Professional Documents
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Original Article
A BS T R AC T
BACKGROUND
Preterm preeclampsia is an important cause of maternal and perinatal death and From Kings College Hospital (D.L.R.,
complications. It is uncertain whether the intake of low-dose aspirin during preg- L.C.P., N.O., A.S., R.A., K.H.N.), Homerton
University Hospital (S.C.), North Middle-
nancy reduces the risk of preterm preeclampsia. sex University Hospital (D.J.), and Uni-
versity College London Comprehensive
METHODS Clinical Trials Unit (K.M.), London, Uni-
In this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned versity of Exeter, Exeter (D.W.), Medway
Maritime Hospital, Gillingham (R.A.),
1776 women with singleton pregnancies who were at high risk for preterm pre- and Southend University Hospital, West-
eclampsia to receive aspirin, at a dose of 150 mg per day, or placebo from 11 to cliff-on-Sea (M.S.) all in the United
14 weeks of gestation until 36 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was de- Kingdom; Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong (L.C.P.); Hospital Clnico
livery with preeclampsia before 37 weeks of gestation. The analysis was performed Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia
according to the intention-to-treat principle. (C.P.M.), Hospital Universitario San Ceci-
lio, Granada (F.S.M.), and Hospiten Group,
RESULTS Tenerife (W.P.) all in Spain; Ospedale
A total of 152 women withdrew consent during the trial, and 4 were lost to follow Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (N.P.); Uni-
versity Hospital Brugmann, Universit
up, which left 798 participants in the aspirin group and 822 in the placebo group. Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (J.C.J.); Attikon
Preterm preeclampsia occurred in 13 participants (1.6%) in the aspirin group, as University Hospital, Athens (G.P.); Rabin
compared with 35 (4.3%) in the placebo group (odds ratio in the aspirin group, Medical Center, Petach Tikva (K.T.-G.),
and HyLabs Diagnostics, Rehovot (H.M.)
0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.74; P=0.004). Results were materially both in Israel; and University of Ice-
unchanged in a sensitivity analysis that took into account participants who had land, Reykjavik (S.G.). Address reprint
withdrawn or were lost to follow-up. Adherence was good, with a reported intake requests to Dr. Nicolaides at the Harris
Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Med-
of 85% or more of the required number of tablets in 79.9% of the participants. icine, Fetal Medicine Research Institute,
There were no significant between-group differences in the incidence of neonatal Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill,
adverse outcomes or other adverse events. London SE5 8BB, United Kingdom, or at
k ypros@fetalmedicine.com.
CONCLUSIONS Drs. Poon and Nicolaides contributed
Treatment with low-dose aspirin in women at high risk for preterm preeclampsia equally to this article.
resulted in a lower incidence of this diagnosis than placebo. (Funded by the This article was published on June 28,
European Union Seventh Framework Program and the Fetal Medicine Foun 2017, at NEJM.org.
