Agaro Town, Jimma Zone

A Senior Research Proposal Submitted to

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension College of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for B.Sc. Degree in

(AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC AND EXTENSION)

ABDIWALI IBRAHIM
AND
MULEGETA NUURI

Major advisor: Mulubrihan Bayissa (M.Sc.)

May, 2017
JIMMA ETHIOPIA
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..........................................................................................................v
List of Tables.................................................................................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................................ vii
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.1 Back ground of the study............................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................................................9
1.3 Objective of the study...............................................................................................................................................10
1.3.1 General objectives................................................................................................................................................10
1.3.2 Specific objective.................................................................................................................................................10
1.4 Research Question.....................................................................................................................................................10
1.5 Significance of the study...........................................................................................................................................10
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE.........................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Theoretical review.....................................................................................................................................................11
2.1.1. Sheep and Goat Production.................................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 Integrating Sheep and Goats in Commercial Crop Production.............................................................................13
2.1.3. Opportunities of Small Ruminants Production....................................................................................................13
2.2.1. Role of small ruminants in Ethiopia....................................................................................................................19
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................21
3.1 Background of study area.........................................................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Geographical location..........................................................................................................................................21
3.1.2. Climate................................................................................................................................................................21
3.1.3 Population............................................................................................................................................................21
3.2 Sampling size and sampling technique....................................................................................................................21
3.3 Types and Source of data..........................................................................................................................................23
3.4 method of data collection..........................................................................................................................................23
3.5 Method of data analysis............................................................................................................................................23
4.1 Household Characteristics........................................................................................................................................24
4.2 Land Utilization of the Respondents........................................................................................................................25
4.5 Feeds and Feeding Systems......................................................................................................................................28
4.7 Extension, cooperatives and credit services for small ruminant production........................................................31
4.8 Current Practices and Constraints of Small Ruminant Production......................................................................32
4.9 Opportunities of Small Ruminant Production........................................................................................................34

ii
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................................................................36
5.1 Conclusions................................................................................................................................................................36
5.2 Recommendations.....................................................................................................................................................38
7. APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................................................... 41

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ALLAH, most gracious and the most merciful, all praises to Allah. He blessed us with good
health, intellectual efficiency, talented teachers and sympathetic friends, whose proper guidance, consistent
encouragement and inspiration enabled us to start this senior research report.

We feel great pleasure and honor to express my heartiest gratitude and deep sense of obligation to our advisor
Mulubrihan Bayissa (M.Sc.) for his keen interest, encouraging guidance, for his valuable advice, insight and
guidance from the initiation to the completion of these senior research report, his open-minded views, help and
valuable suggestions for the successful beginning of this senior research report.

Last but not least, our deepest gratitude goes to our beloved parents, family, and friends who are always with us
in all our life for their encouragement and assistant at day and nights.

iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CSA Central Statistics Authority

EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FOA Food and Agriculture Organization
ILCA International Livestock Center for Africa
PPR Peste Pespetits Ruminants
SDSP Spraying/Dipping Service Providers
SR Small Ruminant
HHs Households
SSA Sub Saharan Africa

M a.s.l. Meters above sea level

ANOVA Analysis of Variances

ILRI International Livestock Research Institute

IPMS Improving Productivity and Market Success

v
 List of Tables

Table.1: household characteristics17

Table.2: Land Utilization.18

Table.3: Purpose of keeping the small ruminants and ranked by owners.19

Table 4: constraints to small ruminant production20

Table.5: Opportunities of small ruminant production ..........22

Table.6: Reasons of housing small ruminants by households (%)25

Table.7: major feeds available and their utilization...26

Table.8: Occasions when households consume small ruminant meat...28

vi
 ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Agaro district of Jimma Zone of Ethiopia with objectives of
identifying constraints and opportunities of small ruminant production practices. Results are
based on survey of 40 sample households and personal observation, which randomly selected
from two kebeles. For this study, primary and secondary sources were used. To achieve the
objectives of the study, combination of suitable qualitative and quantitative data were collected.
The data were organized, summarized and analyzed using SPSS statistical package (SPSS version
16.0.). In Agaro where coffee and chat are the major cash Sources for farmers, small ruminant
are mainly kept for cash generation and saving in time of coffee failure. About 77.5% of the small
ruminant owners reported to keep them for income generation. The second main reason for
keeping small ruminant in the study area was saving purpose for the time of emergence. Keeping
small ruminant for manure purpose was the third important reason. All small ruminants are kept
in house for Protection from adverse weather conditions and predators. The major problems for
small ruminant production and management were: feed and grazing land shortage, diseases and
parasites, Lack of capital/credit, poor management system market availability/marketability in
adequate veterinary coverage feed and grazing land shortage. The important prospects of small
ruminant production and management are, easy to manage, water supply, survival rate during
drought because they have high off-take high market demand and in food and economic security.
The best ways of managing small ruminant are vaccination, housing and slaughter of infected.
Based on the result we recommend that Government, NGO and research center should work
together and give emphasis on improving small ruminant sector and efforts should be made on
improving veterinary service and the feed availability by using feed conservation techniques

Key words: security, constraints, opportunities, small ruminant.

vii
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of the study

Ethiopia has one of the largest livestock population in Africa withthe estimated domestic
animal number of 52.13 million cattle, 24.2million sheep, 22.6 million goat, 2.5 million
camels, 44.89 millionpoultry, 1.96 million horses, 0.37 million mules and 6.4 million
donkeys. Livestock play an important role in providing exportcommodities in a form of live
animals, hides and skins. Despite the large livestock population with high potential for meat
and milk production, a number of factors hindered the development of livestocksector in
Ethiopia (World Bank, 2006). These include poor genetic potential of theindigenous
animals, inadequate veterinary services, shortage of animalfeeds as well as the absence of
good management (CSA, 2011).

