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MATHEMATICSPROGRAMMEPRELIMINARY
MATHEMATICSEXTENSION12017
Preliminary:Year11Terms1,2,32017
PREAMBLE
Thisprogramcontainsthreemajorsections
A. Revisionofyear9and10work,
B. PreliminaryCoursetobecompletedinYear11.
C. HSCCoursetobecompletedinYear12
SectionAcontainsworkoncoordinategeometry,algebra,trigonometry,geometry,probability,logarithmsanduseofthecalculator.Thisshouldnotbe
taughtasablockatthecommencementoftheyearbutshouldberevisionprogressivelythroughtheuseofshortquestionsatthestartofperiods,short
diagnostictestsandrevisionassignmentswhichcouldbegivenashomeworkexercises.
Thestrandonfunctionsandcalculushasbeendesignedsothatavarietyoffunctionshavebeenintroducedbeforeconceptsandtechniquesinvolvedin
differentiationaremet.Thishasbeendonetoensurethatinitialpracticeofrulesfordifferentiationismademoremeaningfulforpupils.
Teachersneedtoreadcarefullytheappropriatepagesofbothsyllabusandnotes,toconsultthesupportnotesforthisprogram,andtoperusepreviousHigher
SchoolCertificateExaminationPaperssothatthespiritandintentionsofthesyllabusareinterpretedcorrectly.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 1
TOPICSUMMARYPRELIMINARYCOURSE
Revision
(1)Algebra
(2)AbsoluteValue
(3)CoordinateGeometry
(4)Trigonometry,identitiesandequations
(5)GeometryProofs
(6)Graphs
(7)Logarithms
2unitassessmentWeek6
PreliminaryCourse
Unit1 FurtherGraphsandLocus
Unit2 Quadratics
*Unit3 TrigonometryExpansions
*Unit4 GeometryoftheCircle
*Unit5 FurtherTrigonometry
*Unit6 TrigonometricEquations
Unit7 LimitsandCalculus
Unit8 Products,QuotientsandFunctionofFunction
HalfYearlyExaminationsWeek2Term2
*Unit9 Polynomials
Unit10 LocusandTheParabola
*Unit11 GeometryoftheParabola
*Unit12 Inequalities
Ext1ExamWeek1Term3
*Unit13 PermutationsandCombinations
Unit14 ApplicationsofDifferentiation
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 2
Unit15 RadianMeasure
Unit16 CalculusofTrigonometric,ExponentialandLogarithmicFunctions
_______________________PreliminaryYearlyexamination
*Extension1topics
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 3
A. RevisionofYear9and10work.
Revision1. Algebra
C .
8
3
Differencesofsquares.
Differencesandsumofcubes.
Trinomials.
Fourtermsbygroupinginpairs.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 4
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(iv) SimplifyAlgebraicExpressions: x 2 5x 6 3 a3
, 2 ,
x2 a2 a 4
2m n m 3n 2 3
, .
3 6 x x x 2
(v) Solvelinearequations: 3x 4 3x 1 5 x 2
5t 3 21 t , 2 , .
x 3x 1 5 x 2
(vi) Solvelinearinequalities: 3x 4 2 12 , 3 2 x 1 .
v 2 2 16 .
(viii) Solveequationsreducibletoquadratics: x 4 9 x 2 8 0 , x 2 3x 4 x 2 3x 3 0 .
2
(x) PerformarithmeticoperationsonSurds:
Simplification: e.g.simplify: 50 , 4 18
Additionandsubtraction: e.g.simplify: 2 3 27 , 3 2 18 3.
Multiplication: e.g.simplify: 2 3 3 6 , 2 3 13 3 1 ,
2 3 1 2 , 3 1 3 1 .
Rationalisingdenominators: e.g.Rationalisethedenominatorandsimplify:
3 2 3 2
, ,
2 3 1 2 3 2
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 5
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
Findequivalentexpressionsinvolving e.g.Express 11 6 2 intheform a b 2
surds: whenaandbarerational.
Useinsimplifyingalgebraicexpressions 2 x .4 x
e.g: 3x 2 3 ,
(2 x ) 3
Meaningofnegativeindices. e.g: ,
9 2
Evaluationofnumericexpressions.
Simplificationofalgebraicexpressions. 3 x 1 2 x .4 2 x 1 a 1 b 1
e.g: 2 , x 3 ,
y (2 ) ab
Meaningoffractionalindex. e.g.Evaluate: 8 3 ,
2
3
Evaluationofnumericexpressions. 4 2
Writingexpressionsinindexform x 1 3
e.g.Simplify: x , , 2 , 2
x x x
Writingexpressionsinsurdform. 1
e.g.Evaluate: x 2 , x 3 , 2 x 2
2 1
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 6
Revision2. AbsoluteValues
Studentswillhavebeenintroducedtothistopicinthejuniorschool.Thereforealargeamountoftimeshouldnotbespentonthistopic.Pretestingshouldbe
usedtoidentifyareasofweaknessthatcanbeaddressed.
a for a 0
(a) a
a for a 0
(b) a a 2
(c) a consideredintermsofthedistanceof
afromzeroonanumberline.
(d) a b =thedistancebetweenaandbon
anumberline
(iii) Simplifyexpressionsinvolvingabsolute x2 4 x2 9
Simplify: x 2 ,
values 2x 6
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 7
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(v) Solveequationscontainingabsolutevalues. Solve: x 2 5 , 3x 2 1 ,
3 x 2 5 x 4 , 3 x 2 5 x 4
(Note:Thefirst3couldbesolvedbyconsidering
distancesonanumberline)
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 8
Revision3. CoordinateGeometry
(ii) ForParallelandperpendicularlines:
(a)Findgradientofagivenline. e.g:Findkif 3x 4 y 7 and kx 5 y 10 are
parallel.