dation; EudraCT number, 2013-003778-29; Current Controlled Trials number, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1704559
ISRCTN13633058.) Copyright 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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P
reeclampsia is an important cause before 34 weeks of gestation.13 However, this
of death and complications for the mother subgroup constitutes only approximately 0.3% of
and baby. The risk of such complications all pregnancies and includes only 5% of women
is considerably higher when the disease is severe in whom preterm preeclampsia develops and 2%
and of early onset, leading to preterm birth at less of those in whom term preeclampsia develops.14
than 37 weeks of gestation.1-4 Major challenges An alternative approach to screening is the use
in modern obstetrics are the identification of of Bayes theorem to combine the a priori risk
women at high risk for preterm preeclampsia from maternal factors with biophysical and bio-
early in pregnancy and interventions to reduce chemical measurements obtained at 11 to 13 weeks
the prevalence of the disease. of gestation. A study involving approximately
In 1979, a study showed that women who had 60,000 women with singleton pregnancies showed
taken aspirin regularly during pregnancy were that such screening detected 76% of cases of
less likely to have preeclampsia than women preterm preeclampsia and 38% of cases of term
who had not.5 In the subsequent decades, more preeclampsia, at a screen-positive rate of 10%.15
than 30 trials have investigated the benefit of low- The Combined Multimarker Screening and Ran-
dose aspirin (at a dose of 50 to 150 mg per day) domized Patient Treatment with Aspirin for Evi-
for the prevention of preeclampsia; a meta-analy- dence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention (ASPRE) trial
sis of these studies showed that such therapy was designed to test the hypothesis that, among
resulted in a 10% lower incidence of preeclamp- women who are identified as being at high risk
sia.6 In a meta-analysis of individual-participant for preterm preeclampsia on the basis of the
data from the trials, the effect of aspirin was not above-mentioned factors, aspirin at a dose of
affected by the gestational age at the onset of 150 mg per day, taken from 11 to 14 weeks of
therapy.7 In contrast, other meta-analyses showed gestation until 36 weeks of gestation, would re-
that aspirin started at or before 16 weeks of sult in an incidence of preterm preeclampsia that
gestation resulted in halving the rates of pre- was half the incidence observed with placebo.
eclampsia, fetal-growth restriction, and perina-
tal death, whereas aspirin started after 16 weeks Me thods
of gestation did not have a significant benefit.8,9
In addition, the beneficial effect of aspirin that Trial Design and Participants
was started at or before 16 weeks of gestation In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we
was dose dependent, with a greater reduction in compared aspirin at a dose of 150 mg per day
the incidence of preeclampsia being associated with placebo that was administered from 11 to
with a daily dose of aspirin of 100 mg or more.10 14 weeks of gestation until 36 weeks of gesta-
Professional associations now recommend the tion in women with singleton pregnancies who
prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin (60 to 80 mg were at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. We
per day) in women who are considered to be at conducted the trial at 13 maternity hospitals in
high risk for preeclampsia. In the United King- the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Belgium,
dom, the National Institute for Health and Clini- Greece, and Israel.
cal Excellence recommends the identification of All the women who had a routine prenatal visit
the high-risk group on the basis of 10 factors, at 11 weeks 0 days of gestation through 13 weeks
including maternal characteristics and features 6 days of gestation in the participating hospitals
of the medical and obstetrical histories.11 How- were offered screening for preeclampsia by means
ever, the performance of such screening is poor, of an algorithm that combines maternal factors,
with detection of approximately 40% of cases of mean arterial pressure, uterine-artery pulsatility
preterm preeclampsia and 33% of cases of term index, and maternal serum pregnancy-associated
preeclampsia, at a screen-positive rate of 11%.12 plasma protein A and placental growth factor.
In the United States, the American College of (The algorithm is provided in the Supplementary
Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends Appendix, available with the full text of this ar-
the use of aspirin in women with a history of ticle at NEJM.org.)15
preeclampsia in more than one pregnancy or a Gestational age was determined from the
history of preeclampsia that resulted in delivery measurement of the fetal crownrump length.16
2 n engl j mednejm.org
Maternal characteristics and medical and obstet- for the accuracy and completeness of the data
rical histories were recorded, and the maternal and analyses.
weight and height were measured. The mean
arterial pressure was measured by validated auto- Randomization and Trial-Group Assignment
mated devices with the use of a standardized Eligible women were randomly assigned, in a 1:1
protocol.17 Transabdominal color Doppler ultra- ratio, with the use of a Web-based system (Sealed
sonography was used to measure the left and Envelope), to receive either aspirin or placebo,
right uterine-artery pulsatility index, and the and in the random-sequence generation there
average value was recorded.18 Serum concentra- was stratification according to participating cen-
tions of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A ter. The aspirin and placebo tablets were manu-
and placental growth factor were measured by an factured by Actavis UK and were packaged, labeled,
automated device (PAPP-A and PlGF 1-2-3 kits and stored, and distributed by Mawdsley-Brooks. The
DELFIA Xpress random access platform, Perkin placebo tablets were identical to the aspirin tab-
Elmer). Quality control was applied to achieve lets with respect to variables such as size, thick-
consistency of the measurement of biomarkers ness, physical properties, and appearance. After
across trial centers. Quality control of screening randomization, the participants were prescribed
and verification of adherence to the protocol the assigned trial product and received instruc-
were performed by the University College London tions to take one tablet every night throughout
Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit. the trial and to stop taking tablets at 36 weeks
Inclusion criteria for the trial were the follow- of gestation or, in the event of early delivery, at
ing: an age of 18 years or more, singleton preg- the onset of labor.
