The Crisis

SEPT 1 9 1 7 10c

FRANK
WALTS
 President Executive Officers
MOORFIELD STOREY DR. J. E. S P I X G A R N , Chairman of Board
Vice-Presidents OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, Treasurer
A R C H I B A L D H. GRIMKE DR. W . E. B. D U B O I S , D i r e c t o r of P u b l i
REV. JOHN HAYNES HOLMES
cations and Research
BISHOP JOHN HURST
J O H N E. M I L H O L L A N D ROY NASH, Secretary
MARY WHITE OVINGTON JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, Field Secre
OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD tary

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
DIRECTORS
Chicago Washington New York
JANE ADDAMS PROF. GEO. W I L L I A M COOK REV. HUTCHINS C. BISHOP
DR. C. E. B E N T L E Y MRS. FLORENCE K E L L E Y
Boston Brooklyn
DR. V . M O R T O N J O N E S PAUL KENNADAY
JOSEPH PRINCE LOUD
BUTLER R. WILSON DR. O. M . W A L L E R CHARLES EDWARD R U S S E L L
Baltimore ARTHUR B . SPINGARN
New Haven
BISHOP JOHN HURST GEORGE W. CRAWFORD
CHARLES H. STUDIN
DR. F. N C A R D O Z O DR. JOHN G. UNDERHILL
Springfield, Mass. Philadelphia LILLIAN D. W A L D
REV. G. R . W A L L E R DR. W I L L I A M A. SINCLAIR
WILLIAM ENGLISH W A L L I N G

ENLIST!
W i t h M e m p h i s and East St. L o u i s fresh in o u r m e m o r i e s ,
we k n o w that the fight for humanity and d e m o c r a c y abroad
is not more important than the fight for humanity and
d e m o c r a c y at h o m e .

Enlist n o w in the N . A . A . C. P . Y o u r support w a s never

needed m o r e than n o w .

Date , , 1917.
MEMBERSHIP BLANK
The Crisis is sent without further charge to members paying two dollan or more.

O S W A L D GARRISON V I L L A R D , Treasurer.
70 Fifth Avenue, N e w York.
SIR:
I desire to become a member o f the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People and to receive The Crisis.
In payment o f m y dues for one year, I enclose dollars.

Name

Street a

$ City and State

Mention T H E CRISIS
DOUBLE EAST ST. LOUIS N U M B E R - E D I T I O N 43,000

THE
A RECORD OF
CRISIS
T H E D A R K E R RACES

PUBLISHED MONTHLY B Y THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR T H EADVANCEMENT OF

COLORED PEOPLE, A T 70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEWYORK CITY. CONDUCTED BY W . E
B U R G H A R D T DU BOIS; A U C U S T U S G R A N V I L L E DILL, BUSINESS MANAGER

Contents Copyrighted, 1917, by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Contents for September, 1917

PICTURES
COVER. Blanche Deas, of the Negro Players. A study from life by
Frank Walts.
THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS 219-238
THE NEGRO SILENT PROTEST PARADE, NEW YORK CITY 242-243
DRAWING. By Laura W h e e l e r 248
MEN OF THE MONTH 257

ARTICLES
AGAIN IT IS SEPTEMBER. A Poem. By Jessie Fauset 248
NEGRO SOLDIERS. A Poem. By Roscoe C. Jamison 249
THE SO CALLED BLACK PERIL IN S O U T H AFRICA.
An Article. By Alice Werner 249
THE RAGTIME REGIMENT. A Story. By Henry Davis Middleton 252
BLACK SAMPSON OF BRANDYWINE. A Poem 255

DEPARTMENTS
EDITORIAL 215
THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS. An Investigation by the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 219-238
THE LOOKING GLASS 239
MEN OF THE MONTH 256
THE HORIZON 259

THE CRISIS for October

The October Number will b e C h i l d r e n ' s Number. Pictures o f interesting children must reach
us by September 1. N o pictures can be returned. O u r Children's Number is a l w a y s o n e o f the
most interesting numbers o f the year.

TEN CENTS A COPY; ONE DOLLAR A YEAR

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS TWENTY-FIVE CENTS EXTRA
RENEWALS; T h e d a t e o f e x p i r a t i o n o f e a c h s u b s c r i p t i o n is p r i n t e d o n t h e w r a p p e r . When
the s u b s c r i p t i o n i s d u e , a b l u e r e n e w a l b l a n k is e n c l o s e d .
CHANGE OF ADDRESS: T h e a d d r e s s o f a s u b s c r i b e r c a n b e c h a n g e d as o f t e n a s d e s i r e d .
I n o r d e r i n g a c h a n g e o f a d d r e s s , both the o l d a n d the n e w a d d r e s s must b e g i v e n . T w o weeks'
n o t i c e is r e q u i r e d .
M A N U S C R I P T S a n d drawings relating to colored people arc desired. T h e y must be a c c o m
panied b y return postage. I f f o u n d u n a v a i l a b l e t h e y will b e r e t u r n e d .
Entered as second class matter November 2 , 1 9 1 0 , at the post office at New York, New York,
under the Act of March 3, 1879.
212 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

THE NATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL

D U R H A M , N. C.
Open to Students of Either Sex.

It is m o r e than a m e r e s c h o o l . It is a c o m m u n i t y at s e r v i c e
and uplift. Its influence is d e s t i n e d to b e felt in all s e c t i o n s
of the c o u n t r y in i m p r o v e d N e g r o c o m m u n i t y life w h e r e v e r
our trained w o r k e r s l o c a t e .
T h e f o l l o w i n g d e p a r t m e n t s are a l r e a d y in successful o p e r a
t i o n : T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g , Industrial, L i t e r a r y , A c a d e m i c a n d
Collegiate, Commercial, Missionary, Theological, H o u s e h o l d
E c o n o m i c s and D e p a r t m e n t s o f M u s i c .
In equipment and teaching it is not surpassed b y a n y School for
the Education of N e g r o Y o u t h in the South.
T h e next term opens M o n d a y , O c t o b e r I , 1917. F o r catalog a n d de
tailed information, address

President, JAMES E. SHEPARD,

DURHAM NORTH CAROLINA

The Agricultural and THE CHEYNEY TRAINING

Technical College SCHOOL FOR TEACHERS
T w e n t y - f o u r t h A n n u a l Session. C H E Y N E Y , PENNA.
F a l l term b e g i n s Sept. 1, ' 1 7 .
For reasonably mature students who have
T h r e e Strong D e p a r t m e n t s : A g a good s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l p r e p a r a t i o n , a n d w h o
ricultural, M e c h a n i c a l and A c a desire to become teachers, courses are of-
demic. fered during the regular term in academic
work, domestic science, domestic art, phys
Short P r a c t i c a l C o u r s e s of ical training, elementary school methods,
Three Months; Maintained b y wood and metal working, and agriculture.
Board and laundry privileges for the year
the G o v e r n m e n t s of N o r t h C a r
$100. Fall term begins W e d n e s d a y , Septem
olina and of the U n i t e d States. ber 19, 1917.

Special training for teachers of The Bummer School for Teachers, from
July 6 to A u g u s t 2 inclusive, will this year
v o c a t i o n a l subjects.
offer p r i m a r y m e t h o d s , E n g l i s h , mathematics,
history, civics and geography, plain sewing
Board, L o d g i n g and Tuition, and dressmaking, raffia work and basketry,
$9.00 per Calendar Month. art needle work, cookery, wood and metal
For Catalog and Further working, physical training, and gardening.
D o r m i t o r y space is limited, and applications
Information, address
should be made early. Cost for the four
weeks $15.00.
President D u d l e y ,
For further Information write to
A . & T . College, LESLIE PINCKNEY HILL,
Greensboro, N . C . Principal,

Mention T H E CRISIS
 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 213

MOREHOUSE COLLEGE
Atlanta University (Formerly Atlanta Baptist College)
Is beautifully located in the City of Atlanta,
Ga. The courses of study include High ATLANTA, G A
School, Normal School and College, with College, Academy, Divinity School
manual training and domestic science. Among An institution famous within recent years
the teachers are graduates of Yale, Harvard, for its emphasis on all sides of manly develop
Dartmouth and Wellesley. Forty-eight years mentthe only institution in the far South
of successful work have been completed. devoted solely to the education of Negro
Students come from all parts of the South. young men.
Graduates are almost universally successful.
Graduates given high ranking by greatest
For farther information address
northern universities. Debating, Y . M. C. A.,
President E D W A R D T. W A R E athletics, all live features.
A T L A N T A , GA. For information address
JOHN HOPE, President
Knoxville College
Beautiful Situation. Healthful Location.
The Best M o r a l and Spiritual Environ WILEY UNIVERSITY
ment. A Splendid Intellectual A t m o
sphere. Noted for Honest and Thorough MARSHALL, TEXAS
Work. Recognized as a college of the First Class
Offers full courses in the following de
partments: College, Normal, High School, by T e x a s and Louisiana State Boards of
Grammar School and Industrial.
Good water, steam heat, electric lights,
Education. Harvard, Y a l e and Columbia
good drainage. Expenses very reasonable. represented on its faculty; students gath
Fall T e r m Begins September 19, 1917. ered from ten different states.
For information address
Strongest Music Department in the West
President R . W . M c G R A N A H A N
KNOXVILLE. TENN. M. W . DOGAN, President

STRAIGHT COLLEGE FISK UNIVERSITY

New Orleans, La. NASHVILLE. TENN.

S i t u a t e d on t h e m a i n t h o r o u g h f a r e of the
Founded 1866
l a r g e s t c i t y of t h e South.
Thorough Literary, Scientific, Educational,
T h o r o u g h t r a i n i n g in H i g h School, T e a c h
ers' Course and C o l l e g e , w i t h s p e c i a l w o r k Musical and Social Science Courses. Pioneer
in M u s i c and M a n u a l T r a i n i n g . in Negro music. Special study in Negro life.
Teachers represent s o m e of t h e b e s t uni Ideal and sanitary buildings and grounds.
versities and m u s i c c o n s e r v a t o r i e s of the
country. Well-equipped Science building.
Christian home life.
For full Information, address
High standard of independent manhood and
J. T. Cater, Registrar.
womanhood. For literature, etc., write
F A Y E T T E A V E R Y M c K E N Z I E , President

TOUGALOO COLLEGE
MISSISSIPPI
" T h e b e s t school f o r N e g r o e s In t h e State"
Morris Brown University
B i s h o p T h e o d o r e D. B r a t t o n . Atlanta, Ga.

COLLEGE Co-Educational
R e g u l a r Four Y e a r A . B. Course T h e largest institution of learning in the South
T w o Y e a r T e a c h e r Training- Course owned and controlled by Negroes. Faculty of special
ists, trained in some of the best universities in the
ACADEMY N o r t h and in the South. Noted for high standard of
C h o i c e of S e v e n C o u r s e s C o l l e g e P r e p a r a t o r y , scholarship; industrial emphasis and positive Chris
Agricultural, Mechanical, Home Economics, tian influence. Well equipped dormitories; sane
Commercial, Pedagogical, Musical. athletics under faculty supervision. Expenses rea
O u t In t h e c o u n t r y . Expenses low. sonable. Location central and healthful.
Departments: Theology, College, Preparatory, Nor
Four Prize Scholarships of $25.00 Each Offered Boys mal, Commercial, Musical, Domestic Science, Nurse
for Best Entrance Examinations to ninth Grade. Training, Sewing, Printing and Tailoring
First Semester begins September 2 7 , 1 0 1 7 .
For Particulars For further information address

Write President W. T. HOLMES W. A . FOUNTAIN, President 1

Tougaloo, Hinds County, Mississippi. BISHOP J. S. FLIPPER, Chairman Trustee Board,
Mention The Crisis
214 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

1870 CLARK UNIVERSITY 1917 1 9 1 7

S O U T H A T L A N T A G E O R G I A
M o s t beautiful campus of 70 acres, com
modious buildings with m o d e r n conveniences.
1867 Howard
H i g h Scholarship Talented Faculty W e l l
equipped library and laboratoriesLiterary
societiesAthleticsCo-educationalExpenses
University
very low. $ 1 0 0 per year of eight months
will pay tuition, board, room, etc.
Stephen M. Newman, A. M., D. D.,
Comfortable dormitories with steam heat President.
and gas light.
C O U R S E S OF S T U D Y
Domestic Science for girls, cooking, sewing,
dressmaking and embroidery. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
P r e - A c a d e m y 7 t h and 8th grades. SCIENCES
A c a d e m y F o u r years with diploma.
Pre-Medical Two years above academy. A. B. and B. S. C O U R S E S
C o l l e g e F o u r years leading to A . B. degree.
N o r m a l F i v e years above grades with diploma.
First Semester opens October 3, 1017.
HARRY ANDREWS KING, President.
TEACHERS' COLLEGE
A. B. and B. S. Courses in Education

SCHOOL OF M A N U A L ARTS A N D
T H E W E S T V I R G I N I A
APPLIED SCIENCES
COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE B. S. Courses in
NEAR CHARLESTON, W. V A . Engineering,
H o m e Economics,
One of the leading schools in the
United States for the education o f Manual Arts.
Negro youth. Healthful surroundings,
fine dormitory facilities, expenses low,
CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC
strong faculty.
Mus. B. Courses
For catalog address
BYRD P R I L L E R M A N , A. M., Pres., ACADEMY
Institute, W. Va. Two Preparatory Courses:
Classical,
Scientific.

THE FLORIDA A. & M. COLLEGE COMMERCIAL COLLEGE

Tallahassee, Florida Secretarial Course,
Accounting Course,
Offers long and short courses in General Course.
Mechanic Arts, in Home Economics,
in Agriculture, in Education and in L I B R A R Y T R A I N I N G CLASS
Science.
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
For Catalog Address

NATHAN B. Y O U N G , President SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY

P. O. D R A W E R 524 B. D. Courses,
Diploma Course.

ST. MARY'S SCHOOL SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

An Episcopal boarding school for girls, M. D. Courses in Medicine,
under the direction of the Sisters of St. Mary. D. D. S. Courses in Dentistry,
Address: Phar. D. Courses in Pharmacy.
T H E SISTER-IN-CHARGE
609 N. 43d S t W . Philadelphia, Pa. SCHOOL OF L A W
L L . B. Courses
HARTSHORN MEMORIAL COLLEGE
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
A superior school for the separate, higher educa
For catalog, address.
tion of young women. Select Courses of study, H O W A R D UNIVERSITY,
Industrial, M u s i c , Preparatory, Classical, N o r m a l and
College. Provides a pleasant home, careful culture Washington, D. C.
and thorough training.
Expenses very moderate.
Send f o r C a t a l o g to t h e President. Educational Institutions continued on page 266.
Mention T H E CRISIS
 THE CRISIS
Vol. 1 4 N o . 5 SEPTEMBER, 1 9 1 7
Editorial
THE WORLD LAST MONTH.
T H E S E are d a y s o f c o n f u s i o n
and contradiction. Russia
reacts f r o m her ecstasy of
| last spring and retreats
s p e n t and d e m o r a l i z e d . W i l l the b l o o d
and iron m e t h o d s o f K e r e n s k y be able
to r e i n v i g o r a t e h e r ? T h e n e w Ger
m a n C h a n c e l l o r M i c h a e l i s offers p e a c e
t e r m s w h i c h n o one can o r will a c c e p t .
T h e G r e a t W a r d r a g s on indefi
nitely. Congress keeps A m e r i c a f r o m
d o i n g h e r b i t . In the n a m e o f w o r l d
d e m o c r a c y w e land black soldiers in
F r a n c e to fight f o r o u r w h i t e allies,
w h i l e w h i t e s o l d i e r s in E a s t St. L o u i s
kill b l a c k A m e r i c a n s f o r d a r i n g to
c o m p e t e in the w o r l d o f l a b o r w i t h
t h e i r w h i t e f e l l o w m e n . China see
s a w s a g a i n f r o m a m o n a r c h y to a re
p u b l i c and b y h e r d e c l a r a t i o n of w a r
a d d s to the w o r l d ' s e m b r o i l m e n t .
Out o f all this c h a o s and c o n f u s i o n
c a l m and r e a d j u s t m e n t m u s t finally
c o m e . B u t n o m a n can guess w h e n o r
how.
MORE SUGGESTIONS.
WE s p o k e last m o n t h o f the
g r e a t call f o r t e a m w o r k
on the p a r t o f A m e r i c a n
N e g r o e s and the p r e s s i n g
n e c e s s i t y o f t u r n i n g that t e a m w o r k
t o w a r d h e l p i n g us to earn a l i v i n g .
T o d a y the w a y is open f o r c o - o p e r
ation a m o n g 1 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e on a
scale such as w e h a v e n e v e r d r e a m e d .
W h a t w e can d o is s h o w n in little
things. T e n t h o u s a n d o f us m a r c h e d
the o t h e r d a y in N e w Y o r k City.
E v e r y b o d y said it c o u l d n o t b e d o n e .
T h e w a y s w e r e lined w i t h r a b b i t s ,
a f r a i d e v e n to w a l k f o r f r e e d o m , and
yet, s o l e m n l y and s i m p l y , the N e g r o e s
o f N e w Y o r k told the o t h e r citizens
W h o l e N o . 83
o f N e w Y o r k t h e i r g r i e f and resent
m e n t . T h a t is but a little t h i n g . W e
can do infinitely m o r e . W e can or
g a n i z e f o r industrial c o - o p e r a t i o n and
w e can begin w i t h c o - o p e r a t i o n in
distribution. In e v e r y l a r g e c i t y
w h e r e 1 0 , 0 0 0 o r m o r e N e g r o e s live,
the business o f b u y i n g g r o c e r i e s ,
f o o d , c l o t h i n g and fuel can, b y a
single d e t e r m i n e d effort, be p u t into
the h a n d s o f c o l o r e d p e o p l e . This
kind o f d i s t r i b u t i o n has been s u c c e s s
ful all o v e r the w o r l d . Little is said
a b o u t it b e c a u s e the leeches that h a v e
fattened on retail t r a d e are too
p o w e r f u l w i t h the n e w s p a p e r s . D i s
t r i b u t i o n o f the necessities o f life can
be easily d o n e w i t h a t r e m e n d o u s
s a v i n g to the people and the e m p l o y
ment o f c o l o r e d m e n and w o m e n . T h e
only t h i n g n e c e s s a r y is f o r us to s t a r t ;
and to start w e s i m p l y r e q u i r e t h a t
the s a m e s p i r i t o f d e v o t i o n and sac
rifice, coupled w i t h b r a i n s and t r a i n
ing, t h a t has sent y o u n g m e n and
w o m e n t o the m i n i s t r y and the Y . M .
and Y . W . C. A . w o r k should be
t u r n e d n o w a m o n g us N e g r o e s and
be put into business.
W h i t e p e o p l e are n o t in business
for t h e i r health. W e should be in
business f o r o u r health and f o r the
health o f the w o r l d .
EAST ST. LOUIS.
LET n o one f e a r that in the
e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f the
American Negro East St.
L o u i s is not a b u b b l e . Its
significance is s i m p l y the shame o f
A m e r i c a n d e m o c r a c y and the utter
i m p o t e n c e o f its j u s t i c e . Neverthe-
216 THE
less, d e s p i t e this p o g r o m , e n g i n e e r e d
b y G o m p e r s and h i s T r a d e U n i o n s ,
the d e m a n d f o r N e g r o l a b o r c o n t i n u e s
and w i l l c o n t i n u e . N e g r o l a b o r c o n
tinues t o c o m e N o r t h and o u g h t to
come North. It w i l l find w o r k at
h i g h e r w a g e s t h a n the slave South
e v e r p a i d and e v e r w i l l p a y , and, de
spite the T r a d e U n i o n s and the m u r
d e r e r s w h o m t h e y c o v e r and d e f e n d ,
e c o n o m i c f r e e d o m f o r the A m e r i c a n
N e g r o is w r i t t e n in the stars. East
St. L o u i s , Chester and Y o u n g s t o w n
a r e s i m p l y the p o o l s o f b l o o d t h r o u g h
which w e must march, but march w e
will.
PICTURES.
T H I Sm o n t h w e are p u b l i s h i n g
the first o f an art series o f
six pictures which will
b e studies o f the Negro
t y p e s in the United States f r o m
life b y F r a n k W a l t s . They will
appear every other month for a year.
If t h e y a r e successful and o u r r e a d e r s
like t h e m t h e y shall then have m o r e .
W e w o u l d b e glad o f c r i t i c i s m .
T h e O c t o b e r CRISIS will be Chil
dren's Number. A s always, w e want
pictures o f interesting babies. W e do
not want merely pretty babies or
babies all dressed up, but w e w a n t
real, living, m o v i n g children. Please
see t h a t the p i c t u r e s a r r i v e in o u r
office on o r b e f o r e S e p t e m b e r 1 .
H i t h e r t o w e h a v e u n d e r t a k e n to re
turn p i c t u r e s sent us b u t this y e a r
w e c a n n o t . Send us a c o p y t h a t y o u
can s p a r e so t h a t w e can k e e p it and
use it t o the b e s t a d v a n t a g e .
AWAKE AMERICA.
LET us e n t e r this w a r for
L i b e r t y w i t h clean hands.
M a y no blood-smeared gar-
m e n t s b i n d o u r feet w h e n w e
rise to m a k e the w o r l d safe f o r
Democracy. The N e w Freedom cannot
s u r v i v e i f it m e a n s W a c o , M e m p h i s
and E a s t St. L o u i s . W e c a n n o t l y n c h
CRISIS
2,867 u n t r i e d b l a c k m e n a n d w o m e n
in t h i r t y - o n e y e a r s a n d p o s e s u c c e s s
fully as l e a d e r s o f c i v i l i z a t i o n . R a t h e r
let us b o w o u r s h a m e d h e a d s a n d in
sack cloth and a s h e s d e c l a r e t h a t
w h e n in a w f u l w a r w e r a i s e o u r
w e a p o n s a g a i n s t the e n e m i e s o f m a n
kind, s o , t o o , and in t h a t s a m e h o u r
h e r e at h o m e w e r a i s e o u r h a n d s t o
H e a v e n and p l e d g e o u r s a c r e d h o n o r
t o m a k e o u r o w n A m e r i c a a real land
o f the f r e e :
T o stop l y n c h i n g and m o b v i o l e n c e .
T o stop disfranchisement f o r race
and s e x .
T o abolish J i m C r o w c a r s .
T o r e s i s t t h e a t t e m p t t o establish
an A m e r i c a n g h e t t o .
T o stop race discrimination in
T r a d e U n i o n s , in Civil S e r v i c e , in
places o f p u b l i c a c c o m m o d a t i o n , and
in the P u b l i c S c h o o l .
T o secure J u s t i c e f o r all m e n in t h e
courts.
T o insist t h a t i n d i v i d u a l d e s e r t and
ability shall b e the test o f real A m e r
ican m a n h o o d and n o t a d v e n t i t i o u s
differences o f r a c e o r c o l o r o r d e s c e n t .
Awake! P u t on t h e y strength,
A m e r i c a p u t o n t h y beautiful r o b e s .
Become not a bye w o r d and jest
a m o n g the n a t i o n s b y the h y p o c r i s y
o f y o u r w o r d and c o n t r a d i c t i o n o f
y o u r deeds. R u s s i a has a b o l i s h e d the
ghettoshall w e restore it? India
is o v e r t h r o w i n g casteshall w e u p
build i t ? China is e s t a b l i s h i n g d e m o c
r a c y shall we strengthen our
Southern o l i g a r c h y ?
In five w a r s and n o w the s i x t h w e
black m e n h a v e f o u g h t f o r y o u r
f r e e d o m and h o n o r . W h e r e v e r the
A m e r i c a n flag floats t o d a y , b l a c k
h a n d s h a v e helped to p l a n t it. A m e r
ican R e l i g i o n , A m e r i c a n I n d u s t r y ,
American Literature, A m e r i c a n Mu
sic and A m e r i c a n A r t a r e as m u c h
the g i f t o f the A m e r i c a n N e g r o as
o f the A m e r i c a n w h i t e m a n . T h i s is
as m u c h o u r c o u n t r y as y o u r s , a n d
as m u c h the w o r l d ' s as o u r s . We
 EDITORIAL
A m e r i c a n s , b l a c k and w h i t e , are the
s e r v a n t s o f all m a n k i n d and m i n i s t e r
i n g to a g r e a t e r , f a i r e r h e a v e n . L e t
us be t r u e t o o u r m i s s i o n . N o land
t h a t loves t o l y n c h " n i g g e r s " can lead
the h o s t s o f A l m i g h t y G o d .
T H E BLACK BASTILLE.
THERE is in P a r i s a place
w h e r e once a n o t o r i o u s pris-
on stoodthe Bastille. For
m a n y years f r o m the begin
n i n g o f its e r e c t i o n in 1369, it l o w
ered, a s t r o n g h o l d o f cruelty and
despotism. B u t on o n e m a r v e l o u s
fourteenth o f July, 1789, it w a s
stormed by a furious and desperate
p o p u l a c e , a n d n o t a stone is left to
indicate w h a t o n c e had been. Instead,
n o w o n that spot, a l o f t y c o l u m n , the
C o l u m n o f July, r e a r s s k y w a r d its
slender, beautiful length, a c a r v e n
o r i f l a m m e o f t h a t liberty, f r a t e r n i t y
a n d equality w h i c h is in v e r i t y the
pride of France.
And s o the Bastille perished.
M o r e o v e r the k e y w a s b r o u g h t to
A m e r i c a and tendered by Lafayette
t o G e n e r a l W a s h i n g t o n in g r a c i o u s
r e c o g n i t i o n b y one d e m o c r a c y o f an
other. B u t here the s i m i l a r i t y b e
t w e e n the t w o c o u n t r i e s ceases. F o r
since the fall o f the F r e n c h s t r o n g
h o l d t h e r e has been b u i l d i n g in this
d e m o c r a c y a t o w e r , a f o r t r e s s fully
as iniquitous in its p u r p o s e as the
ill-famed Bastille o f old. Through
o u t the length and breadth o f this
land, y e s , in the N a t i o n ' s v e r y c a p i
tal, are m e n b e n t on p u t t i n g the
c r o w n i n g t o u c h o f i n f a m y t o this n e w
and monstrous superstructurethe
B l a c k Bastille o f P r e j u d i c e . How
m a n y v i c t i m s h a v e been t h r u s t into
its pitiless c o n f i n e s ! Into it h a v e
g o n e the ideals o f the P i l g r i m F a t h
e r s , t h e d r e a m s o f the A b o l i t i o n i s t s
a n d P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n , and d u r i n g
the w e e k b e f o r e the f o u r t e e n t h o f
J u l y t h e v e r y a n n i v e r s a r y o f the
fall o f its stone and m o r t a r p r o t o t y p e
217
the d e m o c r a c y o f a n a t i o n ! The
s h a d o w o f the B l a c k Bastille lies al
w a y s a c r o s s the path o f us A m e r i
cans. T u r n w h e r e w e will w e c a n n o t
escape its g l o o m . In those old un
h a p p y , far-off d a y s the F r e n c h p o p u
lace demolished their Bastille's
f r o w n i n g reality w i t h e v e r y con
c e i v a b l e w e a p o n , stones, m a c e s , p i c k
axes, h a l b e r d s and their p o o r naked
hands. A m e r i c a ' s c o u r s e m u s t be as
theirs. W e h a v e n o c h o i c e but to
b r i n g to the annihilation o f this struc
t u r e s o insubstantial and y e t so
real o u r a l l d e t e r m i n a t i o n , e f f o r t
g r i m , u n c e a s i n g m o n e y , time, tears,
o u r n a k e d b l e e d i n g hearts.
A PLAN FOR THE SOUTHERN M I G R A N T .
THE p r e v a i l i n g d r i f t o f the
m i g r a t i n g N e g r o e s is t o w a r d
cities w h e r e p r o b a b l y it will
be easiest f o r t h e m to s t a r t
in, but w h e r e s e g r e g a t i o n is m o s t
pronounced, competition fiercest,
houses m o s t u n s a n i t a r y and ex
o r b i t a n t l y e x p e n s i v e , allurements t o
every sort o f w r o n g - d o i n g m o s t vici
ous, and the c h a n c e s f o r healthy p r o g
ress t o w a r d a c o m p e t e n c e a n d ulti
mate i n d e p e n d e n c e the smallest.
Y o u r s u r v e y indicates that a l a r g e
p r o p o r t i o n o f these m i g r a n t s are
f r o m the r u r a l p a r t s o f the South. W h y
should they n o t seek h o m e s in the
rural p a r t s o f the N o r t h ? T h e y are
needed there. A l l g o o d tillers o f the
soil are needed on n o r t h e r n f a r m lands
as they n e v e r h a v e been needed b e f o r e
in the h i s t o r y o f the c o u n t r y . T h e y
are needed to help raise f o o d c r o p s ,
n o t o n l y f o r this c o u n t r y , but f o r
half a dozen other g r e a t c o u n t r i e s on
the b r i n k o f s t a r v a t i o n . Crops com
m a n d high p r i c e s and it seems a b o u t
as certain as a n y t h i n g can be that
such h i g h p r i c e s , p r o b a b l y h i g h e r ,
a r e g o i n g to p r e v a i l f o r at least five
y e a r s , till there shall be a readjust
ment of economic conditions
t h r o u g h o u t the w o r l d to restore the
218 THE
unparalleled d e v a s t a t i o n s o f the w a r .
H o w plain it is then t h a t the f a r m s
offer the b e s t c h a n c e s f o r these p e o
ple w h o h a v e g r o w n u p in the South,
a w a y f r o m cities, in c o u n t r y h o m e s ,
a n d w i t h the h a b i t o f w o r k i n g in the
ground and handling stock. Surely
t h e y m u s t find t h e m s e l v e s m o r e at
h o m e t h e r e than in the G h e t t o o f N e w
Y o r k , Philadelphia, Cincinnati or
Chicago. T h e y m u s t find the o c c u
p a t i o n s m o r e to t h e i r m i n d , such as
t h e y can take u p r e a d i l y a n d learn
t h o r o u g h l y , till t h e y excel and g e t the
best w a g e s f o r this s o r t o f w o r k .
H e r e on the f a r m s , t o o , a r e the
finest prospects for accumulating
property and becoming independent
l a n d o w n e r s . O f c o u r s e , it will b e the
b e s t w a y to b e g i n as a h i r e d f a r m
hand, f o r this is the p a t h t o acquaint
ance w i t h the m e t h o d s o f n o r t h e r n
f a r m i n g and t o f r i e n d l y relations
w i t h the n e i g h b o r h o o d w h e r e o n e is
at w o r k . B u t one should n o t rest
satisfied w i t h b e i n g a m e r e f a r m
hand. H e should m a k e up his m i n d
at the s t a r t to b u y s o m e land as s o o n
as he has the m o n e y to p a y f o r it, a n d
this should be k e p t steadily in v i e w ,
till he has a f a r m and a h o m e o f his
o w n , legally m a d e o v e r to h i m and
w i t h no m o r t g a g e on it. A n d this
is n o w i l d h o p e f o r a f r u g a l , industri
ous m a n to entertain. T h e r e are t o
d a y t h o u s a n d s o f g o o d f a r m s in the
b a c k districts o f the N o r t h under
cultivation and h a v i n g d e c e n t build
ings on them t h a t can be b o u g h t f o r
half w h a t it w o u l d c o s t to p u t u p the
b u i l d i n g s alone. Bargains without
n u m b e r can be f o u n d all o v e r the
N o r t h w h e n y o u g o f r o m the v i l l a g e s
a f e w miles. T h e y are f a r m s t h a t
w e r e cultivated b y influential well-to-
do p e o p l e t w e n t y o r t h i r t y y e a r s a g o ,
a n d men and w o m e n w e r e b r o u g h t
up t h e r e w h o are n o w in p o s i t i o n s o f
CRISIS
responsibility and p o w e r far a w a y
f r o m t h e i r old b i r t h p l a c e .
B u t the c h a n c e is g r e a t f o r t h o s e
w h o are willing and have had a train
i n g in f a r m w o r k t o fit t h e m f o r it.
What finer opportunity could be
offered to these N e g r o f a r m e r s w h o
are c o m i n g u p f r o m the c o t t o n fields
out o f w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e e n p u s h e d
b y the boll w e e v i l and o t h e r t h i n g s
worse? The laws will protect them
h e r e . N o o n e will q u e s t i o n t h e i r r i g h t
to vote. There will be no threats o f
l y n c h i n g in these f a r m i n g d i s t r i c t s ,
h o w e v e r it m a y b e in s o m e n o r t h e r n
cities. T h e y will find t h e i r c h i l d r e n
w e l c o m e d in s c h o o l a n d t h e m s e l v e s
w e l c o m e d at c h u r c h , side b y side w i t h
other Christian families.
Is n o t this a r i p e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r
the c o n t i n u e d a n d e n l a r g e d a c t i v i t i e s
o f the A s s o c i a t i o n f o r the A d v a n c e
ment o f Colored People?
G. S. D I C K E R M A N .
PRIZES.
A READER complains that
after o f f e r i n g a p r i z e f o r an
article o f two hundred
w o r d s on the " B e s t S u m m e r
I E v e r S p e n t " w e g a v e it to an a r t i c l e
o f six h u n d r e d w o r d s . W e did. T h e
r e a s o n w a s t h a t on the d a y t h e c o m
petition closed t h e r e h a d b e e n n o t w o
h u n d r e d w o r d articles s u b m i t t e d t h a t
w e r e at all w o r t h p u b l i s h i n g . We
d e e m e d it, t h e r e f o r e , b e t t e r t o b r e a k
o u r rule o f length than o u r l i t e r a r y
standards.
T h e prizes, w h i c h w e r e f o u r in
n u m b e r , w e r e a w a r d e d as f o l l o w s :
First prize, H. H. Thweatt, T h o m a s -
ville, Ga. H i s essay w a s p u b l i s h e d in
the A u g u s t CRISIS. Second prize,
Walter Edward Tibbs, Industrial
College, G e o r g i a . T h i r d p r i z e , C a r r i e
Jameson, Milestown, M d . Fourth
prize, U . S i m p s o n G a m e s , W a s h i n g
ton, D . C.
National Association for the Ad
vancement of Colored People