Knowconditionforlinestobeparallel
m1 m2 .
Findthevalueofkwhichmakeslines
parallel.
(b)Usethepropertiesforparalleland e.g:Provethatthefigureboundedbythelines
perpendicularlinestoprovethata 3 x 2 y 8 , 4 x 3 y 7 , 3 x 2 y 12
particularfigureisaparallelogram and 4 x 3 y 11 isaparallelogram.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 9
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(c)Findtheequationofalinethroughagiven e.g:Findequationoflinethrough A 2,3 and
pointparalleltoagivenline. parallelto 3x 4 y 10 .
Derivationtobebasedonfactthatequationisof
form 3 x 4 y c and A 2,3 liesonit.
Analternativeequationforalineparallelto
ax by c andpassingthrough x 0 , y 0 is
a x x 0 b y y 0 0 .
(d)Knowtheconditionforlinestobe Studentsshouldbeabletofindtheslopeofaline
perpendicularandprovethat m1 m2 1 1
perpendiculartoagivenline(ieuse m 2 )
m1
andalsoprovethatlinesareperpendicular(ie
showthat m1 m2 1 )
(e)Useinprovingthataparticularfigureisa
rectangle(oppositesidesequal,oneanglea
rightangle).
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 10
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(g)Findtheequationofalinethroughagiven e.g.:Findequationofthelinethrough A 4,2
pointwhichisperpendiculartoagiven andperpendicularto 3x 7 y 10 .
line.
Derivationtobebasedonfactthatequationisof
form 7 x 3 y c and A 4,2 liesonit.
Analternativeequationforalineperpendicularto
ax by c andpassingthrough x 0 , y 0 is
b x x 0 a y y 0 0 .
Reference:
HSCCourseinMathematicsYear113unit
Chapter4JonesandCouchman
(iv) Findperpendiculardistancefromapointtoa
line.
(v) Circles:
Findequationofacirclefromitslocus
definition.
Writedowntheequationofacirclegivenits e.g.1:Writedownthecentreandradiusofthe
centreandradius. circlewithequation x 3 2 y 4 2 25
Findthecentreandtheradiusofacirclefrom e.g.2:Findthecentreandradiusofcirclewith
anequationgivenincentralformorgeneral equation x 2 y 2 6 x 8 y 1 0 .
form.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 11
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(vi) Testifalineisatangentorachordtoacircle
through
(a)solutionofsimultaneousequationsand e.g.Findthepoint(s)ofintersectionoftheline
x y 2 andthecircle x 2 y 2 5 .
(b)useoftheperpendiculardistanceformula.
e.g.FindRiftheline x y 4 istangenttothe
circle x 1 2 y 2 2 R 2 .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 12
Revision4. Trigonometry
Studentswillhavebeenintroducedtothistopicinthejuniorschool.Thereforealargeamountoftimeshouldnotbespentonthistopic.Pretestingshouldbe
usedtoidentifyareasofweaknessthatcanbeaddressed.
(b)anglesofelevationanddepressionare
involved
(c)simplebearingsareused
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 13
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(v) Usethesineruletocalculatethelengthofa Applicationtoproblemsinvolvinganglesof
sidegiven2anglesandasideorcalculatean elevationanddepression,bearingsand
anglegiven2sidesandanangle. geometricalfigures.
(SeeYear10programandsyllabusforguidance
onstandards).
(vi) Usethecosineruletoobtainsidesandangles
andapplytobearingsandgeometricalfigures.
(vii) Solvecaseswheretwotriangleshavea
commonsideanddonotoverlapandcases
wheretrianglesoverlap.Questionsshould
includeproblemsonanglesofelevationand
depressionaswellasproblemswithbearings.
(Note:Themethodtobeadoptedatalltimes
requiresstudentstoobtainageneral
expressionforthelengthandanglerequired
andthentocarryoutasinglecalculation,or
findcalculationasafinalstep).
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 14
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
Writedownbasicidentities: sin 90 A cos A , cos 90 A sin A ,
sin( A) sin A , cos( A) cos A ,
tan( A) tan A
Examples:
Completesimpleproofsofidentities. Giventhat sin 2 A cos 2 A 1 ,provethat:
1 tan 2 A sec 2 A ,
cos sin 2 cos sin 2 2 ,
1 1
2 sec 2 A ,etc.
(1 sin A) 1 sin A
Solveforaspecifieddomain,trigonometric
Findthesolutionofsimplelinearequations equationssuchas: 2 sin A 1 for 0 A 360
, 3 cos B 1 0 for 180 B 180 ,
sin 2 for 0 360
3+2cosx=15cosx,12sin2x=5sin36,
2sinx=cosx,2sinx=tanx,secx=3
(sinx+1)(2cosx1)=0
Solvesimpletrigonometricequationsusingthetrig
identities,Includingsimplequadraticequations.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 15
Revision5. Geometry
(ii) Definepropertiesofanglesonastraightline,
verticallyoppositeangles,anglesatapoint
andusethesepropertiesinavarietyof
problems.
(iii) Identifyparallellinesandanglesonparallel
linesandusetestsforparallellines.
(iv) Identifyandcalculate:
(a)exterioranglesanglesumofatriangle.
(b)anglesumofquadrilateralsandgeneral
polygons.
(c)sumofexternalanglesofgeneralpolygon.
(v) Testforcongruenttriangles
(vi) (a)Recognisepropertiesofparallelograms,
rhombus,rectangleandsquareand
(b)usesufficiencyconditionstotestforthese
quadrilaterals.
(vii) Testforsimilartrianglesandcalculatesidesin
similartriangles.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 16
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(viii) StateandusePythagoras'Theoremandits
converse.
(ix) Deriveanduseareaformulaefor
parallelogram,triangle,trapeziumand
rhombus.
(x) Provetheproperties:
(a)Alineparalleltoonesideofatriangle
dividestheothertwosidesinthesame
proportion.
(b)Alinejoiningthemidpointsoftwosides
ofatriangleisparalleltothethirdsideand
halfitslength.
(c)Parallellinespreserveratiosofintercepts
ontransversals.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 17
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(xi) Completesimplenumericalexercisesofa e.g.
deductivenatureinvolvingtheabove (a) InthefigureAE=15cm,EC=21cm,
properties. DB=24cm,andDE||BC.Findthelengthof
AD.
C
21 cm
E
15 cm B
24 cm
x cm D
A
(b)D,E,Farethemidpointsofthesidesofa
triangleABC.ProvethattrianglesABCand
DEFaresimilar.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 18
Revision6. Graphs
(iv) Graphcirclesofform x a 2 y b 2 R 2
andsemicirclesoftheform y a 2 x 2 or
y a2 x2 .
(v) Graphhyperbolae: 1 2 ( x 2)
Graph: y , y , y ,
x x3 ( x 3)
1 1
y 2 , y 1 .
x x
(vi) Graphexamplesinvolvingasymptotes: x ( x 1) x
y , y , y 2 .
( x 1)
2
( x 2)( x 2) x 1
E
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 19
Revision7. LogarithmicandExponentialFunctions
Studentswillhavebeenintroducedtothistopicinthejuniorschool.Thereforealargeamountoftimeshouldnotbespentonthistopic.Pretestingshouldbe
usedtoidentifyareasofweaknessthatcanbeaddressed.
Graph y e x .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 20
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(v) Useindexlawstoproverulesforlogarithms:
(fora,x,y>0) Verifytheresults: log a a x x and a log a x x .
12.2
(a) log a a 1
(b) log a 1 0
x
(e) log x log y log
y
log c b
(f) log a b
log c a
12.3
(vi) Simplifynumericalexpressions log 2 8
12.3 log 2 20 log 2 5 , .
log 2 4
12.2 Practiceinwritingalogarithmstatementasin
indexformandviceversa.
(viii) Simplifyalgebraicexpressions x2 y
Express log intermsofa,bandcif
z
12.3 log x a , log y b and log z c .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 21
Prelim. UNIT1. FURTHERGRAPHSandLOCUS
Forarealdomainthatexcludesapoint(say
x 3 )use x : x , x 3 or x : x 3 or x 3
butnot x 3 .
Discussionofacurvesuchas x 2 y 2 r 2 astwo
functions y r 2 x 2 and y r 2 x 2
Alsoconsiderthesemicirclesderivedfromthe
circle x a 2 y b 2 r 2 .
i.e. y b r 2 x a 2
(iii) Graphsimplecaseswherethefunctionrule
variesfordifferentpartsofthedomain 0 if x 0
e.g. f ( x)
2x if x 0
andfunctionswheredomainisrestricted
e.g.graph y 4 x 2 for x 1 .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 22
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(iv) Identifyandusethesymmetrypropertiesof Useofsymmetrypropertiesofoddandeven
oddandevenfunctions. functionsingraphingfunctionssuchas:
x2 1
y 2x 3 , y .
x2 1
Defineevenfunctionsasfunctionssuchthat Findtheaxisofsymmetryofgraphsofeven
f x f x andgiveageometric functions.
interpretation(graphisinvariantundera
reflectioninyaxis)
Defineoddfunctionsasfunctionssuchthat Understandpointsymmetryofgraphsofodd
f x f x andgiveageometric functions.
interpretation(graphisinvariantundera
180 rotationabouttheorigin)
(v) Sketchgraphsbyadditionorsubtractionof 2 1
y x y x 2
ordinates Graphscouldinclude: x , x ,
E y x 2 x , y sin x cos x
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 23
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(vii) Determinethesetofpointswhichsatisfya Examples:
givensetofconditionseitheralgebraicallyor (1)Thelocuswhoseequationis x 2 y 2 0
geometrically. consistsofthepointslyingoneitherofthe
straightlines y x ,and y x .
(2)ThelocusofpointsPequidistantfromtwo
distinctpointsAandB.iePA=PB[Locusis
theperpendicularbisectorofthesegment
AB].
(3)ThelocusofapointPsuchthatitsdistance
fromapointAisktimesitsdistancefrom
pointB.ieAP=kBP[Locusisacircle
Apolloniuscircles]
(4)LocusofapointPandtwofixedpointsAand
BsuchthatPA+PB=constant.[Locusisan
ellipse]
(5)Locusofpointsequidistantfromafixedpoint
andafixedline.[Locusisaparabolawill
betreatedinmoredepthinUnit15]
CirclealreadycoveredinRevisionUnit3
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 24
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(viii) Graphinequalitieswithatmostonenonlinear Examples:
inequality. (1)Indicatetheregiondeterminedbythe
inequality: 2 x 3 y 6 .
(2)Indicatetheregiondeterminedbythe
inequality: x 3 2 y 2 1 .
(3)Shadetheregionthatsatisfiesallthree
inequalities: x 2 y 2 1 , y 2 x , x 0 .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 25
Prelim. UNIT2 QUADRATICS
(b)Completionofsquare (b) 4 x 2 7 x 3 0 , x 2 6 x 4 0 .
