Federation of European Heating, Ventilation

and Air-Conditioning Associations

Professional organization with 28 member countries

representing more than 100 000 HVAC experts in Europe

www.rehva.eu
info@rehva.eu
Rue Washington 40, 1050 Brussels Tel: +32 2 514 11 71
Belgium Fax: +32 2 512 90 62

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Design of energy efficient ventilation
and air-conditioning
systems

REHVA Guidebook n 17

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Nejc Brelih (ed.)
Olli Seppnen
Thore Bertilsson
Mari-Liis Maripuu
Herv Lamy
Alex Vanden Borre

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Why this Topic ?

In light of the future stringent EU energy regulations, design of ventilation

and air-conditioning systems will play an increasingly important role. The
traditional approach, with HVAC design being an indispensable phase of
the project will have to be integrated into the building design right from
the beginning of the project.

The major focus of the book is on the current state-of-the art equipment
and systems. Practical guidance is offered for the selection, installation and
operation of equipment, as well as information on the future design trends.

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Rehva Task Guidebook 17
Rev
Airmodus & FAMBSI,
Camfill, SE FIN Minna Vkev, Jorma
Thore Bertilsson Railio

Rev

Rehva , Olli
Seppanen,, Nejc Brelic,
Pecs Univ, HUN,
Alex van den Borre
Rev Zoltan Magyar
Rev

Rev

ESSO, F
Herv Lamy

Reviewers: Ahmet Arisoy (Turkey), Derrick Braham (UK), Vincenc Butala, (Slovenia), Gianfranco Rizzo
(Italy), Christian Feldmann (France), Risto Kosonen (Finland)

Acknowledgements Mika Vuolle (EQUA), Niels Bidstrup (Grundfos), Sandrine Marinhas and Sylvain
Courtney (Eurovent Certification), Petra Vladykova (Swegon), Philippe Rivire (Mines ParisTech) for all their
valuable contributions to the guidebook. Verity and Derrick Braham for proof-reading.
Layout and typesetting: Jarkko Narvanne (Finland)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Aim of the Guidebook

Although the goal of building nearly zero energy

buildings may appear difficult to achieve in less than 10
years from now, the good news is that the know-how is
already available.

We hope that this guidebook will prove to be a valuable

source of this knowledge and that after reading it the
reader will be able to successfully use it in practice.

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Guidebook Contents

1 Terminology 8 Demand controlled ventilation

2 Energy & buildings in EU 9 Design and balancing of ductwork

3 Indoor environmental quality 10 Chillers and heat pumps

4 Air handling units 11 Pumps and hydronics

5 Energy efficient fans 12 Elect motors and variable speed

6 Air filters 13 Solar shading equipment

7 Air-to-air recovery systems References

Appendix 1: Simulation details

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Energy and buildings in Europe

Wholesale & retail 7% 10 %

3%
11% 3%
4% 28% Offices 6%

7% Educational 14 %

Hotels & restau. Catering

11% Computing
Hospitals

Sport facilities 57 %
17% 23%
Hot water
Other
Heating
Lighting
Non-residential floor space for the Other
European countries with industrial buildings
excluded (source: BPIE).
End use energy splits in British office
buildings in 2006

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Indoor Environmental Quality
Total operating expense 100%

Building related cost 10 % Salary and employee related cost 80% Miscellaneous cost 10%

Operation & Construction cost 7%

maintenance 3%

Energy 0.30.6%

Electricity Heating
0.20.4% 0.10.2%

Normalized performance in office work

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Air Handling Units, Fans & Filters

Investments 400 000

10 % 15 %
2% capital costs
Fan electricity 350 000
power costs
Energy 300 000
cost of space reorganisation
27 % Pumps electricity
250 000
Maintenance
200 000

46 % 150 000

100 000
Typical split of life-cycle costs for AHUs
in office buildings (Source: Eurovent) 50 000

0
AHU AHU AHU AHU AHU
3.2 m/s 2.6 m/s 2.3 m/s 1.9 m/s 1.5 m/s

LCC analysis of 5 different sizes of AHUs with different

face velocities operating time 24 hours per day, 7
days per week (source: AL-KO).

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Air Handling Units, Fans & Filters
Results of total efficiency measurements
of 779 fans in Sweden
300
Number of fans

197 220
200
156
125
100 69

0 40% 49%
10% 19%

20% 29%

30% 39%

50% 59%

Total fan efficiency [%]

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Air-to-air Heat Recovery Systems
Classification of heat recovery units according to EN 13053.
capital costs Sum of
Temperature Coefficient of Energy
350 000 heating costs Class
effectiveness
pressure
losses [Pa]
performance efficiency

300 000 cooling costs H1 0.75 2 x 280 19.5 0.71

power costs H2 0.67 2 x 230 21.2 0.64

250 000
humidifying costs H3 0.57 2 x 170 24.2 0.55

200 000 H4 0.47 2 x 125 27.3 0.45

H5 0.37 2 x 100 26.9 0.36

150 000
100 000
Outdoor Extract
50 000 air air

0
HRW 6

HRW 8
HRW 1
HRW 2
HRW 3
HRW 4
HRW 5

HRW 7

An example of a LCC analysis of heat recovery

equipment (source: AL-KO).

Exhaust Supply
air air

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV)

Recommendations in a nutshell:

DCV systems can be successfully applied for indoor air quality control in a number of different types of buildings.
The most suitable is application in premises with varying occupancy density.
The controlling sensor must be located in a place where it best represents and responds to the measured indicator.
For best performance a DCV system should be designed, installed, commissioned and operated under a constant and
complete commissioning process.

Airflow rate
Hygienic airflow rate

C A V s ystem
Number of people -

Airflow rate
DC V s ystem

O ccupancy

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Time of day

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Design and Balancing Ductwork

Range of outdoor air flows in 33 randomly selected

mechanically ventilated office buildings in the
Helsinki metropolitan area

. Distribution of room temperatures

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Chillers and Heat Pumps
Number of hours per one degree of outdoor
temperature for the typical cooling and
heating seasons in average European
climate (e.g. Paris, London, Berlin, Vienna).
COP and EER points show the standard
temperatures for the calculation of COP and
EER according to EN 14511.
4

400 COP point 3,5 25%

7C
3
350 Heating Min
2,5
Number of hours per bin (h)

50%
300 2
EER Max
250 1,5
1 75%
Cooling 1129 1224
200 874
779 892
475
0,5 125 111 40 1 Number
150 872 of units
0
100 EER 17,5 50 100 200 350 500 700 900 1200 1500
point Cooling capacity [kW]
50 35C

0
Air-cooled chillers EER distribution in Eurovent
10 6 2 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 database from year 2010 (Rivire, 2011).
Outdoor temperature (C)

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Pumps and Hydronics

2500

Energy (kWh/year)
2000

1500

1000
Energy consumption of four different circulation pumps
500
(ST a standard single-speed pump; IM a single-
speed pump with improved hydraulic efficiency; VS-AC
0
a variable speed pump with an asynchronous motor 25% 50% 75% 100% Total
and a variable frequency drive; VS-EC a variable Flow
speed pump with EC motor) ST IM VS-AC VS-EC

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Electric motors and variable speed drives

Typical efficiency of indirect three-phase voltage source converters

with a passive front-end (IEC 60034-31).

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Solar Shading Equipment

The reduction of primary energy

used for heating, cooling and
lighting with automatically
controlled solar shading
compared to energy use without
shading for double glazing (red
line), low-e glazing (yellow line)
and solar control glazing (blue
line). A simulated case for an
office in Madrid

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

 Thank you
for your
attention

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations