1.

.
1.1
- 0.2

. 1
1 .


.
2 Fs
1,
, h=14 cm

, As= 10 cm2.
2 1
. 1.1
.
2 8/5, 1, H
, ( )
16/20. ( -
, )
, sd Fsd1 = s1.sd

, .
[]
1.2 :

[m]

.

MRdu
As1, fyd, d Fs
(MRdu = As1.fyd.z = As1.fyd.o,9d)
()
.
()
s1 d
,

fyd..
()
1.2.1

. 1.2 ()
( ) - , ()
. , ()
. 2()

. 2() Fsd1.
 d - (2) sd = fsd
Fsd1 lAB
-
, fsd.
Fb
-
b. lb.

: Fb = b . . .lAB
1.2.2 :

:
,
Fsd1 = Fb => s1.sd = b . . .lAB => lb
.2/4.sd = b...lAB => (
).
/4.sd = b .lAB ()
1 16 mm
() b= fb (fb lb (
b, ) (2) f bd= 2 a 70 cm.
(1):
, ,
sd = 4/. fb .lAB (1) , . 1,
20 cm.
(1) :
,

(1), 80 MPa,
()

.

: fsd = 500/1,5 = 435 MPa.
lAB , ,
.
. ,
fb . .
2 -
1.2.3
160 Mpa 2
() lAB . , ,
b= fb (2):
lAB = /4. sd /fbd (2) .

(2) : 1.3
-


sd
: .
1. sd . . 2()
2. . -
-
3. o
-
fb.
.
 ,
, . 2, ,
,
. 2(), .
-

.


, ,
(
- s
,
. 2(). -).
:
-
, . 3, 1.
:


.

2.
.
(
)

, ...




, . 1.3
, .

,
1.4 . 4
, 1-1
: : sd = 4/. fb .l =
4/0,02. 2,0. 0,20 = 80 Ma
fsd = 500/1,15 = 435 Ma.


,

,
. 0.2 0.2
.



. 1.4 sd

1.5
. 1 1
, -
.

,
.

. -

,
.
,

,
,

. 1.5

 2.

2.1 : .

.1

.

. ,
-
-
: ,
.
bd < f bd
:
.
bd:

dx

fbd :
M V M+dM

2.2 A B



V,dx = dM
.

. Fc Fc+dF F F+dF
, T T T

: Fs Fs+dFs
Fs Fs+dFs
dx
dFs = =.dx T
-
,
,
. 2.1
() ()


(
.
V)

,
.1, -
 b
.
1-1 2-2
Ms,
. 1,

.
(
[V]
) -
.
[b]
[ ]
.
. 2.3



:
, ( -
), -
, . 1 .
.
. 1: ,
. 3.
H


2.4
.

dx

Fs b Fs ,

.
Fb
, ,
Fb = dFs = b. . .dx ,
. 2.2 ,
,
.

2.3
V , ,
,
Fs Fs = /z. A .
Fs -
: , . 4:
b.dx = dFs
.
dFs= dM/z b = V / z
dM = V

.

2.6
-
. ,

.

-
. 2.4

R,
2.5 -
.

Rv
-
- (. . 4).

,
. 5, . , -
Fs= As.s .
As. -

.

() 2.7 -

-
.
[s] () -


[s] () -
.
. 2.5 s () . 1,
()

. ,
-
- , 1/12 -
. .
:
.
,

.

:

:


()
( )
.
.
,
:


.
,
, :

.

:
,

.
( ).
:
:


.
.

-
,
, .
.
2.8

, ,
, ,
,
.





25 mm, 30mm -
.

.
-
:
, . -

.
.
,
,

.
 3.
, . 2.5
3.1 . 5,
3.1.1 lb
lbnet .
As
sd = fsd, .
, As,ef (effective: -
, - )
fb. (calculated: ),

fsd (
, lbnet z
(): ):

lbnet= /4. sd/fbd () sd/fsd = As,ef/As,cal => sd = fsd . As,ef/As,cal

(: sd = As,cal. fsd .z = As,ef. As,cal.z)
sd ()
, (1) -
. s fsy, :

. 2 ( lb,net = 1. 2.lb.As,ef/As,cal (1)
-
3.1.2
)
() . -
. 2.1 :
lb (): l < l bnet (2)
:
lb= /4. fsd /fbd () l :


(): l bnet
() (1)
lbnet= 1.2.lb.sd/fsd ()

:
1: , -

(
) .
2:
3.2
.

 , () .2
, ,

.
, -
-
x
. .
,
x. ( )
. :
-
, - , ,
,
x.
.

, -
:
B A
3.2.1 ( )

-
xB = xA/2
( )
xA
x, , []
.
B A
MB = MA/2 => l bnet = l bnet/2
:
.
. 3.1


.
.. 1 . 1() B A



( -
). xB = xA/2
xA = lB bnet
.
l >l bnet []
, .
-
. MB > MA/2 => lB bnet > lA bnet/2

- . 3.2
,
 3.2.3
3.2.2



-

,
-
, ,

,

,
-, .3,
.
:

lb,net
,
(
..
, . ) d
2lbnet, (
).

. :

.
:
d

. 3.3 -
x = Rdu / Vsd , -
Rdu Vs.
.
3.2.4
-:
,

, , (. . 69.3).
, . 4,

-
( () ,
b = Vs./z ) x, ,
x
Vs./z,
. 4.
x x .

( )
(. ).
d
x :
Fsd = Rdu/z (1)
Vs./z (.
[sd]
1) x Q
M
Ft = x.Vs./z (2)
(1) (2)
: x=Rdu/Vsd
. 3.4 []





.
,
d, . 4 ,
. 5 - .
. , ,
Fsd/ = Vsd/
-
lbnet.
. 5(),
lbnet .fb= Fsd/ = Vsd/ =>
Fsd
Vsd. lbnet = Vsd/(..fb)

,
1/3 , ,
:
lbnet = 0,7Vsd/(..fb), :

Fsd
Vsd ()


Fsd = Vsd
[M]
() .

. 3.5 []

 4.

,
-
: ,
. . 1().

(
, .
),
. , . 1().
.
4.2
4.1 -

, -



-
, ..
.

- ()
.
.

. 6 . 3, .



S400 S500 (
.
S500
()
700 Ma)
.
.


,

P2 P1 ,
V . 2().

P2 < P1 4.3
() ()


. 4.1
R,

-
.
- Rv
, .. -
, - .
,

 V (. . 2.4) -
.
, . 2().



.
Fs v
,
RV R .
-

() ()
.
. 4.2 ()
() .

. 2 3,

.
, . 2(),
.
1 1
1 1

, 1-1
,
. 3():

,

. 4.3 ()

()



(
)
-

, , -
-
-
, ,
-

.

. :
:


( ).

( ).