(iv) Establishtherelationbetweenrootsand
coefficients,anduseittosolveproblems.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 26
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(vii) Writeidenticalquadraticexpressions. Examplesshouldincludetheexpressionofa
quadraticpolynomial ax 2 bx c intheform
Ax x 1 Bx C .
R (a)Fromthe2unitsyllabus (a) x 4 9 x 2 20 0 .
EXT 2
(b) x 3 x 2 0 ,
1 1
1 (b)Fromthe3unitsyllabus x x
2 2n
9.2 8 0 , 9 n 7.3 n 18 0
n
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 27
Prelim. UNIT3 TRIGONOMETRYEXPANSIONSEXT1
ThistopicisrevisedandextendedinPrelim.Unit10
(ii) Provethat
cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B .
E1
Deriveresultsfor cos A B , sin A B ,
tan A B .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 28
Prelim. UNIT4 GEOMETRYOFCIRCLE
Exceptfortheassumption"equalarcssubtendequalanglesatthecircumferenceorthecentreincirclesofequalradius",studentsshouldbereasonably
familiarwiththisworkfromthejuniorschool.Theemphasisinthistopicistobeon:
(i)alogicaldevelopmentofthetheoremsbasedonthedefinitionsandassumption,
(ii)solutionofproblemsgivingreasonsforeachstep.
Studentsshouldbeaskedtoprovethepreliminarytheoremsandthetheoremsforwhichproofmaybeexaminedthemselves.Thechiefthrustoftheworkin
exercisesshouldbecentredondevelopingtheabilitytochoosetheappropriatefactsforthesolutionofproblems.
AllcirclegeometryproofsareExtension1workonly.
EXT (a)Defineacircle,centre,radius,diameter,arc,
sector,segment,chord,tangent,concyclic
1
points,cyclicquadrilateral,anangle
subtendedbyanarcorchordatthecentre
andatthecircumference,andofanarc
subtendedbyanangleshouldbegiven.
Assumptions:
(1)Twocirclestouchifthey
haveacommontangentatthepointof
contact.
(2)Thetangenttoacircleis
perpendiculartotheradiusdrawntothe
pointofcontact.Converse.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 29
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(ii) Discussandprovethefollowingresults.
Reproductionofmemorisedproofswill
notberequired.
Proveanyofthefollowingresultsusing
propertiesobtained
(a)Equalanglesatthecentrestandon
equalchords.Converse.
(b)Theperpendicularfromthecentre
ofacircletoachordbisectsthe
chord.Converse
(c)Equalchordsinequalcirclesare
equidistantfromthecentres.
Converse
(d)Any3noncollinearpointslieona
uniquecirclewhosecentreisthe
pointofconcurrencyofthe
perpendicularbisectorsofthe
intervalsjoiningpairsofnon
collinearpoints.
(e)Theangleatthecentreistwicethe
angleatthecircumference
subtendedbythesameorequal
arcs.
(f)Anglesatthecircumferenceinthe
samesegmentareequal.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 30
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(g)Theangleinasemicircleisaright
angle.
(h)Oppositeanglesofacyclic
quadrilateralaresupplementary.
(i)Theexteriorangleatavertexofa
cyclicquadrilateralequalsthe
interioroppositeangle.
(j)Iftheoppositeanglesina
quadrilateralaresupplementary
thenthequadrilateraliscyclic(also
atestfor4pointstobeconcyclic).
(k)Iftheexteriorangleofa
quadrilateralequalsitopposite
interioranglethenthequadrilateral
iscyclic.
(l)Ifanintervalsubtendsequalangles
at2pointsonthesamesideofit
thentheendpointsoftheinterval
andthe2pointsareconcyclic.
(m)Iftheproductoftheinterceptson
intersectingchordsareequalthen
theendsoftheintervalsare
concyclic
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 31
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(n)Theanglebetweenatangentanda
chordthroughthepointofcontact
isequaltotheangleinthe
alternatesegment.
(o)Tangentstoacirclefroman
externalpointareequal.
(p)Whencirclestouch,thelineof
centrespassesthroughtheirpoint
ofcontact.
(q)Thelinejoiningthecentresoftwo
circlesistheperpendicular
bisectoroftheircommonchord
(r)Theproductsoftheinterceptson2
intersectingchords/secantsare
equal.
(s)Thesquareofthelengthofthe
tangentfromanexternalpointis
equaltotheproductofthe
interceptsonthesecant.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 32
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(iii) Solveproblems. (a)
Find the value of x.
Thesyllabussuppliesanumberof
numericalanddeductiveexercisesthat
canbeusedasaguidetothestandardto o
x
beencouraged.
o
100
(b)
A B
>>
o
30
o O
130
C >> D E
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 33
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(c) D
C
o
O 75
o
150
B
O is the centre.
Prove that AC||BD
(d)
T
6 cm P
10 cm
O
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 34
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(e)
B
A
>>
^ ^
D >> C
ABCD is a parallelogram
inscribed in a circle. Prove
that ABCD is also a
rectangle.
(e)
A
Q
P B
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 35
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(f) A
D
O B
(iv) ProblemAreas:
(a)
Haveadequatepracticeinthetypeof
o
situationsthatinvariablycauseproblems. 126
Theseinclude:
(a)failuretodiscernbetweencyclic 126
o
quadrilateralsandquadrilateralswhich
xo xo
arenotcyclic.
Find the value of x.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 36
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(b)
(b)failuretorecogniseallrelationships o
63
existinginafigureassociatedwith
anglesbetweenatangentandachord o
andtheanglesinthealternate 156
o B
segments. x
T
A
ATB is a tangent.
Find the value of x.
(c)
(c)failuretousethefactthattheexternal
angleofacyclicquadrilateralisequal D A
F
toaremoteinteriorangle.