THE M A S S A C R E OF E A S T ST. LOUIS.

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF

COLORED PEOPLE, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York, sent Mar
tha Gruening and W. E. Burghardt Du Bois to East St. Louis,
as special investigators of the recent outrages. These two collected in
person the facts and pictures from which this article is compiled.

ON the 2nd o f July, 1917, the city o f is as f o l l o w s : On the evening of July 1,

E a s t St. Louis in Illinois added a foul
and revolting p a g e to the history of all
the massacres of the world. On that day
a mob of white men, women and children
burned and destroyed at least $400,000
worth of p r o p e r t y belonging to both whites
and N e g r o e s ; drove 6,000 Negroes out of
their h o m e s ; and deliberately burdered, by
shooting, b u r n i n g and hanging, between
one and two hundred human beings w h o
were black.
Such an outbreak could not have been
instantaneous. There must have been
something further reaching even than an
immediate cause to provoke such a dis
aster. The immediate cause usually given
white " j o y riders" rode down a block in
Market Street, which was inhabited by
Negroes, and began to fire into the houses.
The N e g r o e s aroused by this armed them
selves against further trouble. Presently
a police automobile drove up containing
detectives and stopped. The Negroes
thinking that these were the " j o y r i d e r s "
returning opened up fire before this mis
understanding was removed, and t w o o f
the detectives were killed. Some of the
policemen w e r e in plain clothes.
One naturally wonders w h y should the
white " j o y r i d e r s " fire in the first place.
W h a t was their quarrel with the N e g r o e s ?
In answering that question we get down to

219
220 THE CRISIS
the real story. It is here w e meet with the
facts that lay directly back o f the massacre,
a combination of the j e a l o u s y o f white labor
unions and prejudice.
E a s t St. Louis is a g r e a t industrial center,
possessing h u g e p a c k i n g and manufactur
ing houses, and is, therefore, one of the
b i g g e s t markets in the country f o r c o m
mon unskilled labor. The war, b y the de
portation o f white foreign w o r k e r s , caused
a scarcity o f labor and this b r o u g h t about
the b e g i n n i n g of a noticeable influx o f
N e g r o e s f r o m the South. Last summer
4,500 white men went on strike in the pack
ing plants of A r m o u r & Co., Morris & Co.,
and Swift & Co., and N e g r o e s f r o m the
South were called into the plants as strike
breakers. W h e n the strike ended the
Negroes were still employed and that m a n y
white men failed to regain their positions.
The leaders of various labor unions realized
that the supply of N e g r o e s was practically
inexhaustible and that they were receiving
the same w a g e s as their white predecessors
and so evidently doing the same grade of
work. Since it was increasingly possible then
to call in as m a n y black strike-breakers as
necessary, the effectiveness of any strike
was accordingly decreased. It was this
realization that caused the small but in
dicative M a y riots. Evidently, the leaders
of the labor unions thought something
must be done, some measure sufficiently
drastic must be taken to drive these inter
lopers a w a y and to restore to these white
A m e r i c a n s their privileges. The f a c t that
the N e g r o e s were also A m e r i c a n s meant
nothing at such a time as this.
The leader of a labor union must be an
opportunist. The psychology of any un
skilled laborer is c o m p a r a t i v e l y simple. T o
the knowledge then that his j o b is being
held b y an outsider add his natural and
fostered prejudice against an outsider w h o
is black and you have something of the
mental attitude of the rioters of E a s t St.
Louis. Doubtless it was with some such
prophetic vision as this that E d w a r d F.
Mason, secretary of the Central Trades and
L a b o r Union, issued a letter, the facsimile
of which appears on the opposite page.
One point in particular is emphasized,
that of c o l o r : " T h e Southern N e g r o , "
writes Mr. Mason, "has come into our com
munity. No less than ten thousand of un
desirable N e g r o e s , " he continues, " h a v e
poured in and are being used to the detri
ment o f o u r w h i t e citizens." T h e r e is the
appeal direct to prejudice. It is not that
f o r e i g n e r s C z e c h s , Slovaks, Lithuanians
or w h a t e v e r ethnic division is least indi
genous to E a s t St. L o u i s i t is not that
they are ousting A m e r i c a n s o f a n y color
or hue, but the " S o u t h e r n N e g r o , " the m o s t
A m e r i c a n p r o d u c t there is, is b e i n g used " t o
the detriment of our w h i t e citizens."
M r . Mason has no hesitancy in suggest
ing "that some action should he taken to
retard this g r o w i n g m e n a c e " and " t o g e t
rid of a certain portion o f those w h o are
already h e r e . " W a s not M r . G o m p e r s ' ex
cuse in Carnegie Hall a faint echo of all
this?
Mr. Mason w a n t s to be fair. " T h i s is
not a protest against the N e g r o w h o has
been a long resident"so runs his superb
E n g l i s h " o f E a s t St. L o u i s , and is a l a w -
abiding citizen of the state." In E a s t St.
Louis labor leaders are the arbiters of
legal conduct and therefore 10,000 N e g r o e s
become undesirable citizens because they
are strike-breakers and black.
T h a t the July riot g r e w out of the meet
ing called by M r . M a s o n (see f a c s i m i l e ) ,
we are not prepared to s a y ; but that
it g r e w out of this attitude is only too
apparent. B y all accounts o f eye-wit
nesses, both white and black, the E a s t St.
Louis outrage was deliberately planned and
executed.
Says Richard L. Stokes, w r i t i n g in the
St. Louis Globe-Democrat, for Sunday,
July 8:
On the night o f M a y 28th a delegation
of about 600 union men m a r c h e d to the
City Hall to appeal to the authorities to
prevent the importation o f a n y m o r e N e
groes. A m o n g them were m a n y o f the A l u
minum Ore C o m p a n y strikers. T h e y took
possession o f an auditorium, and some o f
the leaders made speeches a d v i s i n g that in
case the authorities took no action, they
should resort to m o b l a w .
W h e n genuine m o b l a w did finally reign
on July 2, the scenes w e r e indescribable.
G e r m a n y has nothing on E a s t St. Louis
when it comes to " f r i g h t f u l n e s s . " Indeed
in one respect G e r m a n y does not even ap
p r o x i m a t e her ill-famed sister. In all the
accounts given o f G e r m a n atrocities, no
one, w e believe, has accused the G e r m a n s o f
taking pleasure in the sufferings o f their
victims. But these rioters combined busi
ness and pleasure. These N e g r o e s w e r e
 THE MASSACRE O F E A S T ST. LOUIS 221

Central Trades and l a b o r union

AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN MEETSSECONDAND FOURTH TUESDAYS
FEDERATION OF LABOR 309 COLLINSVILLE AVENUE

EAST ST. LOUIS, ILL., May 23, 1 9 1 7 .

To the D e l e g a t e s
to the C e n t r a l T r a d e s
and L a b o r U n i o n :

Greeting: -
The i m m i g r a t i o n of the S o u t h e r n N e g r o into our
city for the past eight m o n t h s h a s r e a c h e d the p o i n t
w h e r e d r a s t i c a c t i o n m u s t be t a k e n if w e intend to w o r k
and live p e a c e a b l y in this c o m m u n i t y .
S i n c e t h i s influx of u n d e s i r a b l e n e g r o e s has
s t a r t e d n o less than ten t h o u s a n d h a v e come into this
locality.
T h e s e m e n a r e b e i n g used to the d e t r i m e n t of our
w h i t e c i t i z e n s by soma of t h e c a p i t a l i s t s and a few of
the real e s t a t e o w n e r s .
On n e x t M o n d a y e v e n i n g the e n t i r e body of d e l e
g a t e s to the C e n t r a l T r a d e s and L a b o r U n i o n s will call
upon the M a y o r and City C o u n c i l and d e m a n d that they
take s o m e a c t i o n to retard this g r o w i n g m e n a c e and a l s o
d e v i s e a w a y to g e t rid of a c e r t a i n p o r t i o n of those w h o
are a l r e a d y h e r e .
T h i s is not a p r o t e s t a g a i n s t the n e g r o w h o h a s
been a long r e s i d e n t of East S t . L o u i s , and is a l a w -
abiding citizen.
We e a r n e s t l y r e q u e s t that y o u be in a t t e n d a n c e
on n e x t M o n d a y evening: at 8:00 o ' c l o c k , at 1 3 7 C o l l i n s -
v i l l e A v e n u e , w h e r e w e w i l l m e e t and then go to the City
Hall.
T h i s is m o r e i m p o r t a n t than any l o c a l m e e t i n g , so
be sure you a r e t h e r e .
Fraterna1ly,
CENTRAL TRADES & LABOR UNION,
EDW. F. M A S O N . S e c ' y .

19
(A FACSIMILE OF MR. MASON'S LETTER)

"butchered to make" an East St.
"holiday."
Carlos F . Hurd, an eye-witness, realizes
this f a c t and speaks of it in the article
which he publishes July 3 in the St. Louis
Post-Dispatch, o f which he is a staff-re
porter. M r . Hurd w r i t e s :
A m o b is passionate, a mob follows one
man o r a f e w men b l i n d l y ; a m o b sometimes
takes chances. T h e E a s t St. Louis affair, as
I saw it, w a s a man hunt, conducted on a
sporting basis, though with anything but
Louis the fair play which is the principle of sport.
The East St. Louis men took no chances,
except the chance from stray shots, w h i c h
every spectator of their acts took. They
went in small g r o u p s , there w a s little lead
ership, and there w a s a horribly cool de-
liberateness and a spirit of fun about it.
"Get a n i g g e r , " w a s the slogan, and it
was varied by the recurrent c r y , " G e t an
o t h e r ! " It w a s like nothing so much as the
holiday c r o w d , with thumbs turned down,
in the Roman Coliseum, except that here the
shouters w e r e their own gladiators, and
their own wild beasts.
222 THE
He goes on with another horrible account
of which he w a s also an eye-witness:
A N e g r o , his head laid open b y a g r e a t
stone-cut, had been d r a g g e d to the mouth o f
the alley on Fourth Street and a small rope
w a s being put about his neck. There was
j o k i n g comment on the weakness o f the
rope, and everyone w a s prepared f o r w h a t
happened when it was pulled over a pro
j e c t i n g cable b o x , a short distance up the
pole. It broke, letting the N e g r o tumble
back to his knees, and causing one of the
men who w a s pulling on it to sprawl on the
pavement.
A n old man, with a cap like those worn
by street car conductors, but showing no
badge of car service, came out of his house
to protest. " D o n ' t you h a n g that man on
this street," he shouted. "I dare you t o . "
He was pushed a n g r i l y away, and a rope,
obviously strong enough for its purpose,
was brought.
R i g h t here I saw the most sickening in
cident o f the evening. T o put the rope
around the N e g r o ' s neck, one of the lynchers
stuck his fingers inside the g a p i n g scalp and
lifted the N e g r o ' s head by it, literally bath
ing his hand in the man's blood.
"Get hold, and pull for East St. L o u i s ! "
called a man with a black coat and a new
straw hat, as he seized the other end of the
rope. The rope was long, but not too long
for the number of hands that grasped it,
and this time the N e g r o was lifted to a
height of about seven feet f r o m the ground.
The body was left hanging there.
These accounts make gruesome reading,
but they are all true. Hugh L. W o o d paints
in the St. Louis Republic another horrible
picture. H e s a y s :
A N e g r o weighing 300 pounds came out
of the b u r n i n g line of dwellings just north
and east of the Southern freight house. His
hands were elevated and his yellow face was
speckled with the awful fear of death.
" G e t h i m ! " they cried. Here was a
chance to see suffering, something that bul
lets didn't always make.
So a man in the crowd clubbed his re
volver and struck the N e g r o in the face
with it. A n o t h e r dashed an iron bolt be
tween the N e g r o ' s eyes. Still another stood
near and battered him with a rock.
Then the giant N e g r o toppled to the
ground. "This is the w a y , " cried one. He
ran back a f e w paces, then ran at the pros
trate black at full speed and made a flying
leap.
His heels struck right in the middle of
the battered face. A girl stepped up and
struck the bleeding man with her foot. The
blood spurted onto her stockings and men
laughed and grunted.
N o amount o f suffering awakened pity in
the hearts of the rioters. Mr. Wood tells
us t h a t :
CRISIS
A f e w N e g r o e s , c a u g h t on the street, w e r e
kicked and shot to death. A s flies settled
on their terrible w o u n d s , the gaping-
mouthed mobsmen f o r b a d e the d y i n g blacks
to brush them off. Girls with blood on their
stockings helped to kick in w h a t had been
black faces o f the corpses on the street.
T h e St. Louis Republic has still a further
touch:
A N e g r o lay a block east on B r o a d w a y ,
with his face beaten in. He was not dead.
A n ambulance, driven by white men, dashed
up.
" I f you pick up that skunk we'll kill y o u ,
t o o , " cried the crowd.
" I ' v e g o t a wife and f o u r children at
home," said the white-faced ambulance man
as he climbed back on the w a g o n .
When the fire had eaten its w a y that f a r
the body was tossed into the flames. T w o
blocks further east lay a N e g r o w h o had
been beaten until he was dying. "Let's
string him u p , " shouted a man.
A rope was b r o u g h t and the d y i n g black
in a moment w a s d a n g l i n g f r o m a pole.
Several " g o o d m e a s u r e " shots w e r e fired
into the body and the c r o w d w e n t further
on.
M r . Hurd who writes with much restraint
tells h o w he saw a man covered with blood
and half conscious, raise himself on his
elbow and look feebly about, when a y o u n g
man, standing directly behind him, lifted
a flat stone in both hands and hurled it up
on his neck. This y o u n g man w a s much
better dressed than most o f the others. H e
walked a w a y unmolested.
The violence was confined not only to
men. W o m e n were in m a n y cases the ag
gressors and always ready to instigate and
abet.
One w o m a n , a c c o r d i n g to the St. Louis
Globe-Democrat, wanted to " c u t the heart
o u t " of a N e g r o , a man already paralyzed
from a bullet wound, w h o w a s being then
maltreated at the hands of a m o b .
Mr. H u r d w r i t e s :
I saw N e g r o w o m e n b e g g i n g f o r m e r c y
and pleading that they had harmed no one
set upon by white women of the baser sort
who laughed and answered the coarse sal
lies of men as they beat the N e g r e s s e s ' faces
and breasts with fists, stones and sticks. I
saw one of these furies fling herself at a
militiaman w h o was t r y i n g to p r o t e c t a Ne
gress, and wrestle w i t h him f o r his b a y o -
netted gun, while other w o m e n attacked the
refugee.
" L e t the girls have her," was the shout
as the women attacked one y o u n g N e g r e s s .
T h e victim's cry, "Please, please, I ain't
done nothing," was stopped by a blow in
the mouth with a broomstick, which- one o f
the women s w u n g like a baseball bat. A n -
THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS 223

