6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

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BySoumyaChakraborty|In:NavalArchitecture|LastUpdatedonMarch22,2017|2125MinutesToRead

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Theconceptofhydrostaticsandstabilitycanbedeemedasoneofthemostimportantareasof
focusinshipdesignandoperation,notonlytoensurethesafetyoftheship,cargo,crewand
passengers,butalsotoenableproperconditionsforcompletionofalltheprocessesonaship.

Thisseriesofarticleswillfirstdiscusstheconceptofhydrostaticsofaship,andslowlytransition
intoanintroductionofshipstability.Oncethatisdone,wewillseehowtheconceptsareappliedin
realtimeandprobablesituationstoanalysethestabilityoftheship,howadesignerapplies
conceptsofhydrostaticsandstabilitytodevelopahullform,andsoon.

ShipHydrostatics:

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6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

Somecharacteristicparameterscalculatedforafloatingship,whichcaneitherdirectlybeusedto
commentonthenatureofstabilityoftheshiporbeusedtoevaluateotherstabilityparameters,
arecalledshiphydrostatics.Foradesignertobeabletodevelopahullform,orashipscaptainto
understandthestabilityparameters,itisimportantforbothtobeabletounderstandthemeaning
andpracticalsignificanceofeachhydrostaticparameterofasurfaceship.Wewillfirstlistthe
hydrostaticsofasurfaceship,andthenmoveontodefinethem.

Vertical,LongitudinalandTransverseCenterofGravity
Vertical,LongitudinalandTransverseCenterofBuoyancy
MassDisplacement()
VolumeDisplacement()
LongitudinalandTransverseCentreofFloatation
Metacentre
MetacentricHeight
MetacentricRadius
MomenttoChangeTrim1cm(MCT)
TonnespercmImmersion(TPC)

Tounderstandthehydrostatics,weneedtoacquaintourselveswithafewbasicshipterminologies
oftenappearintheprocessofunderstandingandevaluationofhydrostaticsandstability
parametersofasurfaceship.Followthefigurebelowwithreferencetotheterminologies
describedunderneath.

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Figure1:LengthParametersofaSurfaceShip.
ForwardPerpendicular:Theperpendiculardrawnatthepointwherethebowoftheship
meetsthewaterlinewhileitfloatsatdesigndraft,iscalledForwardPerpendicular(FP).
aft
Aft
Aftperpendicular: TheperpendiculardrawnthroughtherudderstockiscalledtheAft
Aft
Perpendicular(AP).
LengthbetweenPerpendiculars(LPPorLBP):Thelongitudinaldistancebetweenthe
forwardandaftperpendicularsiscalledlengthbetweenperpendiculars.
aft
LengthofWaterline(LWL):Thelengthoftheshipshullintersectingthesurfaceofthe
wateriscalledLengthonWaterline.
LengthOverall(LOA):Themaximumlengthfromtheforwardmostpointoftheshipshull
totheaftmostpoint,iscalledLengthOverall.
aft
Keel(K):Thekeelisthelowermostpointoftheshipatanypointofitslength.The
baselineofashipisthelongitudinallinethatrunsalongthekeel.

Beforewemoveon,anotherimportanttechniqueusedincalculationofshiphydrostaticsand
stabilityparameters,isthatofstations.Ashipshullislongitudinallydividedintostations,whichare
nothingbutspecifiedpositionsalongthelengthoftheshipwithreferencetotheaftperpendicular
aft
whichisnumberedaszerostation.

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Figure2:Stationsalongaship.

Thedistancebetweeneachstationremainsconstantinthevicinityofthemidshipwherea
significantparallelmidbodyshapeprevails.Butaswemovetowardstheaftorforward,theshape
aft
ofthehullattainsacomplexgeometry,andhenceforbetterresultsofanalyses,thedistance
betweenthestationsarereduced.