nancy, live fetus at the time that scanning was
performed at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation, and a Outcome Measures
high risk (>1 in 100) for preterm preeclampsia The primary outcome measure was delivery with
according to the screening algorithm. Exclusion preeclampsia before 37 weeks of gestation. Pre-
criteria were the following: unconscious or severe eclampsia was defined according to the Interna-
ly ill status, learning difficulties or serious men- tional Society for the Study of Hypertension in
tal illness, major fetal abnormality identified at Pregnancy (see the Supplementary Appendix).19
the time that scanning was performed at 11 to Secondary outcomes were adverse outcomes of
13 weeks of gestation, regular treatment with pregnancy before 34 weeks of gestation, before
aspirin within 28 days before screening, bleeding 37 weeks of gestation, and at or after 37 weeks
disorder such as von Willebrands disease, peptic of gestation; stillbirth or neonatal death; death
ulceration, hypersensitivity to aspirin, long-term and neonatal complications; neonatal therapy;
use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication, and low birth weight (Table S1 in the Supple-
and participation in another drug trial within mentary Appendix).20
28 days before screening. Potential trial partici-
pants were given written information about the Adverse Events and Adherence
trial, and those who agreed to participate pro- Adverse events and adherence were assessed
vided written informed consent. and recorded at follow-up clinical visits at 19 to
Approval for the trial was obtained from the 24 weeks of gestation, 32 to 34 weeks of gesta-
relevant research ethics committee and compe- tion, and 36 weeks of gestation and during three
tent authority in each country in which the trial telephone interviews, which occurred at 16 weeks
was conducted. The trial was conducted with and 28 weeks of gestation and 30 days after the
fidelity to the protocol, which is available, with last tablet was taken. Participants were encour-
the statistical analysis plan, at NEJM.org. The aged to record any side effects or adverse events
funding organizations and the companies that in a diary that was reviewed at each trial visit,
supplied and distributed the aspirin and placebo and they were specifically asked about such
had no role in the trial design, the collection, events during each telephone interview.
analysis, or interpretation of the data, the writ- We assessed adherence by counting the tab-
ing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit lets that were returned by participants at each
the manuscript for publication. The authors vouch visit and by the participants reporting of tablet
n engl j mednejm.org 3
The New England Journal of Medicine
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The n e w e ng l a n d j o u r na l of m e dic i n e
counts during each telephone interview. The with preeclampsia were excluded. The treatment
total number of tablets taken was calculated by effect for the secondary outcomes was quanti-
subtracting the number of tablets returned fied as the odds ratio with a 99% confidence
from the number of tablets prescribed. Adher- interval in the aspirin group, with adjustment
ence was considered to be good if the reported for the effect of the estimated risk for pre-
intake of tablets was 85% or more of the total eclampsia at screening and the participating
number that participants were expected to have center, and no corrections were made for mul-
taken between the date of randomization and tiple comparisons. The statistical software pack-
the date of the visit at 36 weeks of gestation or age R was used for data analyses.21
the date of delivery if delivery occurred before
36 weeks of gestation. Adherence was consid- R e sult s
ered to be moderate if the intake was between
50% and 84.9% and considered to be poor if it Trial Participants
was less than 50%. The trial started at Kings College Hospital, in the
United Kingdom, in April 2014 but was stopped
Statistical Analysis in June 2014 after the recruitment of 56 partici-
The sample-size estimation was based on the pants because of administrative problems with
assumption that first-trimester screening would the supply of the trial products. The manufac-
detect 76% of the cases of preterm preeclampsia ture and composition of the products were the
at a screen-positive rate of 10%.15 It was hypoth- same throughout the trial, and the women who
esized that low-dose aspirin would result in a rate were enrolled during this period were included
of preterm preeclampsia that was 50% lower in the trial population. The trial was restarted
than the rate with placebo,8,9 for an estimated in July 2015, and recruitment was completed in
rate of 7.6% in the placebo group and 3.8% in April 2016.