The Fire. St. Lo

224 THE
other w o m a n seized the N e g r e s s ' hands, and
the b l o w w a s repeated as she struggled
helplessly. F i n g e r nails clawed her hair
and the sleeves were torn f r o m her waist,
when some of the men called, " N o w let her
see h o w fast she can run." The women did
not readily leave off beating her, but they
stopped short of murder, and the c r y i n g ,
hysterical girl ran down the street.
A n older N e g r e s s , a f e w moments later,
came along with two or three militiamen,
and the same women made f o r her. W h e n
one o f the soldiers held his gun as a bar
rier, the w o m a n with the broomstick seized
it with both hands, and struggled to wrest
it f r o m him, while the others, striking at
the N e g r e s s , in spite o f the other militia
men, frightened her thoroughly and hurt
her somewhat.
T o this the St. Louis Republic a d d s :
Seized with the m o b spirit, two y o u n g
white girls climbed on a car at B r o a d w a y
and Main Street at about 4 p. m. and
d r a g g e d a Negress f r o m her seat. A s they
d r a g g e d the struggling Negress through the
door to the street there was a great cheer
from men on the sidewalk.
A s the Negress attempted to break a w a y
f r o m her assailants one of the g i r l s f o r
they were only about 17 years oldpulled
off her shoe and started to beat the victim
over the head. The victim flinched under
the blows of the girl and was bleeding when
she w a s rescued by militiamen.
The girls were not arrested and started
to w a l k a w a y f r o m the scene. There were
bloodstains on their clothes and as they
passed their friends they told about the p a r t
they had played in the riot.
But this sort of Negro-baiting did not
make a strong enough appeal to the jaded
senses of the m o b . Surely there must be
some other means of adding to such pleas
urable excitement. Somebody suggested
fire. The idea was immediately accepted.
Says John T. S t e w a r t :
T h e first houses were fired shortly after
5 o'clock. These w e r e b a c k of Main street,
between B r o a d w a y and Railroad avenue.
Negroes were "flushed" f r o m the burning
houses, and ran f o r their lives, screaming
and b e g g i n g for mercy. A N e g r o crawled
into a shed and fired on the white men.
Guardsmen started after him, but when
they s a w he was armed, turned to the mob
and said:
" H e ' s armed, boys. Y o u can have him.
A white man's life is worth the lives of a
thousand N e g r o e s . "
A f e w minutes later matches w e r e ap
plied to hastily gathered debris piled about
the corner o f one of three small houses 100
feet f r o m the first fired. These were back
of the International Harvester C o m p a n y ' s
plant. E i g h t N e g r o e s fled into the last of
the houses and hid in the basement. W h e n
roof and walls were about to fall in, an aged
N e g r o w o m a n came out. She w a s permitted
to walk to safety. Three N e g r o women fol
CRISIS
lowed and w e r e not fired upon. Then came
f o u r N e g r o men, and 100 shots w e r e fired
at them. T h e y fell. N o one ventured out
to see if they w e r e dead, as the place had
come to resemble N o M a n ' s Land, with bul
lets flying b a c k and f o r t h and s p a r k s f r o m
the fires f a l l i n g e v e r y w h e r e .
A N e g r o w h o crawled on hands and knees
through the weeds w a s a t a r g e t f o r a vol
ley. The m o b then turned b a c k to Main
street and another N e g r o w a s spied on a
Main Street car. H e w a s d r a g g e d to the
street and a rioter stood o v e r him, shooting.
T h e c r o w d then turned to B l a c k V a l l e y .
Here the greatest fire d a m a g e was caused.
Flames soon were r a g i n g and the shrieking
rioters stood about in the streets, made lurid
b y the flames, and shot and beat N e g r o e s
as they fled f r o m their b u r n i n g homes.
This district today was a waste of smoul
dering debris. F i r e m e n f o u g h t the flames
all night. In this stretch w e r e burned the
Southern Railroad freight house, the Hills-
Thomas Lime and Cement C o m p a n y p l a n t
and the B r o a d w a y Opera House. B y des
perate effort, firemen saved the Public Li
b r a r y Building, the Bon Bon B a k i n g P o w
der Company, and the J. C. G r a n t Chemical
Company. The warehouses o f the latter
contained 1,000 gallons o f gasoline and coal
oil.
It was rumored that m a n y N e g r o e s w e r e
burned to death in the B r o a d w a y O p e r a
House, an abandoned theatre structure. B y
standers claimed to have seen men, w o m e n
and children seek refuge in the basement
of the building.
Rioters f o r m e d in g a n g s and t r o o p e d
through the street, chasing N e g r o e s w h e n
they met them, and intimidating white and
N e g r o men alike, if they attempted to offer
resistance.
Here again a c c o r d i n g to the St. Louis
Globe-Democrat, the w o m e n and children
took a h a n d :
T h e y pursued the w o m e n w h o w e r e driven
out of the burning homes, with the idea, not
of extinguishing their b u r n i n g clothing, but
of inflicting added pain, if possible. T h e y
stood around in g r o u p s , l a u g h i n g and jeer
ing, while they witnessed the final w r i t h i n g s
of the t e r r o r and pain w r a c k e d w r e t c h e s
who crawled to the streets to die after their
flesh had been cooked in their own h o m e s .
W h e r e was the militia? A t best they
stood idly about in tacit s y m p a t h y with the
rioters. It was not their business to p r o
tect N e g r o e s against w h i t e men. Richard
L. Stokes makes their attitude plain in the
St. Louis Globe-Democrat. He says:
I wish to point out that in these riots all
the antipathy t o w a r d the N e g r o w a s not
confined to E a s t St. Louis. A m o n g the
first militia to arrive f r o m Central and
Northern Illinois, w e r e not a f e w w h o de
clared feelingly their understanding they
were not here to p r o t e c t N e g r o e s against
whites, but to g u a r d whites against Ne
groes.
 THE MASSACRE
B R O A D W A Y OPERA HOUSE AFTER T H E FIRE.
Subsequent testimony conflicted with this
statement and showed that most of the mili
tia, as one would suppose from the location
of East St. Louis, came from Southern Illi
nois.
And John T. Stewart continues in the
St. Louis Star:
The major riot ensued at 4 : 3 0 , with not
a Negro in sight. A crowd of fifty young
men and boys dribbling aimlessly south on
Collinsville came to a pawn shop. A t once
there were shouts of "get his guns," and
the whites crowded through the shop doors
and looted the shop of every weapon and
all its ammunition. A boy not over four
teen years old emerged with a rifle and sev
eral rounds of cartridges. Another boy
dragged a shotgun too big for him to carry.
A detachment of militia came along and
made a half-hearted effort to disarm the
civilians. The only persons who gave up
their arms were boys. One white man
walking beside me patted a large revolver
in his shirt bosom. It was fully loaded.
Another handed him two additional rounds
OF EAST ST. LOUIS 225
St. Louis Globe Democrat.
$700,000 DAMAGE W A S DONE IN THIS VICINITY
of cartridges. T w o guards passed.
" Y o u ' v e g o t nothing on m e , " the rioter
said, and showed the militiaman his re
volver and shells. When the militiaman
laughed, the rioter threw his disengaged
arm around the guardsman's shoulder and
they disappeared around the corner.
Some o f the militia were active in the
fray. Miss Gruening tells o f the t w o sol
diers, members o f T r o o p L, from Olney.
She passed them a f e w days after the riot
near Cahokia Creek and entered into con
versation with them. They boasted that
here "seven n i g g e r s " were thrown into the
creek, "and every time the niggers came up
people rocked them till they w a s all
drowned." She imitated their vernacular.
" A n d how many ' n i g g e r s ' did you boys ac
tually k i l l ? " she asked. They were mod
estly uncertainthey were not quite sure
h o w many, but they had certainly shot to
kill. T h a t had been their orders.
' " W h a t ! " asked Miss Gruening, "to shoot
to kill ' n i g g e r s ' ? "
T h e y grinned cheerfully. " O h , no. Only
to kill all we s a w starting fires."
226 THE
" A n d did you see any starting fires?"
" N o , all we saw was n i g g e r s flying."
A n d they w e r e to disarm every " n i g g e r "
of any kind of w e a p o n g u n s , razors, knives.
They g o t everything a w a y f r o m them.
Miss Gruening wanted to k n o w if they
hadn't disarmed any whites at all.
They w e r e doubtful. Y e s , one remem
bered he had disarmed a drunken white
man w h o w a s attacking a white w o m a n .
Subsequently, Miss Gruening met with
the Military B o a r d of Inquiry, whose mem
bers w e r e : B r i g a d i e r General H e n r y R.
Hill, Brigadier General James E . Stewart,
Colonel M. J. F o r e m a n , Colonel T a y l o r E .
B r o w n , M a j o r E d w a r d B. Tollman, Colonel
W i l l i a m D . McChesney and M a j o r R i c h a r d
J. A b b o t t . She told her story and offered
to identify the boys.
T h e B o a r d was unenthusiastic and a tri
fle skeptical. Didn't Miss Gruening really
suppose that the boys were j o k i n g ? Doubt
less they merely wanted to look big in the
eyes o f a lady. Y e s , such j e s t i n g was in
bad taste, but boys will be boys. A t any
rate identification was impossible because
the Olney troops had been withdrawn.
Miss Gruening offered to go to Olney, to
go anywhere to identify the two guards
men.
Well, that was unnecessary, it was rather
late n o w o n the third day o f the inquiry
to institute such a complaint. Why
hadn't the lady gone immediately to the
commandant, who w a s present, and made
her charge.
Miss Gruening had already been to the
commandant on another matter and had
been rebuffed.
A s she was about to leave they laid on
her a solemn charge.
" Y o u n g lady, as a writer, you have a
heavy responsibility. I f you go a w a y and
give the world the impression that the boys
of the Illinois Militia or their officers failed
in their duty you will be doing a serious
injustice. W e have gone exhaustively into
the evidence. W e have followed up every
accusation made against Illinois guards
men and w e find not a single instance in
which they misconducted themselves. On
the contrary, w e have found innumerable
instances of the greatest heroism on the p a r t
of these y o u n g and untrained boysin
stances in which N e g r o e s were rescued
from c r o w d s of two or three hundred peo
ple. W e have examined every body ( Q u e r y :
the burned and drowned bodies t o o ? ) and
none of the wounds were made b y rifles."
Miss Gruening inquired w h y , in the case
of so much heroism, were so many N e g r o e s
killed and only eight white men. There
was no answer to that.
M a n y white people told Miss Gruening
that the militia had done remarkably well
when one considered that most of them
came f r o m towns in Southern Illinois, like
Olney, f o r instance, at whose railway sta
tions were placards with the inscription:
" N i g g e r , don't let the sun set on y o u . " It
CRISIS
was impossible, it w a s argued, f o r such men
to suppose that they w e r e being called on
to p r o t e c t " n i g g e r s " !
A n d n o w w e come to a short list of s a v a g e
deeds which m o s t of the n e w s p a p e r s h a v e
failed to print. S o m e of them though hint at
them, like the St. Louis Globe-Democrat for
instance, when it says "enormities o f savag
e r y which would shame the j u n g l e w e r e
committed in the presence o f policemen and
militiamen." A l l o f the f o l l o w i n g state
ments w e r e related by eyewitnesses to Miss
Gruening and D r . D u Bois.
Miss Gruening w r i t i n g in the Boston
Journal says s u c c i n t l y :
" O n e girl w a s standing at a w i n d o w of
a white w o m a n ' s house in which she w o r k e d .
Her arm was shot a w a y . A policeman and
a soldier, she said, did the shooting .
A n old w o m a n , frightfully burned, d y i n g
in the hospital, was asked if the m o b had
done it and replied: ' N o , they j e s ' set fire
to my house and I burned m y s e l f t r y i n g to
get out' . . . One of the St. Louis re
porters said that he k n e w e x a c t l y h o w peo
ple felt w h o had seen atrocities abroad and
were t r y i n g to 'get them a c r o s s ' to the rest
of the world, 'although,' he added, 'not even
Belgium probably has anything quite as hor
rible to s h o w ' . . . A b o u t 10 blocks o f
N e g r o homes w e r e burned, and the mobs
stood outside and shot and stoned those w h o
tried to escape . . . The m o b seized a
colored w o m a n ' s b a b y and threw it into the
fire. T h e w o m a n w a s then shot and t h r o w n
in."
One dares not dwell too l o n g on these
horrors. There are the stories too related
by Mrs. Luella Cox ( w h i t e ) of the V o l u n
teers of A m e r i c a , a St. Louis organization.
M r s . Cox had g o n e over t o E a s t St. Louis
on that memorable day on business con
nected with her society. She passed through
scenes that she can never f o r g e t . She rea
lized the storm that w a s b r e w i n g and tried
to persuade some of the colored families
living in w h a t a f t e r w a r d s b e c a m e the
burned district to flee. T h e y w e r e afraid
to venture out but remained hidden in their
houses with w h a t results one can shudder-
ingly surmise.
Mrs. Cox saw a N e g r o beheaded with a
butcher's knife b y someone in a c r o w d
standing near the F r e e B r i d g e . T h e crowd
had to have its jest. So its members laugh
ingly threw the head over one side o f the
bridge and the body over the other.
A trolley-car c a m e along. The crowd
forced its inmates to put their hands out
the w i n d o w . Colored people thus r e c o g
nized w e r e hauled out of the c a r to be beat
en, trampled on, shot. A little twelve-year-
old colored girl faintedher m o t h e r knelt
beside her. T h e c r o w d surged in on her.
W h e n its ranks opened up a g a i n M r s . Cox
saw the mother p r o s t r a t e with a hole as
large as one's fist in her head.
A r o u n d a corner came a g r o u p of miners,
fresh f r o m w o r k , their pick-axes o v e r their
shoulders. T h e y plunged j o y o u s l y into the
arena. Presently Mrs. C o x c a u g h t sight
THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS 227

Looking for bodi

St. Louis Star.
228 THE
of them again resting f r o m their labors,
their pick-axes slung once m o r e over their
shoulders, and on their backs dripped blood.
W h i l e Mrs. Cox w a s talking to Miss
Gruening and Dr. Du Bois, a colored w o m a n
came up and e x c l a i m e d : " T h e r e ' s the lady
that saved m e ! " The w o m a n had spent all
that terrible night c r o u c h i n g in a sewer
pipe.
It was Mrs. Cox, too, w h o saw the baby
snatched f r o m its mother's arms and t h r o w n
into the flames, to be followed afterwards
by the mother. This last act w a s the only
merciful one on the p a r t of the crowd.
This recital deals only with facts. But
stop and picture f o r a moment Mrs. Cox's
day and the memories which must haunt
her and all others w h o spent those awful
hours in St. Louis.
F i r s t the m o b , always a frightful thing
l o w e r i n g in dense c o w a r d l y ranks through
the streets. Then the fleeing N e g r o e s , hunted,
despairing. A hoarse, sullen cry, " G e t the
n i g g e r ! " A shower of bullets, of bricks and
stones. T h e flash of meat-cleavers and pick
axes. The merciless flames. A n d every
where bodies, blood, hate and terrible levity.
All our hunting-songs and descriptions
deal with the glory of the chase as seen and
felt by the hunters. N o one has visualized
the psychology of the quarry, the driven,
hunted thing. The N e g r o e s of E a s t St.
Louis have in their statements supplied the
world with that lack.
T h e following accounts are published in
the somewhat disjointed fashion in which
they were necessarily collected by the in
vestigators. N o interpolation whatever is
added to detract f r o m their simplicity and
sincerity.
This is the testimony of M a r y E d w a r d s .
She is twenty-three years old, directress of
a cafeteria at Lincoln School at fifty dollars
a month, has lived in East St. Louis for six
teen y e a r s :
K n e w at ten o'clock in the m o r n i n g that
white and colored had been fighting, but
did not know seriousness of fight until five
o'clock in evening when riot started at
B r o a d w a y and Fourth Street. Heard shoot
ing and yelling, saw mob pull women off
street cars and beat them, but did not think
rioters would come up to Eighth Street.
Fires had started and were as f a r as Fifth
Street and B r o a d w a y and swept through
Fourth St., to Fifth and on to Eighth. The
shooting was so violent that they w e r e
afraid to leave home. B y this time rioters
were on Eighth Street, shooting through
homes and setting fire to them. Daughter
and father were in house d o d g i n g bullets
which were coming thick. Building at cor
ner of Eighth and W a l n u t was occupied by
whites. Some of mob yelled, " S a v e it.
Whites live there." Some o f the rioters
went to Eighth and B r o a d w a y and set fire
to colored g r o c e r y store and colored bar
ber shop. Man in barber shop escaped but
the man and w i f e in store were burned up.
B y that time Opera House was on fire and
CRISIS
flats on side and b a c k o f it. E a s t end o f
L i b r a r y Flats c a u g h t and heat w a s so g r e a t
that father and daughter tried to escape
through alley and up street to B r o a d w a y ,
but encountered mob at B r o a d w a y . Sol
diers w e r e in line-up on north side of street
and offered no assistance. Ran across street
to W e s t b r o o k ' s home with bullets flying all
around them and rioters shouting, " K i l l
him, kill h i m . " H e r e daughter lost track
of father. She beat on back door of W e s t -
brook's home but no response, ran across
alley to Division A v e n u e , ran on w h i t e lady's
porch, b u t the lady would not let her in.
Men were shooting at her f o r all they w e r e
worth, but she succeeded in d o d g i n g bullets.
Ran across field and g o t in house and
crawled under bed. Mob f o l l o w i n g r i g h t
behind her, but lost sight o f which house
she went in and set fire to each end o f flat.
Rather than be burned to death she ran
out and mob b e g a n shooting at her again.
Just at that time a m a n ran out o f the
house, and m o b let girl alone and started
at him. She fell in weeds and lay v e r y
quiet. Could see them beating man. A b o u t
one hour afterwards she heard someone
say, " A n y niggers in h e r e ? " She kept v e r y
quiet thinking them rioters. One said, " N o
one does answer. Come on, b o y s , let's g o
in after them." She then raised up not
knowing they w e r e soldiers and pleaded f o r
her life. T h e y picked her up and took her
over the same g r o u n d she had run f r o m
the m o b : put her in a machine and took
her to City Hall. W h e n she c a m e t o her
self she was in the doctor's office surround
ed by friends and her sister, Josephine, w h o
had escaped with the W e s t b r o o k s . It w a s
about one o'clock when she reached the City
Hall. M r . E d w a r d s succeeded in getting
a w a y f r o m m o b , hid under a white m a n ' s
porch until three o'clock in the m o r n i n g ,
crawled from under there and w e n t under
side walk on B r o a d w a y and stayed there
till five o'clock. ( I n E a s t St. L o u i s , Ill., the
streets are higher than the h o u s e s ) . He
g o t out f r o m under the w a l k and walked
over where his h o m e w a s still b u r n i n g and
stayed there till five-thirty. Started out
to find girls, saw a policeman w h o told him
he would probably find them at City Hall.
On w a y to City Hall, he met t w o policemen
with t w o colored men. One man asked him
if he would send a message to his w i f e . M r .
E d w a r d s said he could not do so. Po
liceman then arrested him c h a r g i n g him
with being one of the rioters. H e w a s locked
up in jail and did not get out until twelve
o'clock, when he w a s carried b e f o r e Justice
of Peace f o r trial. T h e y found him guilty
and set his trial f o r nine o'clock W e d n e s
day m o r n i n g and told him he w o u l d have to
give bond f o r three hundred dollars. T h e y
would not let him have an a t t o r n e y n o r
would they let him send f o r any one. H e
then asked the J u d g e to let him make a
statement to the court. T h a t w a s granted.
He g o t up and told of his e x p e r i e n c e
from five o'clock M o n d a y e v e n i n g until he
was arrested at 5:45 T u e s d a y m o r n i n g .
THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS 229

Colored ma
Internationa
230 THE CRISIS

FRANK SMITH, BURNED. AMOS DAVIS, AGE 84, SHOT.

THE REFUGEES. CAMP OF TROOP D , 1ST I L L . C A V A L R Y FROM

SPRINGFIELD.
AFTER THE FIRE.
POLICE HEADQUARTERS, ST. LOUIS, MO.
 THE M A S S A C R E OF EAST
A f t e r hearing his story the Judge dismissed
him.
Nathaniel Cole is twenty-two years old
and worked in a steel foundry. He s a y s :
I w a s on my w a y f r o m Alton on an Inter-
urban car. W h e n the car reached E a s t St.
Louis I saw a crowd of whites hollering,
" S t o p the car and get the n i g g e r . "
c a r was pulled off and stopped and a N e g r o
m a n pulled out and beaten. In the mean
time a white child called " T h e r e ' s another
nigger." I w a s then pulled off the car,
beaten and left in the street. A f t e r the
mob left, I attempted to board a car and
was ejected by the conductor. Not know
ing anything about East St. Louis or the
mob, I ran into a white neighborhood and
a w o m a n hollered, " S t o p that nigger. Stop
that n i g g e r . " T w o fellows ran out of a
g a n g w a y , one with a brick and the other
with a l o n g club. I ran and was well out
of the w a y when a Ford car came along
and about twelve of the rioters got in and
overtook me after I had entered an alley.
T h e y then hemmed me in a yard, where a
carpenter was at w o r k and began beating
me. The carpenter then asked the rioters
not to beat me up there, but to turn me over
to the police if I had done anything to de
serve it. The rioters replied, " T h e nigger
takes the white man's j o b . " I was beaten
in the f a c e with a cane and a rubber hose.
I w a s beaten into insensibility and when I
came to they were taking stitches in my
head at St. M a r y ' s Hospital.
Observe the terseness o f the statement of
Nina F l e e t :
Husband worked at M. & O. Round House.
W a s a resident of E a s t St. Louis f o r ten
years.
I stayed with white people in the neigh
borhood the night of the riot and when I
returned home, Tuesday, found m y house
had been ransacked and burned.
M y husband w a s killed in the riot on his
way home f r o m work.
Here follows the continued story of M a r y
Lewis and her sister Hattie House. M a r y
Lewis, w h o is thirty-three, speaks first.
She s a y s :
The mob gathered about my house shout
ing oaths, etc., and after w a t c h i n g and
listening f o r a long time, I decided to try
to escape. Just as I started to leave I saw
them shoot a man dead, less than thirty
feet f r o m m y w i n d o w . The mob then went
to the rear o f the house and I, with my four
children, slipped out the front door. I had
gone but a short distance when I was spied
b y one of the mob and they wanted to come
back, but were urged b y the leader to g o on
as he had seen some men on another street.
His remark w a s , " L e t her g o and get the
niggers r u n n i n g on the other street."
I left in m y house, m y husband, Allen
L e w i s ; sister, Hattie House, and a friend
w h o w a s visiting M r . M c M u r r a y .
H e r sister, Hattie House, continues:
ST. LOUIS 231
In less than twenty minutes f r o m the
time my sister left, the mob returned and
began shooting and t h r o w i n g bricks through
the windows, while the three of us lay flat
upon the floor, hoping to escape. T h e m o b
then set lire to both the front and back and
when the roof began falling in we ran out
through the rear door amidst the rain of
The
bullets to the home of a Mr. W a r r e n , white,
b e g g i n g him to save us. Mr. Lewis was
shot j u s t as he reached the door, and I ran
into the house.
Some women w h o were always at the
W a r r e n house began beating me and I was
compelled to leave there. I ran through a
shed and seeing a big tin b o x , I j u m p e d in,
pulling on the lid and succeeded in conceal
ing myself. The mob pursued, looking in
every place as they thought f o r me, but
overlooked the box. A s they stood discuss
ing the riot, one said, "I felt sorry for that
old nigger. He begged so f o r his life."
The answer was, " W h y should you feel
sorry, Irene, you helped to kill h i m ? " Some
other person in the crowd then said, " H e
was such a hard n i g g e r to kill, he was shot
and then had to have his head smashed with
an ax."
Lulu Suggs is twenty-four years old, and
has lived in E a s t St. Louis since A p r i l . She
tells of seeing children thrown into the
fire. She s a y s :
M y house was burned and all the con
tents. M y husband was at Swifts' the night
of the riot. I, with about one hundred
women and children, stayed in a cellar all
night, M o n d a y night. The School f o r Ne
groes on Winstanly A v e n u e was burned to
the ground. W h e n there was a big fire the
rioters would stop to amuse themselves, and
at such time I would peep out and actually
saw children thrown into the fire. Tuesday
came and with that the protection of the
soldiers. W e escaped to St. Louis.
Chickens w e r e of m o r e value than N e g r o
human lives. Mabel Randall, w h o is twen
ty-four years old, and has lived in E a s t St.
Louis f o r one and one-half years tells u s :
Monday evening the mob broke out the
windows and doors and we stayed under the
bed. W h e n dark came, we begged the white
lady next door to let us get under her house
and she told us that she had chickens in the
yard and we could not. W e then went next
door and got into a coal-house piling stoves
upon us until f o u r o'clock next m o r n i n g
when we went to the M. & O. Railroad
yards. W e remained there until 5:30 and
then reached the ferry.
T h e statement of Josephine Jones is in
teresting. She s a y s :
Mrs. Jones made this statement to me,
that the mob formed both times at the City
Hall, May, 1917, and July 2, 1917. She also
said that M a y o r Mollman stood in the alley
leaning on the bannister of the Justice of
Peace Building when a white man ran down
the alley chasing two colored men, whom
232 T H E CRISIS
he afterwards shot and t h r e w into the creek.
W h e n he returned to the street, M a y o r Moll-
man was still standing there and he said,
" F r e d , I shot two n i g g e r s . H o w do you
like t h a t ? " M a y o r Mollman said nothing
and m a d e no protest.
Rena Cook returned f r o m a day's outing
to h o r r o r and death. H e r statement f o l l o w s :
W h i l e r e t u r n i n g f r o m a fishing trip on
an A l t o n St. car, w e were met b y a m o b at
Collinsville and B r o a d w a y w h o stopped the
ear and had the white people get out. T h e
mob came in and d r a g g e d m y husband and
son out, beating them at the same time,
threw them off the c a r and shot both m y
husband and son, killing them instantly.
T w o policemen stood by, but did not inter
fere. T h e mob came back in the car and
ran me out and beat me into insensibility.
I knew nothing m o r e until I found myself
in St. M a r y ' s Hospital. A f t e r staying in
the hospital f o r two days I was taken to
City Hall in E a s t St. Louis and f r o m there
the police and militia escorted me to St.
Louis.
H e r e is a b r i e f but comprehensive tale
of treachery as told by E d w a r d S p e n c e :
Born in Lafayette, A l a b a m a c a m e to
East St. Louis five years ago. W o r k e d in
a Rolling Mill, Madison, Ill., but lived in
East St. Louis. W a g e s $3.25 a day. He
had taken his family, seven children and a
wife to friends out f r o m E a s t St. Louis f o r
safety. He returned to E a s t St. Louis and
walked down the street with a white man,
whom he thought to be a friend. W h e n he
passed this man's gate he was shot by this
same man in both arms and back. He ran
one and one-half blocks and was picked up
and carried to the hospital by three colored
men. His address is 1208 Colas A v e . , E a s t
St. Louis.
Comments are needless. Here is the tes
timony of Elsie L. Lothridge, twenty years
old, and a resident of East St. Louis f o r five
months. She s a y s :
Monday, about four o'clock, mob sur
rounded house. M y husband and I w e r e
under the bed, and the mob threw stones
and broke the w i n d o w s and furniture up.
The spread hid us from the people and after
they broke up everything they left. Then
we went to a white lady and asked could we
hide in her house and she refused us, and
we went in the next neighbor's house and
hid in the coal-house until about four o'clock
Tuesday morning. W e hid in an engine
until about 5:30 and then we went down
to the F e r r y and came across to St. Louis.
Testimony of Giles B o w m e r , sixty years
old, and a resident of E a s t St. Louis f o r
four years:
I was at m y w o r k when the rioting began.
I witnessed the rioting and being so excited
I could hardly idealize w h a t the trouble w a s .
M y house was not burned but it was broken
into and nearly everything w a s destroyed,
things that I have had over twenty years.
I saw m a n y homes f r o m a short distance
of F o u r t h Street to Seventh Street burned
to the g r o u n d .
Testimony of Mose Campbell, f o r seven
months a resident of E a s t St. L o u i s :
I was attacked b y the m o b o f about 50
or m o r e with stones and shots, but g a v e
chase. T h e y shot continuously and b e f o r e
we reached the Southern F r e i g h t House one
bullet passed through m y hand, shattering
the bone. The m o b threatened to burn the
freight house so I crawled to the other end
and found safety under the trunks o f a
freight car. A n o t h e r victim d r e w the mob
a w a y by this time. T h i s m a n w a s beaten
until unconscious and when he revived the
soldiers w h o were w a t c h i n g him raised a
c r y which b r o u g h t the m o b back t o com
plete the murder.
While this excitement w a s at its height,
it g a v e me an o p p o r t u n i t y to make m y w a y
to Brooklyn by back lanes. I s a w the m o b
fire into houses the first being m y o w n ,
afterwards proved to be the bier f o r five
men and t w o children. A m o n g the men
w e r e A l l e n Lewis, Jas. T h o m a s and A r b r y
Jones.
Testimony of twenty-year-old V a s s i e Ran
dall, an employee of the E l e c t r i c Sack
Plant:
The mob had benches stretched across the
street f a c i n g both directions that no one
might escape. A N e g r o came along and one
fellow stepped out and struck him, and then
others j u m p e d on him, kicked out his eye
and when he tried to get up, they returned
and killed him. T h e y then took him to
T h i r d and Main and s w u n g him to a tele
graph pole.
I was t r y i n g to escape with m y f o u r chil
dren and the mob threatened to t h r o w me
and the children in the river. Some w h i t e
people from St. Louis, M o . , came to us and
then the mob let us alone and w e w e r e al
lowed to escape.
The testimony of W i l l i a m Seawood shows
the attitude o f the soldiers. S e a w o o d is
thirty years old and has been a resident
of E a s t St. Louis seven years. He says:
A g e , thirty years old, and have been a
resident of E a s t St. Louis seven years. I
left my w o r k at 2 :30 P.M., went d o w n Fifth
Street to W a l n u t A v e n u e . I then w e n t to
a lunch stand, and as there w a s so much
shooting I w a s afraid to leave. T h e mob
came v e r y close to the stand and I ran into
an alley; there I found m o r e o f the rioters.
I ran out of the alley between t w o build
ings. I met a soldier w h o pointed a g u n at
me and told me to stop and t h r o w up m y
hands. One o f the men hit me on the back
of m y neck with his fist and another hit
me across the head with a stick, and I also
received a glance shot. One of the rioters
also put a rope around m y neck and said,
" W e will h a n g this o n e . "
T h e statement of T r o y W a t k i n s is to the
same effect:
T H E M A S S A C R E O F E A S T S T . LOUIS 233

At the municipal lod

St. Louis Star
234 THE CRISIS

MINEOLA McGEE. SHOT BY SOLDIER AND POLICEMAN. HER ARM HAD TO B E AMPUTATED.
 THE MASSACRE OF EAST
T u e s d a y I went to my house to get what
I could. While inside a man was killed in
front o f my house. I thought since the sol
diers w e r e there to protect me I could g o
out of my house. I started out of my home
and the white lady told me to g o back, that
they (the soldiers) had killed a man in
front of my house. I went into the coal
shed, g o t behind some tubs, when four men
came in and saw me, but did not harm me.
Then I went to where I was w o r k i n g ( K e h -
lor Mill) where Mr. Cunningham g a v e us
a team to g o to my house and get my things.
W h e n I g o t there my house was burned
down.
Miss Gruening told of a girl who lost her
arm. H e r e is the girl's own account. Her
name is Mineola McGee (see page 234) and
she has been a chambermaid at $3.50 a
week. She has resided in E a s t St. Louis
since F e b r u a r y 8, 1917. She s a y s :
Cannot locate a relative since riot, several
cousins, aunt and uncle.
Tuesday m o r n i n g between seven and eight
o'clock, as I was on my w a y to w o r k ( a t
Mrs. G r a y ' s ) I was shot in the arm, as I
was about to enter the door. The only men
w h o m I saw on the street were a soldier
and a policeman, and I think I was shot
by one of the two. I fainted after being
shot, and when I came to I was being taken
to the hospital in a patrol w a g o n . A t the
hospital the remainder of my arm was am
putated. N o insurance.
A n d here is the testimony of Narcis Gur-
ley (see page 2 3 6 ) , w h o had lived f o r sev
enty-one years to come at last to this. She
says that she has lived in E a s t St. Louis
f o r thirty years and had earned her living
by keeping roomers and as a laundress. She
says:
Between five and six o'clock we noticed a
house nearby burning and heard the men
outside. W e were afraid to come outside
and remained in the house, which caught
fire from the other house. W h e n the house
began falling in w e ran out, terribly
burned, and one white man said, " L e t those
old w o m e n alone." W e were allowed to
escape. Lost everything, clothing and
household goods.
The picture shows h o w terribly her arms
were burned.
Testimony of the Kendricks, residents of
W e s t Madison, Ill., since 1909:
M o n d a y about 1:30 P. M. I passed through
E a s t St. Louis from Belleville on m y w a y
to W e s t Madison and the car met the mob at
State and Collinsville. The mob shouted,
" T h e r e ' s a N e g r o on the car, stop that car
and get him off." The motorman stopped
the c a r and all the white passengers left
the car. leaving m y s e l f and sister-in-law
and another lady, Mrs. A r t h u r . A t that
time three o f the m o b ran in the c a r and
commenced beating me. I was shot through
the left arm. T h e y dragged me to the
ST. LOUIS 235
street. I was hit in the back of the head by
one white, another hit me in the mouth.
When I went to make a step another hit me
on the side of the head and knocked me
down. A f t e r this, one shot me in the leg.
They jumped on me and beat me. After
this they thought me dead and left me.
There were three soldiers and a policeman
in this mob, but offered me no assistance.
In about twenty minutes I was carried to
the hospital in an ambulance.
Testimony of M a r y Bell White, age fifty-
nine years. She was born in East St. Louis
and did laundry-work at $1.25 a d a y :
Saw two people burn an old man and a
very old woman. They were thrown into a
burning house. Monday at 4 P. M. I saw
three women burned. By that time I was so
excited that I ran to Tenth Street, where I
met a white man w h o offered me and about
one hundred others his protection. He had
us g o into an old building that had been
used for a storage house. W e stayed there
all night. The next day I went to the City
Hall and f r o m there to St. Louis. I lost
everything.
Testimony of Thomas Crittenden:
A g e forty-six years and a resident of East
St. Louis f o r five years. W o r k e d as a labor
er at $3.60 a day. Monday night his boss
found out about the riot and secreted him
and another fellow. The next day he found
that the district in which he lived had been
burned. His wife was pulled from her house
by the women of the m o b , w h o beat her into
insensibility and knocked out three teeth.
She was sent to Cleveland, O., where she is
in a very serious condition. T h r o u g h the
kindness of his employer he escaped to St.
Louis.
Testimony of Lulu Robinson, age 33 years,
has lived in E a s t St. Louis f o r eight
months:
Between five and six o'clock Monday
evening the mob began shooting into my
home at me and my child. W e backed up
against the wall to dodge the shots, but I
was hit three times, once through the finger,
shoulder and face. M y boy of twelve years
was shot twice and killed. I ran away and
luckily escaped the shots that were rained
upon me, and found shelter in another house.
My husband I have not seen or heard from
since the riot.
Testimony o f F r a n k Smith, resident of
East St. Louis f o r about twenty-five years
and employed for the last fifteen years at
the A c m e Cement C o m p a n y :
His house was set afire by the mob, and
they waited outside to shoot him. when he
should emerge from the house. He waited
till the last possible moment and was fright
fully burned.
Family consists of a sister and brother
who lived at 2136 Gayety. East St. Louis.
Lost everything and will probably have to
stay in hospital f o r six or "even weeks
longer.
236 THE CRISIS