In pastoral and agro-pastoral areas like Jimma zone, sheep and goats are important components
of the farming system, which benefitsmall holder farmers in generating cash income as well as
milk. Despite their potential in the area, productivity of sheep and goat remained quite low.
Therefore, it is crucial to systematically describethe production systems in order to plan and
design appropriate research and development interventions that are relevant to the specific
systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess small ruminant productions systems and
to identify challenges and opportunities for small ruminant production in Jimma zone (Belete,
2009).
The Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian farmers project, which is
implemented by ILRI on behalf of the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development, has initiated a series of studies on characterization of sheep and goat
production and their opportunities. The current paper synthesizes and analyses these studies in
order to provide organized information on the characteristics, constraints and opportunities of
sheep and goat production in Ethiopia. The paper concludes by putting forward some possible
strategic intervention areas for improving sheep and goat production and productivity and market
success of farmers and pastoralists (Berhanu et al. 2007).
8
In coffee shaded and cereal /livestock farming of Goma district, sheep and goats are important
components of the farming system which benefit small holder farmers in generating cash income
during the seasons of coffee failure (IPMS, 2007). In these farming systems, small ruminant
keeping and fattening is nowadays becoming a common practice even among young landless
men and women due to ever-increasing prices. Despite their potential in the area, productivity of
sheep and goat remained quite low presumably due to such factors as feed shortage and lack of
veterinary services. Therefore it is crucial to systematically describe the production and
marketing systems in order to plan and design appropriate research and development
interventions that are relevant to the specific systems.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The present level of productivity of sheep and goat in different part of Ethiopia is generally
low, mainly because of under-feeding, this is the most important factors affecting
performance and it can affect the immune system and the ability of animals to fight disease.
The other reason which can affect the productivity of sheep and goat is temperature. It is
the main factor determining productivity in the high land sheep production system.
Moreover, poor management is also the other reason which can affect sheep and goat
productivity; this can cause low opportunities of sheep and goat (Alemu, 2008 as cited in
Asfaw, 2012). Now a day in and around Agaro town there are higher number of flock size
but low income is generated from it, these include poor genetic potential of the indigenous
animals, inadequate veterinary services, shortage of animal feeds as well as the absence of
good management, which indicates that there are factors directly or indirectly influencing
the management of small ruminant or factors that limit the small ruminant production
practices is not well assessed.

Although various research and development activities have been carried out in the past, no
significant increase in productivity was achieved. Therefore, improvement programs are
necessary to increase productivity and sustainable development of small ruminants in different
farming systems of the country in innovative approach so as to meet the demands of the human
population. Therefore, the main focus of this research is to find out the current practices and

9
constraints of small ruminant production and also to identify the opportunities of small ruminant
production practices in the study area.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objectives

The general objectives of the study are to identify constraints and opportunities of small
ruminant production in the study area.

1.3.2 Specific objective

- To identify the current practices and constraints of small ruminant production in the area

- To identify the opportunities of small ruminant production in the study area

1.4 Research Question

1. What are the current practices and constraints of small ruminant production?

2. What are the opportunities of small ruminant production practices?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study would generate useful information in small ruminant production and guidelines for
interventions that would improve the efficiency of small ruminant production system. The
potential users of this finding would be farmers (producers), traders, policy designers, decision
makers, development planners and development agents government and nongovernment
organizations that have an interest to intervene in small ruminant production and opportunities.
Researchers who want further investigation on small ruminant production would use the result
from this study.

1.6. Scope and limitation

This research was conducted in Agaro town which is 50 km from Jimma town. Due to
shortage of time and financial constraint the study was only focused on constraints and
opportunities of small ruminant production found in kebeles of Agaro town

10
 CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical review

Definition: - small ruminant production means generally the production of sheep and goat.
According to system of production the essential facilities of sheep and goats are different. In
modern production system, where large flocks of sheep and goats are raised and managed,
facilities to handle sheep and goats are essential for efficient management. For example, feed
trough and hayracks is one of the facilities of sheep and goat management, for concentrate and
forage feeding respectively where these practices are conducted. The size hayracks and trough
are determined by the body size of sheep and goat and by animals numbers. Moreover, isolation
for sick animals, manure disposal pit (away from house) and equipment (feeding and watering
troughs) are also some of the facilities for small ruminant production (Alemu, 2008 as cited in
Asfaw, 2012).

2.1.1. Sheep and Goat Production

Pastoral system
In this systems are related with agro-ecological zones (AEZ) that are too dry to maintain
cropproduction. These are characterized by little or no crop agriculture and high mobility in
search of grazing andwater.
Under Ethiopian conditions, pastoral systems of production are found at altitudes below 1500
m.a.s.l. andwhere the annual rain is less than 500 mm. The following characterize pastoral
systems:
Livestock are sustained as a major activity. Household revenue comes from livestock or
household food energy is derived directly from livestock or livestock-relatedactivities.
Rangeland is the main land resource. Livestock species consist of camels, cattle, sheep,
goats and donkeys. In recent years, pastoralists haveshown an increasing interest in
keeping larger numbers of sheep and goats.

11
There are more goats than sheepin this system. Milk and meat are the two outputs. In drought
years, goats gain more importance as suppliersof milk to the household. Goats also help to
control shrubviolation.
Pastoralists depend on their livestock not only for their income but also for their survival.
Consequently, riskavoidance is very important to the pastoralist. Livestock management is,
therefore, directed towards riskminimization, which tends to reduce productivity. Pastoralist is
ecologically, economically and sociallyimportant for sustainable development in dry lands
(Tsedeke, 2007; Yeshitila, 2007).
Agro-pastoral system
Normally this is characterized by less integration with crop production as compared to the crop
livestockproduction systems. Producers under this system have a permanent residence and their
movement is limitedin terms of both distance and duration. The system is characterized by a high
degree of dependence on milkand meat production. Some crop agriculture is practiced around the
permanent homestead. This is also a lowinput / low output system. The system is usually
practiced below 1500 m.a.s.l. but with higher rainfall tosupport short season crops compared to
the pastoral system.
Ranching
This types of production is similar to the pastoral systems but with differentproduction
parameters, livestock functions and management. It can be considered as a modern land
usesystem. It is a labor-extensive system focusing on the production of marketable commodities
from one ortwo selected species. This is mostly in the form of producing live slaughter animals
for meat. The keyfunction of the system is to generate cash income.
This is focusedlivestock species and product: Although the most common system is cattle
ranching, sheep andgoat ranching for the production of skins, wool, and meat (Dorper sheep and
Boergoats) survive in various parts of the world.
Intensity and level of development: This system of ranching works with a minimum of fixed
investmentsand extensive management practices. This system requires heavy investment and
improvement practicesand well-planned and executed livestock management and grazing
systems.