1.CenterofGravity(CG):

ThelongitudinalpositionoftheCGwithrespecttoanyreferencepointontheshipiscalledthe
longitudinalcenterofgravity(LCG).Usually,thereferencepointforlocatingtheLCGiseitherof
theforwardoraftperpendiculars.
aft

Theverticaldistance(alongtheshipscenterline)betweenthekeelandthecenterofgravityis
expressedasKG,asshowninFigure2.

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6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

Figure3:Transverseviewofhydrostaticparameters.

2.CenterofBuoyancy(CB):

Thelongitudinalpositionofthecenterofbuoyancywithrespecttoanyreferencepointontheship
iscalledthelongitudinalcenterofgravity(LCB).Usually,thereferencepointforlocatingtheLCG
iseitheroftheforwardoraftperpendiculars.
aft

Theverticaldistance(alongtheshipscenterline)betweenthekeelandthecenterofbuoyancyis
expressedasKB,asshowninFigure3.

3.Metacenter(M):

Refertothefollowingfiguretounderstandthatwhenashipheelstoanyangle,aportionofthe
lowersideoftheshipisnowsubmerged,andaportionofthehullfromtheuppersideemergesout
ofthewater.ThiscanbenoticedbyvisualizingthehullwhenthewaterlinewasWL(withoutheel),
andwhenthewaterlinewaschangedtoW1L1(afterheel).
aft

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 ............
. .
..........
6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

........

Figure4:Transversemetacenterofaship.

Duetothisshiftofsubmergedvolume,thereisashiftofthecenterofbuoyancyfromthe
centerlinetothesidethatisloweraftertheheel.Thenewpositionofcenterofbuoyancyis
aft
illustratedasB1.Ifaverticallineisextendedfromthenewcenterofbuoyancy,thenthepointat
whichthislinemeetsthecenterlineoftheship,iscalledthetransversemetacenter(shownasM)
oftheship.

4.CenterofFloatation(LCF):

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6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

Whentheshipfloatsataparticulardraft,anytrimmingmomentactingontheshipwouldactabout
aft
aparticularpointonthewaterplane.Thispointisthecentroidoftheareaofthewaterplane,and
iscalledthecenterofthefloatation.Thedistanceofthecenteroffloatationisreadwithrespectto
eitheroftheperpendicularsorthemidship,andisabbreviatedasLCF.

5.MetacentricRadius(BM):

Themetacentricheightofashipistheverticaldistancebetweenitscenterofbuoyancyand
metacenter(refertofigure3or4).Thisparametercanbevisualizedasthelengthofthestringofa
swingingpendulumofthecenterofgravityofthependulumcoincidesthecenterofbuoyancyof
theship.Inotherwords,theshipbehavesasapendulumswingingaboutitsmetacenter.Itisa
differentfactthat,themetacenteroftheshipchangesitself,everymoment.Why?Becausewith
everyangleofheel,thetransverseshiftincenterofbuoyancy(asshowninFigure4)willvary,
thereforecreatinganewmetacenter.

Theimportanceofthisparametercanberealisedwhenthemathematicalexpressionof
metacentricradiusisinvestigated.

Now,whatisthetransversemomentofinertiaofwaterplane?Refertothefigurebelow.Aship
floatingataparticulardraft(T),hasauniquewaterplane.Whentheshiprollsinthecondition,if
aft
onelooksfromthetop,theentirewaterplaneareaseemstooscillateaboutitslongitudinal
centroidalaxis(showninblue).Theareamomentofinertiaofthiswaterplaneareaaboutits
centroidalaxisisthetransversemomentofinertiaofwaterplaneatthecorrespondingdraft.
aft

Inthelaterpartofthisseries,wewillseethevitalrolethisparameterplaysinthestabilityofa
surfaceship,andhowitalsodeterminesalotofdesigndecisions.

