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10StepsinResearchProcess
Fri,06/07/201304:11UmarFarooq
Researchprocesscontainsaseriesofcloselyrelatedactivitieswhichhastocarryoutbyaresearcher.Researchprocess
requirespatients.Thereisnomeasurethatshowsyourresearchisthebest.Itisanartratherthanascience.Following
arethemainstepsinsocialorbusinessresearchprocess.

1.SelectionofResearchProblem
2.ExtensiveLiteratureSurvey
3.MakingHypothesis
4.PreparingtheResearchDesign
5.Sampling
6.Datacollection
7.DataAnalysis
8.HypothesisTesting
9.GeneralizationandInterpretation
10.PreparationofReport

Selection of Research Problem

Theselectionoftopicforresearchisadifficultjob.Whenweselectatitleorresearchstatement,thenotheractivities
wouldbeeasytoperform.So,fortheunderstandingthoroughlytheproblemitmusthavetodiscusswithcolleagues,
friend,expertsandteachers.Theresearchtopicorproblemshouldbepractical,relativelyimportant,feasible,ethicallyand
politicallyacceptable.

Literature Review or Extensive Literature Survey

Aftertheselectionofresearchproblem,thesecondstepisthatofliteraturemostlyconnectedwiththetopics.The
availabilityoftheliteraturemaybringeaseintheresearch.Forthispurposeacademicjournals,conferenceandgovt.
reportsandlibrarymustbestudied.

Making Hypothesis
Thedevelopmentofhypothesisisatechnicalworkdependsontheresearcherexperience.Thehypothesisistodrawthe
positive&negativecauseandeffectaspectsofaproblem.Hypothesisnarrowsdowntheareaofaresearchandkeepa
researcherontherightpath.

Preparing the Research Design

Aftertheformulationoftheproblemandcreatinghypothesisforit,researchDesignistopreparebytheresearcher.Itmay
drawtheconceptualstructureoftheproblem.Anytypeofresearchdesignmaybemade,dependonthenatureand
purposeofthestudy.DaringR.Designtheinformationaboutsources,skill,timeandfinanceistakenintoconsideration.

Sampling
Theresearchermustdesignasample.Itisaplanfortakingitsrespondentsfromaspecificareasoruniverse.Thesample
maybeoftwotypes:

1.ProbabilitySampling
2.NonprobabilitySampling

Data collection
Datacollectionisthemostimportantwork,isresearcher.Thecollectionofinformationmustbecontainingonfactswhich
isfromthefollowingtwotypesofresearcher.

PrimaryDataCollection:Primarydatamaybefromthefollowing.

1.Experiment
2.Questionnaire
3.Observation
4.Interview

Secondarydatacollection:ithasthefollowingcategories:

1.Reviewofliterature
2.Officialandnonofficialreports
3.Libraryapproach

Data Analysis
Whendataiscollected,itisforwardedforanalysiswhichisthemosttechnicaljob.Dataanalysismaybedividedintotwo
maincategories.

DataProcessing:itissubdividedintothefollowing.

Dataediting,Datacoding,Dataclassification,Datatabulation,Datapresentation,Datameasurement

DataExposition:DateExpositionhasthefollowingsubcategories.

Description,Explanation,Narration,Conclusion/Findings,Recommendations/Suggestions

Hypothesis Testing
Researchdataisthenforwardedtotestthehypothesis.Dothehypothesisarerelatedtothefactsornot?Tofindthe
answertheprocessoftestinghypothesisisundertakenwhichmayresultinacceptingorrejectingthehypothesis.

Generalization and Interpretation

Theacceptablehypothesisispossibleforresearchertoarrivalattheprocessofgeneralizationortomake&theory.Some
typesofresearchhasnohypothesisforwhichresearcherdependsuponontheorywhichisknownasinterpretation.

Preparation of Report
Aresearchershouldprepareareportforwhichhehasdoneishiswork.Hemustkeepinhismindthefollowingpoints:

Report Design in Primary Stages

Thereportshouldcarryatitle,briefintroductionoftheproblemandbackgroundfollowedbyacknowledgement.There
shouldbeatableofcontents,grapesandcharts.
Main Text of the Report
Itshouldcontainobjectives,hypothesis,explanationsandmethodologyoftheresearch.Itmustbedividedintochapters
andeverychapterexplainsseparatetitleinwhichsummaryofthefindingsshouldbeenlisted.Thelastsectionwouldbe
clearlyofconclusionstoshowthemainthemeoftheRstudy.

Closing the Report

Afterthepreparationofreport,thelaststepinbusinessresearchprocesscontainsofbibliography,references,
appendices,indexandmapsorchartsforillustration.Forthispurposetheinformationshouldmoreclearer.

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