C E
ABCDandABEFarecyclicquadrilaterals.ABisa
commonchord.DCandFEintersectatG.
(i)ProvethatGCBEisacyclicquadrilateral.
(ii)HenceprovethatGCE=GBE.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 37
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(d)
C
(d)failuretorecognisethata D
quadrilateraliscyclic.
E
B
ABCisanacuteangledtriangle.BDandCEare
altitudes.ProvethatAED=ACB.
Sourcesofadditionalexercisesare:
JENKS"GeometricalExercises"
FORDER"SchoolGeometry"
HALL&STEPHENS"Geometry"
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 38
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(i) (a)Writedownbasicidentities: sin 90 A cos A , cos 90 A sin A ,
2U sin A sin A , cos A cos A ,
sin A
tan A tan A , tan A ,
cos A
EXT Treatcasewhereonelineisparalleltothe
1 yaxisasaspecialcase.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 39
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(vi) (a)Writedowntheexpansionsfor sin 2 A ,
cos 2 A , tan 2 A
EXT
1 (b)Simplifyexpressionsinvolvingtheabove
results.
(c)Calculateexactvaluesusingtheabove
results.
(vii) Statethesineandcosinerule.
2U
Completecalculationsintriangleswith
commonsides.
(viii)
Completemoredifficult (a)TheelevationofahillataplacePdueEastofitis 48 ,and
questionsinvolvingsimple3 ataplaceQdueSouthofPtheelevationis 30 .Ifthe
EXT dimensionalproblemsand/or distancefromPtoQis500metres,findtheheightofthehill.
1 thenecessitytoselecta
particulartriangle(or (b)FromapointAthebearingsoftwopointsBandCarefound
triangles)fromafigure: tobe 333T and 013T respectively.FromapointD,5km
duenorthofA,thebearingsare 301T and 021T
respectively.ByconsideringthetriangleABC,showthatif
thedistancebetweenBandCisdkm,then
2
sin 59 sin 21
2
sin 59 sin 21
d 2 25 2 cos 40
sin 32
sin 8 sin 32 sin 8
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 40
Prelim. UNIT6 TRIGONOMETRICEQUATIONSandIDENTITIES
Thisunitdealswithsolutionsexpressedindegreesandminutes.HSCUnit10extendthesolutionsusingradiansandinversetrigonometry
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 41
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(ii) Solveequations(expessingthesolutionina
generalformulawithdegrees):
EXT
1 Deriveandusethegeneralsolution: Applicationtosolvingequationssuchas
sin x 0.2 , 3 cos 2 x 1 , tan 4 x 3 0 in
tan x c x 180m ,where tan c , caseswherethegeneralsolutionand/orsolutions
90 0 90 0 andmisanarbitraryinteger. fromagivenfinitedomainarerequired.
cos x c x 360m ,where cos c , e.g. cos x 0.5 x 360m 120 andmis
0 180 0 andmisanarbitraryinteger. anarbitraryinteger.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 42
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(v) (a)Useauxilliaryangletowriteexpressionsof
theform A sin x B cos x intheform
EXT R sin x or R cos x
1
(b)Solveequationsoftheform
A sin x B cos x C .
(vi) Solvingequationsoftheform
A sin x B cos x C usingthetmethod.
EXT
1 Discusstheproblemofthefailuretofindthe
solution x 180 whichariseswhenthe
originalequationreducestoalinearequation,
ratherthanaquadraticequation,after
substitutionofthetresults.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 43
Prelim. UNIT7 LIMITSANDCALCULUS
Predictagradientfunctionforthesefunctions
proposedfromtabulatedvalues.
(ii) Developaninformalideaofalimit. x2 a2
Limitsofexpressionssuchas: as x a .
xa
8.4 2 xh h 2
and lim .
h0 h
Noextensiveworkwithevaluatinglimitsis
requiredintheMathematics(2u)syllabus
(iii) Definecontinuity
(b)Afunctioniscontinuousfor a x b ifit
iscontinuousforallpointwithinthe
domain a x b .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 44
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(iv) Definedifferentiability Graphssuchathoseinvolvingabsolutevalues
couldbeusedtodemonstratethatthegradients
(a)Afunctionisdifferentiableatapoint beforeandafterapointmaynotbethesame.
x c if
f x isdefinedat x c
thelimitof f x as x c (from
aboveandbelow)exists Nottobeexamined
and
f (c) equalsthislimit
(b)Afunctionisdifferentiablefor a x b if
itisdifferentiableforallpointwithinthe
domain a x b .
x 0 x f ( x ) f (c )
f ' c lim
x c xc
8.7
cubicexpressionsfromfirstprinciples. dy
dx
, y , f x , f 3 ,
d
dx
x 2 3x
Findderivativeofxnforpositiveintegern.
(vii) Find,byfirstprinciples,thederivativeof
1
y x and y .
8.8 x
(viii) Provefromthedefinitionoftherules,the
8.8 derivativesforcf(x),f(x)g(x).
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 45
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(ix) Completesimpleexercises. Examples:
x
(a)Differentiate: x 3 2 x 1 , 3 x
8.8 x
(b)Differentiateexpressionsthathavebeen
simplifiedbyexpanding: y 2 x 3 2 ,
y 4 x 5 3 x 2 .
(c)If f x x 3 4 x 2 6 x 2 find f 2 .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 46
Prelim.UNIT8 PRODUCTS,FUNCTIONOFFUNCTIONS,QUOTIENTS
(ii) Understandtheconceptofafunctionofa
functionintroducedthroughcalculators.
Derivefunctionoffunctionrule.