12
2.1.2 Integrating Sheep and Goats in Commercial Crop Production
In Ethiopia, sheep and goats can be useful in many commercial cropping ventures, including
fruits, vegetables, and tree crops. As an example, in Southeast Asia, sheep and goats are raised in
plantations producing rubber, oil palm, coconut, coffee, and various fruits.
In many of these systems, herbicide was traditionally used to control weeds and grass that
compete with the main crop for soil nutrients. Sheep and goat grazing is an alternative weed and
grass control method. By using sheep and goats, herbicide use and labor costs for application are
decreased, leading to reduced production costs and fewer harmful chemicals released into the
environment (Endeshaw 2007; Tsedeke 2007; Belete 2009). The animal manure assists in
recycling soil nutrients and improves soil fertility. The animals also become a source of income
for the enterprise when sold.

Contrary to popular opinion, sheep and goats do not ruin the crops. Proper management and
grazing techniques can prevent damage to trees and other crops by small ruminants. Integrating
sheep and goats into commercial crop production systems diversifies production and allows for
two income streams, those from crops and livestock, to be realized from the same plot of land. In
Ethiopia, such integration could occur in coffee plantations, rubber plantations in the southwest
and other tree and fruit crop farms.

2.1.3. Opportunities of Small Ruminants Production

Total number of sheep and goats is estimated to be nearly 48 million (IBC, 2004). Sheep and
goats are widely adapted to different climates and are found in all production system. They also
have lower feed requirements compared to cattle because of their small body size. Their small
size, together with early maturity, makes them suitable for meeting subsistence needs for meat
and milk. This allows easy integration of small ruminant into different farming systems. Human
population growth in Ethiopia is forcing the conversion of many farmer grazing areas into crop-
lands needed for ruminants are becoming increased production. Raising large ruminants are
becoming increasingly difficult as a result of the ensuing lack of grazing area (Markos, 2006).
Land holding in densely populated areas is below 0.5 hectare. In such places, the importance of
sheep and goats in fulfilling the role once played by cattle for meat, milk and manure production
is being increasingly recognized. The increased demand for sheep and goat meat has also

13
increased their importance in low land pastoral areas as a source of cash income, food security
(Berhanu et al., 2006).
Increasing domestic market
Production of sheep and goat meat is a favorite in Ethiopia. There is already a large market for
sheep and goat in the country. However, per capita meat consumption in Ethiopia is low,
particularly in rural areas where the majority of the population resides. Per capita beef, mutton
and goat meat consumption is estimated to be 33.0, 22.4, 9.1 kg/capita per year, respectively in
urban areas, while these values drop substantially to 6.6, 3.4, 3.0 kg/ capita per year in rural areas
(Asfaw and Jabbar 2008).
The domestic market for sheep and goat is expected to grow with increasing population size,
urbanization and changing life style, and per capita income. Population censuses in Ethiopia
show increasing human population. Asfaw and Jabbar (2008) estimated a growing trend in total
live animal equivalents consumed from 1.3, 4.0 and 2.3 in 2001/02 to 1.5, 4.5 and 2.6 million
heads in 2005/06 for cattle, sheep and goat, respectively. Such a high and increasing domestic
demand for sheep and goat is expected to adversely affect the export supply unless livestock
productivity and production is improved.

Expanding rising export market

There is an unmet demand for live animal and meat export market opportunity, particularly for
sheep and goat and an expanding skin export market. This opportunity enhances the market
successes of producers, traders and export abattoirs and increases foreign currency earnings. Skin
and hides export is already one of the major foreign exchange earning commodities for Ethiopia.
Currently the major source of sheep and goat for the export market are the remote lowland
pastoral areas. The price margins for sheep and goat in these areas are fairly low and the
competition with domestic market for local consumption is less stiff. The situation in the highly
populated central parts of the country, which currently contributes insignificantly to the export
market, differs with respect to domestic market demands and prices. There is a need to assess the
factors affecting the supply and demand for sheep and goat from these regions considering the
domestic vis--vis export market. The export market will have to compete with the growing
domestic demand for sheep and goat meat, particularly in the central parts of the country.

14
Expanding sheep and goat production through encouraging large-scale production and increasing
productivity in smallholder systems is required.
Furthermore, there is a need to meet the diverse export market demand regarding carcass classes
in terms of age, carcass weight and quality (particularly lean to fat ratio).
Technical solution could include targeting potential local and exotic breeds and developing
feeding packages to meet export requirements. A long-term option with regard to expanding the
export opportunity is accessing into European meat markets, especially with organic meat
products. Supporting regulations, however, need to be devised if producers are to reap a fair
share of this opportunity.

High off take

Due to their short reproductive cycles and high incidence of multiple births, there is potential for
a higher animal off take of sheep and goats than seen with cattle. This allows farmers/producers a
quick interval of selling part of their flock and generating cash income (FAO, 2004).

In food and Economic security

Sheep and goat are among the major economically important livestock in Ethiopia. There are
about 23.62 million sheep and 23.33 million goats (IBC, 2004) in the country. Thy provides their
owners a vast range of products and sent services such as meat, milk, skin, hair, hors, bones,
manure and urine for an, security, gifts, religious rituals, medicine, etc.
Sheep and goats are relatively cheap and one often the first asset acquired, through purchase or
customary means, by a young family or by a poor family recovering from disaster such as
drought or war sheep and goats, once acquired, become valuable asset providing security to the
family as well as milk and dairy products. In the subsistence sector, farmers and pastoralists
depend on small ruminant for much of their livelihood often to a greater extent than cattle,
because sheep and goats are generally owned by the poorer sectors of the community. Any
intervention that improves the productivity of sheep and goats is important in creating wealth and
improving the standard of living of resource poor farmers (Wondowesen, 2003).

