Chapter ll

Mental health related theories

GROUP V
Adrian
Joana
Julie Ann
Aiza

Psycho-analytic theory ( Sigmund Freud)

The first of the modern personality theories was developed by Sigmund Freud
and
is known as psychoanalytic theory. The psychiatric practice of this theory is called
psychoanalysis. Freuds ideas were plentiful, profound, and often controversial. His
theory about personality has had tremendous influence on societies around the world
through many different disciplines. Not only psychology has been influenced and
informed by the ideas of Freud, but also literature, art, philosophy, cultural studies,
film theory, and many other academic subjects. Freuds theory represents one of the
major intellectual ideas of the modern world. Right or wrong, these ideas have had a
lasting and enormous impact.

Structure of the Mind

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

ID
The id:Latin for the term it, this division of the mind includes our basic instincts,
inborn dispositions, and animalistic urges. Freud said that the id is totally
unconscious, that we are unaware of its workings. The id is not rational; it
imagines, dreams, and invents things to get us what we want. Freud said that the
id operates according to the pleasure principle.
it aims toward pleasurable things and away from painful things. The id aims to
satisfy our biological urges and drives. It includes feelings of hunger, thirst, sex,
and other natural body desires aimed at deriving pleasure.
EGO
 The ego:Greek and Latin for I, this personality structure begins developing in
childhood and can be interpreted as the self. The ego is partly conscious and
partly unconscious. The ego operates according to the reality principle; that is, it
attempts to help the id get what it wants by judging the difference between real
and imaginary.
SUPEREGO
The superego:This term means above the ego, and includes the moral ideas
that a person learns within the family and society. The superego gives people
feelings of pride when they do something correct (the ego ideal) and feelings of
guilt when they do something they consider to be morally wrong (the conscience)

The Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital

Alfred Adler

(18701937)
Adlers theory is known as individual psychology
 First, Adler assumed that we are motivated not so much by sexuality as by social
urges. He considered our interest in social relationships to be an inborn
drive. Second, Adler theorized the creative self,a subjective experience by which we
interpret and find meaning in our experiences. Third and most important, Adler said that
the primary motivation of humans was a striving for superiority. Because children are
small and weak, Adler thought that they develop feelings of inferiority. If these feelings
become overwhelming, a child develops an inferiority complex

BEHAVIORISM
American psychologist named John B. Watson(18781958), who believed that
psychology should eschew the subjective study of the mind and instead should
embrace scientific methodology and empirical research. Watson initiated a revolution in
thinking about psychology, creating a new school of thought called behaviorism.

Personality = The end product of our habit systems.

Conditioning principles account for almost all human behavior
Because weve all had unique learning histories, were all different

Principles of Learning
I Classical conditioning
Originally described and researched by Pavlov with dogs.
Involves existing S-R association
We learn to respond to previously neutral stimuli (CS) based on their association
with stimuli that already elicit responses (UCS)

UCS----------------------->UCR
UCS+CS-------------------->UCR
CS------------------------>CR

Pavlov's Experiment

Before conditioning, ringing the bell caused no response from the dog. Placing
food in front of the dog initiated salivation.
During conditioning, the bell was rung a few seconds before the dog was
presented with food.
After conditioning, the ringing of the bell alone produced salivation

Cognitive Theory
 A psychologist named Albert Ellis, and a psychiatrist named Aaron Beck,
independently developed two very similar theories. Both of these theories
resulted in effective forms of cognitive therapy. These therapies continue to be
widely practiced today. While behavioral learning theory emphasizes the role of
the environment, cognitive theory emphasizes the key role of the mind's
cognitions in determining behavior. These cognitions include a person's thoughts,
feelings, beliefs, and perceptions.

A. Social Cognitive Theory

In the Social Cognitive Theory, we are considering 3 variables:
behavioral factors
environmental factors (extrinsic)
personal factors (intrinsic)

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

An American psychologist.
Born in April 1, 1908 and was raised in Brooklyn, New York, and died in June 8,
1970.
Father of Humanistic Psychology.
Humanistic Theory of Learning
Maslows theory is based on the notion that experience is the primary
phenomenon in the study of human learning and behavior. He placed emphasis
on choice, creativity, values, self-realization, all distinctively human qualities, and
believed that meaningfulness and subjectivity were more important than
objectivity.
 Chapter III

Types of Psychological defence mechanism

Rationalization is something that every human being does, probably on a daily basis.
Rationalization is defined as Creating false but plausible excuses to justify
unacceptable behaviour.

Displacement is defined as Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their

original source to a substitute target

Projection is defined as Attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.

Regression is defined as A reversion to immature patterns of behavior.

Reaction formation is one of the odder defense mechanisms, as it entails behaving

completely contrary to how one truly feels. It is defined as Behaving in a way that is
exactly the opposite of ones true feelings

Sublimation is the diversion or deflection of instinctual drives, usually sexual ones, into
noninstinctual channels. Psychoanalytic theory holds that the energy invested in sexual
impulses can be shifted to the pursuit of more acceptable and even socially valuable
achievements, such as artistic or scientific endeavours.

Denial is the conscious refusal to perceive that painful facts exist. In denying latent
feelings of homosexuality or hostility, or mental defects in ones child, an individual can
escape intolerable thoughts, feelings, or events.