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6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

Figure5:Waterplaneataparticulardraft,anditscentroidalaxis.
aft

6.MetacentricHeight(GM):

Theverticaldistancefromthecenterofgravitytothemetacenteriscalledthemetacentricheight.
Youwillcomeacrossthistermnumeroustimesinthisarticle,andadesignerisprobablymost
concernedaboutthisparameterduringtheentiredesignprocess.IMOCodesofStabilityforShips
havelaidstabilitycriteriaforshipsthataremostlybasedonthisparameter.So,whatisitthat
makesthisparametersovital?Thatissomethingwewilldiscussformostpartofthelaterpartof
thisarticle,andthenextfewpartsofthisseries.

ThevalueofGMneedstobeobtainedatvariousstages,rightfrominitialdesignstage,tohull
designstage,duringstabilityanalysisofanewlydesignedhull,aftertheconstructionofaship,
aft
andduringoperationsatsea.Themethodsusedinthesestagesaredifferentfromeachother,
because:

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Ateachstage,thepurposebehindtheevaluationofGMdiffers.
TheknownparametersrequiredtoevaluatetheGMalsovaryateachstage.

Fornow,giventhefactthatweknowtheparameters:BM,KB,andKG,letsjustappreciatethe
mostbasicformulausedtoevaluatethemetacentricheightofaship:(refertofigure3forvisual
assistance)

7.MomenttoChangeTrimby1Centimeter(MCT):

Foraparticulardraft,itisthelongitudinalmoment(abouttheLCF)requiredtobringaboutatrimof
aft
1centimeter.Thisparameterplaysvitalroleespeciallywhenthecrewonboardrequirestoload
cargoinanyoneholdorballast,ordeballast,andpredicttheresultanttrimcausedbytheaction.
Sincetheexpressionofthisparameterdoesnotplayanysignificantroleinunderstandingthe
conceptsofshipstability,wewillskipit.Butdorememberthat,MCTisaveryimportant
hydrostaticparameterrequiredbystabilityanalysissoftwaresandcrewoperations.

8.TonnesperCentimeterImmersion(TPC):

Foraparticulardrafttheweightrequiredtobeaddedontotheshipsoastocauseaparallel
aft
sinkageof1centimeter,isexpressedastheTPC.This,similartoMCT,isusedextensivelybythe
crewtopredictthenewdraftsafteranyoperationthatinvolvesadditionorremovalofweightsfrom
aft aft
theship.FollowingistheexpressionusedtoevaluatetheTPCofashipatanygivendraft:
aft

Theaboveexpressionsgiveussomeimportantresults:

TPCofashipfloatinginwaterofuniformdensity,dependssolelyontheareaof
waterplane.
Theparallelsinkageresultingfromaparticularloadinginfreshwaterwouldbemoreifthe
sameloadingwasdoneinseawater.

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............
. . ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

Thecrewmustrecalculatethepredictednewdraftsafterloadingorunloadingwhenthe
aft aft
shipmovesfromfreshwatertoseaorviceversa,toavoidunexpectedobservations.

..........
........
HydrostaticCurves:

Allthehydrostaticparametersarecalculatedbyastabilityanalysissoftwareandplottedona
graphagainstdifferentdrafts.Thisgraphiscollectivelycalledhydrostaticcurves,andthesamefor
aft
a200passengershipisshownbelow.

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6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

Figure6:Hydrostaticcurvesfora200paxpassengership.

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6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

Thisgraphisusedbythecrewonboardtoinstantlyobtainthevalueofahydrostaticparameterof
theshipforagivendraft.However,oneneedstobecarefulaboutthemultiscalehorizontalaxis
aft
thatisusedhere,sincemultipleparameterswithdifferentunitsareplottedonthesamegraph.

Someimportantobservationscanbemadebystudyingthenatureofhydrostaticcurves,andthey
arediscussedbelow:

Theonlyhydrostaticparametersthatdecreasewithincreaseindraftareheightof
aft
metacenterfromthekeel(KM),andlongitudinalcenterofbuoyancy(LCB).Remember,
here,theLCBiscalculatedfromtheforwardperpendicular(readhorizontalaxisinthe
graph),whichmeans,adecreasingLCBwithincreasingdraftimplies,theLCBmoves
aft
forwardwithincreaseindraft.Butletusstudythisfurther.Doesitholdtrueforallships?
aft
While,thenatureofKMismostlythesame,thenatureofchangeofLCBwithdraftwill
aft
varyaccordingtotheformofthehull.Theabovegraphwasforapassengershipwitha
finestern,asshowninthefollowingfigure.