If y F (u ) where u f ( x) then
dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
Exercisescouldincludequestionsthatreinforce
theproductrule
Example:Findthederivativeof 4 x 1 hence
differentiate x 2 4 x 1
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 47
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
1
(iv) Findthederivativeof y consideredas
v ( x)
y v x .
1
Provethequotientrule: Findderivativesoffunctionssuchas:
3 x 1
du dv , ,etc.
d u v u dy vu uv 2x 1 x 1
= dx dx or
dx v 2 dx v2
v Thefirstmaybemoreeasilydoneusingthe
functionoffunctionrule.
(ii)Findtheequationofthenormalto
y 2 x 3 atthepointwhere x 6 .
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 48
Prelim. UNIT9 POLYNOMIALS
EXT
1 Knowthesignificanceofmultiplerootsofa
polynomial.
(Itshouldbenotedthatapolynomialofodd
degreealwayshasatleastonezero.)
Provethat P x x a 2 Q x istangentto
xaxisat x a .
(iii)Dividepolynomials.
Understandthedivisiontransformations:
EXT P x Q x x a r .
1
(iv) Graphrationalfunctions. x 1 x2 4
Graphof y , y
EXT Discussnaturaldomain. x2 4 x 1
1
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 49
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(v) Proveanduse Examples:
Solveequationssuchas x 3 x 2 5 x 2 0 .
Solvepolynomialequations.
P x x 3 6 x 2 11x 6 developedfromthe
Graphpolynomialequations graphsoftheirlinearfactors.
Deducefromthefactortheorem:
(a)If P x haszeros a1 , a 2 , a3 , , a n then
x a1 x a 2 x a3 x an isfactor
of P x .
(b)If P x isofdegreenandhasndistinct
zeros a1 , a 2 , a3 , , a n then
P x P0 x a1 x a 2 x a3 x a n .
(c)Apolynomialofdegreencannothave
morethatnzeros.
(d)If P x vanishesformorethannvaluesof
If x 3 9 x 8 p x 2 3 q x 1 2 x 2 r find
xitvanishesforallvaluesofx.
p,q,r.
(e)If A x B x formorethannvaluesofx
theyareequalforallvaluesofx.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 50
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(vi) (a)Considerapolynomialasaproductof e.g.apolynomialwhichismonic,ofdegree4and
linearandquadraticfactors. withdoublerootat x 3 isofform:
EXT x 3 2 x 2 bx c .
1
(b)Constructpolynomialsfromgivensetof e.g.P(x)hasdegree3,withzerosat
data. x 0, 1 2 , 1 2 and P 1 3 .Whatis
P x ?
(vii)Recognizetherelationshipbetweenrootsand Findingexpressionssuchas2+2+2
coefficientsforquadratic,cubicandquartic
EXT polynomials. (a)Byuseofalgebraicidentities:
1 (++)2=2+2+2+2(++)
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 51
Prelim. UNIT10 LOCUSandTHEPARABOLA.
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7 11M8
Studentisableto:
(i) Findtheperpendiculardistancefromapointto
aline.
(ii) Definetheparabolaasalocus
e.g.Findtheequationofthelocusofapoint
equidistantfrom 5,12 andtheline
3 x 4 y 12 0 .
(iv) Sketchaparabolagiveninoneofthe
followingforms:
x 2 4ay , y 2 4ax ,
x h 2 4a y k or y k 2 4a x h
(vi) Sketchparabolas y x 2 4 , y x 2 x 3 , y 2 x 2 5 x 2
R
(vii) Completethesquaretofindthevertex,the y 2 x 2 6 x 3 x 1 12 4 18 y 34
2
focusandthedirectrixfromtheequationofa
parabola.
Note:Asketchinthesetypesofquestionsis
essential.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 52
(viii) Solveinequalitiesinvolvingquadratic e.g.Findtheinequalityinxandysuchthatthe
E functions. point P x, y iscloserto A 1,2
thanitistotheliney=2.
Eg2.x2x3>0
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 53
Prelim. UNIT11 GEOMETRYOFTHEPARABOLA.
EXT Findtheequationofatangent/normaltoa
1 curvegiveninparametricform.
(iii) Writedowntheparametriccoordinates
EXT 2ap, ap 2 ofapointon x 2 4ay .
1
(iv) derivetheequationofachord:
EXT 1
( p q) x y apq .
1 2
(v) derivetheequationofthetangenttothe Studentsshouldalsobeabletoderivethe
EXT parabola: equationofthetangentfromtheequationofa
1 px y ap 2 . chord
(vi) derivetheequationofthenormaltothe
EXT parabola:
1 x py 2ap ap 3 .
(vii) derivetheequationofthetangenttothe
EXT parabolaatthepoint x 0, y 0 :
1 xx0 2a y y 0
(viii) derivetheequationofthechordofcontact Studentshouldalsorecognisethatthisequation
drawnfromtheexternalpoint x0 , y 0 : alsorepresentstheequationofthetangentatthe
EXT xx 2a y y
0 0
point x 0 , y 0
1
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 54
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(ix) provesimplegeometricalpropertiessuchas:
(a)thetangenttoaparabolaatagivenpointis
EXT equallyinclinedtotheaxisandthefocalchord
1 throughthepoint.Practicalapplications.
(b)thetangentsattheextremitiesofafocal
chordintersectatrightanglesonthe
directrix.
(x) solveexercisesonsimplegeometrical
EX1 properties.
(xi) Findthelocusofapointwhere: Studentsshouldbeencouragedtocheckthatall
pointsoftheequationderivedfromthe
EXT (a)onlyoneparameterisinvolved eliminationoftheparameterintheequationsare
1 onthelocus.
