d

hc

hb

a
D





t1
H

t2

B/4
B

1mm

12mm
4555
4555
25mm
25mm

t4mm

d



m
35m

15mm
25mm

45 55

25mm
t4mm 40mm

35mm

10mm

100mm d-2

d

45

(a) (b)

A A

Bc

qsk(kPa)
140

120 b c
125
B
100
25 C e 100
80 s+ c
25p
0
60 0. 5
0.4
6 ps+2 D
40 1
a 0.0
s
ps

20 p
02
05

d 0. A
0.

g 15 h
0
600 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 qs(kPa)



n=2 n
=4 n=9

l
z

A0
At

(a) (b)

Hw
Hp

bj bj
zi-1
zi
zn

i z

c
aj
Aj
aj

bj bj
Bj



l0
l0

l0
l0
h

h
h

h0

h0
Ni
xi Y

X X
yi

h0
h0
Nx Y
x
Ny
y

X X

h10
h0

45 45
acy bc

aoy hc

 45

bp

sa

aoy
a b

c d by
aoy

aox bx aox

h0

45 45
bc

a1y
a1y

c2
c2

c1 hc c1 a1x
a1x


 2

c2
a22
1

ho

V
ho ax
V

ay

 h02
h01

ax2
ax1 A1 A2 Y

ay1
B1 B1

ay2
B2 B2
by1
by2

X X

A1 A2 Y
bx2
bx1

h1
h0

A
ay2
by2
by1

ax2
A bx2
bx1



100

100

h
C

d0
D

()

h1
hm=2(d+1)

m1

h2

m2
m3
h3

N+G

H M

L0

h Mh

HH HM HM HM
H0=1 M0=1 H0=1 M0=1
0=- MH 0=- MM 0=- MH 0=- MM

EI EI EI EI

Mh Mh

(a) (b)

N+G

hn
H M x
0 Cn

h
EI

y
1 2 i

2=1
NN MH
MH MH
1=1 HH 1
h

N+G
H M
0 x

l0

h
y
1 2 i

+0.00

d0=

d=


~500

 X0
(mm/kN)
H0
T (h )
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.2
0 1.5 3.04.5 6.0 7.59.0
10 .512 .013 .51 5 .016 .518 .019 .5
H0(10kN)
1 0.1
3

4
Hcr 0
2 4 0 8 10 12 14 16 H0 20H0(10kN)

5 X 0
b) H0-
6 g(MPa) H0
x0(m m ) 7
200
8
9
10 150
11
12 Hu
100
13
14
50

(a)H 0-T-x 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 H0(10kN)
Hcr Hu
(c)H0- g

a0<L/2
po

d a0

L
s
(a)
L>a0>L/2
p0

d a0

L
s (b)
L/2>a0>L 21

P0

d a0

L
s

a0>L
q

d a0

L
s

(d)