NARCIS GURLEY, 71 N E X T BIRTHDAY. LIVED IN H E R H O M E 30 Y E A R S . AFRAID TO COME

OUT T I L L T H E B L A Z I N G W A L L S FELL IN,
 THE M A S S A C R E OF EAST
Testimony of Samuel J. Green, age 34
years:
I lived with my wife in East St. L o u i s ; we
have no children. I was born in A l a b a m a
and attended school through the fourth
grade. I came to E a s t St. Louis last Octo
ber in search of better wages and better
treatment from the white folks. I worked
f o r the Loomin Owin C o m p a n y ; I received
$3 f o r eight hours' work. 1 rented our
h o m e ; I paid $10 a month rent. Before the
riot things w e r e fine, but on Sunday the riot
ing began. A t night when I was g o i n g home
from w o r k I got off the car right into the
thickest of the rioters. I ran and they
chased me, firing at me all the time. I saw
the state guards but they were helping the
mob to club the Negroes. It is wonderful
h o w I escaped unhurt. I hid in the weeds
and was lost to the mob. It was about ten
o'clock M o n d a y when I saw the state guards
clubbing the colored people. I shall stay
here a while, then I shall go farther north.
Testimony of Salena Hubble, age 42 y e a r s :
I am a w i d o w . I lived in E a s t St. Louis
five years. I came to wait on m y sick
daughter.
B e f o r e the riot the people of both races
were friendly and pleasant in manners. On
the evening the rioters told me to leave be
cause they were g o i n g to burn up the whole
block, as they thought I w a s a white woman,
so they warned me to flee. I talked with a
neighbor, Mrs. Clemens ( a white w o m a n )
and asked her if she thought the mob would
do any m o r e harm. She said: "I don't
know, but you get r e a d y and leave b y the
w a y of the cars over the b r i d g e . "
Just as I started over the bridge the mob
broke m y w i n d o w s out with rocks. I es
caped because the mob didn't k n o w I be
longed to the N e g r o race. Before I got out
of E a s t St. Louis I saw the m o b with a rope
and I heard them s a y : " T h e r e ' s a nigger.
Let us h a n g the S of a B , " and
they threw the rope over the telegraph pole,
but I didn't k n o w what came of t h a t ; I saw
the soldiers and they offered no assistance
to the colored people. I saw the fire depart
ment come before the fire was started, but
when the fire was started they did nothing
to stop it. I also saw the mob t h r o w a rope
around a colored man's neck and shoot him
full of holes. The soldiers offered no assist
ance to the man who was shot, neither did
the police. I s a w a crowd of soldiers go into
a saloon and e n g a g e in drinking heavily of
beer. T h e mob burned the houses in the
localities where colored lived mostly. The
women were as vile as the men in their vile
treatment to the N e g r o e s . I saw the sol
diers driving a crowd of colored men in the
streets. The men w e r e made to hold their
hands above their heads as they walked.
T e s t i m o n y of Beatrice Deshong, age 26
years:
I s a w the mob r o b b i n g the homes of Ne
groes and then set fire to them. The sol
diers stood with folded arms and looked on
as the houses burned. I saw a N e g r o man
ST. LOUIS 237
killed instantly by a member of the mob,
men, small boys, and women and little girls
all were trying to do something to injure
the Negroes. I saw a colored woman
stripped of all of her clothes except her
waist. I don't know what became of her.
The police and the soldiers were assisting
the mob to kill N e g r o e s and to destroy their
homes. I saw the mob hang a colored man
to a telegraph pole and riddle him with bul
lets. I saw the mob chasing a colored man
who had a baby in his arms. The mob was
shooting at him all of the time as long as I
saw him. I ran f o r my life. I was nearly
exhausted when a white man in the block
opened the door of his warehouse and told
me to g o in there and hide. I went in and
stayed there all night. The mob bombarded
the house during the night, but I was not
discovered nor hurt. The mob stole the j e w
elry of Negroes and used axes and hatchets
to chop up pianos and furniture that be
longed to them. The mob was seemingly
well arranged to do their desperate work. I
recognized some of the wealthy people's sons
and some o f the bank officials in the mob.
They were as vile as they could be.
Testimony of J e r r y M a y b o r n :
I saw the mob running the Negroes and
beating them and killing them. I saw thirty
white men beating one N e g r o . T h e y clubbed
the N e g r o to death. I saw the mob shooting
into the homes of N e g r o e s and throwing
stones into them. The women and children
were as bad as the men. The man that
worked with me in the Stock Y a r d s swam
the creek to escape the mob and they stopped
to beat another N e g r o man to death. H e
escaped. I saw the mob set fire to the
church and to the school; then they ran.
This was about seven o'clock in the evening.
I ran through the Stock Y a r d s and down the
railroad to Brooklyn, c a r r y i n g m y three
children. I saw the soldiers, w h o seemed to
run a little pretense, and the mob j u s t kept
on killing Negroes. The soldiers searched
the colored men, but I never saw them at
tempt to search any of the white men.
Testimony of R o b e r t Hersey, age 20
years:
I have lived in East St. Louis since the
25th of March, 1917. I came here because
of bad treatment and poor wages. I worked
in a tobacco f a c t o r y in St. Louis, M o . , and
received two dollars a day.
Before the riot everyone seemed friendly
toward me. I never got into the thickest of
the men or riot, but they hit me with clubs,
bricks, and stamped me on the head. T h e y
broke m y arm. But f o r all of that I g o t
a w a y from them.
I shall never return to the South whatever
m a y happen to me here, for in the South it
is always killing and burning some of our
people. N o let up on bad treatment and no
wages either. Men must work f o r eighty
cents a day, women for fifty cents a week,
and i f the whites choose not to pay that,
they w o n ' t do it. I shall stay in St. Louis,
Mo.
238 THE
T h e d a m n i n g statements g o on and on.
A m o n g the N e g r o e s one finds a note some
times of blank stark despair. John T.
Stewart in the St. Louis Star draws a pa
thetic p i c t u r e :
One aged N e g r o w o m a n passed the p o
lice station c a r r y i n g in her arms all that
mob spirit and fire had left of her belong
ings. T h e y consisted o f a w o r n pair of
shoesshe was barefootedan extra calico
dress, an old shawl and t w o puppies. Tears
were streaming down her face and she saw
neither soldiers nor her enemies as she
passed beneath the lights of the City Hall,
g o i n g she knew not where.
Saddest of all is Miss Gruening's account
of the old woman w h o m she s a w poking
about in the desolate ruins of w h a t had once
been her home. Her family had escaped to
St. Louis, but not a fraction of their posses
sions remained intact. The w o m a n was old
sixty-fivenot an easy age at which to
begin life anew.
" W h a t are w e to d o ? " she asked Miss
Gruening. " W e can't live South and they
don't want us North. W h e r e are we to g o ? "
F r o m the statements gathered by the
investigators, many of these driven people
seem to feel that the example of the South
in dealing with N e g r o e s is responsible for
the methods of E a s t St. Louis. M a n y of
them express firmly their resolve, in spite
of all, never to go back South. They will,
stay in St. Louis, they say, or push further
North.
H o w does E a s t St. Louis feel? Accord
ing to all accounts she is unrepentant, surly,
a little afraid that her shame may hurt
her business, but her head is not bowed.
In this connection Miss Gruening sup
plies the statement of E a s t St. Louis Post
man N o . 23, w h o said: " T h e only trouble
with the mob was it didn't get niggers
enough. Y o u wait and see what w e do to
the rest when the soldiers go. We'll get
every last one of them."
And here follows a sort of composite
statement of the best citizens, editors, and
liberty-bond buyers of E a s t St. Louis and
its s u r r o u n d i n g s :
" W e l l , you see too many niggers have
been coming in here. W h e n niggers come
up North they get insolent. Y o u see they
vote here and one doesn't like that. A n d
one doesn't like their riding in the cars next
to white womenand, well what are y o u
g o i n g t o do when a buck n i g g e r pushes
you off the s i d e w a l k ? "
CRISIS
This last pathetic question w a s p u t to
Miss Gruening by three different editors
on as m a n y separate occasions.
The St. Louis Post-Dispatch gives the
views o f District A t t o r n e y K a r c h on the
attitude of the rioters. H e s a y s :
Those men have not left the city, and
they have not repented of their excesses.
T h e y are j u s t as bitter as they were, and
the action of the C h a m b e r of C o m m e r c e in
f o r c i n g these N e g r o e s down their throats is
only inflaming the men w h o participated
in the riot.
T h e District A t t o r n e y told of seeing a
man on a street car exhibit a revolver open
ly T h u r s d a y night, and remark that "it had
killed n i g g e r s , and would kill some m o r e as
soon as the damned militia leaves." Other
men near by expressed similar sentiments,
he added. T h e y w e r e laboring men, appa
rently g o i n g home f r o m w o r k .
K a r c h emphatically confirmed the state
ments made to the Post-Dispatch Tuesday
by City Clerk W h a l e n , w h o is president of
the Central Trades and L a b o r Union of E a s t
St. Louis, to the effect that l a r g e employers
of labor had given marked and continuous
preference to N e g r o e s .
" T h e i r attitude f o r some time has been
that they would give j o b s to white men when
they couldn't get any m o r e N e g r o e s , " K a r c h
declared. " T h i s , as M r . W h a l e n said, is be
cause the N e g r o e s will not unionize. Be
f o r e the tenseness of this situation is re
lieved, these employers must c o n v i n c e the
laboring whites that they will be given pref
erence over imported blacks in a p p l y i n g f o r
w o r k . Instead of doing that, they are de
claring they will put all the N e g r o e s back
to w o r k , and p r o t e c t them, if they have to
keep troops here indefinitely. T h a t kind of
flamboyant talk only angers the men w h o
should be quieted.
" A s long as the heads of these b i g plants
break up strikes by i m p o r t i n g N e g r o strike
breakers, so long can they e x p e c t to have
race riots. This is no defense f o r the riot
e r s ; there is no defense f o r them. It is
j u s t a f a c t that when a man's f a m i l y is
h u n g r y his sense of j u s t i c e doesn't operate
very accurately."
Prejudice is a bad thing. But prejudice
in the hands of Organized L a b o r in A m e r
ica! The Central T r a d e s and L a b o r Union
of E a s t St. Louis has perpetrated a g r i m
jest. Its motto as one m a y see b y g l a n c i n g
back at p a g e 221, is " L a b o r o m n i a vincit."
Latin is apt to be a bit obscure, so w e
translate : " L a b o r conquers e v e r y t h i n g . " It
does. In E a s t St. Louis it has conquered
Liberty, Justice, Mercy, L a w and the De
m o c r a c y which is a nation's vaunt.
And what of the Federal Government?
 The Looking Glass
LITERATURE.
"His O W N C O U N T R Y " (Bobbs-Mer-
rill Co., $ 1 . 5 0 ) , by Paul Kester, has
too many characters, and is too long f o r
such strenuous times as these, but it is com
pletely absorbing. It tells of a slave-boy,
Julius Caesar, w h o , after the Civil W a r ,
goes to Canada, marries a white woman,
studies medicine, and becomes a successful
physician. But "his own country," Vir
ginia, calls h i m ; he buys, through agents,
the property which had once been his
master's and returns to his home. Thence
the storya dire and terrible one of humili
ation, suffering and blood-shed f o r both
races. Mr. Kester offers no solution of the
problem, but his w o r k is, however, in spite
of a leaning toward melodrama, significant
in that he shows the increasing realization
of the literary value of the relations be
tween the t w o races. A n d again he directs
attention to the crux of the whole situation
when he speaks of the possession by Julius
Caesar of "those blended qualities which re
sulted f r o m the union of the white and
black blood and which refused to be A S
signed to either, independent of the other."
Magazines f o r June and July have pub
lished articles of interest to us as f o l l o w s :
"Race Problems in South African
Churches," Biblical World, June, 1917;
" B l a c k Music and its Future T r a n 3 l a t i o n
into Real A r t , " Current Opinion, July 1,
1917; " N e g r o Vote in Old N e w Y o r k , " D.
R. F o x , Political Science Quarterly, June,
1917; " F a r m Training f o r Negroes, Essen
tial F a c t o r in Colored Education in the
South," Surrey, June 23, 1917; " N e g r o
Goes N o r t h , " R a y Stannard Baker, World's
Work, July 1, 1917; " E u g e n i c s of the N e g r o
R a c e , " Kelly Miller, Scientific Monthly,
June 1, 1917; " N e g r o Education," Nation,
June 28, 1917.
W e have received the following pam
phlets: " T h e F a r m e r and the Single T a x , "
by H e n r y G e o r g e ; " T h e Mexican People and
Their Detractors," by Fernando Gonzalez
R o a ; " T h e Truth A b o u t L y n c h i n g , " by A s a
Philip R a n d o l p h ; " W h e n c e Came the N e g r o
R a c e ? " b y Rev. William St. A u g u s t i n e
Lynch, and " T h e Chinese Social and Polit
ical Science R e v i e w , " by T h e Chinese Social
and Political Science Association.
T h e following book has been received:
239
" T h e Wolf Brother," by James R. Reynolds.
W e announce also an important new book:
"Culture and E t h n o l o g y , " by Robert H.
Lowie, Ph. D.
THE LESSON OF DETROIT
DETROIT is meeting and solving with
great success the problem of caring
for its increasing colored population. If
other northern towns would employ the
same sensible and practical methods, race
friction engendered by the migration up
heaval would be greatly decreased. Mr.
Forrester B. Washington, the N e g r o direc
tor of the Detroit League on Urban Condi
tions among Negroes, tells at length in the
Survey o f his city's philanthropy. H e s a y s :
The first prerequisite in the task of or
ganizing a local community is the establish
ment of a vocational bureau which should
strive to make itself acquainted with every
possible industrial opening f o r Negroes in
the city and, on the other hand, make its
presence widely known so that the immi
g r a n t N e g r o will be directed to it immedi
ately on arrival. The Detroit League on
Urban Conditions among Negroes, there
fore, has not been content merely with locat
ing vacant j o b s but has approached manu
facturers of all kinds through distribution
of literature and personal visits and has
been successful during the last twelve
months in placing 1,000 Negroes in employ
ment other than unskilled labor. It has
made itself known to immigrants by cards
of direction placed in the hands of N e g r o
employees about railway stations and in
tends, as soon as its funds permit, to station
a capable, level-headed representative at
each of the railway stations of Detroit to
direct N e g r o immigrants to the league's
office or to other responsible individuals and
societies who will look after their welfare.
It has persuaded the proprietor of a local
moving picture theatre, which is a great
gathering place f o r colored newcomers, to
run lantern slides nightly announcing that
employment and other services can be se
cured free at the office of the league.
In order to care for the women and girls
who are beginning to appear in appreciable
numbers, five c i g a r manufacturers in the
city were induced to experiment in employ
ing them, and a sixth has started a new
plant employing only colored help. T o solve
the difficult problem of the first week's
board, the league has arranged with certain
factories a system of checks issued to guar
antee payment f o r bills incurred at restau
rants and boarding houses. Some direct
arrangements previously made between cer
tain factories and boarding-house keepers
240 THE
resulted in exploitation of the i m m i g r a n t
by the latter.
T h e establishment of a bureau of investi
gation and information r e g a r d i n g housing
comes next in importance. The character
of the house into which N e g r o immigrants
go has a direct effect on their health, their
morals and their efficiency. The rents
charged determine whether the higher
w a g e s received in the North are real or
only apparent, whether the change in en
vironment has been beneficial or detri
mental. The tendency is to exploit the
N e g r o i m m i g r a n t in this particular. Rents
charged him in Detroit have risen by f r o m
50 to 200 per cent in one year. He is forced
into a district inhabited by colored people
where housing accommodation is inade
quate f o r those already there. The prox
imity of the colored district in most north
ern cities to the center is responsible f o r
the imposition of the vice district upon the
N e g r o . This bureau should, therefore, scour
the city f o r every available house, tenement
or room inside or outside the recognized
N e g r o district. It should make also a thor
ough investigation of comparative rents
charged Negroes and whites and give the
findings the fullest publicity. The bureau
should constantly remind employers of
N e g r o labor that it is to their advantage to
see that the N e g r o is well housed and that,
if nobody else will build, it is good business
f o r them to do so.
The Detroit Urban League has induced
one of the largest foundries to build low-
priced homes f o r its colored employees near
the plant. It also has somewhat relieved
the housing problem by the purchase of
leases from the proprietresses of a number
of disorderly houses which were closed by
the police. In each case the league per
suaded some manufacturer to take over the
lease, and in this w a y a large number of
colored families w e r e accommodated. It also
keeps a list of empty houses and has been
surprised to find h o w many of them are not
listed by commercial real estate agents. It
uses the daily and N e g r o press in appeals
for more notifications. A list of furnished
rooms also is kept and immigrants are kept
a w a y from those connected with disorderly
houses. Lists of these rooms are furnished
to factories.
Much strength can be added to the pro
g r a m and much energy saved by enlisting
the aid of every possible organization in the
city whose functions can in any w a y be con
strued as touching on N e g r o migration. The
Urban League found the Board of Commerce
exceedingly willing to co-operate in a move
ment f o r the investigation and improvement
of w o r k i n g conditions of N e g r o employees
in the various m a n u f a c t u r i n g plants in the
city. The Board of Health g a v e consider
able assistance in obtaining better and more
sanitary housing conditions. The aid of
several mothers' clubs a m o n g the colored
women was enlisted to instruct i m m i g r a n t
CRISIS
mothers in the p r o p e r diet and clothing f o r
children in a northern climate. F r o m the
outset, the aim w a s not only to put each
i m m i g r a n t in a decent home but also to con
nect him with some church. M a n y times
the churches have reciprocated with con
siderable material as well as spiritual as
sistance.
B u t the greatest co-operation received has
been t h a t of the Y o u n g N e g r o e s ' P r o g r e s
sive A s s o c i a t i o n to which reference has al
ready been made. This is a body of thirty-
f o u r y o u n g colored men, most of them at
tending the various schools and colleges
about Detroit. T h e y h a v e been the finest
possible agent in the development of all the
different activities.
In the adjustment of the N e g r o , a defi
nite place must be given to the development
of industrial efficiency. This is perhaps the
most important feature in the p r o g r a m ; the
welfare of the N e g r o in his n e w environ
ment depends upon the opinion t h a t the
community has of him. I f the c o m m u n i t y
can be convinced that the N e g r o is and al
w a y s will be a business asset, w e need not
w o r r y much about his housing, e m p l o y m e n t
and recreation. But the N e g r o has got to
convince the captains of industry. This he
can only do b y developing to a m a x i m u m
his industrial efficiency. The m o r e trades
and occupations N e g r o e s become f a m i l i a r
with, the more efficient they will be as a
race, and the g r e a t e r an asset to the com
munity. T h e r e f o r e the league has endeav
ored to get them into as many different
kinds of employment as possible. It also
uses every opportunity to develop individual
efficiency by calling the attention of N e g r o
employees to the f a c t that they must be
punctual, zealous and ambitious in their
work. These points are always emphasized
when a N e g r o is sent to a j o b .
In pursuance of this object the league,
with the assistance o f the p r o g r e s s i v e asso
ciation, is c a r r y i n g on a m o v e m e n t which, I
think, is unique. Representatives of the two
organizations visit the various factories
where large numbers of N e g r o e s are em
ployed and talk to them during the noon
hour on the necessity of creating the best
possible impression at the present time so
that they may be certain of retaining their
j o b s in the future. A t the same time, the
speakers circulate these c a r d s :
W H Y HE F A I L E D
He watched the clock.
He was always behindhand.
He asked too m a n y questions.
His stock excuse was "I f o r g o t . "
He wasn't ready f o r the next step.
He did not put his heart in his w o r k .
He learned nothing f r o m his blunders.
He was contented to be a second-rater.
He didn't learn that the best p a r t of his
salary was not in his p a y envelope
SUCCESS.
 THE LOOKING GLASS
NOTE: B y not p a y i n g strict attention to
the above details you may not be able to
keep y o u r j o b after the w a r is ended and
f o r e i g n labor is again available.
New Comers to Detroit
Y o u can find employment
and
be directed to decent lodgings
F R E E of charge
at the
DETROIT LEAGUE ON URBAN CONDITIONS
AMONG NEGROES
297 St. A n t o i n e St. Cherry 1325
F o r r e s t e r B. W a s h i n g t o n , Director
THE NEGRO SILENT PARADE
ON the afternoon of Saturday July 28,
a vast body of N e g r o e s marched
through the streets of N e w Y o r k in silent
protest against the recent race riots and
outrages. The New York American says:
In silent protest against the recent killing
of N e g r o e s in race riots in W a c o , Memphis
and E a s t St. Louis, 15,000 Negroes marched
here yesterday afternoon. The parade
formed in Fifth avenue and marched from
Fifty-seventh street to Madison Square.
Placards carried by boy scouts, aged men
and by w o m e n and children explained the
purpose of the demonstration.
A detailed account of the causes f o r
which the parade was held is given as fol
lows by the New York Times:
D u r i n g the progress of the march circu
lars w e r e distributed among the c r o w d s tell
ing of the purpose which b r o u g h t the Ne
groes together. Under the caption, " W h y
Do W e M a r c h ? " the circular read, in part,
as f o l l o w s :
" W e march because by the grace of God
and the force of truth the dangerous, ham
pering walls of prejudice and inhuman in
justices must fall.
" W e m a r c h because we want to make im
possible a repetition of W a c o , Memphis, and
East St. Louis by arousing the conscience
of the country, and to bring the murderers
of our brothers, sisters and innocent chil
dren to justice.
" W e march because we deem it a crime to
be silent in the face of such barbaric acts.
" W e march because we are thoroughly
opposed to Jim C r o w cars, etc., segrega
tion, discrimination, disfranchisement,
lynching, and the host of evils that are
forced on us. It is time that the spirit o f
241
Christ should be manifested in the making
and execution of laws.
" W e march because we want our children
to live in a better land and enjoy fairer
conditions than have fallen to our lot.
" W e march in memory of our butchered
dead, the massacre of honest toilers w h o
were r e m o v i n g the reproach of laziness and
thriftlessness hurled at the entire race.
T h e y died to prove our worthiness to live.
We live in spite of death s h a d o w i n g us and
ours. W e prosper in the face of the most
unwarranted and illegal oppression.
" W e march because the g r o w i n g con
sciousness and solidarity of race, coupled
with s o r r o w and discrimination, have made
us o n e ; a union that may never be dissolved
in spite of shallow-brained agitators, schem
ing pundits and political tricksters who se
cure a fleeting popularity and uncertain
financial support by promoting the disunion
of a people w h o ought to consider them
selves as o n e . "
Although the paraders marched by in
silence their sentiments were proclaimed by
many mottoes, a complete list of which fol
lows :
" M e m p h i s and W a c o C e n t e r s of A m e r i
can C u l t u r e ? "
" A l a b a m a needs 75,000 Ballots to elect
10 Congressmen. Minnesota needs 300,000.
H o w do they do i t ? "
"350,000 voters in the South have as much
political power as the 1,500,000 voters of
N e w Y o r k State. H o w do they do i t ? "
" E a c h white man in the South by dis
franchising the black w o r k i n g man casts
from 3 to 13 times as many ballots as
YOU."
" G e o r g i a and N e w Jersey have the same
vote f o r President. Georgia casts 80,000
v o t e s ; N e w Jersey casts 430,000."
" M a k e A m e r i c a safe f o r D e m o c r a c y . "
" T a x a t i o n without representation is tyr-
anny."
" T h o u shalt not kill."
" T h o u shalt not bear false witness against
thy neighbor."
" W e hold these truths to be self-evident
that all men are created equal. That they
are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights. That among these are
LIFE, LIBERTY and the pursuit of
HAPPINESS."
" I f you are of A f r i c a n descent tear off
this corner."
" A m e r i c a has lynched without trial 2,867
Negroes in 31 years and not a single mur
derer has suffered."
"200,000 black men f o u g h t f o r your lib
erty in the Civil W a r . "
" T h e first blood f o r A m e r i c a n Independ
ence was shed by a N e g r o Crispus
Attucks."
" W e have f o u g h t f o r the liberty of white
A m e r i c a n s in 6 w a r s ; our reward is East
St. L o u i s . "
"12,000 of us f o u g h t with Jackson at N e w
Orleans."
 242

The Cr

C. T. Adams.
THE NEGRO SILENT PARADE, AT FORTY-SECOND STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY.
 NEGRO SILENT PARADE 243

Underwood & Underwood.