Figure7:Hullformwithfinestern.

Afinesternmeans,withincreaseindraft,thepercentageofsubmergedvolumetowardsthe
aft
forwardofthemidshipincreasesmorerapidlythanthesubmergedvolumeintheaft.Hence,at
aft
largerdrafts,amajorityofthesubmergedvolumewillbeconcentratedtowardstheforwardofthe
aft
midship.

Ifthiswouldhavebeenashipwithfinerbowandfullerstern,anincreaseindraftwouldhave
aft
causedtheLCBtoshifttowardstheaft,therebyshowingoppositenatureonthehydrostaticcurve.
aft
AshipdesignercanthereforepredictthehullformofashipjustbylookingatitsLCBcurve.

TheMCTofallsurfaceshipsusuallyincreasewithincreaseindraft.Whichmeans,asurfaceship
aft
isverysensitivetotrimmingmomentswhilefloatinginlowdraftconditions.
aft

8.CurvesofForm:

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Thevariousparametersofform(BlockcoefficientCB,PrismaticCoefficientCP,Waterplanearea
coefficientCWP,andMidshipareacoefficientCM)arealsocalculatedandplottedinagraph
againstdifferentdrafts,asshowninthefigurebelow.
aft

Figure8:Curvesofform.

Thoughtheseparametersarenotimportantforthecrew,theyplayimportantroleinoptimizingthe
hullshape,andfairingthehulltoafineshape.Ifyounoticethenatureofthecurvesinthefigure,
thecurvesarenotsmooth.Thisimpliesthatthehullatthisstageofdesign,isnotcompletely
smooth,andwouldresultinincreasedresistance.Thesamealsoappliestoallthehydrostatic
curves.Boththesecurves,alongwiththesectionalareacurveofashiparesimultaneously
referredto,ateachstageofhullmodification,untilasmoothsetofcurvesareobtained.

Thisarticlehasacquaintedyouwiththehydrostaticsofasurfaceships,theunderstandingof
whichwillplayavitalroleinstudyingthestabilityofships.Youcannowrecognizeeach
hydrostaticparameterthatappearsfurther,itssignificance,andhowitisrepresentedonthe
stabilitybookofashipinformofcurves.

Thenextarticlewilldiscussthebasicconceptsofshipstabilitywhichincludesanintroductionto
intactstabilityanddamagedstability,withdetailedunderstandingofevaluationofintactstabilityof

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6/21/2017 ShipStabilityIntroductiontoHydrostaticsandStabilityofSurfaceShips

ashipalongwithvariouscasesthataffectthesame.

Disclaimer:Theauthorsviewsexpressedinthisarticledonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsof
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constituteonlytheopinionsanddonotconstituteanyguidelinesorrecommendationonany
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AboutSoumyaChakraborty
SoumyaispursuingNavalArchitectureandOceanEngineeringatIMU,Visakhapatnam,
India.Passionateaboutmarinedesign,hebelievesintheimportanceofsharingmaritime
technicalknowhowamongindustrypersonnelandstudents.HeisalsotheCoFounderandEditorin
ChiefofLearnShipDesignAStudentInitiative.

Comments

Vilmarferreirasays
DECEMBER6,2016AT8:10PM

Fantastic.Impassionedofnauticalsciences.Thanksforsharewithusalltheinformation
aboutthesetopic.

josesays
DECEMBER9,2016AT3:40AM

veryveryinterestingandveryaveryclearwaytoshareyourknowledge,isnotveryoftenthat
yougetclearinformationonstabilityandhydrostaticsinthewaythatyoudiid,congratulations

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