15
2.1.4. Sheep and goat production constraints in Ethiopia

A multitude of technical, institutional and socio-economic problems constrain sheep and goat
productivity, as reported by producers. Prevalence of disease and parasites and the resulting high
mortality and morbidity rates are the major problems. High mortality is the major factors for the
observed low sheep and goat off-take rates in Ethiopia. Other technical constraints include
shortage, seasonal unavailability and low nutritive value of feeds. Lack and low adoption rate of
improved technologies, unavailability and /or inaccessibility of inputs, inappropriate delivery
methods of extension messages are further problems constraining livestock production (Adams
and Gorton, 2009).

Feeds and feeding

Feed shortage is one of the limiting factors for increasing production and productivityof small
ruminant in most of the agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia. In the extensivelowland crop
livestock system, feed availability in terms of quantityas perceived by farmers is better than in
other ecologies. This could be due to the vastgrazing land available, low stocking rate and the
availability of stubble grazing and cropresidues from extensive cropping. The gravity of feed
shortage in quantity can be seenfrom the feed balance in the highland and lowland.

According to van valenderen (1985) adult animals losses 22% of their body weight while
average daily gain in lambs have been reported to be lower by 30% during the cropping
seasons. Moreover, forage development has been given less attention (Belete, 2009, 2010). In the
high land and available for grazing and browsing is rapidly decreasing due to the increased
human population and demand for cropping land (Said and Tolera, 1991). The efficient
utilization of crop residues as animal feed is also limited by their seasonal availability (Jahnke,
2007).

16
Diseases and parasites

These constraints are the major constraints to improved small ruminant productionand
productivity in most production systems/agro-ecological zones. Health problemscause high
mortality and reduced reproductive and growth performances resulting inreduced output per
animal and flock off-take rates.
There is an institutional dimension to the health problem, which is inadequate veterinaryservice
delivery. Problems related to service giving include absence of preventive veterinaryservices
such as vaccination and accessible and adequate veterinary clinics resulting inunethical and
inappropriate use of drugs from illegal sources. Although the magnitude ofanimal health service
problem is immense in many parts of the country, it also varies withgeographic/ecological
locations. For instance, absence of veterinary drugs and services is
a major problem in the remote lowland areas circumstances, it is a common practice to see
farmers and pastoralists purchase (often fromillegal sources) and apply various drugs without
any regulation and training.

In Ethiopia, significant losses result each year from death of animals, inferior weight gain,
condemnation of edible organs and carcass at slaughter due to helminths (Biffa etal, 2006).
Helminthosis is of considerable significance in a wide range of agro climatic zones and
constitutes one of the most important constraints to small ruminant production in Ethiopia
(Bekele,1991,Tembely etal,1998,2000 Haile etal,2002,Rege et al,2002).The pervasive occurrence
of parasitic infections in grazing animals, the associated loss of production, the cost of
antematics, death of infected animals and increasing frequency of drug resistance are all major
concerns . Body weight losses in sheep due to endoparasistism in Ethiopia could range from 3-
8% (Bekele, 1991) control measures against internal parasites known so far include the use of
chemotherapy (anthemintics) and or controlled grazing, exploiting genetic variation in host
resistance to end parasites and improved nutrition to aid the development of immunity (Wallace
et at,1995).Moreover, several species of nematodes ,mainly gastrointestinal methods causes high
mortality amongst kids and lambs and reduce benefits of keepers (per yet al ,2002.,Solomon et
al,2006).

17
Water shortage: Water shortage is also reported as limiting factors in most low land areas to a
limited extent in mi d altitudes. In eastern, north eastern and south eastern part of the country
there is critical shortage of water, however, SRs are somehow adapted to these agro-ecologies
requirements. As population increases further and land holding decreases, the role if cattle as
compared to small ruminants may be reduced (Jahnke, 2007).

18
 2.2 Empirical Review

2.2.1. Role of small ruminants in Ethiopia

According to Deleeuw and Rye (2004), Small ruminants production is an important agricultural
enterprise in Ethiopia. There is no exact figure representing the countrys sheep and goat
population. It is reported that the country has large sheep population (CSA.2006)and diverse
tradition a sheep breeds spread across diverse ecology, communities and production systems
(Solomon et al, in press ).The Ethiopian production sheep population is estimated at 25.4 million
sheep Beyene, (1998). However, a census conducted during the 1994/95 agricultural sample
survey by the central statistics authority (CSA) indicates that there are only 12million sheep
(CSA, 1996). This survey excluded Eritrea and did not cover the entire Somali region of
Ethiopia, which partly explains the lower estimate than the previous one. Since it is assumed that
some 70-75% of Ethiopia; sheep population is found in the high lands.

According to Galal (2001), Ethiopias current sheep population including the Somali region
could be about 20 million. On the other side, it is reported that there are 24 million sheep in
Ethiopia, mainly owned by small holder farmer. Approximately 75%of sheep are kept on small
scale mixed farming in the high land regions which are located at more than 1500m above sea
level and receive more than 700mmof annual rainfall while the remaining 25%are found in the
low lands (EMA, 1981). Ethiopia is not only rich in sheep number, but also rich in sheep genetic
diversity that has been developed by natural selection. According to Daba (2015), although the
total annual mutton and lamb production in Ethiopia has been decreasing by about 5%over the
last eight years, It is still the largest value of meat produced (About 80000MT) in major sheep
producing countries expect South Africa.

19
This could mainly be attributed to the high population size rather than productivity per head .At
the national level ,sheep /goat account for about 90%of the live animal /meat and 92% of skin
and hide export trade value (FAO, 2004 ).At the farm level, sheep contribute as much as 22-63
%to the net cash (Zelalem and Fletcher,1993 and the high lands, sheep are kept in Small flocks
of about 5 sheep per house hold by nearly 40%of all small holders .

However, at higher attitudes (2800-3000m) one can find flocks with 30to more than 100 sheep.
Sheep production in the crop /livestock production systems of the high land areas has a very
important role in contributing to the food security as well as in generating direct cash income.

2.2.2 Contribution of sheep and goats to food security and household economy

According to Zelalem and Fletcher (2008), in terms of tropical ruminant livestock unit, sheep
and goats represent only 13%of the estimated total Ethiopian ruminant livestock population but
contribute highly significant product (EARO, 2000). Sheep and goats provide about 12%of the
value of livestock products consumed and 48%of the cash income generated at farm level,
46%of the value national meat production, 25%of the domestic meat consumption with
production surplus, 58%at the value of hide and skin production 40%of fresh skins and 92%of
the value of semi-processed skins and hides.