the aspirin group. We calculated that the enroll- A total of 26,941 women with singleton preg-
ment of 1600 participants would give the trial nancies underwent screening,15 and 2971 (11.0%)
90% power to show a treatment effect at a two- were found to be at high risk for preterm pre-
sided alpha level of 5%. The target recruitment eclampsia. However, 332 of these women (11.2%)
number was inflated to 1776 to account for were excluded from recruitment to the trial be-
attrition. cause they did not fulfill the eligibility criteria
Statistical analyses were performed on an (Fig.1). Of the 2641 eligible women, 1776 (67.2%)
intention-to-treat basis, and no interim analyses agreed to participate in the trial. After random-
were performed. Logistic-regression analysis was ization, 152 women (8.6%) withdrew consent. Of
used to determine the significance of the between- the women who participated in the trial, 4 were
group difference in the incidence of preterm lost to follow-up.
preeclampsia, with adjustment for the effect of There were no significant differences between
the estimated risk of preeclampsia at screening the aspirin group and the placebo group with
and the participating center. The treatment ef- regard to the characteristics of the participants
fect was quantified as the odds ratio with a 95% at baseline (Table1). In the aspirin group, there
confidence interval in the aspirin group. Pre- were 11 miscarriages before 24 weeks of ges
specified analyses were also performed in sub- tation, 2 pregnancy terminations for fetal ab-
groups that were categorized according to the normalities at or before 24 weeks of gestation,
estimated risk of preterm preeclampsia and his- 1 pregnancy termination for severe fetal growth
tory of preeclampsia; a post hoc subgroup analy- restriction and preeclampsia at 24 weeks of ges-
sis was performed according to country of the tation, 7 stillbirths at or after 24 weeks of gesta-
participating centers. A sensitivity analysis was tion, 1 neonatal death within 28 days after birth,
performed to take into account the effect of and 776 live births of infants who survived until
withdrawal of consent and loss to follow-up. We discharge from the hospital. In the placebo
also produced KaplanMeier estimates of the group, there were 12 miscarriages before 24 weeks
cumulative incidence of preeclampsia according of gestation, 4 pregnancy terminations for fetal
to trial group, in which deliveries that were not abnormalities at or before 24 weeks of gestation,
4 n engl j mednejm.org
878 Were assigned to receive aspirin 898 Were assigned to receive placebo
798 Were included in the primary analysis 822 Were included in the primary analysis
no pregnancy terminations for severe fetal growth sistent across estimated risk groups at the time
restriction and preeclampsia at 24 weeks of ges- of screening, across groups defined according to
tation, 12 stillbirths at or after 24 weeks of obstetrical history, and across countries of the
gestation, 2 neonatal deaths within 28 days after participating centers (Figs. S1 and S2 in the Sup-
birth, and 792 live births of infants who survived plementary Appendix). The cumulative percent-
to discharge from the hospital. ages of participants who had delivery with pre-
eclampsia are shown in Figure2.