THE NEGRO SILENT PARADE, FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY.
 244 THE
" W e f o u g h t with P e r r y at L a k e E r i e . "
"10,000 of us f o u g h t in the Spanish A m e r
ican W a r . "
" F r o m Bunker Hill to Carrizal w e have
done our bit."
" T h e world owes no man a living, but
every man an opportunity to earn a living."
" W e are maligned as lazy and murdered
when w e w o r k . "
" W e are excluded from the unions, and
condemned f o r not j o i n i n g them."
"Repelled by the unions we are condemned
as scabs."
" T h e y refuse us opportunity, then deny
our c a p a c i t y . "
"Suffer little children and forbid them
not."
" U n t o the least of these my brethren."
"3,000 N e g r o e s f o u g h t f o r A m e r i c a n In
dependence under George W a s h i n g t o n . "
" W e helped to plant the flag in every
American Dominion."
" W e r e we first in F r a n c e ? A s k Persh
ing."
" T h i r t y - f o u r N e g r o e s have received Car
negie hero medals."
" O u r music is the only A m e r i c a n music."
" G i v e us a chance to live."
" S o treat us that we m a y love our coun
try."
"Interpret f o r us in living, loving acts,
the religion of Jesus Christ."
"India is abolishing caste; A m e r i c a is
adopting it."
" R a c e prejudice is the offspring of ignor
ance and the mother of lynching."
" I f fault is to be found with color, blame
God and yourselves."
" N o t alms but O P P O R T U N I T Y . "
"Patriotism and loyalty presuppose pro
tection and liberty."
" W e have 1,000,000 f a r m e r s . "
" W e have 30.000 carpenters."
" W e have 30,000 c l e r g y m e n . "
" W e have 12,000 brick and stone masons."
" W e have 30.000 teachers."
" W e have 3,000 physicians."
" W e own 250,000 f a r m s with 20,000,000
acres of land worth $500,000.000."
" W e have church property worth $76,-
000,000."
" A square deal for every m a n . " T . R.
" T h e N e g r o has never betrayed the flag,
attempted to assassinate the President or
any official of this government."
" W e have 60,000 iron and steel w o r k e r s . "
" W e have 20,000 slaughter and packing
house operators."
" N o land that loves to lynch ' n i g g e r s '
can lead the hosts of A l m i g h t y G o d . "
" P u t the spirit of Christ in the making
and execution of l a w s . "
" Y o u r hands are full of blood."
"Mother, do lynchers go to h e a v e n ? "
"Cain, where is Abel, thy b r o t h e r ? "
" T h e great contradictionlove of God and
hatred of m a n . "
"Color, blood and suffering have made us
one."
" P r a y f o r the Lady M a c B e t h s of East St.
Louis."
CRISIS
The N e w Y o r k World s a y s :
T h e R e v . D r . H. C. Bishop was President
of the parade. T h e R e v . Dr. Charles D .
Martin was Secretary. The R e v . F. A .
Cullen was V i c e President. The first Dep
uty Marshal w a s J. R o s a m o n d Johnson.
Others w e r e A . B. Cosey, C. H. P a y n e , f o r
merly a member of T r o o p A , Ninth Cav
a l r y ; the Rev. E. W . Daniels, A l l e n W o o d ,
James W . Johnson and John Nail, Jr.
Rev. G. M. Plaskett and Dr. W . E. B. D u
Bois w e r e in the line of officers.
THE WAR IN AFRICA
H. G. W E L L S writes in Cassell's m a g a
zine :
" T h i s talk of 'legitimate expansion' is
indeed n o w only an exploiter's cant. The
age of 'expansion', the age of E u r o p e a n
'empires' is near its end. N o one w h o can
read the signs of the times in J a p a n , in
India, in China, can doubt it. It ended in
A m e r i c a a hundred years a g o ; it is ending
now in A s i a ; it will end last in A f r i c a , and
even in A f r i c a the end draws near
" A s administrators the British are a race
coldly aloof. T h e y have n o t h i n g to give a
black people, and no disposition to give.
The Latin-speaking peoples, the Mediterra
nean nations, on the other hand, have
proved the most successful assimilators of
other races that mankind has ever known.
A l e x a n d e r Dumas is not the least o f the
glories of France. In a hundred y e a r s '
time black A f r i c a , west of T r i p o l i , f r o m
Oran to Rhodesia, will, I believe, talk
French. A n d w h a t does not speak F r e n c h
will speak the closely related Italian. I
do not see w h y this Latin black culture
should not extend across equatorial A f r i c a
to meet the Indian influence at the coast and
reach out to join hands with M a d a g a s c a r .
I do not see w h y the British flag should be
any impediment to the Latinization o f t r o p
ical A f r i c a or to the natural extension of
the French and Italian l a n g u a g e s t h r o u g h
E g y p t . I guess, however, that it will be an
Islamic and not a Christian cult that will be
talking Italian and French. F o r the French-
speaking civilization will make roads not
only f o r French, Belgians and Italians, but
for the A r a b s whose religion and culture
already lie like a net over black A f r i c a . . .
" A unification of A f r i c a under Latin A u s
pices carries with it n o w no threat of mis
sionary invasion. A f r i c a will be a fair
field f o r all religions and the religion to
which the N e g r o will take will be the reli
gion that best suits his needs. T h a t reli-
 T H E LOOKING GLASS
gion, we are told by nearly everyone who
has a right to speak upon such questions,
is Islam, and its natural propagandist is
the A r a b . There is no reason why he
should not be a Frenchified A r a b . "
TWO POINTS OF VIEW
THE other man's point of view is strik-
ingly afforded by the African
and Orient Review in a comment on the
article by John H. Harris on " N a t i v e Races
and Peace T e r m s " in the Contemporary
Review. Mr. H a r r i s s a y s :
To this one may fittingly add a quotation
from the article by John H. Harris on " N a
tive Races and Peace T e r m s " in the Con
temporary Review:
" W h o gave the European nations the
right to barter these people as a result of
w a r f o r which they had no shadow of re
sponsibility? The answer to these questions
is self-evident. But whilst in equity there
can only be one answer common sense forces
us to admit the impracticability of summon
ing to a European Peace Congress illiterate
Mandingoes, Fiots, Herreros, Fans, the se
nile Polynesian, or the wild Bedouin. Y e t
there is one point at least which the Euro
pean powers should concede to these native
races, namely, to agree that within one
year o f the declaration of peace another
European and A m e r i c a n International Con
gress should be held to amend the existing
agreements for maintaining the rights, lib
erties and welfare of native races.
" T h i s course is dictated no less by equity
than b y the truest interests of the coloniz
ing powers of E u r o p e and A m e r i c a .
must not be overlooked that almost every
a c r e of those two million square miles is
sparsely populated and that hardly
miles of it is capable of white colonization,
except by the aid of an adequate supply of
colored labor. If the Great Powers should
make the fatal blunder of reshuffling these
territories without at the same time agree
ing to consider once again the supreme
problem of conserving the native popula
tion, they would be almost better advised
to surrender such areas once again to the
recuperative forces of so-called barbarism,
say to the third and fourth generation, f o r
by that time the indigenous populations
m i g h t possibly regain their stamina.
" A p a r t altogether from the dictates of
right action and material interests the lapse
of time demands another International Con
245
gress. It is now thirty-two and twenty-six
years respectively since the Berlin and
guiding principles f o r the abolition of sla
very, the restriction of the sale of arms and
Brussels congresses met and laid down
alcohol. That these congresses did not ac
complish all that was hoped of them is no
torious, but equally is it true that they
Times
raised to a higher level than ever before
the accepted standards for the treatment of
native races. Thus there are at least three
cogent reasons, each of which constitutes
an all-sufficient argument f o r securing as
a condition of peace, that within a defined
period after the declaration of peace there
should be held another International Con
gress on Native Affairs.
" T h e suffering of native peoples and the
depopulation of their territories within the
last fifty years has demonstrated the evils
of white industrialism, and if civilization
will heed the lessons this m a r t y r d o m would
teach it, there is yet time to stop that deg
radation, disintegration of tribal life and
the thoughtless exploitation which will ulti
mately spell economic ruin to the white
races no less than to the native tribes."
To this the African Times and Oriental
Review replies:
Mr. H a r r i s has written a very clever
article. This article has been reprinted by
his Society f o r distribution at threepence
per copy, and the g l o w i n g criticisms of the
Press have been printed on the cover. W e
said that Mr. Harris's article is clever be
cause the plea he makes for the native is
both excellent and able; but underlying it
all is that patronising A n t i - S l a v e r y Society
It slime which sets down all A f r i c a n s as illit
erates, thereby showing the prime necessity
for the existence of an A n t i - S l a v e r y Society
in these days of freedom, enlightenment,
fifty and progressive European civilisation, and
the incapacity of any A f r i c a n to voice in
telligently the requirements of his people.
Of course, we quite understand that Mr.
Harris's duties necessarily take him among
"illiterate Mandingos, Fiots, Herreros,
Fans, and wild Bedouins," and we regret
that during the reverend gentleman's wan
derings he has met none other. W e won
der what Mr. Harris's W e s t A f r i c a n friends
will think of these statements. Save us
from our friends! ' W e merely quote Mr.
Harris's article to show what a pernicious
influence such statements have upon the
African and Oriental. It is because M r .
Harris's article is so cleverly written, show
ing on the face of it purity of intention,
that it is dangerous to our aims and de
sires. The average Britoneven many
members of the British House of Commons
knows nothing whatever about native peo-
246 THE
pies. The British people depend, f o r the
most part, upon such persons as Mr. H a r r i s
f o r information. This gentleman issues a
statement which bears the stamp of reason
and fairness, but when read in the light of
local conditions we find the fairness is not
so fair as first it seemed, but that it con
tains a mendacious undercurrent of native
inferiority and illiteracy which needs to be
sheltered under the protecting mantle of
Mr. H a r r i s and the A n t i - S l a v e r y Society.
In order to illustrate more clearly our
point, it is only necessary to quote a f e w
p a r a g r a p h s f r o m a memorial sent to the
Secretary of State f o r F o r e i g n Affairs by
Mr. Harris's Society, dated Jan. 22, 1 9 1 7 :
" 1 . W h a t e v e r the final outcome of E u r o
pean hostilities may be, it is quite clear that
the political status of large areas of tropical
and sub-tropical territories will be vitally
affected. A n ideal step would be that before
such changes take place the inhabitants
should be given a voice in shaping their own
destiny. W e admit, however, that so f a r as
most territories are concerned, this would
not be a practical proposal. But this very
f a c t appears to make it more than ever in
cumbent on the stronger Powers to devise
means f o r adequately safeguarding the
rights and welfare of the native inhabi
tants." * * * * *
" 3 . It will be admitted that the last
twenty-five years have witnessed in tropical
and sub-tropical territories the most deplor
able treatment of native peoples which has
resulted in an appalling depopulation reach
ing several millions. A p a r t from humanita
rian considerations, this represents a grave
disaster to industrial progress which is only
possible in such countries by the help of an
adequate supply of willing' indigenous labor."
So f a r good, but under the sub-head
"Suggested R e f o r m s , " we find this pertinent
paragraph:
" ( 1 ) Reserve A r e a s of Land. E x p e r i
ence has shown the social and economic ad
vantage of setting aside a large area or
areas in every dependency of suitable lands
f o r the exclusive and secure use o f native
tribes, at the same time making provision
for the entrance of white missionary and
administrative forces to guide these tribes
in the evolution of a sound administration
of purely native affairs."
* ** * * * *
The whole difficulty which faces the Anti-
Slavery Society and other European bodies
dabbling in native affairs is to be found in
the assumption that such bodies consider
themselves capable of dealing with native
conditions without first consulting the na
tive as to his own requirements. F o r this
reason such efforts are foredoomed to fail
ure. T h r o u g h o u t the continent of A f r i c a
the various peoples and tribes have man
aged their own affairs f o r centuries before
the coming of the European, and we claim
that the native, being neither child n o r fool,
can continue to " c a r r y o n " without the med
dling of these busybodies. It is indeed true
CRISIS
that m a n y of the old administrative in
justices and abuses which the natives suf
fered at the hands of oppressive E u r o p e a n s
have been rectified by the efforts of the
A n t i - S l a v e r y Society, but w e feel that the
Society, to put it mildly, is out of touch with
progressive native thought. The African
and Oriental w a n t equal o p p o r t u n i t y and
no f a v o r . T h e y w a n t a better system of
education on secular and industrial lines.
A n d above all, they do not w a n t the white
missionary. For it were m o r e desirable to
have a healthy c o m m u n i t y of m o r a l p a g a n s
than a psalm-singing tribe of moral lepers
and hypocrites.
ENCOURAGEMENT
THE present condition of the N e g r o is
by no means static. These times of
confusion and uncertainty are merely the
backwash of revolutionary c h a n g e s p r o
duced b y the g r e a t w a r . T h e difficulties
set in the N e g r o ' s path are really mile
stones along the w a y o f his progress. Says
the Philadelphia Public Ledger:
The avidity of the N e g r o race f o r educa
tion is positively amazing. F e w are the
parents w h o do not send their children to
school, no matter w h a t the sacrifice. In a
certain section of South Carolina, d u r i n g
the draft process, it was discovered that the
percentage of illiteracy a m o n g the whites
was f a r in excess o f that a m o n g the Ne
g r o e s ; a situation considered so a l a r m i n g
that radical measures f o r its rectification
have been proposed. C o m p u l s o r y education
in South Carolina, a b i g political issue, be
came a political issue because the poor
whites would not be educated and the poor
N e g r o e s would not be uneducated. The
Governor of Georgia, when recently inaugu
rated, intimated that the situation w a s se
rious. He proposed to meet it, and e m i g r a
tion, not by reducing school facilities for
Negroes, but by increasing those school f a
cilities, thereby capitalizing an enormous
dormant asset.
Never has the N e g r o race, as a race,
been in such a strong strategic position as
it is at present. But the golden opportunity
for progress is being seriously j e o p a r d i z e d
by such outbreaks as occurred a f e w weeks
ago in E a s t St. Louis, and this week in
Chester. The class of N e g r o e s recruited f o r
industrial w o r k in the North is unfortunate
ly not the best class. L o a f e r s and m o r e or
less desperate characters from the river dis
tricts of N e w Orleans, Mobile, Savannah
and Charleston have been induced easily to
migrate. T h e y find life harder, w o r k more
severe, the restrictions of society m o r e rig
orous and the opportunities f o r petty crim
inality greater. T h e y are not unionized.
They are not versed in the v e r n a c u l a r of
labor. T h e y are not class conscious and
they exasperate men w h o are. R a c e riots
in the North are in origin often industrial
riots.
 THE LOOKING GLASS
In the South there are powerful elements
w o r k i n g to prevent the N e g r o from leav
i n g ; in the North there are powerful ele
ments w o r k i n g to prevent the N e g r o f r o m
coming. Both, w e believe, are w r o n g . The
South needs a different population ratio be
tween the races. It needs more than any
thing else an influx of small white farm
ers, to w h o m its rich lands should be a com
pelling inducement. The North, on the
other hand, has rare opportunities for cer
tain types of Negroes, in certain types of
labor, w h e r e none are superior to them in
ability. A competitive labor market f o r
N e g r o e s would increase rapidly the pros
perity of the race, and, therefore, the pros
perity o f the entire country.
The nation, and every citizen of it, as
sumed a direct responsibility for the N e g r o
when he w a s emancipated. Out of inde
fensible riots some good will come if earn
est, capable leaders are made to feel the
burden of helpfulness which rests on them.
T h e N e g r o should not be driven b a c k ; he
should be aided in fitting himself to the
n e w conditions he meets in the North. W e
should regard it as a national misfortune
if prejudice at this crucial time should stifle
the N e g r o ambition and tear the heart out
of a race which has j u s t begun to realize its
possibilities and its future.
"FRESH FIELDS"
" I D A C R O U C H - H A Z L E T T w r i t i n g in The
Call, N e w Y o r k , foresees a remarkable
future f o r the N e g r o . She s a y s :
A u g u s t Forel, the world's authority on
the sex question, states in his work, " T h e
Sexual Question," that the North A m e r i c a n
mixed race will diminish and gradually be
come extinguished and will be replaced by
Chinese or N e g r o e s . In other words, the
white race is a vanishing f a c t o r in this
country. W h a t w e are pleased to call the
"old A m e r i c a n s " are not having children.
Look a m o n g your friends and count f o r
yourselves. W e have depended on the pro
lific Balkans f o r our population increase.
N o t only is that supply cut off f o r genera
tions to come by slaughtered E u r o p e , but
those w h o come here get the A m e r i c a n habit
and cease to have large families. A n d then
we have acquired birth control, which accel
erates the tendency. Moreover, the South
ern white workers are degenerate. Sprung
originally in great p a r t f r o m criminals and
derelicts transported f r o m England to her
penal colonies their powers o f rehabilitation
were poor to begin with. T h e y were forced
to compete with slave labor, and f o r genera
tions their existence has been one of the
most miserable poverty, with the direful
consequences.
T h e y have had no schooling and live in
the grossest ignorance, the name " p o o r
white trash," "southern crackers," being a
synonym f o r all that is ignorant, dirty and
degraded. Their systems are poisoned by
247
their horrible food, a poverty diet, and their
extreme ignorance about p r e p a r i n g it;
while men, women and children fairly eat
tobacco, and drink the vilest coffee habitu
ally. T h e y are anaemic, diseased, suffering
from pellagra, hook-worm, tuberculosis and
universal affections. Their families are be
c o m i n g small, high death rate a m o n g the
children and high rate of barrenness.
The Negroes are taking the place o f this
vanishing and worthless race. T h e y do all
the work. The whites are disappearing
from the farms, the landlords preferring
N e g r o tenants because they are better w o r k
ers, and men, women and children can be
exploited to a greater degree. Those whites
that have energy enough to get out o f the
country are moving westward. Moreover,
the N e g r o race has the elasticity of a young
race, developing into its prime. In spite of
the brutality of their treatment f o r hun
dreds of years they are light-hearted and
happy. Both men and women have remark
ably beautiful figures, strong, well-devel
oped, beautifully molded, fitted f o r models
f o r the N e w Y o r k studios. W h e r e v e r they
have a w o r k i n g chance they show thrift.
They are already in possession of large
tracts of southern farmland. The writer
has driven a distance of some seven or eight
miles, where the whole surrounding country
was owned by N e g r o farmers.
A comrade of Winston-Salem, N. C , a
large tobacco manufacturer, said to me, "I
have worked Negroes all my l i f e : I am thor
oughly familiar with them, and I w a n t to
say that they are going to become the land
ed aristocrats of the South." H o w is that
f o r a Southern m a n ? In Ocala, Florida, the
largest and best department store in the
town, is owned by Negroes in the N e g r o
quarter, and often the whites g o there f o r
goods that they cannot get at their own
stores.
They respond rapidly to any advantages
that are given them. T h e y absorb knowl
edge like a sponge. The public school was
established in the South at the point of the
rifle. The whites have always feared the
educated N e g r o . The only education they
get n o w is given g r u d g i n g l y , and with the
poorest equipment, and buildings which are
tremendously overcrowded, and in many lo
calities no provision is made f o r their edu
cation whatever. But, as evidence of the
power of economic compulsion, in the cotton
mill sections we see the white children in
the mills, their existence sapped by an in
creasing ignorance, degeneracy and mortal
i t y ; while the N e g r o children are in school,
becoming educated, dressing well, as their
parents do the w o r k that i s more highly
paid. This is especially noticeable at Col
umbus, Ga. A s more blacks leave f o r the
North those that remain are more highly
paid, as the whites cannot do effective work
in the terrible heat.
A c c o r d i n g to this writer the N e g r o is
also the true Socialist.
248 THE CRISIS

Again It Is September
By JESSIE FAUSET

With a Drawing

B y LAURA WHEELER

A g a i n it is S e p t e m b e r !
It seems so strange that I w h o
m a d e no v o w s
Should sit here desolate this
golden weather
A n d wistfully remember

A sigh o f deepest yearning,

A g l o w i n g look and w o r d s that
knew n o bounds,
A s w i f t response, an instant
glad surrender
T o kisses wild and b u r n i n g !

Ay me!
A g a i n it is S e p t e m b e r !
It seems so s t r a n g e that I w h o
kept those v o w s
Should sit here lone, and spent,
and mutely p r a y i n g
T h a t I m a y not r e m e m b e r !
 THE SO-CALLED BLACK PERIL IN SOUTH AFRICA 249

NEGRO SOLDIERS
B y R O S C O E C. J A M I S O N
THESE truly are the Brave,
These men who cast aside
Old memories, to walk the blood-stained
pave
Of Sacrifice, joining' the solemn tide
T h a t moves away, to suffer and to die
F o r Freedomwhen their own is yet denied!
O Pride! O Prejudice! When they pass by,
Hail them, the Brave, f o r you now crucified!

These truly are the Free,

These souls that grandly rise
A b o v e base dreams of vengeance f o r their
wrongs,
W h o march to w a r with visions in their
eyes
Of Peace through Brotherhood, lifting glad
songs
A f o r e t i m e , while they front the firing-line.
Stand and behold! They take the field
today,
Shedding their blood like Him now held
divine,
T h a t those who mock might find a better
way!
Carleton Thorpe