(b)twoparametersareinvolvedandeitherone
parameterbecomesaconstantorthereisa
relationshipbetweenthetwoparameters
andtheycanbeeliminatedthroughtheuse
oftheidentity:
p q 2 p 2 q 2 2 pq
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 55
Prelim. UNIT12 INEQUALITIES
(ii) Solveinequalities x2 1 2t 1
e.g. 0 ; 1
x t 1
EXT Bothalgebraicandgraphicalmethodsforfinding
1 solutionsshouldbeintroduced
(iii) Define a b , a b . a b if a b 0
EXT
1
(iv) Understandthetheoremsoninequalities:
If a b then
EXT (a) a c b c
1 (b) ac bc if c 0
(c) ac bc if c 0
(v) Knowthespecialruleforinequalities
involvingonlypositivenumbers.
EXT (a)If a b , c d ac bd
1 (b)If a b a 2 b 2
1 1
(c)If a b
a b
(vi) Solvesimpleinequalities. b
(Stress ax b x when a 0 ).
EXT a
1
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 56
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(vii) Provesimpleinequalities e.g. x 2 y 2 2 xy forallxandywithequality
when x y .(Consider x 2 y 2 2 xy )
EXT or
1 x 4 y 4 2 x 2 y 2 forallxandywithequality
when x y
ExercisesrelyingonharderAM/GM
relationshipsarecoveredinExt2course
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 57
Prelim. UNIT13 PERMUTATIONSANDCOMBINATIONS
(b)Findthenumberof4letterwordsthatcanbe
formedfromthelettersofPROBLEM.
(c)Findthenumberofwaysofsitting8peopleat
arectangulartablewith4seatsoneachsideif
onesidefacesapaintingandtheotherside
doesnot.
(Thetechniquetobeusedineachcaseissimply
byfillingspaces.Howeverstudentsaretobe
instructedthattheymustwriteaDETAILED
explanationofthereasonforeachnumerical
entryintoaspace).
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 58
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(iv) usecomplementaryeventsinspacefilling. e.g.FindthenumberofwaysofpositioningA,B,
C,D,E,Fin6seatsinlineifAandBare
EXT togetherbutEandFarenot.
1
(v) determinethenumberofarrangementsof e.g.Findthenumberofarrangementsof7people
unlikeelementsinacircle. aroundacirculartable.(=6!)
EXT Sincewecanplaceanypersoninanypositionat
1 thestartandthenthereare6peopletoplacein
theremaining6positions= 6 5 4 3 2 1 .
Ingeneralnobjectscanbearrangedin n 1!
waysaroundacircle.
(vi) determinethenumberofarrangementsof
unlikeelementsinacircleandinvolving
EXT specialconditions.
1
(vii) determinethenumberofarrangementsof
unlikeelementsinacircleandinvolving
EXT groups.
1
(viii) Arrangementsofobjectssomeofwhichareto e.g.Findthenumberof7letterwordswhichcan
beseparated. beformedfromthelettersofPROBINGifno
EXT 2vowelsaretobetogether.
1
(Note:Decideonthenumberofwaysof
arrangingtheconsonantsPRBNG.Thereare5!
sucharrangements.Thereare6possibleplaces
forthefirstvowelpositionedand5placesforthe
secondvowel.Thereare3600suchwords).
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 59
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(ix) Arrangmentofelementssomeofwhichare e.g.Findthenumberofwaysofarrangingthe
alike. letterofthewordCALL.
EXT
1 (Note:Thestudentshouldbeledbycarefully
consideringsuitableexamplestoageneral
methodforarrangingnobjectsofwhichpareof
onetype,qareofasecondtypeandrareofa
thirdtype.)
Examplesusingthismethod:
e.g.Findthenumberofwaysofarrangingthe
lettersofWOOLLOOMOOLOOifallletters
areusedinthearrangement.
e.g.3green,4blueand5redcardsareplaced
alongsideoneanother.Findthenumberof
colourpatternsthatcanbeformed.
(x) Introductionofthesymbolforplacement:
n Pr =
EXT
1
(xi) Selectionofrobjectsfromagroupdeveloped Theresultfor nr shouldbeinitiallydeveloped
byrealisingthatorderofchoiceisirrelevant throughaseriesofexercisesofthefollowing
EXT andthattherobjectscanbeconsideredtobe type:Findthenumberofwaysofselecting3boys
1 identical. from7boystoformacommittee.
Proofthatthenumberofselectionsis,which
isgiventhesymbol nr or n C r (Readas Studentsshouldalsoseetherelationbetween
"nchooser") nr andthenumberofbranchesonatree
diagram.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 60
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(xii) Exercisesinvolvinguseof n C r result. e.g.
(a)Findthenumberofdifferentcommitteesof4
EXT thatcanbeselectedfrom10people.
1
(b)Findthenumberofdifferentcommittees
containing2boysand3girlsthatcanbe
selectedfrom5boysand6girls.
(c)Findthenumberofdifferentcommitteesof5
thatcanbeselectedfrom5boysand5girlsif
adefiniteboyTomandagirlMareearetobe
included.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 61
Prelim. UNIT14 APPLICATIONSOFCALCULUS
Thistopic,eventhoughitcontainsmaterialfromtheHSCcourse,isincludedheretogiveabetteroverallviewofdifferentiationanditsusesandalsoto
furtherreinforcethevariousmethodsofdifferentiation.