According to Ibrahim (2008), farmers use sheep and goat generate cash when the environments
harsh, e.g. During drought years and are sold to raise money to replace large ruminants lost
during droughts (spreading risk). Sheep and sheep and goats also meet social and cultural needs
(e.g. payment of dowery, celebrations and gifts to family members) (Ibrahim, 2008). Sheep and
goats are considered as investment and insurance to provide in come to meet seasonal purchases
at food, improved seed, fertilizer and medicine during seasons of crop failure and drastic drop of
crop prices for rural households (Berhanu, 2006). Given these advantages sheep and goats are
found in many small holder settings as an integral component of the farming system (Nategize,
2002) enhancing the sustainability of the system.

20
 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Background of study area
3.1.1 Geographical location

Agaro is town in south western part of Ethiopia in Oromia region and one of the 13 towns
of Jimma zones. It is administrative center of Gomma woreda and has 5 kebeles. This town
located 390 km from Addis Ababa and 50 km from Jimma town. It lies between 7 o 51N
and 360 35E, with altitudinal ranges from 1387 to 2870 m above sea level (Gela, 2012).

3.1.2. Climate
Agaro has 5 main rainy months in a year, extends from June to October and 2 small rainy
month from March to April. The average rainfall is 1524mm and mean monthly
temperature varies from 12.670c 270c. Agro ecologically Agaro town is classified as 96%
wet weina dega and 4% kolla (Gela, 2012).

3.1.3 Population

According to 2007 national census reported a total population for this town of 25,458, of
whom 12,946 were men and 12,512 were women.

3.2 Sampling size and sampling technique

The study will be undertaken in Agaro town. We use mult-stage random sampling. Agaro town
was selected from districts of Jimma zone purposively keeping in view the availability of small
ruminant sector and accessibility of the district with the available resource and time. We were
select two kebele purposively among five kebeles and 40 households by lottery method through
probability proportion to size.
Numbers of households in kebele 01 =8322
Numbers of households in kebele 02 =8517
Total population of 01 and 02 kebele=8322+8517=16839

n= 16839__ = 99
1+16839(0.1)
21
Our target population from 16839 is 99 target group, those have small ruminants.
Then by using proportional sample size we reduce the number of respondent from 99 to 40
household.

From kebele 01 from kebele 02

8322 = 40 01 =20 8517 = 40 02=20

3.3 Types and Source of data

For this study, primary and secondary sources were used. To achieve the objectives of the
study, combination of suitable qualitative and quantitative type of data were collected.
Qualitative data were generated to supplement quantitative analysis. It was collected from
various sources including documents, books reports, internet and other available written
materials which support the study.

22
3.4 method of data collection
To collect quantitative data, semi-structured interview schedules we were used. In
additional to questionnaire personal interview and observation were used. For the purpose
of qualitative data collection, checklist were prepared and employed as an instrument.
Secondary information was collected from secondary sources of data which are written in
governmental offices, by reading books and different materials. Data related to small
ruminants production affairs were collected from different governmental organizations like
Kebele Administrators, ministry of finance and ministry of agriculture.

3.5 Method of data analysis

The data were organized, summarized and analyzed using SPSS statistical package (SPSS
version 16.0.). Quantitative information was analyzed by using descriptive data analysis
method such as table and percentage, which describe the collected data to clearly
understand by the readers. In describing results of analysis wherever appropriate, the
numbers of households providing data are included in each table.

23
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Household Characteristics

Table.1: household characteristics
Descriptors Frequency Percent Mean

Age group of HH heads

Less than 30 10 25

31-65 27 67.5 43.85

Above 65 3 7.5

Total 40 100.0

Sex of HH heads
Male 32 80.0

Female 8 20.0

Total 40 100.0

Religion of HH heads
Orthodox 15 37.5

Protestant 4 10.0

Muslim 21 52.5

Total 40 100.0

Educational level of HH heads

Illiterate 10 25.0

Literate 30 75.0

Total 40 100.0
Source: our survey 2017
In the study area, the mean age of the respondents was 43.8500 years and the majority of
the small ruminants owning households were male headed (80%) while only small
proportions (20%) were headed by females. The majority of the households were Muslims
(52.5%) followed by Orthodox Christians (37.5%) and Protestant (10%).The majorities
75%) of the interviewed household heads were literate while 25% of them were illiterate

24
4.2 Land Utilization of the Respondents
Table.2: Land Utilization
category No of hectare Frequency Percent
0.25-1 hectare 9 22.5

1.25-2 hectare 13 32.5

Own land
2.5-4 hectare 11 27.5
Non-land - 7 17.5
Total 65.5 hectare 40 100
Source: our survey 2017

As the response from respondents, out of 40, 82.5% of the respondents had own land. But the
remaining 17.5% of the respondents were not land owners. Because, during the distribution of
the land tillers. They were not matured and take into account in the receiving land. But they are
living with contract as well as trading some small business.

As the shown in the (table.2), 22.5% of the respondents had 0.25-1 hectare, 32.5% of the
respondents had 1.25-2 hectare of the land, 27.5% of the respondents had 2.5-4 hectare of land
and 17.5% of the respondents had no land.

4.3 Purpose of Keeping the Small Ruminants

Table.3: Purpose of keeping the small ruminants and ranked by owners in the study area.

Households ranked purpose of

keeping small ruminants
purpose ______________________________________
Income Saving Meat Manure
1st
6 0 2 0
2nd
22 9 0 0
3rd
0 1 16 1
4th
3 18 5 0

Source: our survey 2017

25
In Agaro district, small ruminants are kept for different purposes (Table 3). About 77.5% of
the small ruminant keepers keep them mainly for income generation.

Similar to this finding, small ruminants are reared in many parts of the country mainly for
income generation.
The second main reason for keeping small ruminant in the study area is for saving purpose.
According to the interviewed household in the area, coffee is the main cash crop followed by
chat. For most farmers, however, their economic profitability is highly limited by various factors.
In most cases, there is fluctuation of coffee yield; so farmers nowadays keep small ruminants as
saving and insurance. Keeping small ruminant for meat and manure purposes were ranked as
third and fourth important reason respectively.