T H E SO-CALLED BLACK PERIL IN SOUTH

AFRICA
By A L I C E W E R N E R

I H A V E often been asked b y English-
women whether I was not afraid to g o
about alone in A f r i c a , and have always had
to answer that I never found cause to re
gret doing so. It is true that m y solitary
j o u r n e y i n g s took place not in South A f r i c a
but in Nyasaland and other regions where
white people were comparatively few. In
Natal, to which my South A f r i c a n experi
ence was confined, there was the same need
for reasonable precaution ( o r perhaps not
quite so m u c h ! ) as in any "civilized" coun
try.
South A f r i c a is, or was till recently, sub
j e c t to periodical outbursts of panic in con
nection with w h a t is termed the "Black
P e r i l " ( o r , in m y day, the "Social P e s t " ) ,
and this involves a great deal of wild talk
and writingas usual, f r o m those w h o
know least about the matter. This was es
pecially marked j u s t after the " r i s i n g " of
190C (another story, and a deplorable o n e ) .
I have a note, e. g., of some articles by Mr.
Arnold Whiteone of them in the Sunday
Sun, in which he said that there was
"scarcely a f a m i l y " in South A f r i c a , Dutch
or British, without some tragedy to serve as
an excuse f o r race-hatred. No evidence was
offered and I have no hesitation in saying
that the statement, as it stands, is untrue.
M y business is with that aspect of the
question which especially concerns women.
The subject is one which many people shrink
from handling at all, while others cannot
touch it without losing their heads,and
this does not make it easier to ascertain the
truth.
I lived f o r some years in Central and
Southern A f r i c a p a r t o f the time virtu
ally alone with another white woman among
" k r a a l " natives, and but for the newspapers
should scarcely have known that a Black
Peril existed. One heard of bad characters
sometimes, though I, personally, did not
250 THE
happen to come into contact with t h e m ;
but w e do not talk o f a W h i t e Peril when
our neighbor's house is burgled, or even if
a m u r d e r takes place in the next street. I f
we begin to c o m p a r e criminal statistics, the
number of convictions per head in Cape
Colony and Natal compares favorably
enough with the figures f o r Great Britain,
especially when w e consider h o w large a
proportion of the f o r m e r should never have
been placed under the heading " c r i m e " at
all; e. g., such offences as failure to pay the
dog-tax or contravention of incomprehens
ible forest regulations.
If a Black Peril does exist, I cannot be
lieve that it is only or chiefly the " B l a c k s "
who are responsible f o r it. If, as some
writers complain, "the black man has lost
awe of the white," whose fault is that?
Nothing is more pathetic than the belief in
English justice which has survived one dis
appointment after another, as witnessed by
the deputation which came over in 1914 to
appeal to the K i n g against the Lands A c t
passed by the Union Government.
It is undeniable that cases of the kind
more particularly intended by those who
use the expressionthat is, outrages by
black men on white womenhave occurred
in South A f r i c a ; perhaps that they have,
as some assert, increased of late years. W e
m a y doubt, however, whether they are rela
tively more frequent than outrages by
tramps on lonely English roads. Of course
there are native criminals, just as there
are European ones,but it is utterly false
to say, as some do, that the native, as such,
is more likely to be a criminal than not. On
the contrary, a careful study of the magis
trates' annual reports conveys the impres
sion that the bulk of the population, a w a y
from the towns, is, if anything, exception
ally peaceable and law abiding.
It is agreed on all hands that " o u t r a g e s "
in the conventionally specialized sense were
unknown in the early days of our South
A f r i c a n colonies, when settlers were few
and more defenceless, in relation to the
" s a v a g e s " surrounding them, than they are
now. W o m e n may sometimes have been
killed in the border frays of the old times,-
the Boer women were w o n t to share the
fortunes o f w a r with their menbut, as a
rule, both Zulus and Cape " K a f i r s " were
careful to spare them. F o r white women
as captives, the Zulus had, emphatically, no
use. This arose p a r t l y f r o m superstition,
CRISIS
but also in a measure f r o m racial self-re
spect. T h e Zulu has his o w n pride of race,
and, without i m p l y i n g any depreciation of
the white, his feeling, on the whole, is that
"it is best each should keep to his o w n . "
A w o r d must be said as to the p a r t played
by superstition in this matter. T h e more
we k n o w about the w a y s of p r i m i t i v e peo
ples, the less reason w e find f o r the sup
posed necessity of killing w o m e n b e f o r e
allowing them to fall into the hands of
such. T h a t is, speaking b r o a d l y , and with
out references to tribes w h o seem, like some
of the A m e r i n d i a n s , to h a v e been in the
habit o f t o r t u r i n g their captives. This
is not the rule in A f r i c a i f it o c c u r s , there
are special circumstances which need in
vestigation. W h e r e the sex relation in its
most normal and legitimate f o r m is a mat
ter of dread and mystery, and surrounded
by stringent taboos, the s t r a n g e r w o m a n
will be avoided rather than sought, even
when in the p o w e r of her c a p t o r s . Even
so c o m p a r a t i v e l y advanced a culture-stage
as that of the H e b r e w legislation required
a system of elaborate ceremonies to be gone
through b e f o r e the captive could be safely
taken to wife. P e r h a p s A r a b influence has
done something t o w a r d s b r e a k i n g d o w n this
feeling in E a s t A f r i c a , w h e r e the system of
harem slavery has been responsible f o r
some peculiarly horrible cases o f violence
and w r o n g .
In Nyasaland, as I k n e w it, an English
w o m a n w h o respected herself w a s p e r f e c t l y
safe a m o n g any number of " s a v a g e s , " and
the same is true o f other p a r t s of A f r i c a
where conditions are at all primitive.
I would not be understood as s a y i n g that
one ought to e n c o u r a g e superstition as a
safeguard and deliberately t r y to keep up
the m y s t e r y ; but one can at least see to it
that respect does not diminish on closer
acquaintance. Natives are discriminating
critics o f morals and manners, even w h e r e
standards differ in detail.
Zulu girls, b e f o r e m a r r i a g e , are v e r y
carefully looked after, though without any
idea of restraint or seclusion. T h e y never
go to a distance f r o m the k r a a l unattended,
and should they come into t o w n it is in
troops of a dozen o r m o r e , attended by one
or two m a t r o n s and perhaps a male rela
tive. A w o m a n w a l k i n g alone m a y seem to
invite familiarity b y neglecting reasonable
precautions. B u t this risk diminishes as
the distance from E u r o p e a n contact is in-
 THE SO-CALLED BLACK
creased. In Nyasaland, f o r instance, o r in
remote parts of E a s t A f r i c a , it seemed to
me that the E n g l i s h w o m a n traveling alone
w a s accepted as illustrating one more
v a g a r y o f an unaccountable race, and al
lowed to pass as such. True, I heard my
self described with unflattering directness,
though with no intentional lack of respect,
as "an aged p e r s o n " ; but others, of whom
as much could not be said, have had the
same experience. W h y , then, do we hear
so much o f this particular danger in South
Africa?
I would remark, in the first place, that
m a n y cases are wholly imaginarythe out
come o f preconceived erroneous notions and
momentary panic. I remember one case
when an excitable w o m a n , walking home
with her husband, on a Sunday evening,
fancied that a passing native, w h o may
or m a y not have accidentally brushed
against her, had touched, o r w a s about to
touch, her arm. She screamed; the native,
finding attention called to him, and know
ing only too well w h a t was likely to be
the result, took to his heels, thereby estab
lishing his guilt in the eyes of the bystand
ers, w h o immediately g a v e chase. Fortu
nately he was the better runner, and no one
present knew himso there was no case in
court. A t Kimberley, five years ago, a
circumstantial story gained currency, which
on inquiry proved to be entirely imaginary.
Mr. D o u g l a s Blackburn's "Leaven"that
w o r k of fiction crammed full of factcon
tains a scene which, if not actually as it
stands taken from life, shows, at least, how
such charges are sometimes m a n u f a c t u r e ! .
The mistress of a boarding house, whose
kitchen-boy has become possessed of a dia
mond, persuades him to give her the stone
" t o take care o f " and afterwards denies all
knowledge of it. W h e n he persists in ask
ing f o r it, she raises the alarm and brings
the whole house down on h i m ; and he is
nearly lynched by the enraged boarders be
f o r e being handed over to the police. In
court he has not the ghost of a chance and
receives a heavy sentence.
If the whole question is impartially ex
amined, the number of these alleged cases
will have to be materially reduced. For
those that remain, w e have to r e m a r k :
( 1 ) Familiarity, as already implied, has
bred contempt. Closer acquaintance has
dispelled the m y s t e r y investing the white
man and shown him to be no supernatural
PERIL IN SOUTH AFRICA 251
being, but of like passions with the black
if not, on occasion, actually w o r s e f o r the
African is not deliberately cruel. There is
no need to dwell on what the unspoilt na
tive learns in towns, in mining camps and
compounds, in gaol (he sometimes lands
there while still u n s p o i l t ) o r to discuss
how much the men, and still more the
women whom he meets are able to do by
w a y of increasing his respect for their race.
W h a t can be the moral effect produced by
Europeans who make money out of the
" K a f i r " by the sale of alcohol and of ob
jectionable p h o t o g r a p h s ?
( 2 ) The native working in a town is not
only exposed to the risks of evil association
and example but removed from all the re
straining influences of home and tribal life.
W e talk as if it were inevitable and no
body's fault that, with the advance of "civili
zation" the natives should be spoilt and de
graded. This, at least, has been done, and
done of set p u r p o s e : w e have tried our
best to break up the tribal organization and
destroy the p o w e r of the chiefs. W e are
finding it out too latein South A f r i c a
elsewhere, it m a y be, just in time.
( 3 ) Something must be allowed f o r re
taliation. There is a consensus of testi
mony in this respect. Take that of Sir
Liege Hulett, w h o said at Verulam ( N a t a l )
in A p r i l , 1906, that the ( w h i t e ) mounted
police were "detested throughout the native
locations on account of their immoralities."
Or take the strong language used by Justice
Dove-Wilson in the Barend Nel case ( 1 9 1 1 ) ,
when a white man charged with violence
to a Zulu girl was acquitted by tae j u r y .
Shortly before this, another white man had
been tried in the Orange Free State on a
similar charge. He pleaded consent, which
his victim denied, and was discharged.
In the same year occurred the famous
Lewis case at B u l a w a y o , when a white man
had killed a natice for "alleged inde
cent suggestions to his daughters (no acts
were even alleged) the white community
guaranteed his bail of 3,000 five times
o v e r ; other white men throughout South
A f r i c a sent him telegrams congratulating
him on his confessed act." ( S . T. Plaatje
in An African World, July 8, 1 9 1 1 ) . Put
ting these cases side by side, one finds it
difficult to sympathize with a zeal for moral
ity which is so conspicuously confined to
one direction.
I am aware that c o w a r d l y attempts are
252 T H E CRISIS
sometimes made to t h r o w the whole blame
on the native girls. W i t h o u t discussing the
value of this excuse f r o m the abstract point
of view, it is quite safe to say that, unless
there has been demoralizing contact with
Europeans, it is quite exceptional to find a
native girl "soliciting." T o forestall con
tradiction f r o m people " o n the spot," pos
sessed of that amount of k n o w l e d g e which
is such a dangerous thing, I m a y say
here that it seems, from the reports of va
rious independent observer's, to be a com
mon thing if not the rule a m o n g the Bantu
f o r the first advance in sexual relations,
whether legitimate or otherwise, to come
from the woman. But whatever the rea
sons f o r this fact, which is deeply rooted
in sociological conditions, it is an entirely
different m a t t e r f r o m that referred to
a b o v e ; and I repeat that if native girls are
found making immoral advances to white
men, it is the latteror the conditions they
have created who are to blame. T o illus
trate this point I m a y recall h o w in man>
books dealing with the W e s t Coast of A f r i c a
(the first one that comes to mind is T u c k e y ' s
" E x p e d i t i o n to the Cataracts of the C o n g o , "
1 8 1 8 ) , the statement is repeated with
sickening iteration, that the natives have
T H E RAGTIME REGIMENT
By Henry Davis Middleton.
"WAR! W a r ! ! W a r ! ! ! " John B r o w n ,
startled, let his weak w a t e r y
eyes wander aimlessly across the w a y where
a street orator stood upon a soap box
h a r a n g u i n g a mass of idlers grouped about
him.
" T h i s merciless w a r ! This pitiless w a r ! !
This ruthless w a r ! ! ! " roared the speaker.
John Brown crossed the street and nudged
and elbowed his w a y through the outer
fringe of the crowd.
" O , the horrors of this w a r ! " bellowed
the man on the box, the echo of his voice
resounding above the rumble and r o a r of
the noisy traffic of w a g o n s , motors and
street cars.
With his hand cupped to his ear, that he
might catch at once the sound and sense
of the speaker's harangue, John Brown
stood wedged in the midst of the eddying,
pushing, polyglot mob.
no morality, that the men are a l w a y s on
the look-out to hire their w i v e s to strangers,
or e n t r a p the latter into adultery so that
they m a y claim d a m a g e s , etc., etc. T h e y
omit to notice, as a rule, that the places
w h e r e these things happen w e r e the v e r y
foci of the slave-trade. B e f o r e this plague
had eaten into the vitals o f the Coast, W i l
liam Finch, in 1607, could write of Sierra
L e o n e : " T h e men of this c o u n t r y . . .
keep most faithfully to their wives, o f w h o m
they are not a little j e a l o u s . . . . T h e y
are very j u s t and true in their dealings."
T h e same was doubtless t r u e of other
places at that time, or s o m e w h a t earlier.
To conclude, there is no p r o o f that ex
ceptional legislation, which is sometimes
demanded, is needed to meet this kind of
case in South A f r i c a . Still less is there
to justify the panic-stricken c r y occasion
ally raised f o r the a b r o g a t i o n of all law
and the c o n d o n i n g of such acts as that o f
Lewis at B u l a w a y o or of a resident o f Nai
robi ( E a s t A f r i c a ) , w h o some years earlier,
"took the law into his own h a n d s " with
even less excuse. But it sadly discounts
our hopes of p r o g r e s s in the only real sense
to find any one at this time of day seriously
advocating such a remedy.
"Peace! Peace!! Peace!!!" suddenly
roared the speaker, " W o r l d peace, peace
without honor if you will, but peace at any
price!"
John B r o w n , veteran of the civil w a r
gleaned from this last bit of o r a t o r y that
the speaker was a pacifist, fat, pat, im
patient and unpatriotic. H e glared wildly
up at him as the c r o w d lustily yelled its
approval of the speaker's sentiments. His
seventy year old body, electrified and fired
by the patriotism that burned unquench-
ably and eternally within him, vibrated
and pulsated with e m o t i o n ; his s c r a w n y
g r a y beard f a i r l y bristled as he mouthed
murmurings of d e p r e c a t i o n ; his hands
clenched in a frenzy of righteous anger.
He wanted to c r y out against this villifier,
to refute his imputations, to stem the tide
of abuse aimed by the speaker against his
countrythe c o u n t r y he had once f o u g h t
 THE RAGTIME
f o u r long years to preservebut the w o r d s
stuck in his t h r o a t ; and but for a sort of
wheeze that escaped his chattering teeth,
only to be lost in the uproarious din of the
riotous rabble, like sparks as they f l a r e up
and flicker out as they are cast off from a
tire-brand hurled through spaceno sound
escaped him.
John B r o w n ' s eyes were unused to such
scenes of anarchy as they n o w beheld; his
ears were unaccustomed to such cowardly,
undemocratic utterances as smote thorn
preachments of this demagogue that,
d w a r f e d the souls and dampened the pa
triotism of men and dammed the deeds of
their brave countrymen,
" W h o s e bones are dust,
W h o s e good swords rust."
Baffled but not beaten, distraught by the
actions and utterances of these traitorous
people, he wormed his w a y through and
from this motley throng. F o r just then he
remembered a spot in the great metropolis,
f a r from the d m of d o w n t o w n Chicago,
where the shard o f the pacifist p r o p a g a n d a
had failed to hit its t a r g e t ; where A m e r
icanism and D e m o c r a c y , real and unalloyed,
permeated the very atmospherethither he
resolved to turn his steps.
Hailing a passing street car, Veteran
B r o w n was soon within the proscribed
realms of a despised, oppressed, rejected,
but not depressed peoplehis own beloved
people with whom loyalty is a hereditary
trait and patriotism a passion perpetual,
reverential and profound.
He alighted unsteadily from the c a r and
with the aid of his cane hobbled homeward,
pausing here and there wherever his friends
and neighbors were grouped discussing the
declaration of war.
" H e ' s daffy," laughed the first g r o u p he
encountered and to w h o m he unfolded his
practical scheme of preparedness by sug
gesting the formation of a regiment of the
citizens of the neighborhood f o r service in
the present strife. " H e ' s daffy, but he's
all right at that p r i c e , " they commented re
spectfully.
"Bug-house, simply bug-house," w a s the
slangy sentiment of the second g r o u p as he
tottered about the walk endeavoring to de
fine and impress upon them their duty.
" H e ' s bug-house, but we're with him just
the same," they concluded.
REGIMENT 253
"Nutty, nutty, nutty," was the swan song
of the next g r o u p , to whom he vigorously
expounded the aims, purposes and ambitions
of the proposed regiment. " H e may be
nutty, but what he says is true, beyond
question," was their final verdict.
Leisurely and reminiscently Veteran
Brown resumed his stroll homeward, heart
ened by the unmistakable signs of approba
tion he had read beneath the outward un-
enthusiastic appearance of indifference of
those with whom he had conferred. F o r he
knew most intimately his people and their
natures. He realized that while smarting
under the lash of proscription and of the
curse o f civil and civic narrowness at the
hands of an arrogant, despotic, defiled de
mocracy, they would n o w in this crisis, as
they always had, arise as one man in de
fence of the only country they knewthe
only home they had.
Just as Veteran B r o w n reached his home,
his entrance thereto was arrested by the
distant blare of bugles, the rattle of drums
and piping of fifes. With the instinct o f
a homing pigeon, John B r o w n retraced his
steps, circled the block and brought up at
"attention" by the fence of the play-ground
where the boy-scouts were manoeuvering to
perfect themselves in the artifices of the
scouts as set down in their manual.
" A h wants to borrer dem scouts of yourn
termorrer," announced he to the scout-mas
ter lounging on the other side of the fence.
" Y o u d o ? " laughed the scout-master indul
gently rising to reach over the fence and
shake hands with his old friend, the veteran,
whom he had known since his boyhood
days. "I am afraid they are too young as
yet to enlist in the army and g o into actual
war, but they can help out," he encouraged.
"Dat's j e s ' it," laughed the old veteran,
good naturedly, " A h wants dem j e s ' f o ' to
hep out."
" W h e n do you want t h e m ? " rejoined the
scout-master, puzzled as to the veteran's
intent.
" T e r m o r r e r aftahnoon," replied the vet
eran with serious mien.
" T h e n , " replied the scout-master, "I will
be able to furnish you three times the num
ber of scouts here this afternoon, as to
m o r r o w we have a mass drill of three
troops o f scouts with a massed drum, fife
and bugle c o r p s . " " A n d " a d d e d the scout-
 254 THE
master, with a twinkle in his eye, " w e are
g o i n g to make a hike f o r a mile or two
around the n e i g h b o r h o o d . Come a l o n g , " he
added.
"I'll be heah," promised the old veteran,
"I'll be heah," he assured while the scout
master, at a total loss to k n o w j u s t w h a t
he had up his sleeve, bade him good-bye
and turned to the inspection of his boys as
John B r o w n turned his steps again home
ward.
The next afternoon the old veteran got
out his G. A . R. uniform, brushed it up,
polished up and pinned on his medals and
prepared to make his w a y to the drill
g r o u n d s of the boy-scouts.
Strutting down the street on his way,
he was overtaken and passed by t w o rol
licking j o y o u s youths. " H e certainly is a
ragtime old m a n , " laughed one of them.
" R a g t i m e , " muttered B r o w n to himself,
"ragtimeI'll show them y o u n g fellers a
thing or t w o , " thought he as he turned in
at a g a r a g e .
" H e l l o B r o w n i e , old scout," greeted the
day f o r e m a n as the veteran entered and
approached him, "is y o u r G. A . R. P o s t pa
rading t o d a y ? " he added.
" W e l l , " stammered the veteran, " y a s , an'
no, dat is, de 'John B r o w n Post' is p a r a d i n ' ;
but what I wants ter say is d i s : has y o '
ah saw an' hammer an' nails an' some light
strips ob wood I kin git f o ' tei mek ah
b a n n a h ? " he queried.
The f o r e m a n not only secured the desired
material, but put together himself the
rough wooden f r a m e - w o r k ; sent out f o r a
piece of white cloth to cover it and bor
r o w i n g from a n e i g h b o r i n g store, a paint
pot and brush with which to letter it, he
inquired of the veteran j u s t w h a t lettering
he desired on it.
" N e v a h y o ' mine, I kin do dat mahsef,"
grinned the old veteran enthusiastically as
he perched his spectacles on the end of his
nose, seized the brush and inscribed the
banner with this l e g e n d :
WANTED!FITIN' MENS!
N.LIST A T ONCE!
JINE DE RAGTIME R E G I M E N T !
W i t h o u t w a i t i n g f o r the inscription to
dry, John B r o w n bore his banner aloft and
hurried to the drill ground of the scouts
j u s t in time to fall in at the rear as, led by
the scout-master, w h o had forgotten all
about his promise to the old veteran on the
CRISIS
day before, they started on their hike about
the n e i g h b o r h o o d .
W i t h his head high John B r o w n hobbled
and limped along in their w a k e surrounded,
followed and escorted by innumerable street
urchins and irrepressible small boys w h o
rallied to his aid valiantly w h e n e v e r he
tired of c a r r y i n g the c u m b e r s o m e banner.
V e r y soon the scouts turned into a side
street which they traversed f o r a w a y s ,
when suddenly they s w u n g into and up a
business street and headed b a c k t o w a r d
their drill ground.
When the scouts, with John B r o w n and
his urchins trailing them, s w e p t into this
busy h u m m i n g a r t e r y of trade and traffic
there was a near-riot.
The sight of the old veteran and his sign
with its r a g g e d g u a r d of h o n o r enticed
loafers and loiterers f r o m barber-shop,
bath-house, pool-room and palm-garden.
Restaurants contributed their hordes
while the Y . M. C. A . and social centers
along the line of m a r c h , added interested
onesflocking to view, j e e r or j o i n the odd
procession.
A s the march proceeded the ranks be
hind John B r o w n filled up until, b y the
time the scouts reached their drill-ground,
more than a hundred y o u n g fellows, of
splendid physique, tramped swelteringly be
hind him and his loyal urchinsa fine nu
cleus f o r a r e g i m e n t !
A s the scouts entered their play-ground
and proceeded to disband John B r o w n , with
difficulty, d r e w up his n o n d e s c r i p t recruits
in the street and lined them up at the curb.
These s t r a g g l e r s would h a v e disbanded
and departed in double-quick time had n o t
something in the old veteran's eyes, some
thing in his manner, something in his
speechgrim determinationoverwhelmed
them.
The c r o w d stood about a g a p e , while the
old veteran tottered up and down the line
in soldierly fashion, straightening up a
shoulder here, pushing up a chin there, or
o r d e r i n g heels together and toes out yonder.
In the meantime the scout-master and
several of his boys came up and volunteered
their services. W h e n at last all the
rookies w e r e regulated in a line, as nearly
perfect as possible, the old veteran stood
back and scanned the whole line up and
down. Then straightening his o w n stoop
shoulders and b r a c i n g up with the air o f a
 BLACK SAMSON OF B R A N D Y W I N E
Brigadier-General, he utilized his cane as a
sword as he called o u t : " C o m p ' n y , 'tenshun!
Mark timehuh!Lefrightlef
rightlefrightlefright."
One hundred pairs of eyes were focussed
on the veteran drillmaster; one hundred
pairs of feet shuffled gingerly as he sang
out the see-saw count of b e a t s " L e f
right, l e f r i g h t , l e f r i g h t . "
" C o m p ' n y , f o ' w a r d h u h ! , " commanded
the grizzled veteran. One hundred pairs of
feet tramped, tramped, tramped irregularly
across the street in the wake of the old
drillmaster till at the opposite curb his
abrupt command, " C o m p ' n y halt," brought
them to a stop.
"Fou'ahsright, f o ' w a r d huh!," was the
next perplexing command. A s the rookies
started into the intricate execution of this
order the massed drum, fife and bugle corps
of the scouts fell in ahead of them and led
them around the block, cheered every step
of the w a y b y the patriotic crowd of on
lookers w h o came to cheer but remained to
be fired b y the enthusiasm of the drilling
rookies.
D a y after day this nucleus of the regi
ment met, g a t h e r i n g recruits, ever improv
ing both in quality and quantity. Soon
public spirited citizens interested them
selves to the extent of securing f o r them a
drill hall. Others formed, organized and
furnished a band. The Regular A r m y n o w
furnished expert drillmasters and special
instructors f o r officers.
Within eight weeks John B r o w n ' s dream
had come true. He had actually organized
and put under arms a b r a w n y , yet trim
smart regiment, recruited up to full w a r
strength, mustered into the Federal Service
and ready to g o into training c a m p to get
its finishing touches.
W h e n at last, resplendent in their new
uniforms, shouldering their infantry equip
ment and accoutrements, with their colors
flying and the Regimental Band playing
ragtime airs, they marched a w a y to camp,
riding beside the Colonel of the Regiment in
the place of honor was John B r o w n , vet
eran, too old, but not too proud or too
scared to fight.
T h e regiment henceforth will be known
officially as the 115th Volunteers, Illinois
National Guardbut to every mother w h o
has a son, to e v e r y girl w h o has a sweet
heart, to e v e r y dad w h o has a b o y and to
255
every wife who has a husband whose name
is enrolled upon its roster; to all of its well
wishers and friendsand to whatever enemy
they may encounterit will be known for-
evermore as The R a g t i m e Regiment.
Black Samson of Brandywine
IN the fight at Brandywine, Black Sam-
son, a giant N e g r o , armed with a scythe,
sweeps his w a y through the red ranks."
C . M. Skinner's " M y t h s and Legends o f
Our Own Land."
Gray are the pages of record,
Dim are the volumes of eld;
Else had old Delaware told us
More that her history held.
Told us with pride in the story,
Honest and noble and fine,
More of the tale of my hero,
Black Samson of Brandywine.
Sing of your chiefs and your nobles,
Saxon and Celt and Gaul,
Breath of mine ever shall join you,
Highly I honor them all.
Give to them all of their glory,
But for this noble of mine,
Lend him a tithe of your tribute,
Black Samson of Brandywine.
There in the heat o f the battle,
There in the stir of the fight,
Loomed he, an ebony giant,
Black as the pinions o f night.
S w i n g i n g his scythe like a m o w e r
Over a field of grain,
Needless the care o f the gleaners,
W h e r e he had passed amain.
W a s he a freeman or b o n d m a n ?
W a s he a man or a thing?
W h a t does it m a t t e r ? His b r a v ' r y
Renders him loyala king.
If he was only a chattel,
H o n o r the ransom may pay
Of the royal, the loyal black giant
W h o fought f o r his country that day
Noble and bright is the story,
W o r t h y the touch of the lyre,
Sculptor or poet should find it
Full of the stuff to inspire.
Beat it in brass and in copper,
Tell it in storied line,
So that the world may remember
Black Samson of Brandywine.
 Men of the Month
A POET AND P L A Y - W R I G H T .
RIDGELY T O R R E N C E is a poet w h o
has spent much of his life among col
ored people in southern Ohio and has come
to know and understand them, though not
in the sense in which they are usually "un
derstood" or even " l o v e d " by their Southern
white friends. Some of this knowledge he
embodied in the three plays given last spring
by the N e g r o Players and recently b r o u g h t
out in book-form ( " G r a n n y Maumee":
Macmillan, $1.50) " T h e Rider of D r e a m s , " a
c h a r m i n g and poetic c o m e d y ; the inspired
tragedy, " G r a n n y M a u m e e , " the vivid story
of an old N e g r o w o m a n , whose son w a s
burned by white men f o r a crime he did not
c o m m i t ; and the wonderfully beautiful pas
sion interlude, " S i m o n the Cyrenian," whose
hero, the black man w h o carried the cross
f o r Christ, he p o r t r a y s first as a revolution
ist and liberator of Rome's slaves and later
as the disciple, conquered by Christ's mes
sage of non-resistance.
The plays, unique and lovely as they are,
do not, however, sum up Mr. Torrence's con
tribution to the N e g r o Theatre which gave
to N e g r o actors their first chance at self-
expression in dignified and beautiful drama
and revealed to a public hitherto incredibly
blind the wealth of dramatic material in
herent in the daily lives of colored people,
as well as their remarkable dramatic power.
The very fact o f its existence is due to M r .
Torrence, with w h o m the idea originated
some years ago, when he first tried to secure
a production of " G r a n n y M a u m e e " with col
ored actors. He failed at the time because
the almost universal prejudice against them
made such a performance impossible, but he
never g a v e up the idea and was able to
realize it last spring, through the backing
of Mrs. Emilie H a p g o o d , under whose man
agement the Players will open again this
fall.
No white man has written o f colored peo
ple more sympathetically than R i d g e l y T o r
rence. N o one has done as much as he in
opening up to them a new field of art, and
none ever approached the people of another
race in a more generous spirit.
A SECRETARY OF EDUCATION.
R E V . J. A . B R A Y , son o f A n d r e w Jack
son Bray, a prosperous and success
ful f a r m e r of north Georgia, was born in
256
1871 in Franklin County near Carnesville,
Ga. He received his early t r a i n i n g in the
rural schools o f his native state, and at
tended also K n o x Institute, an A m e r i c a n
Missionary School at A t h e n s , Ga. In 1893
he received his A . B. from A t l a n t a Uni
versity and in 1905 his A . M. In 1907 he
received f r o m Paine College the degree of
D . D . and in 1909 f r o m W i l b e r f o r c e the de
gree of L L . D . He has also received credit
from H a r v a r d f o r summer w o r k in phil
osophy and ethics.
Dr. B r a y has served as pastor o f some of
the leading charges of his church, also as
presiding elder f o r some years. His prin
cipal efforts have been in the educational
w o r k in the Colored Methodist Episcopal
Church. He w a s the first N e g r o president
of Lane College, Jackson, Tenn. A f t e r serv
ing in this position f o r f o u r y e a r s , he ac
cented the presidency of Miles Memorial
College, B i r m i n g h a m , A l a . In 1914, five
years later, he was elected General Secre
t a r y of Education b y the General Confer
ence of the C. M. E. Church, which convened
in St. Louis.
A M A S T E R OF A R T S ,
MISS M A R Y E. C R O M W E L L is the
d a u g h t e r of John W . C r o m w e l l o f
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. She was educated in the
schools of her own city and then took her
A . B. f r o m the University of M i c h i g a n .
Since then she has been a teacher of
mathematics in the Dunbar H i g h School.
Miss Cromwell has always been intensely
interested in social work. She spent two
summers in New York doing Fresh
A i r w o r k on San Juan Hill and w a s
instrumental in starting the W e s t Side
Neighborhood A s s o c i a t i o n . She has car
ried on philanthropic w o r k in W a s h i n g t o n
for m a n y years. Her especial interest has
been the Penny Provident w o r k . P r o b a b l y
no one in that city is m o r e familiar than
she with the alley life a m o n g the colored o r
m o r e sympathetic with their efforts for
thrift and betterment. She is a v e r y active
worker in the W a s h i n g t o n b r a n c h o f the
N. A . A . C. P., and one spring, o w i n g to
the meetings held in her home, hundreds o f
new members were secured to the branch.
She received her Master's Degree this
June from the University o f Pennsylvania
and is the first colored w o m a n to be so hon-
 MEN OF T H E MONTH 257

REV. C. M. TANNER. MISS M A R Y E. C R O M W E L L . T H E L A T E R E V . J. E . S M I T H .