ThevarioussectionsinthetopicwillberevisedandextendedintheappropriateunitsoftheHSCcourse.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 62
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(ii) (a)Findstationarypointsonacurve. dy
Forastationarypointat x 0 , y 0 , 0 .For
(Adefinitioncanbefoundinthe dx
syllabusnote10.2). amax/minturningpoint,findingvaluesofxfor
dy
which 0 issufficientforsketchingmost
(b)Identifylocalmaximaandminima. dx
dy
curves.However 0 doesnotalwaysimply
(c)Distinguishbetweenlocalmaximum dx
orminimumandabsolutemaximum thatthereisaturningpoint;butinallcasesofa
orminimumvalueofafunctionover dy
turningpoint mustchangesignforpoints
agivendomain. dx
beforeandafter x 0 , y 0 ,whileforsomecurves
dy
maynotexistat: x0 , y 0 yetthecurve
dx
changesdirection.Considercurvessuchas
y 3 x 2 and y x forwhichthegradient
functionsdonotexistattheirmax/minturning
points.
y
y
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
x
x
-10 -5 5
-10 -5 5 -1
-1
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 63
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(iv) (a)Findsecondderivativeanduseitto NOTE:Stressthatapointofinflexionisapoint
determineconcavityconcaveupand aboutwhichtheconcavityofthecurve
concavedown. changes.
2
d y
(b)Investigatethegeometrical 0 isnotasufficienttestforinflexion
dx 2
significanceofthesignofthesecond
d2y
derivative. points,since 2 0 when x 0 forboth
dx
y x 2 and y x 3 but y x 2 hasaminimum
(c)Examineinflexionaltangentsthese
maybehorizontal,obliqueorvertical. turningpointat 0,0 while y x hasa
3
horizontalinflexionpointat 0,0 .
(d)Findpointsofinflexionand
horizontalpointsofinflexion. Curvesmayalsohaveinflexionpointswherethe
tangentisverticalconsider y 3 x .Thereisstill
achangeiny"beforeandafter 0,0 .
1 2
y
y=h(x)
hx = x3 1.5
x
0.5
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
d2y
Inallcasesstudentsmusttest forvalues
dx 2
beforeandafter x0 , y 0 .
Studentsshouldbemadeawareofthegeometrical
significanceoftheinflectionpointitistheonly
pointwherethetangentatapointcrossesthe
curveatthatpoint.
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Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(v) Sketchsimplepolynomialcurvesand 2
e.g.sketch y x 3 3x 2 9 x 2 , y x 2 .
rationalfunctionsusingcalculus x
techniquescombinedwithworkfrom
Years9and10.(Polynomialsofdegree3
andhigher.)
(vi) Sketchaportionofacurvegiven
propertiesabout y and y .
Constructthefunctiontobeanalysed Geometricalandpracticalproblemsaretobe
fromdatagiveninwordsorona stressed.
diagram.
Studentsneedtopayparticularattentionto
e.g.1:Constructingvariouscontainersor restrictionsonvariablesandtheirexplanationof
enclosurestomaximise/minimise whythereisalocalaswellasanabsolute
areas,volumes,costsetc.given max./min.forthevaluesunderconsideration.
fixedperimeters,surfaceareasetc.
Provethataclosedcylinderof *Considerproblemsinwhichmorethanonecase
fixedsurfaceareahasmaximum needstobeanalysedHSC1988Q7b
volumewhenitsdiameterequals
itsheight. **Considerproblemsinwhichtherequired
solutionisatanendpointFitzpatrick(2u)Ex15e
e.g.2:Giventhehourlyrunningcostofa Q5
shipasafunctionofitsvelocity,findthe
mosteconomicalrunningspeed ***Considerproblemswitharestricteddomain
#seeJRAHSstandardformatforsettingoutand
constructingmax/minvalueproblems
(xiii) Findtheequationofacurvegiventhe Fitz:Exercise15g
10.8 gradientfunctionandapointthecurve
passesthrough.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 65
Prelim. UNIT15 RADIANMEASURE2unit
ThistopicisencounteredagainintheHSCcourse
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7 11M8
Studentisableto:
(i) (a)Definearadianasananglesubtendedat
thecentreofacirclebyanarcequaltoa
radius.
Convertdegreesradiansusingacalculator
andtherelationship 180 .
(b) sin ,sin2
(b)Evaluateexpressionsinvolvingradians 4
(ii) Findthelengthofanarc: l R .
CalculatearclengthgivenRandand
calculatinggivenlandR.
(iii) 1 2
Findtheareaofsector: A R .
2
Findtheareaofasegmentasthedifference
betweentheareasofatriangleandsector.
1 2
A R sin .
2
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 66
(vii) Solvesimpleequationsusinggraphs e.g.Graph y sin 2 x and y 12 x ,hencefindan
approximationtothesolutionof sin 2 x 12 x
.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 67
Prelim.UNIT16 CALCULUSofTRIGONOMETRIC,EXPONENTIALandLOGARITHMICFUNCTIONS
(ii) Illustratethatforsmallvaluesofx,
sin x x tan x .
Findthederivativesoftheothertrig.functions
andtheirreciprocalsusingtrig.identitiesand
rulesofdifferentiation.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 68
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(v) Findsimplederivativesofexpressions 1
5 x sin x , tan x , cos x x .
containingtrig.functions. x
Generalisefory=ax.
Findderivativeofex, e f x , a x .
(x) dy dx
1.
Thiscouldbedemonstratedbyconsideringthe
Investigatetherelation
dx dy functionssuchas y x 3 and y 3 x .
(xii) Findsimplederivativesoffunctions 3
Differentiate: log e x , x 2 ln x
containinglog.functions. x2
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 69
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7
(xiii) Findtheequationofacurvegiventhegradient Fitz:Exercise15g,Q7,7,10,12,13ONLY
functionandapointthecurvepassesthrough. Primitivefunctionsnottobedone
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 70
ENDOFPRELIMINARYCOURSE
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 71