4.4 Reasons of housing small ruminant production

Table.4: Reasons of housing small ruminants by households (%).
Particulars Frequency Percent
predators 20 50.0
Bad weather 11 27.5
Supplementation 9 22.5
Total 40 100.0
Source: our survey 2017

Small ruminant housing: About 50.0%, 27.5% and 22.5% shelter their sheep and goats for
reasons of protecting from predators, bad weather and to provide supplement in the evening
respectively (Table 4). Small ruminants are sheltered for protection in most rural communities
such as, in Agaro area and however, places of sheltering and type of house were varying.
The other important way to improve small ruminant production is slaughter of infected one,
from interviewed household 25% reported that slaughter of infected one is important to restrict
the infection of others. It may be economically and technically advantageous to slaughter the
infected animals to prevent further spread of the disease.

26
4.5 Feeds and Feeding Systems
Table.5: major feeds available and their utilization

Frequency Percent
Feed Source
Communal land 31 77.5

Grazing riverside 30 75.0

Road side grazing 29 72.5

Grazing aftermath 23 57.5

Indigenous browses 22 55.0

crop residues 20 50.0

Source: our survey 2017

Feed problem is one of the major factors that hinders the development and expansion of
small ruminant production management. The main feed resources to animals in the district
are natural pasture, crop residues, stubble, grazing from fallow lands, forest and shrub
areas. Among the feed resources, grazing and crop residues contribute the largest source of
feed to livestock in the study area which is the case in most developing countries.

Grazing is the common feed source for small ruminants in the study area. Common forms of
grazing and non-conventional feed sources are given in table 6. Communal grazing land,
roadside grazing, riverside grazing, aftermath grazing are the major types of grazing for sheep
and goats. From the interviewed Households, 77.5%, 75.0%, 72.5%, 57.5%, 55.0% and 50.0% of
them utilize communal grazing, riverside grazing, roadside grazing, grazing aftermath,
indigenous browses and crop residues respectively. Although there is difference in utilization
across months of the years, communal grazing lands are utilized throughout the year. Indicated,
that natural pasture is the main feed resource for small ruminants and cattle. The availability and
quality of forages are not favorable and uniform in nutrient quality all year round. As a result, for
animal that is not supplemented the gains made in the wet season is totally or partially lost in the
dry season. Indigenous browses are other sources of feed in the study area especially for goats
while concentrates are not common.

27
 Grazing river side is utilized in dry season and short rainy seasons while intensity of its
utilization then declines until October. This may be due to the utilization of communal grazing
lands in wet months. During the rainy seasons farmers do not cut browses to feed small
ruminants cut-and-carry is much common during the dry season. Grazing aftermath is an
important source of sheep and goat feed from the start of the dry season to the start of the short
rainy season after which their importance declines. Indigenous browses are important sources
animal feed from October to May when other sources of feeds are becoming course and low in
quality.

In Agaro there is a wide utilization of non-conventional feed sources such as chat left over, home
left over, fruit left over, enset and banana parts, weeds and crop tillers and fillers. From the
interviewed households, 83.5% fed their animals with chat and home left-over. According to
them, after being utilized by family members chat is not dropped rather collected and put for
small ruminants. So its utilization was throughout the year for most of the households. Gazing
lands are communally owned while some households have small private grazing areas locally
called kallo between their cropping fields. While working on their cropland they keep their
animal with them in these small grazing areas.

4.6 Consumption of Small Ruminant and Their Products

Table.6: Occasions when households consume small ruminant meat
Occasions Frequency Percent
Holidays 35 87.5
weeding 20 50.0
when animal available 24 60.0
Births in family 19 47.5
18 45.0
Guests
29 72.5
Circumcise
18 45.0
Funerals 32 80.0
Crop(coffee) harvest
Source: our survey 2017

In Agaro district, small ruminant meat was consumed during various occasions.

28
However, the time is mostly restricted to holidays and some occasions like weeding, births
in a family, funerals and during coffee harvest (Table 6). The majority (87.5%) of
households consume meat during festival times while 80 % of households consume small
ruminant meat during coffee harvest season. According to the interviewed Households,
slaughtering small ruminants when coffee is to harvest is a common among farmers in area
in good coffee years. Weeding time (50.0%) is also a time when small ruminants are
slaughtered. Other reasons include birth in family (47.5%), during hosting guests (45.0%)
and circumcision (72.5%) and funerals (45%).

All interviewed farmers reported they sell the skin of small ruminants after slaughter. This may
be due to higher price for the skin. Farmers sell skin to any agent in nearby town within a day
time. No farmer responded as preserving small ruminant skin immediately after flaring.

4.7 Extension, cooperatives and credit services for small ruminant production

In spite of extension activities in various aspect of agriculture, there has not been any
specific extension package for small ruminants provided by NGOs or GOs in the district.
The major focal areas in Agaro include coffee production, distribution of improved
seedling, grafting methods, seed collection and processing, tropical fruit production,
improved seed distribution and management. Agaro being a potential area for apiculture,
there were also efforts to distribute hives.

Only one-fifth of interviewed households were members of different types of cooperatives.

There are NGOs and GOs that provide credit in the Agaro district. Their focus is mainly on
coffee processing, small ruminant and cattle fattening. They usually give credits for the
group that forms cooperatives. Except the fattening activities, the role of credit services and
cooperatives is limited in small ruminant production.

29
4.8 Current Practices and Constraints of Small Ruminant Production

Table 8: constraints to small ruminant production

Constraints
Frequency Percentage Rank
Problem of diseases 34 85.0 1st

Feed and grazing land shortage 29 72.5 2nd

In adequate veterinary coverage 26 65.0 3rd

Poor management system 24 60.0 4th

Lack of capital/credit 22 55.0 5th

Market availability 18 45.0 6th

Source: our survey 2017

Diseases hamper small ruminant production by causing high mortalities especially among
suckling animals. From interviewed households, 85.0% indicated diseases and parasites to
be among the major constraints for small ruminant production in the area.
Feed and grazing land shortage particularly communal grazing land is one of the limitations
for small ruminant production in the area. From the interviewed households, 72.5% of the
respondents reported feed and grazing land shortage in the area. And it was further
worsened by the lack of awareness and practice of feed conservation techniques. Moreover,
forage development has been given less attention. And also grazing land is shrinking due to
increasing human and animal population and increased cropping. Farmers also complained
that due to climate variability, there is no regular rainfall which aggravates feed shortage
and make worse the pest and insects that attack grazing land.