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL YOUNGA GALLANT SOLDIER.
RIDGELY T0RRENCE. A L D E R M A N L. B. A N D E R S O N . R E V . J. A . B R A Y .
258 THE
ored by that University. Her success gains
an extra significance when one considers
that o w i n g to her position it w a s possible
f o r her to attend the University only on Sat
urdays. In spite o f a very heavy schedule
of school w o r k and the fatigue engendered
by the weekly double trip, Miss Cromwell
persisted until she won her well-merited de
gree.
A CLERGYMAN FROM THE RANKS.
T H E late Rev. Joseph E . Smith was born
in slavery in V i r g i n i a and sold m o r e
than once as a slave. The end of the Civil
W a r found him at Newnan, Ga., eager f o r
an education. A f t e r freedom he w e n t to
Atlanta, where he attended the Storrs
school, after which he entered Atlanta Uni
versity. He had the distinction of being in
the first g r a d u a t i n g class f r o m the college
and theological departments of the institu
tion. A f t e r serving as pastor of a small
church in Georgia he took up the pastorate
in Chattanooga. A short time afterwards
he, with another representative of the
A m e r i c a n Missionary Association, estab
lished a Congregational mission at Sierra
Leone, A f r i c a . He then returned to Chat
tanooga, where he served his people and
the community f o r thirty-eight years. On
the 26th, 27th and 28th of February, 1917,
his c o n g r e g a t i o n and friends celebrated the
thirty-eighth anniversary of his pastorate.
This proved to be his last appearance in his
own church, for, after a brief illness, he died
March 9, 1917.
He was a trustee of Atlanta University,
statistical secretary and treasurer of the
Tennessee Association of Congregational
Churches, a member of the A m e r i c a n Mis
sionary Association and of other organiza
tions of national importance. He served f o r
several years on the Chattanooga Board of
Education.
A PROMINENT LAWYER.
L O U I S B E R N A R D A N D E R S O N , son of
Moses E. and Elizabeth C. Anderson,
was born in Petersburg, Va., April 7, 1871.
H e attended the public schools of Peters
b u r g and was later a student at the V i r
ginia Normal and Industrial Institute,
Petersburg, V a . In 1897 he was graduated
from the Kent College o f L a w in Chicago.
F r o m 1898 to 1914 he was Assistant County
A t t o r n e y in Cook County, and f r o m 1915 to
1917 he has been assistant corporation coun
CRISIS
sel of the City o f C h i c a g o . On A p r i l 3,
1917, he was elected Republican A l d e r m a n
from the Second W a r d , succeeding f o r m e r
A l d e r m a n Oscar DePriest, and thus becom
ing the second colored man elected to the
Chicago City Council. In 1916 he received
the degree of L L . D . f r o m M o r r i s B r o w n
University o f Atlanta, Ga. He served f o r
four years as captain and adjutant in the
8th Infantry, Illinois National Guard. He
belongs to the Masons, Odd F e l l o w s , Knights
of Pythias, Elks, and is a charter member
of the A p p o m a t t o x Club. In 1897 he m a r
ried Miss Julia E . B a r r o f M a t t o o n , Illinois.
A DISTINGUISHED MINISTER.
R E V .C. M. T A N N E R , D . D . , w a s born
in the old office of the Christian Re
corder, Pine street, Philadelphia, Pa. He
is the y o u n g e r son o f Bishop B . T . T a n n e r
of the A . M. E. Church and the b r o t h e r of
H. O. Tanner, the artist, and Dr. Hallie T.
Johnson, the first w o m a n w h o ever passed
the A l a b a m a state examination to prac
tice medicine. B e g i n n i n g his education
at the old Institute f o r Colored Y o u t h ,
under Prof. E. A. Bouchet, Fannie
Jackson Coppin and Frazelia Campbell,
he later finished at the Philadelphia
Protestant Episcopal Seminary. T h i s semi
n a r y is well known f o r its high scholastic
standing and in all its history but f e w
colored men have finished there. H e was
there trained under such teachers as D r s .
E z r a P. Gould. L o r i n g Batten, E . T. Bart-
lett and John Fulton. H e has traveled ex
tensively in the British Isles, continental
E u r o p e and the W e s t Indies, and served his
church f o r t w o years in the South A f r i c a n
field. He has served the largest churches
in his denomination, in P i t t s b u r g and A t
lanta, being the only m a n w h o ever re
mained five years at B i g Bethel Church,
with 2.800 members, in Atlanta, Ga. He
was recently assigned pastor o f the lar
gest church in the A . M. E . denomination,
Metropolitan, at W a s h i n g t o n , D . C. He has
written a number o f books on the history
and polity of his church, two o f which, " T h e
Probationers' G u i d e " and the " M a n u a l , "
have been adopted by his church. H e is at
present m a k i n g a study o f the cause and
occasion o f the present N e g r o E m i g r a t i o n
Movement. His book, called the Second
E x o d u s , is nearing completion. H e is a life
trustee of W i l b e r f o r c e and M o r r i s B r o w n
Universities.
 The Horizon
THE W A R .
ACCORDING to the tabulation of the
W a r Department for draft registra
tion, 7,347,794 white men registered and
953,599 colored men.
A l o n z o Myers, a policeman in Philadel
phia, Pa., has been commissioned an army
captain. He has served in Cuba and in the
Philippines and was awarded a McKinley
medal for bravery by Congress.
The colored auxiliary to the Red Cross
in B i r m i n g h a m , Ala., raised more than
$5,000 during Red Cross Week.
The 15th Colored Infantry, N. Y . N. G.,
is stationed at Camp W h i t m a n , N. Y., un
der Colonel H a y w a r d . It has been recruited
to full w a r strength with '200 more than the
number required, and has been commended
f o r "excellence in behavior,- drilling and
marksmanship."
A m o n g the A r m y officers who sailed June
2 f r o m Halifax was Colonel M. L. Henry of
the 24th Colored Infantry.
It is reported that the 10th U. S. Cav
alry is "somewhere in F r a n c e " under direct
command of Gen. Pershing.
Chaplain W . E . Gladden of the 25th In
fantry has been retired with the rank of
major.
Captain T. B. Campbell has been appoint
ed a m a j o r by Adjt.-Gen. Baldwin of Colo
rado and empowered to organize a colored
battalion of infantry to be officered by Ne
groes.
The 8th Illinois colored regiment has
been called to Houston, Tex., with other Il
linois regiments, f o r national service.
Mr. Ralph E . Langston w a s appointed
chairman of Exemption Board 148 in N e w
Y o r k City.
M a j o r R o b e r t R. Jackson, f o r twenty-
five years a member of the 8th Illinois col
ored regiment, has been retired. He will
remain a member of the Illinois State Leg
islature.
Savings accounts have been opened in
Des Moines, I o w a , f o r 10 per cent o f the col
ored men in training f o r officers, averaging
over 50 per cent of their first pay checks.
MUSIC AND ART.
The W a s h i n g t o n A r t i s t s ' Association is
a recently organized club o f W a s h i n g t o n ,
D . C , the purpose of which is "to study,
259
foster, interpret and originate all f o r m s o f
art." Mrs. C. F. Cook is president, E. C.
Williams, vice-president, E. H. Lawson, sec
retary, and Miss Jessie Fauset, correspond
ing secretary.
A t the Cornell University Summer Music
School, Ithaca, N. Y., Dr. Dann, head of
the music department, is teaching N e g r o
spirituals.
A n interesting movement has resulted
in the Frederick Douglass Film Company
which aims to improve the portrayal of
N e g r o life on the stage. B y this means it
is hoped a better sentiment will be awak
ened among white A m e r i c a n s and a new
field offered for the development of colored
talent. The company has recently produced
The Scapegoat, an adaptation of the novel
by Paul Laurence Dunbar. Its home office
is 354 Pacific A v e n u e , Jersey City, N . J.
Charles Gilbert Spross, an A m e r i c a n
composer, has made an effective arrange
ment for mixed voices of his solo song,
"Lindy."
Mr. N. Clark Smith, of Kansas City, has
set to music a serenade b y Paul Laurence
Dunbar. The poem, " G o o d n i g h t , " is an un
published lyric which was given to M r .
Smith by the poet during his last illness.
EDUCATION.
MISS H. E. W I L S O N received the de-
gree of Bachelor of A r t s f r o m the
University of Michigan, instead of Master
as was stated in our last Education Num
ber.
Three gold medals were awarded to Miss
M a r g a r e t Leedle, a pupil in the Catholic
elementary school, Yonkers, N. Y .
Miss V . E. Bentley has received her se
nior diploma and teacher's certificate from
the Chicago Musical College. She led a
class of eighty-eight in harmony, receiving
a mark of ninety-nine.
Miss M. Neale and George Winston grad
uated from the Freehold, N. J., High School,
Miss Neale receiving first rank. They are
the first colored graduates in the history of
the town.
Miss Vivian Roberts was the only col
ored graduate to receive the degree of Bach
elor of A r t s a m o n g 173 graduates from
Hunter College, of the city of N e w Y o r k .
Miss R. O. Marshall was valedictorian
of her class at the 88th commencement of
260 THE
St. F r a n c e s A c a d e m y , Baltimore, Md. She
received the Rev. Chaplain prize, f o r the
best essay on Christian Doctrine, and the
gold music medal given by the Hon. T. J.
Fielding, of M a y w o o d , Ill.
P r o f e s s o r W . H. Green, L i v i n g s t o n e Col
lege, Salisbury, N . C , has been made presi
dent emeritus, and Prof. D. C. S u g g s has
been elected to succeed him as president.
Miss Ruth Smith has received the degree
Bachelor of A r t s f r o m W i t t e n b u r g Col
lege in Springfield, Ohio, with h o n o r in
French.
Miss N a i d a McCollough of Los A n g e l e s
was one of the five honor pupils in the
g r a d u a t i n g class of the Los A n g e l e s H i g h
School. She had the distinction of having
two parts on the commencement p r o g r a m .
Miss Cecelia E. Smith was awarded t w o
$50 scholarships and two gold honor pins at
Lincoln H i g h School, Kansas City, M o .
H. Eustace W i l l i a m s was graduated f r o m
F o r d h a m University, N e w Y o r k , in law.
David Milburry graduated f r o m the L e
banon, Pa., H i g h School, as the first colored
graduate.
L. H . N o r w o o d and N . M. Sykes re
ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine f r o m
the University o f Illinois. M r . N o r w o o d
held one o f the four R e a scholarships f o r
the season 1915-16.
Three colored priests were a m o n g the
graduates to receive the degree o f B a c h e l o r
of Divinity f r o m the General Theological
Seminary in N e w Y o r k C i t y : the Revs. O.
H. B r o w n , S. N . Griffiths and E . C. Y o u n g .
Miss Jennie Osby and Theophilus Mann
were awarded gold medals f o r high aver
ages in A m e r i c a n history in the g r a m m a r
schools in Springfield, Ill.
D a w s o n Hall at the W e s t V i r g i n i a
Collegiate Institute, which was destroyed
by fire in July, is being rebuilt. T h e school
will open September 19.
INDUSTRY.
THE Philton Holding Company, Inc.,
directed by P. A . Payton, Jr., a col
ored real estate man, has purchased six
modern elevator apartment houses w o r t h
$1,500,000 in H a r l e m , N e w Y o r k City, f o r
colored people. T h e buildings are named
Attucks, Toussaint, Wheatley, Dunbar,
Douglass and W a s h i n g t o n Courts.
The salaries o f the custodians o f the
fourteen divisions of the Circuit Court, St.
CRISIS
Louis, M o . , have been inreased f r o m $60 to
$75 a month.
T h e Southern Pacific has replaced its
white help in restaurants in California and
A r i z o n a with colored labor.
One hundred colored longshoremen f r o m
N e w Orleans' have arrived in F r a n c e to
w o r k f o r the U . S. G o v e r n m e n t under con
t r a c t f o r one y e a r with salaries r a n g i n g
from $65 to $100 monthly with b o a r d , lodg
ing and medical t r e a t m e n t free.
Colored w o m e n are w o r k i n g as section
hands on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
in St. Louis, M o . , and E a s t St. L o u i s , Ill.
T w o hundred colored stevedores on the
Old D o m i n i o n piers, N o r f o l k , V a . , have
struck.
T h e B i n g h a m and Garfield mines, Salt
Lake City, Utah, are seeking colored labor.
Colored w o m e n are g u a r d i n g the cross
ings o f the Pennsylvania R a i l r o a d at Phila
delphia, Pa., and Camden, N . J.
It has been p r o p o s e d that Secretary W i l
son a p p r o v e as a W a r e m e r g e n c y proposition
the introduction o f a bill to establish a col
ored labor bureau in his department, under
a colored person.
Because o f prejudice and lack o f train
ing, the colored men employed as delivery-
men b y K a u f m a n ' s , "the B i g S t o r e " in Pitts
burgh, Pa., have been replaced b y white em
ployees. T h i r t y - t w o o f the colored men
proved themselves 100 p e r cent, proficient,
44 falling below the efficiency mark.
The Illinois State Council of Defense is
making efforts to stop the migration o f
N e g r o laborers f r o m the South.
In an effort to stop the e x o d u s o f Ne
groes, the Central of G e o r g i a , A t l a n t i c Coast
Line, Southern and G e o r g i a and F l o r i d a
Railroads will no longer accept " p r e p a y
o r d e r " transportation f o r N e g r o e s m i g r a t
ing f r o m the South.
Because of the exodus of N e g r o laborers
from southern f a r m s , 1,000 B o y Scouts are
d i g g i n g 400,000 bushels o f potatoes along
the eastern shore o f V i r g i n i a .
The Industrial S a v i n g s B a n k in W a s h
ington, D . C , has purchased the t w o - s t o r y
brick building at 11th and Y o u Streets,
which will represent an outlay o f $30,000
when completed.
In Shreveport, La., Sheriff T. R. H u g h e s
and Police Chief J. J. Gray blocked plans
f o r the exportation o f 200 N e g r o e s t o Pitts
burgh, Pa.
 THE HORIZON
In Rockford, Ill., colored men are being-
employed in the steel mills.
T. J, Elliott, a colored business man in
Tulsa, Okla., will open a furnishing store
for men and women in the Gurley Building,
with a stock valued at $15,000.
A t Kiln, Miss., Negro women have taken
the place of men in a sawmill.
A. J. Lindermann and Hoverson Com
pany, Milwaukee, Wis., have work for col
ored molders, mechanics and laboring men.
July 26 was Afro-American Business
Day for the colored people in Philadelphia.
The object of the effort was to further
patronage of colored business enterprises.
West Broad Street School won first hon
ors among colored schools in the waste
paper contest of the Savannah Paper Bail
ing Company. It collected 430,331 pounds
of waste paper.
The Savannah, Ga., Home Association,
costing $15,000, has been completed. It is
a three-story brick structure. On top is a
roof garden.
Mrs. J. H. Johnson, a colored farmer's
wife of Shawneetown, Okla., has sold 198
pounds of butter since December 1, 1916,
and fifty-three dozen eggs. She has a new
Ford car which she has bought out of her
produce and milk business.
The Langwell Hotel, Elmira, N. Y . , has
replaced white girls in the grill room with
a colored male force. Mr. G. H. Faucet is
the head waiter.
A clothing factory with colored workers
is to open in New York City September 1.
H. D. McLaughlin, 512 Columbus Avenue,
is general manager.
The Waiters' Union, Local 34, Boston,
Mass., has invited colored waiters to be
come members.
The porters on the Canadian Pacific Rail
road have been given increased wages.
White carpenters employed by Albert
Tolle, contractor, Hammond, La., have
struck because of colored labor.
In Shreveport, La., the City Council
has increased the wages of common labor
ers, which raises the wages of about 75
colored employees of the city from $1.40
to $1.75 per day.
Thirty Italian laborers tried unsuccess
fully to oust colored workmen from Camp
Meade, the National encampment at Ad
miral, Md.
A t Cincinnati, Ohio, the State Board of
261
Health has warned companies and contrac
tors of Negro labor from the South that
they will be held responsible for the health
of their employees.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
U N D E R the direction of its president,
Mrs. Albert S. Reed, the Utopia
Neighborhood Club gave its annual Fash
ion Show, Friday, June 20, at Manhattan
Casino, New York City. The affair was in
every way a success, besides having a great
educational value. All the exhibits were
pleasing and modish. The work of the fol
lowing ladies was represented: Mesdames
Catherine B. Reed, J. H. Ready, Hattie
Lynch Green, Annie D. Grantland, Essie P.
Boston, Laura Williamson, Mrs. James
Campbell, Mrs. Charles McDowell, and Miss
Muriel Smith, gowns; Mesdames Odessa
Gray and Grace Morris, hats; Mrs. Ger
trude B. Needles, summer furs.
Mr. H. Fisher has been elected treas
urer of the Darby Township Board of
Education, Philadelphia County, Pa. He is
the only colored member.
Governor Burnquist appointed Attor
ney W . T. Francis a representative on the
Minnesota Public Safety Commission in
connection with the Military Draft in the
8th Ward of St. Paul.
Lake Erie steamers, Finaster, Juner-
etta, and Octorara, have contracted for
twelve colored musicians, members of Lo
cal Union 533, A . F. of M., Buffalo, N. Y .
C Mr. A. Jackson has been made librari
an of the Supreme Court of West Virginia.
The New York Globe and Advertiser
is carrying news of colored people. Mr.
J. E . Robinson, a colored man, has been
selected correspondent.
Dr. W . S. Holder, a colored minister,
was elected scribe at the ordination of
ministers into the Congregational ministry
held at the Broadway Tabernacle Church
in New York City. The degree of Doctor
of Divinity was conferred upon Dr. Holder
last June by Oskaloosa College, Iowa.
John Taylor, a colored man in New
York City, rescued Daniel Curran, a white
working man 65 years old, from drowning
in the Hudson River, after a crowd of white
men had watched Curran sink twice.
The first prize for "Clean-Up and
Paint-Up" during Negro Health Week,
April 21-28, offered by Mr. A. W . Clark,
Chairman of this bureau in St. Louis, Mo.,
262 THE
w a s awarded to A t l a n t a , Ga. The second
and third prizes, respectively, to Salis
bury, N . C , and N e w Madrid, M o .
Ira B r a x t o n , a colored man, rescued a
white w o m a n and a white m a n f r o m
d r o w n i n g in F o x R i v e r in Illinois.
T h e g r a v e of Paul Laurence D u n b a r
in the D a y t o n , Ohio, Cemetery has been
marked by a natural stone and a bronze
plate. The first of a series of scholar
ships in his name has been assigned to
Paul Laurence D u n b a r M u r p h y at W i l b e r -
force University.
J. C. D a n c y , Jr., has succeeded C. C.
Allison, Jr., as secretary of the colored
B i g Brother Movement in N e w Y o r k .
M r . A l b e r t Smith won a silver cup,
coming in first in the 100 yard, and a
smaller cup, c o m i n g in third in the 300
yard dash, at the meet given by the Jer
sey City, N. J., Harriers.
A l d e r m a n L. B. Anderson in Chicago,
Ill., has been presented with a diamond
star, costing $650, as an appreciation of
his services.
T h e 65th A n n i v e r s a r y of the Christian
MISS FERN CALDWELL,
CRISIS
Recorder, Philadelphia, Pa., w a s celebrated
during July.
Miss F e r n Caldwell, Los A n g e l e s , Cal.,
is the undefeated ladies' tennis champion
of South California in ladies' singles and
mixed doubles.
Masons in Ohio have established Coun
cils of R o y a l and Select Masters. The
w o r k of the Council immediately follows
that of the R o y a l A r c h and is supplement
ary thereto.
T h e National L e a g u e on Urban Condi
tions A m o n g N e g r o e s issued in July V o l
ume 6 of its Bulletin.
The Salem-Crescents won the team
trophy in the Red Cross benefit games
held at the Lewissohn Stadium at the Col
lege of the City o f N e w Y o r k .
One hundred colored real estate men in
Chicago, Ill., have f o r m e d an organization
to aid colored p r o p e r t y owners. M r . H. A .
W a t k i n s is president.
Dr. B. F. Allen has been re-elected
President o f Lincoln Institute, Jefferson
City, M o .
T h e 50th A n n i v e r s a r y of St. John's
Baptist A s s o c i a t i o n in Austin, T e x . , w a s
celebrated J u l y 17-30. T h e association in
cludes thirty-eight church organizations
with m o r e than 20,000 communicants.
Bookertee, an exclusively colored town
in Oklahoma, was opened July 4.
J. E . Griffith, a g r a d u a t e o f the Univer
sity o f N e w Y o r k , has been admitted to
the N o v a Scotia B a r at H a l i f a x .
Mrs. C. F. Cook has been reappointed a
member of the B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n o f the
District o f Columbia.
Dr. J. L. W i l s o n o f Jersey City, N. J.,
was one o f five out of sixty to successfully
pass the examination of the National
Board of Medical E x a m i n e r s .
D r . C. W . Flint, M e h a r r y graduate,
successfully passed the T e x a s State B o a r d
medical examination with the highest
average in a class of eighty.
J- C. W a t e r s , Jr., has been appointed
an expert accountant of government
freight rates in the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n division
of the depot q u a r t e r m a s t e r ' s office, W a s h
ington, D. C.
Mr. Judson Moore has completed
twenty-five y e a r s ' service as mail carrier
in Elmira, N. Y . H e has a prominent
route in the business section o f the city.
H. M. Reynolds, Jr., has been appointed
 THE HORIZON
messenger to Secretary M c A d o o in the
T r e a s u r y Department.
H o n . G. H . W h i t e has succeeded the
late H . W . Bass as Assistant City Solici
tor in Philadelphia, Pa.
Kelly Miller, Jr., is in the Structural
Materials T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r y of the Bu
reau o f Standards in Pittsburg, Pa. He
has received a fellowship in physics at
Clark University.
M r . J. H . W o o d s o n , of Hook and Lad
der C o m p a n y 106, Brooklyn, N. Y . , w h o
rescued Mrs. Katherine Meterity and her
b a b y f r o m a fourth floor tenement fire,
has been awarded a medal by M a y o r
Mitchell.
M r . J. A . Dorsey of Pittsburg, Pa., has
been appointed physical director at W a s h
ington Park.
On June 15 the Idlewild Hotel was
opened in Chicago, Ill., f o r Negroes. It
has 100 rooms, with all conveniences, and
is under the active management o f Beau
regard F. Moseley.
The Sherman House in W a u k e g a n , Ill.,
has been made a colored hotel.
John M c R o b e r t s in Cincinnati, Ohio, a
former slave, has subscribed to $4,000 worth
of Liberty Bonds.
PERSONAL.
BISHOP J O H N H U R S T has left Freed-
man's Hospital greatly improved.
The following marriages are announced:
Miss V i c t o r y n e G. Gates, private secre
t a r y to the Hon. George W . Hayes in Cin
cinnati, Ohio, to Mr. Milton R o g e r s of Col
u m b u s ; Miss Ellen Rhetta Harris to Mr.
Gale P. Hilyer, in M o n t g o m e r y , A l a . ; Miss
Julia A . B r o w n of W i n t o n , N . C , to D r .
L. T. Delaney at Wilson, N . C ; Miss Alice
Eloise Ellis to Bishop Elias Cottrell.
Rev. and Mrs. M. W . D. N o r m a n in
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C , have celebrated the
fiftieth anniversary of their marriage.
Mrs. C. M. Sterling-Pipes of W i l m i n g
ton, Del., principal of the H a r v e y Public
School, has received the h o n o r a r y degree
of Master of A r t s f r o m W i l b e r f o r c e Uni
versity.
M r . H a r r y Spurlock, a member of the
police f o r c e in Cincinnati, O., has been re
tired after twenty-nine years' service.
T h e Misses E m i l y Johnson and Susan
W i l s o n , colored employees in the home of
late Judge Charles J. Willett, Pasadena,
Cal., have been bequeathed valuable family
263
effects and $4,000 with which to purchase
a home in Pasadena.
Dr. Hollis Burke Frissell, principal of
Hampton Normal and A g r i c u l t u r a l Insti
tute, died A u g u s t 5, 1917. His death means
an incalculable loss to the advance of con
structive and practical education f o r Ne
groes and Indians. Besides serving as prin
cipal of Hampton, Dr. Frissell was also a
member of the A n n a T. Jeanes Fund. Dr.
Robert R. Moton, Hampton's f o r m e r com
mandant, n o w principal o f Tuskegee, deliv
ered an address at the funeral which was
held in the Hampton Institute Memorial
Church.
Robert Holmes, a y o u n g colored police
man, was shot and killed while pursuing a
burglar in Harlem, N e w Y o r k City.
The bulk of the $100,000 estate of the
late James L. Hitchens, a colored furniture
mover in Baltimore, Md., has been settled
on a white adopted son.
The late John Heppenstalls bequeathed
$500 and a share in the stock of the F i r s t
National Bank of Wrightsville, Pa., to Levi
T a y l o r , an employee in the family since the
Civil W a r .
FOREIGN.
The 9th U. S. Cavalry won the cham
pionship of the Philippine Islands in base
ball f o r 1916-17 over five white opponents.
A j u r y in Cristobal awarded Joseph
Foppen, a colored man, $10,000 for injuries
received through negligence in the Panama
Railroad.
Minister Curtis initiated the observance
of Memorial Day, M a y 30, in M o n r o v i a ,
Liberia.
Mr. Gale Carr, w h o has been with the
British A r m y in France for two years, has
received t w o medals f o r bravery.
The European system of education, in
which schools continue almost the entire
year, is to be continued in the V i r g i n
Islands.
The University of Porto Rico conferred
the honorary degree of Doctor of L a w s
upon Gov. A r t h u r Y a g e r and Dr. J. C.
Barbosa, a member o f the Executive Coun
cil, of A f r i c a n extraction, and graduated
5 students in Liberal A r t s , 25 in law, 12
in pharmacy, 38 f r o m the normal depart
ment, 6 with rural course certificates and
17 from the University High School.
Private Helasi Sempa, U g a n d a Police
Service Battalion, won the medal for
b r a v e r y in the defence of a British post.
264 THE
GHETTO.
O S C A R D E P R I E S T , the colored alder
man in C h i c a g o , Ill., w h o w a s charged
by the State with c o n s p i r a c y to protect g a m
bling, has been f o u n d not guilty b y the j u r y .
J u d g e Butler o f the County Court at
W e s t Chester, Pa., handed down a decision
in f a v o r o f M r s . Rebecca Simms, a colored
w o m a n w h o refused to send her children to
a basement schoolroom in a D o w n i n g t o w n ,
Pa., institution.
David W o o d , a N e g r o charged with va
g r a n c y , induced a local Justice of the Peace
in San D i e g o , Cal., to impanel a j u r y o f
Negroes. T h e j u r y returned a verdict o f
not guilty and W o o d w a s set free.
C A t Jackson, Miss., in the case of Jackson
Holt vs. Illinois Central, the j u r y awarded
the N e g r o plaintiff $5,000 for injuries re
ceived when shot by a special agent o f the
defendant c o m p a n y .
Because a number of colored laborers
have migrated to Jamestown, N . Y . , to take
positions with the Gurney Ball B e a r i n g
Company, the white residents started a
movement to prohibit colored people f r o m
coming to Jamestown to live. Corporation
Counsel Price informed the segregationists
that he doubted "both the wisdom and legal
ity o f such action," and the movement
failed.
Colored w o m e n delegates to the North
eastern Federation caused the Smith-Lever
rights bill to be enforced in Stamford, Conn.
Justice Strahl in the 6th District Mu
nicipal Court, Brooklyn, N. Y . , has decided
against Keeney's theatre f o r discriminat
ing against Misses D o r o t h y Hampton and
Katherine M a r s .
Residents in the eastern section of Tren
ton, N. J., are o p p o s i n g the erection o f two
portable N e g r o schools in that neighborhood.
The commission on the unification of the
Methodist Churches in A m e r i c a has ad
journed, failing to reach an agreement as
to whether colored Methodists in the South
should have a seat in the law-making body.
T h e conferees will meet in J a n u a r y in a
southern city.
The P o t o m a c Steamboat C o m p a n y has
been ordered b y the Interstate C o m m e r c e
Commission to abolish its color line through
the agitation of a committee of colored citi
zens in W a s h i n g t o n , D . C.
CRISIS
The G e o r g i a Sheriffs' A s s o c i a t i o n is p r o
testing against " J i m - C r o w " c a r rides while
taking colored prisoners f r o m one t o w n to
another.
W h i t e citizens of South Nashville, Tenn.,
protested against the establishment o f a
colored church in their c o m m u n i t y and suc
ceeded in h a v i n g the transaction canceled.
Because he is colored, J. H . Fuller has
twice been refused appointment in the P o s t
Office at Danville, V a .
A white man, Cecil Dupont, has been sen
tenced to life i m p r i s o n m e n t in the State
Penitentiary at R a i l f o r d , Fla., f o r criminal
assault on a colored child.
The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n in San A n t o n i o ,
Tex., has increased the salary o f white
teachers ten dollars p e r m o n t h ; colored
teachers five dollars p e r month.
M a x Kohler, a c o n t r a c t o r in P a r i s K y . ,
who married a colored w o m a n and is the
father of their two children, has f o u n d that
he is white. His relatives n o w refuse to
recognize him.
T w o white men w e r e killed and m o r e
than one hundred white and colored people
injured as a result o f race r i o t i n g in Ches
ter, Pa.
T h i r t y guardsmen and a score or m o r e
colored people in Y o u n g s t o w n , O., resorted
to rioting.
The f o l l o w i n g lynchings have taken
place since o u r last r e c o r d :
Riesel, Tex., June 23, E l i j a h H a y s , beat
en to death f o r striking a white man.
R e f o r m , A l a . , J u l y 16, unidentified man
hanged, c h a r g e d with petty b u r g l a r y .
Pickens County, A l a . , July 23, Poe H i b -
bler, hangedattempted assault on a white
girl.
M o n t g o m e r y , A l a . , J u l y 25, Will Powell
and Jesse Powell, hanged, c h a r g e d with
hold-up.
A m i t e , La., July 30, Dan R o u t and J e r r y
Rout, charged with m u r d e r i n g Simeon Ben
nett.
Garland City, Okla., J u l y 31, A r l a n d
A v e r y , c h a r g e d with assault and r o b b e r y
on W i l l i a m W o o d s , a white c o n t r a c t o r .
Butte, Mont., A u g . 1, F r a n k Little,
white, h a n g e d ; he was a member o f the ex
ecutive board o f the I. W . W .
 THE CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 265

If You A r e Permanently Disabled

Completes Your Life-Line

So that you cannot follow any gainful occupation and earn your own living,
Standard Life Insurance Company will, under the provisions of its new policy
contracts, carry your insurance in full force without the payment of another
premium by you. N o matter how long you live thereafter, whenever you die
your beneficiary will receive the full amount due under the policy, just as if you
had continued to pay the premiums.
The Cash Surrender and Loan Values and Extended Insurance Values will
increase from year to year in the same manner, and exactly as if the premiums
were paid by the policyholder. In short, should the time ever come in your life
when you are completely and permanently disabled so that it is impossible for
you to support yourself, you would not lose your insurance protection but it
would go right on carrying an indefinite period of grace which would not end
until you were completely recovered. Then you would not have to pay any back
premiums but would merely take up from that date.

The liberality of such a provision is very apparent to all and the usefulness
of it can be easily imagined.
OLD P O L I C Y H O L D E R S can have this new provision inserted in their pro
tection by making application for one of these new policies in exchange for their
old ones, and the change will not cost them a cent. W e are desirous that old pol
icyholders be given every opportunity to secure this additional feature; and upon
application the Company will receive any old policy and issue in lieu thereof
a contract o f the same kind, age, rate, amount and date and containing the same
splendid features of our present policies in addition to the Disability Benefit Clause.
Write Us Today for Full Information.

The Company desires the services of men of good character, intelligence and
ability as insurance salesmen. Liberal contracts given. Excellent opportuni
ties for advancement.
The Company also desires to hear from competent office workers. Nat
ural growth occasions frequent promotions and the need of additional
bookkeepers, stenographers and clerks.

STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY / Please send

me particulars
HOME OFFICE ATLANTA, GA. about your Disa
bility Benefit Clause

Over $4,000,000.00 Insurance in Force / Name

' Address

City
H E M A N E. P E R R Y , President
H A R R Y H. PACE, Sec-Treasurer I have a Policy with you.
Age Weight Height

Mention THE CRISIS

266 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
(Continued from page 214) LIVINGSTONE COLLEGE
SALISBURY, N. C.