Primary Outcome Of the 152 women who withdrew consent, 74
Preterm preeclampsia occurred in 13 of 798 par- did not want any of their data to be reported and
ticipants (1.6%) in the aspirin group, as compared 78 allowed reporting of their screening data; the
with 35 of 822 (4.3%) in the placebo group (ad- baseline characteristics of the women who with-
justed odds ratio in the aspirin group, 0.38; 95% drew consent were similar between those as-
confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.74; P=0.004) (Ta- signed to receive aspirin and those assigned to
ble2). The size of the treatment effect was con- receive placebo (Table S2 in the Supplementary
n engl j mednejm.org 5
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* There were no significant between-group differences with regard to the characteristics at baseline. CI denotes confidence
interval.
The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
Race or ethnic group was reported by the participants.
The risk of preterm preeclampsia was assessed by means of an algorithm that combined maternal factors, mean arterial
pressure, uterine-artery pulsatility index, and maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and placental
growth factor (see the Supplementary Appendix).
6 n engl j mednejm.org
* The confidence interval was 95% for the primary outcome and 99% for the secondary outcomes.
The status of being small for gestational age was defined as a birth weight below the 5th percentile. The birth weight
for neonates delivered before 24 weeks of gestation was not recorded.
Appendix). A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the Supplementary Appendix. There was no signifi-
effect of the withdrawals22 showed no substan- cant between-group difference in the incidence
tive difference from the primary analysis (Fig. S3 of any secondary outcomes, but the trial was not
in the Supplementary Appendix). powered for these outcomes.
n engl j mednejm.org 7
The New England Journal of Medicine
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The n e w e ng l a n d j o u r na l of m e dic i n e
* The birth weight for neonates who were delivered before 24 weeks was not recorded.
eclampsia, the administration of aspirin at a dose sity College London Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, for
project management and oversight of the trial; Alan Wright for
of 150 mg per day from 11 to 14 weeks of gesta- quality control of measurement of biomarkers; and the follow-
tion until 36 weeks of gestation resulted in a ing medical professionals who helped in the recruitment and
significantly lower incidence of preterm pre- follow-up of participants: Silvia Andrietti, Jean Edgard Aupont,
Mercedes de Alvarado, Mercedes Campanero, Stefania Carlucci,
eclampsia than that with placebo. Irene Ceccacci, Siobhan Chaplin, Tunay Efeturk, Ilaria Fantasia,
Madgalena Fiolna, Alex Frick, Paula Garcia, Gavin Guy, Evgenia
Supported by grants from the European Union Seventh Frame- Kapeti, Natalia Karagiotis, Sofia Katrantzi, Lemonia Koutoulas,
work Program (FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-2; ASPRE Proj- Mirian Machuca, Sofia Mastrodima, Olivia Mendez, Natalia Pro-
ect number, 601852) and from the Fetal Medicine Foundation. dan, Anoop Rehal, Min Yi Tan, Mayumi Tokunaka, Athanasios
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with Tzelepis, Maria Tziomaki, Gulen Yerlikaya, and Ling Zen, from
the full text of this article at NEJM.org. London; Juan Luis Delgado, Marisol Quezada, Rocio Revello,
We thank Zarko Alfirevic, University of Liverpool; Bryony and Macarena Quesada Rojas, from Murcia, Spain; Andrea Pazos,
Jones, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; George Attila- from Granada, Spain; Vivien Dutemeyer, from Brussels; Ilma
kos, University College London Hospital; Mark Turner, Univer- Carbone and Francesco DAmbrosi, from Milan; Nikolaos Papan-
sity of Liverpool; Christina Yu, Imperial College Healthcare NHS toniou and Nikos Evangelinakis, from Athens; and Eran Hadar,
Trust; and Ian Bradbury, Statistics at Frontier Science Scotland, Anna Idelson, and Lihi Rothman from Petah Tikva, Israel. Uni-
for serving as members of the trial steering committee or inde- versity College London, represented by the Comprehensive Clin-
pendent data and safety monitoring committee; Emilia Caverly, ical Trials Unit, acted as the regulatory sponsor of this trial for
Hannah Lever, and Susan Tebbs, team members of the Univer- all sites within the European Union.
n engl j mednejm.org 9
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