30
Problems of in adequate veterinary coverage, Poor management system, Lack of
capital/credit and Market availability/marketability constitute 65%, 60%, 55% and 45% of
the constraints mentioned by the interviewed households.

In addition low productivity and various diseases were the major constraints that faced
sheep and goat production in the areas. Due to poor veterinary services, the livestock in
general, sheep and goat in particular were highly affected by certain diseases. Inadequate
nutrient intake by the animals aggravated the situation. Small ruminants in the study areas
survived entirely on natural grasses. These unimproved grasses were low in nutritional
value, mineral content and their quality normally deteriorated especially during dry seasons.
Shortage of grazing land, poor soil fertility, deterioration of natural resource and unreliable
rainfall were the main factors contributing to the deficiencies of feed supply in the areas. In
the study areas, utilization of agro-industrial by products and cultivated forage was not
common. Another constraint of small ruminant production in the areas is the lack of
consistent marketing of the animal. Lack of adequate financial resources and the absence of
credit services were also obstacles for improving the small ruminant production
management in the survey area.

However according to key informants the current practice of small ruminant production is
good. It provides the job opportunity and income source for landless young people, and also
they are easy to manage than livestock.

4.9 Opportunities of Small Ruminant Production

31
Table.9: Opportunities of small ruminant production and management

Opportunities Frequency Percent Rank

Easy to manage 34 85.0 1st

Water supply 28 70.0 2nd

High market demand 24 60.0 3rd

In food and economic security 19 47.5 4th

Expending export market 16 40 5th

Source: our survey 2017

Agaro is one of the districts in Oromia that is known for coffee production. However, the
Productivity and the price of coffee have been highly variable. So farmers face income shortage
during times of coffee failure. The integration of small ruminant production is important as they
can be intermediate cash sources during coffee failure time.

Moreover, their high turnover rate, easy to be managed by children and women are advantages
to be integrated with crop production. From interviewed households, 85.5% indicated small
ruminants are easy to manage than livestock, and it also considered as the most opportunities that
facilitate small ruminant production and management.

Agaro is also highly endowed with natural forests and various annual and perennial plants that
can be potential feed sources for small ruminant. The vegetation is endowed with spicy herbs
that give demandable aesthetic property of the meat which may be valued for export markets.
Moreover, the area receives enough amount of rainfall that can be used to develop various types
of grasses, legumes and browses through different production strategies.

From the interviewed households, 70 % of the respondents reported water supply is the
second important opportunities for small ruminant production. Landless youth and farmers,
retired people and other members of society can be engaged in fattening activities that
make them benefited as result of high market demand and higher prices. From the

32
interviewed households, 60%, 47.5% and 40% of households reported that high market
demand, in food and economic security and Survival rate during drought are some of the
opportunities for small ruminant production in the study area (table.9).

High demand of the small ruminants in the local market as a result of population increase,
Urbanization, and increase in income (even within a district) can be considered as an opportunity
for the small ruminant producers. It is evident that there was high consumption of meat during
crop (coffee) harvest and less volume of animal were taken out of Agaro.

CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

Small Ruminants are integral part of livestock keeping in Ethiopian farming and pastoral
Community and they are mainly kept for immediate cash sources, milk, meat, wool,
manure, and saving or risk distribution. They also play important role as sources of foreign
33
currency through export of live animals or their products. In Ethiopia small ruminant
production lack reliable marketing outlets that could provide the full benefits of indigenous
small ruminant resources. Various constraints limit small ruminant production in Ethiopia
that needs to be addressed by systematically describing the production and marketing
systems thereby planning and designing appropriate research and development activities
that will be relevant to specific systems.

The major purpose of this study was to generate baseline information on small ruminant
Production and management and the associated challenges and opportunities in Agaro
district, western Ethiopia. Agaro is one of the districts in Oromia known for coffee
production receiving reliable rainfall throughout the year; as a result agricultural activity
has not been limited by rainfall.

Results are based on survey of 40 sample households and personal observation, which
randomly selected from two kebeles.
In Agaro where coffee and chat are the major cash Sources for farmers, small ruminant are
mainly kept for cash generation and saving in time of coffee failure. About 77.5% of the small
ruminant owners reported to keep them for income generation. The second main reason for
keeping small ruminant in the study area was for saving purpose.

Keeping small ruminant for manure purpose was the third important reason. Other
important reasons included for meat production and for risk distribution.

The principal feed sources in the study area were communal grazing, roadside grazing,
riverside grazing, grazing aftermath, indigenous browses and crop residues. All small
ruminants are housed for Protection from adverse weather conditions and predators. The
major problems for small ruminant production and management were: feed and grazing
land shortage, diseases and parasites, Lack of capital/credit, poor management system
market availability/marketability in adequate veterinary coverage feed and grazing land
shortage.

34
The important opportunities of small ruminant production are, easy to manage, water
supply, survival rate during drought, high market demand and in food and economic
security. The best ways of managing small-ruminant are vaccination, housing and
slaughter of infected. In spite of extension activities in various aspect of agriculture, there
has not been any specific extension package for small ruminants provided by NGOs or
GOs in the district.

5.2 Recommendations

Feed shortage and disease prevalence were the two most important sheep production
constraints and therefore efforts should be made on improving veterinary service
and the feed availability by using feed conservation techniques

Government, NGO and research center should work together and give emphasis on
improving small ruminant sector.

35
 Improve market infrastructures and linkages between producers and other market
actors require attention for better satisfaction producers and consumers.

Farmers has to focus small ruminant production with crop production for solving
shortage of feed

The females should be motivated by farmers and concerned government and non-
government body to participate equally with male in small ruminant production
practices

An extension package that is intended to improve the economic contribution and

Productivity of small ruminants should also be designed.