A Religious Co-Educational School with a

W A L D E N COLLEGE Tradition
Nashville, Tenn.
Open to All Negroes: Only Merit Counts
A classical and industrial college of the
first rank. Students come from Twenty-nine
OUR AIM States in the Union, from Canada,
Christian character, loyal citizenship and
Africa, the West India Islands and
education f o r s e r v i c e .
Central America. A n d Graduates Make
LITERARY COURSES
College, normal, preparatory, musical,
Good.
d o m e s t i c science a n d a r t . Full commercial Salisbury, North Carolina, an Ideal
and business courses. A good l i b r a r y and Place for Study with a Mild, Equable
r e a d i n g room, a s t r o n g f a c u l t y , a b e a u t i f u l
campus, g o o d board, e x p e n s e s l o w , clean
Climate, Pure Water, Breezes from
athletics. G r a d u a t e s f r o m t h e n o r m a l course Pine and other Forests a Constant
r e c e i v e S t a t e certificates without examina Tonicthe Greatest Degree o f Health-
tion.
fulness.
School Opens S e p t e m b e r 2 7 t h
Electric lights and furnace heat in all the New Girls' Dormitory with all Modern Conveni
buildings. T h e new Science H a l l for recita
tion purposes has sixteen rooms, steam heat, ences Accommodating 210 just Completed
electric lights and all modern conveniences.
Come to W a l d e n this fall and bring one
and Ready
6tudent with y o u . Courses of S t u d y : G r a m m a r School, A c a d e m y ,
Normal, College. Divinity, Music and
For information write the President,
Industries for B o y s anil Girls.
E. A . W H I T E Expenses Moderate.
T h i r t y - s i x t h Session Opens W e d n e s d a y , Oc-
tober 3, 1917.
For Further Information Address
D. C S U G G S , President or
MORGAN COLLEGE AND BRANCHES J. E. Aggrey, Registrar.
John O . Spencer, President.
MORGAN C O L L E G E , Baltimore, M d .
LOCATION: Central, in great college town between North
and South.
COURSES: Preparatory, normal, music, advanced e d u c a S T E N O G R A P H E R S W A N T E D
tion, collegiate,appropriate degrees. All Races
INSTRUCTORS: College and university trained, Seven Prepare in the best school of its kind in the State
colleges and universities represented in faculty. Subjects
DORMITORIES: For a limited number, furnished.
TERMS: Very reasonable. Shorthand, Typewriting, Bookkeeping, English, Pen
DEAN: W i l l i a m P i c k e n s , L i t . D . manship, Civil Service Training, and S P A N I S H .
P R I N C E S S A N N E A C A D E M Y , Princess A n n e . M d . COMMERCIAL CLASS
(The Eastern Branch of the Maryland State College of Lenox Community Centerat
Agriculture.) PUBLIC S C H O O L 89
LOCATION: The famous Eastern Shore of Maryland,
Somerset County. Lenox Avenue and 135th St., N e w Y o r k City.
COURSES: Preparatory, normal, industrial, domestic sci Open All YearFour Evenings Weekly.
ence, music. Fitz W . M o t t l e y , President.
INSTRUCTORS: College and technically trained.
DORMITORIES: Carefully supervised, furnished.
TERMS: Free tuition: other expenses moderate.
PRINCIPAL: Rev. T h o m a s H . K l a h , A . M . THE STENOGRAPHERS' INSTITUTE
SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TEACHERS: June 25th to F a l l T e r m o p e n s O c t o b e r 1, 1 9 1 7 . Shorthand,
August 3rd. typewriting, bookkeeping, business correspondence,
VIRGINIA COLLEGIATE A N D INDUSTRIAL INSTI business law, multigraphing, mimeographing,
TUTION, L y n c h b u r g , V a . arithmetic, g r a m m a r , spelling, reading and writ
LOCATION: On beautiful hill, suburbs of growing city. ing. A p t students operate typewriters blindfolded
COURSES: Preparatory, normal, domestic science, garden a c c u r a t e l y in t w o m o n t h s a n d a r e a b l e t o p a s s
ing, music. Civil Service Examinations with ease in eight
INSTRUCTORS: College trained; carefully selected. months.
DORMITORIES: Furnished; steam heat; accommodations
for fifty girls; carefully supervised, E D W A R D T. D U N C A N , President,
TERMS: Within the reach of all. 1227 S. 1 7 t h S t . , Philadelphia, Pa.
PRINCIPAL: L e e M . M c C o y . A . M .
A L L S C H O O L S O P E N S E P T E M B E R 25, 1917.
100 CALLING CARDS 50 CENTS
Calling a n d Business cards are good sellers at all
GEORGIA STATE INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE seasons of the year. Liberal commissions. Write
for samples and agent's terms.
OPENS OCTOBER 1
The House of Chowning, Indianapolis, Ind.
This institution gives Agricultural, Industrial, N o r m a l
ind Collegiate C o u r s e s ; the industries consist of
Masonry, Wheelwrighting, Painting, Shoemaking,
Blacksmithing, Tailoring, Carpentry, Laundering,
Domestic Science, Sewing. Dairying, and Poultry
raising; the N o r m a l and Collegiate courses embrace
R O L A N D W. H A Y E S , Tenor
the usual literary subjects. W e give a full Com Recitals Concerts Oratorio Opera
mercial Course consisting of Stenography, Typewrit "An unusually good voice. T h e natural
ing, Bookkeeping, Business English, etc. Students quality is beautiful. It is a luscious yet manly
graduating from the Commercial Course will receive voice. M r . H a y e s sings freely a n d with good '
certificates. It is our purpose to add music this taste."Philip H a l e , in the Boston Herald.
year. Total cost will be $8.50. $ 7 for board and " A voice of unusual sweetness a n d calibre.'
laundry. $1 for athletic f e e , and $.50 for medicine.
For catalog or other information address R . R.
Chattanooga Times.
W r i g h t , President, Industrial College, Ga. Address: 3 WARWICK ST.. BOSTON. MASS.

Mention T H E CRISIS
 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 257

A Christian Duty
c o m p e l s y o u to p r o v i d e for y o u r family and d e p e n d e n t s . T h e n w h y not
p r o v i d e for a p e r p e t u a l i n c o m e during sickness and accidental i n j u r i e s ? W i l l
y o u consider y o u r duty p r o p e r l y discharged if y o u m a k e provision only
d o w n to death, and l e a v e the w i d o w and those dear little orphans penniless
after y o u r d e a t h ? It is the privilege of e v e r y m a n and a duty e v e r y m a n
o w e s himself a n d f a m i l y to carry sufficient insurance to p r o v i d e the neces
sities of life during illness, and to p a y off the e x p e n s e s and the m o r t g a g e
on the h o m e after death.

W h y w o u l d a m a n p r o v i d e well for his w i f e and children during his life

and l e a v e t h e m b e g g a r s after his d e a t h ? A g o o d Insurance C o m p a n y is next
to t h e C h u r c h ; a S O U T H E R N A I D S O C I E T Y policy is b e t t e r than a bank
a c c o u n t ; y o u d r a w from the bank y o u r deposit plus interest; y o u d r a w from
S O U T H E R N A I D S O C I E T Y , not w h a t y o u put in, but as long as y o u are sick
and an undiminished death claim paid to the family after death. Some
h a v e put in $ 5 0 . 0 0 and d r a w n out $ 5 0 0 . 0 0 . W h y not act t o d a y ? Tomor
r o w y o u m a y not b e a b l e to pass the e x a m i n a t i o n for a g o o d policy in a
reliable Insurance C o m p a n y .

Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Inc.

HOME O F F I C E : 5 2 7 N. 2 n d St., R i c h m o n d , V a .
District offices and agencies in all the principal cities of the State.

INSURES AGAINST SICKNESS, ACCIDENT AND DEATH.

A. D. PRICE, President. THOS. M. CRUMP, Secretary.

B. L. J O R D A N , Asst. Secretary.

iiiiilillliiiiiniiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII i i iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiniiiiiiiiii illinium niuiliiliiiiiiiiini num i i; i j -., 11.. 11. - 1111 INIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIUII
Mention T H E CRISIS
268 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

BOOKS BY PROMINENT NEGROES

Issued by T h e Neale Publishing Company, New York, N. Y.

The American Cavalryman. By HENRY F. DOWNING N e g r o C u l t u r e In W e s t A f r i c a B y G E O R G E W. E L L I S

M r . D o w n i n g perhaps has h a d a m o r e varied career
than a n y other living N e g r o from the Civil W a r to Mr. Ellis was f o r eight years Secretary of the
the war between the U ni te d States and G e r m a n y . United States Legation in Liberia. Since his
H e was the first colored m a n to represent the U n i t e d return to A m e r i c a , he has written extensively o n the
States at a city of a white government, by appoint N e g r o and his problems, and has taken a prominent
ment of President Cleveland. H e introduced Cole place a m o n g the leaders of his race. I n m a n y re
ridge-Taylor to the L o n d o n Public. H e persuaded spects this latest book of his is the most important
Liberia to open its doors to foreign capital. Merely work o n the N e g r o yet published,the N e g r o in
to recount his activities in public life of the past Africa. Illustrated. $ 2 . 1 6 by mail.
fifty years would take a volume. B u t his highest
renown has been won as a m a n of letters, a n d this
is a romance of Liberiaa romance of a very high Racial Adjustments in the Methodist Episcopal
order, written by the only m a n w h o could have writ Church By JOHN H . REED
ten it. $ 1 . 5 0 by mail.
The R e v . D r . R e e d , D . D . , K . C . , writes authori
tatively on the subject matter of his book. In
Haiti: H e r History and H e r Detractors
troduction by A d n a B . L e o n a r d , D . D . , L L . D . $ 1 . 6 0
By J. N. LEGER
by mail.
M . Leger, f o r m e r l y represented H a i t i a s Minister
to the U n i t ed States, and later represented Haiti
as a m e m b e r of the Peace Conference, at T h e The Black Man's Burden
Hague. In Europe as well as in A m e r i c a he is re By WILLIAM H. HOLTZCLAW
garded as one of the ablest m e n of his race. T w o
editions: one in English and one in French. Illus Prof. H o l t z c l a w is the founder a n d the principal of
trated. Each edition $3.20 by mail. the U t i c a N o r m a l and Industrial Institute f o r the
Training of Colored Y o u n g M e n and Y o u n g W o m e n ,
The Facts of Reconstruction By JOHN R. LYNCH already one of the largest educational institutions in
M a j o r L y n c h , an officer of the Un i te d States A r m y , the South. Introduction b y t h e late B o o k e r T .
lived through Reconstruction, a n d took a lively Washington. Third thousand. $ 1 . 0 0 by mail.
part therein. H e served as a M e m b e r of Congress,
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by far the greater part of his adult life has been Negro Tales By JOSEPH S. COTTEB
passed in public service. T h e late S e n . H o a r in his
Prof. Cotter is the principal of o n e of the largest
"Autobiography" referred to M a j o r L y n c h in high
schools for Negroes in the South. Like Prof.
terms. Illustrated. Fourth thousand. $1.65 by mail.
A s h b y and M r . A d a m s , Prof. Cotter reveals N e g r o
life in imaginative prose fiction,a branch of litera
Redder Blood By WILLIAM M. ASHBY ture to which N e g r o authors should give greater at
Prof. A s h b y was recently graduated from Y a l e . This tention. $1.00 by mail.
novel, his first book, is a valuable contribution to
the literature of his race. $1.00 b y mail.
The Voice of Mizriam By JOHN WALTER PAISLEY
Ethiopia By CLAYTON ADAMS Prof. Paisley, for many years a professor of
M r . A d a m s writes of the Land of Promise in this English Literature, has assembled in this v o l u m e
powerful novel,the adjective is used deliberately. his o w n poems. T h e book deserves a place o n the
T h e ancient K i n g d o m of Ethiopia has passed away, library shelf where Dunbar's fine poems are to be
but its name still lives, not only as the proper found. $ 1 . 2 5 by mail.
appellation of the N e g r o race, but also figuratively,
principally to designate the invisible kingdom of na The New Negro By WILLIAM PICKENS
tive A f r i c a n s and their descendants. $ 1 . 0 0 by mail.
Dean Pickens, D e a n of M o r g a n College, was grad
Race Adjustment By KELLY MILLER uated f r o m Y a l e in the highest grade of his class.
Prof. Miller, Dean of the College of A r t s and T h e r e he won the Phi Beta Kappa K e y a n d the
Sciences, Howard University, is easily in the Ten E y c k Oration. I n this book, the full title of
first rank of N e g r o teachers, writers, orators, and which is " T h e N e w N e g r o ; H i s Political, Civil, a n d
leaders, and is so recognized on both sides of the M e n t a l Status," he discusses with great f o r c e a n d
Atlantic. This v o l u m e comprises his essays o n the clarity nearly all the pressing political problems that
N e g r o in A m e r i c a that won f o r him fame as a m a n now confront his race. $ 1 . 6 0 b y mail.
of letters when they were first published periodically.
Third edition. $ 2 . 1 5 by mail. The Key By JAMES S. STEMONS

M r . S t e m o n s is the Field Secretary of the Joint

Out of the House of Bondage By KELLY MILLER
Organization f o r Equalizing Industrial Opportuni
This v o l u m e by Dean Miller contains the essays that ties a n d the L e a g u e of Civic a n d Political Re
he had written up to the time of its publication that form. H e holds this work to be what its full title
were not included in his earlier volume, " R a c e A d implies: " T h e K e y ; or, a T a n g i b l e Solution of the
j u s t m e n t , " and have been written since the earlier N e g r o Problem." U n d o u b t e d l y the work is a power
volume was published. A l r e a d y the sale of this new ful study of the N e g r o and his problems. $ 1 . 0 0 by
volume has beer, large. $ 1 . 6 5 by mail. mail.

Order through

THE NEALE PUBLISHING CO.,440FourthAvenueNewYorkCityor THE CRISIS,70FifthAvenueN

Mention T H E CRISIS
 THE CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 269

Do you Want to Read a Live, Red-blooded Story with a Regular Punch in it? Then,
do not fail to get " F R O M S U P E R M A N T O M A N " by J. A. Rogers.
T h e most s i n k i n g vindication of the Negro ever penned. Brilliant arguments hacked by an invincible
array of the world's greatest thinkersShakespeare, Schopenhauer, Darwin, H u x l e y , Finot. Anti-Negro
uarangue-outangs overwhelmed with ridicule, The case against the N e g r o laughed out of court. A l l in
an easy, breezy style you'll enjoy.

Prat. George B. Foster, University of Chicago: "A stirring story, lultiitul to truth and helpful to a better under
standing and feeling."
W, N. C. Carlton Kay... Librarian. Newberry library, Chicago (in a letter to the author); "I shall place your book in
the permanent collection of the Library where present day and future students of the history of your race will find it a
most significant document."
The Brooklyn Dally Eagle: * * F r o m S u p e r m a n t o Man Is a vindication of the American Negro."
Attorney Charles Scrutchin, Bemidji, Minnesota: "A thoughtful, courageous book."
Hon. George W. Kills, K. C . V. It. O. S. (eight years Secretary of the U. S. Legation to Liberia, author of "Negro
Culture in West Africa." etc.): " F r o m S u p e r m a n t o Man by J. A. Rogers is a significant contribution to interracial
literature in more ways than one. Its breadth of scholastic research, its selection and concentration of matter are as
amazing as its wealth of information. The book is well written and the skillful management of materials shows not only
the author's mastery of his subject, but his knowledge of the technique of the literary art. In the program of the broadest
education of the races and the promotion of social concord and co-operation this volume should be in every library and
home of the country. In his absorbing story we see the souls of the white and darker worlds groping and struggling
toward the better day of peace and good understanding between the races."

New York Evening Post: "This porter who had attended 'Yale, had travelled extensively and spoke several languages,
-
had at his fingers' end the arguments necessary to prove that his race was not a whit inferior to the Caucasian."
We are trying to get the truth before the people and ask your support. Copies of this fearless book have been sent to
over one hundred leading thinkers; also to the leading anti-Negro authors and politicians. Please order today.
$1.00 (cloth bound) By M a l l $1.10
Additional Agents Wanted Dept. " A . " Hayes Book Store, 3640 S. State S t , Chicago, I I I .

A G E N T S W A N T E D : $18t o $45p e r w e e k
Now being made selling Prof. Kelly Miller's n e w book PROGRESS OF COLORED
PEOPLE. 500 large pages, only $1.95. Teachers, students, ministers, widows,
anyone with a little spare time can make $1 per hour. Everybody buys, it's easy
to sell. Write for outfit and terms at once. This is an extra-ordinary offer. Act
today. AUSTIN JENKINS C O . , No. 523 Ninth St., Washington, D . C.

Atlanta University
Studies of the
The Journal o f
Negro Problems Negro History
19 Monographs Sold Separately Published Quarterly
Address 100 Pages
A T L A N T A UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE Edited by C A R T E R G . W O O D S O N
A T L A N T A UNIVERSITY a ATLANTA. GA.
T H E J O U R N A L O F N E G R O H I S T O R Y is
the official organ of the Association for the
Study of Negro Life and History,which is
The Curse o f Race Prejudice now trying n o t to promote a n isolated re
search into the history of the black race but
By James F. Morton, Jr., A. M. to show h o w civilization has been influenced
by contact with the people of color. This
An aggressive exposure by an Anglo-Saxon cham publication aims to popularize the movement
pion of equal rights. Startling facts and crushing to save and make available the scattered his
arguments. 'Fascinating reading. A necessity for
torical materials bearing o n the N e g r o . In
clear understanding and up-to-date propaganda. Be
longs in the library of every friend of social justice. it appear scholarly articles and valuable docu
Price 25 cents. Send order to ments giving information generally unknown.
It is concerned with facts, not with opinions.

JAMES F. MORTON, JR. Subscription price, $l.00 per year. Foreign

subscriptions, 26 cents extra. Single num
211 West 138th Street : New York, N. Y.
bers, 26 c e n t s ; 3 0 cents by mail.

Checks should be made payable to T H E

$ 2 5 . 0 0 P E R WEEK JOURNAL
addressed to
OF NEGRO HISTORY and

may be made in commissions by parties handling

"History of Negro Soldiers in Spanish-American
War" combined with "History of the Negro Race." CARTER G. WOODSON
400 pages, 50 illustrations. Price $1.25 net.
1216 You St., N. W. Washington, D. C.
Address: E. A JOHNSON
154 Nassau Street N E W YORK

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270 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R

L A D I E S W A N T E D
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$25.00 per week. Easypleasant. I will s h o w y o u h o w .
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T H E S T A N D A R D T E A C H E R S ' A G E N C Y , E s t . 1897.
A Cheyney graduate wishes a posi 1011 N e w Y o r k A v e n u e , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C.
Situations WantedDomestic Science, Biology. Music, Aca
tion teaching grade work or domestic demic work (College, Seminary, Graded School)Graduates.

science. Address O. R., in care of the TEACHERS A live agency furnishes the
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CRISIS, 70 Fifth Avenue, N e w York ness w a y between teachers a n d schools a n d relieves
teachers of t h e embarrassment of j o b hunting.
City. We have h a d calls f o r teachers f r o m A l a b a m a ,
Arkansas, Delaware, District of C o l u m b i a , Florida,
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land, Mississippi. M i s s o u r i , N e w Y o r k , N o r t h Caro
lina, O h i o , Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, R h o d e Island,
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Virginia.
An experienced double-entry book THE M U T U A L TEACHERS' AGENCY
keeper and also an expert stenog 1408 N e w York Avenue Washington, D . C .
rapher to work in the offices of an
established colored Insurance Com
pany.
furnish
Both parties
satisfactory
must
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to
The Colored Teachers' Bureau
competency, experience, health, age W i l l H e l p Y o u Get A Better P a y i n g Position.
and reliability. Only those need ap REGISTER N O W REASONABLE TERMS
ply w h o a r e willing to m a k e the work Services Free to School Officials.
a study and a career. Address: Colored Teachers' Bureau
Mail application to the office of
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THE CRISIS
70 Fifth Ave., New York City

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Box 22 WILBERFORCE, OHIO KNICKERBOCKER TAILORING C O .
Dept. 5 6 9 Chicago, Ill.

E X C E L L E N T O P P O R T U N I T Y f o r M e n a n d W o m e n

School of Mechanical Dentistry

C o m p l e t e in Eight M o n t h s . N i g h t or D a y . W r i t e for B o o k l e t , e t c .

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Mention T H E CRISIS
 T H E CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 271

WE'RE OUT ON A

Whirlwind Introductory Campaign

of

M m e . Rose's
Hy-Quality Beauty Preparations
These goods must be introduced into more than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 American homes
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Yes, we are prepared to pay Y O U for the introduction of our goods to your
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Each of Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Beauty Preparations

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everything else sold bearing Mme. Rose's name. Following is a list
of Mme. Rose's preparations :

M M E . ROSE'S H Y - Q U A L I T Y MME. ROSE'S H Y - Q U A L I T Y

FACE POWDERS SKIN CREAMS
Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Indian Brown Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Vanishing' Cream
Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Beauty Brown Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Cold C r e a m
Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Natural Flesh Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Massage Cream
Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Carnation P i n k Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Beauty Cream
Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Rose W h i t e
Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality L i f e of R o s e s
M M E . ROSE'S H Y - Q U A L I T Y
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Mme. R o s e ' s H y - Q u a l i t y Skin Beautifier Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Brilliantine
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Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Flake Shampoo Mme. Rose's Hy-Quality Tetter Salve

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For further particulars address

Dept. C
2 2 8 8 Seventh Ave. New York City

Mention THE CRISIS

272 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

T H E
Why Are New York Women
So Beautiful ?
A . C. E .
WILL G I V E
RED ROSE FACE POWER
$ 1 0 . 0 0 in G o l d A N D

for the three best essays written on the fol

lowing question: FL0RESSENCE PRODUCTS
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Quality high and prices reasonable
SOUTH AT THIS TIME?"
FIRST PRIZE $5.00 SECOND PRIZE $2.50 Floressence Mfg. Co., Inc.
THIRD PRIZE $2.50
1 9 1 9 - 1 9 2 9 BROADWAY N E W YORK, N . Y .
Letters must not contain more than 500 words
and must be written only on one side of the
paper.
The Prize W i n n i n g Essays will be pub
NO
lished in N e w
"New York News"
York's leading weekly,
the. first week in October.
the MONEY
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436 L E N O X AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. American W o o l e n M i l l s C o .
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4709 State Street Chicago, Ill.

Mention THE CRISIS

 THE CRISIS A D V E R T I S E R 273

If It Is For Your Lodge

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 274 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

$60 A WEEKandthisfreeautomobi 1607

H A R R Y E. D A V I S
ATTORNEY-AT-LAW
Williamson Building
NOTARY PUBLIC
Cleveland, Ohio
Every agent can get an auto free no contest
GEORGE A. DOUGLAS
Counselor-at-Law
800 Broad Street, Globe Building, Rooms 603 and 604
Office 'Phone, 3297 Mulberry
Residence 'Phone, 5277-M Market N E W A R K , N. J.

General Practice Notary Public

W I L L I A M R. M O R R I S
ATTORNEY A N D COUNSELLOR-AT-LAW
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R. S. ROBINSON, PRES. THE ROBINSON CABINET MFG, CO.
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HARRY M . COOPER
FEET Druggists' Specialties
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WriteforQuotation
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m C H I R O P O D I S T

Registered In the States of New York and New Jersey

DR. KAPLAN, Inc.
Telephone 1284 Audubon. 167 W e s t 136th S t . . New York C i t y . OPTICIANS
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A New Book by Dr. Du Bois

THE NEGRO
BY W . E . B U R G H A R D T D U B O I S , AUTHOR OF " S O U L S OF B L A C K
FOLK," "QUEST OF THE SILVER FLEECE," "SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
THE NEGRO AMERICAN," ETC.

This is the authentic romance o f the black man. It is a

history of him at once scholarly, earnest and eloquent. H e is
considered from the earliest times, and the thread of his fas
cinating story is followed in Africa, America, and wherever
else it has appeared. T o look at the Negro against the back
ground of his history is to see him in a light fairer than that
in which most Americans have seen him.
256 Pages3 MapsCloth Bound

A t t h e low price of 60 cents netBy m a i l 66 cents

DR. DU B O I S ' S N E W B O O K IS THE LATEST ADDITION TO A REMARKABLE

SERIES OF LOW-PRICED N E W BOOKS W I T H WHICH E V E R Y B O D Y SHOULD BE
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T h e editors are Professors G I L B E R T M U R R A Y , H . A . L. F I S H E R , W . T . B R E W S T E R
and J. A R T H U R T H O M S O N .
C l o t h b o u n d , g o o d paper, clear t y p e , 256 pages per !f\s+ 4-
volume. E a c h c o m p l e t e a n d sold separately - - 60C. NET.
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even fascinating, scientific enough to be a condensed authority
and at the nominal price of 60 cents."Hartford Courant.
SOME SELECTED EARLIER VOLUMES:

EVOLUTION B y J. A . T h o m s o n LATIN AMERICA By W . R. Shepherd

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION VICTORIAN LITERATURE
By Hilaire Belloc By G . K . C h e s t e r t o n
ROME By W . W a r d e Fowler GERMANY OF T O D A Y
PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY B y Charles T o w e r
By Bertrand Russell EURIPIDES A N D HIS A G E
NAPOLEON B y H . A . L. Fisher By G i l b e r t Murray
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THE CRISIS Book m
Y o u c a n o r d e r t h r o u g h the C R I S I S a n y b o o k p r i n t e d at
the regular publisher's price.
"The true University of these days is a collection o f books."Carlyle.

A Selected List of Books

These prices do not include postage. Postage extra.

NATIVE LIFE IN SOUTH AFRICA. (Sol. J. Plaatje) $1.50

HAZEL. (Mary White Ovington) 1.00
T H E A U T O B I O G R A P H Y OF A N E X - C O L O R E D M A N . (Anonymous). 1.20
NORRIS W R I G H T C U N E Y . (Maud Cuney Hare) 1.50
T H E L I F E A N D T I M E S OF B O O K E R T . W A S H I N G T O N . (B. F. Riley). 1.50
A NARRATIVE OF T H E NEGRO. (Leila A m o s Pendleton) 1.50
S O U L S OF B L A C K F O L K . ( W . E. B. D U Bois) 1.25
T H E W H I T E M A N ' S BURDEN. ( T . Shirby H o d g e ) 1.00
RACE ADJUSTMENT. (Kelly Miller) 2.00
H I S T O R Y OF T H E N E G R O . ( B . G. B r a w l e y ) 1.25
HALF A M A N . (Mary White Ovington) 1.00
A F T E R M A T H OF S L A V E R Y . (William Sinclair) 1.50
M Y LIFE AND W O R K . (Bishop Alexander Walters) 1.50
JOHN BROWN. ( W . E . B. D U Bois) 1.25
NEGRO I N A M E R I C A N HISTORY. (J. W . C r o m w e l l ) 1.25
PRINCE H A L L A N D H I S FOLLOWERS. (George W. Crawford) . . . 1.00
T H E H A I T I A N REVOLUTION. ( T . G. S t e w a r d ) 1.25
NEGRO CULTURE I N W E S T AFRICA. (George W . Ellis) 2.00
T H E NEGRO. ( W . E. B. Du Bois) 60
THE EDUCATION OF T H E N E G R O PRIOR TO 1 8 6 1 . (Carter G.
Woodson) 2.00
F A C T S OF R E C O N S T R U C T I O N . (John R. Lynch) 1.50
LIFE A N D LETTERS OF C O L E R I D G E - T A Y L O R . (W. C. Berwick-
Sayers) 2.25
P O E M S OF P A U L L A U R E N C E D U N B A R 2.00
AFRO-AMERICAN FOLKSONGS. ( H . E . Krehbiel) 2.00
O U T OF T H E H O U S E OF B O N D A G E . (Kelly Miller) 1.50
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON. ( E m m e t t J. S c o t t a n d L y m a n Bee^her
Stowe) 2.00

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