6. REFERENCES

Adams Jane, and D. Gorton, 2009 this land Aunt my land. The Eviction of share croppers
by the farm security Ad minis tradition, Agricultural History, 83 (Spring2009), 232-51).

Alemu, 2008. Nutrition and feeding of sheep and goats. M.Sc. Thesis. Hawassa University,
Awassa, Ethiopia

Asfaw, 2012. Assessment on the production and marketing system of small ruminant
management in Gama woreda, Jimma, Ethiopia

Belete Shinkut.2009 production and marketing systems of small ruminants in Gomma

distinct of Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia

36
Berhanu G, D. Hoekstra and AzezeT. 2006. Improving the competitiveness of Agriculture
Input markets in Ethiopia: Experiences since 1991. Paper presented symposium on seed
fertilizer technology, cereal productivity and pro-poor Growth in Africa: time for new
thinking 26th

Daba, 2011. Small ruminant production and marketing system in coffee producing woredas
of Iluabbabor Zone of Oromia regional state, south western Ethiopia.

Deleeuw and Rye, 2004. ESAP (Ethiopia society of animal production) 2006.institutional
arrangement and challenges in market oriented livestock Agriculture in Ethiopia;
proceedings of the 14th annual conference of the Ethiopia society of animal production
(ESAP)held in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia,September 5-7,2006.ESAP.Addis Ababa, (1-20) pp.

FAO,2004.Triennina conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economics

(IAAE).

Galal, 2001. Productivity and health of indigenous sheep breads and crop breads in the central
Ethiopian high lands.

Ibrahim. 2008. Country pastures /Forage resources profiles; Ethiopia. Food and
Agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO), Nairobi, Kenya

Jahnke, 2007.Bach district, livestock development, animal health and marketing agency,
annual report.

Markos, 2006. Livestock marketing in Ethiopia; Areview of structure, performance and

development initiatives. Socioeconomics and policy Research Working paper 52.ILRI
(International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.

Perry et al, 2002. Control of sheep and goat skin disease, in Alaba woreda, southern
Ethiopia.M.sc thesis Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia.

Gela.2012. Study on constraints facing urban dairy farmer in Agaro town, Jimma, Ethiopia.

Teklu T. WilferdM. And Hugov.2005Gender differentials in small ruminant livestock

production in the central high lands of Ethiopia ESAP (Ethiopian society of Animal

37
production).proceedings of 6th annual conference if the ESAP held in Addis Ababa
Ethiopia August 14-15May 1998.pp19-27.

Wondowesen, 2003. Studies on performance potential of Somali goats in East wollega and
West shoa zones, Ethiopia. Eth. J. Anim. Prod. 5(1)-2005: 33-42

World Bank, 2006. Contribution towards a plan for sheep and goat researched
development. Washington Dc

Zelalem and Fletcher, 2008.contract choice in Modern Agriculture; cash Rent versus crop
share Journal of law and economics.

38
 7. APPENDIX

Questionnaire for Constraints and Opportunities of Small Ruminant

In Agaro Town
1. Enumerators Name_________________________
2. Date of Interview_____________
3. Place Name _______________
Part One: Socio- Demographic Factor
1. Name of the respondent
____________________________
2. Kebele______________________
3. Sex of respondent
Male Female
4. Position in household ______________
Head spouse
5. Religion __________
1 Orthodox 4 Wake feta
2 Protestant 5 other
3 Islam
6. Family size
A, children (<15 years: female _______ male ___________
B, adults productive (15-65): female_________ male ___________
C, adults non- productive (>65) female ____________ male ___________
7. Educational level of family members
7.1 illiterate ______________
7.2 grade 1-6 ____________
7.3 grade 6-12 ___________
7.4 higher education ____________

39
Part Two: Socio- Economic Factors
1 Do you own land? 1. Yes 2. No
2 If yes, mention the source and size of farmland?
1. Own farm size____________________
2. From share cropping________________
3. Rented from other source______________
3. Total land size covered by all crops______________
1. Coverage of coffee farm__________________
2. Coverage of maize farm_____________________
3. Coverage of haricot bean farm_____________________
4. 4. Others specify __________________________________________

Part Three: Purpose of Managing Sheep and Goats (Rank Them)

1. Income (sale) 2. Meat
3. Milk 4. Manure
5. Sacrifice (rituals) 6. Social/cultural function
7. Saving (Insurance) 8. Other, specify_______________
Part Four: Constraints of Sheep and Goat Production

1. What are the major constraints that hinder production of sheep and goats in this
area?
1=Disease and parasites
2= Shortages of feed and grazing land
3=Water shortage
4=Labor shortage
5= in adequate/lack of extension and support
6= in adequate veterinary coverage
7= Marketing problem
8= in adequate/lack of input

40
 2. Is the current practice of small ruminant production good?
1= Yes 2= No
If yes, or no
Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

1. What are the common problems of sheep and goats health management in this area?
1=Widest period of disease and parasites
2= shortage of feeds and water in the area
3= Lack/shortage of veterinary institutions
4= Lack of animal health professions
5=Unaffordable prices for services
6= Drought in the area
2. Is there any training given to the farmers related to livestock production system and
disease?
1 Yes 2. No

3. What are the major agricultural practices in Agaro Town?

1= Crop farming 2= Cash crop 3= Mixed crop farming

4. What type of production system is there particularly for small ruminant?

1= agro pastoral 2= pastoral 3= mixed farming 4= crop based farming

41
Part six: Housing of Sheep and Goats
1. Where you confine when sheep and goat?

1= main house

2= separate constructed house

3= grazing area (open kraals)

4= other, specify_________________________________________

2. How you confine house sheep and goat?

1= sheep alone 2= goats alone

3= sheep and goats alone 4=sheep, goats and all other animals together

5= other, specify________________________________________________

3. Why you provide sheep and goats with shelter?

1= protect from sun, rain

2= protect from predator

3= provide convenient climatic condition

4= other specify___________________________________________

CHECK LIST
42
 1. What looks like current small ruminant production here?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What are the constraints that hinder of small ruminant?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. How do you explain the relation or gap between you and farmers or small
ruminant managers?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Is there any training given to the farmers related to livestock production and disease?
1 Yes 2. No
If no why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

43