1.

Compare the following pairs of affixes as to their degree of productivity: cyber- , self-
Cyber - belongs to computer-related vocabulary, and self- forms words with various meanings so
it is more productive!
pre- and -wise - both are highly productive, pre- (as in preschool, prewar, prepay, preact) forms
various word-classes and therefore is more productive than -wise which forms adverbs denoting
manner, direction, reference etc. timewise, edgewise ...
quas-i and -dom - quasi- is more productive than -dom (quasi--American, quasi adult, kingdom)

2. In what way does the approximate proportion of native to foreign words vary in reference to
language register and style?
Some words and expressions are used in different styles and registers - they are denotionally
similar but they are favoured by a particular language variant to suit the best the relations
among speakers, subject matter and expressiveness.
Scientific and literary registers use more foreign words and so does formal style. Informal style
uses less formal words and native words.

For example: Legal English, that is, the style of English used by lawyers and other legal
professionals, has more Latin words than everyday-English.

Register - varieties of English according to subject matter

Functional styles - depending on the social circumstances of speech process
Stylistically neutral or unmarked words fit well any register and any style. / Stylistically marked
words fit only certain subject domains of communication (plaintiff, log out...)

3. Analyse the following dictionary definition of the word geometry The branch of mathematics
that deals with measurements of relationships of lines, angles, surfaces and solids. State the
category, property and function features.
Category features: the branch of mathematics / Function features: ... that deals with
measurements / Property features: deals with measurements of relationships of lines, angles,
surfaces and solids

'shoulder bag' - 'a bag, especially a handbag, that has a long strap and is carried over the
shoulder.' Category features: bag, handbag / Function features: carried over the shoulder /
Property: long strap

"lasso" - noun. a long rope with one end tied into a loop used for catching horses, cows, etc.
likelihood- the chance of something happening category: chance / property: of something /
function: happening
"shampoo" - a liquid soap that is used for washing your hair
category - soap / property - liquid / function - for the washing of hair
The semantic descriptions of words (definitions) contain three types of features:

1. Category features assign the word to a semantic category, e.g. a bird belongs to the
category [FOWL].
2. Function features assign a usual state or activity to the word, e.g. a bird flies [FLY(X)]
and builds nests [BUILD(X NEST)]
3. Property features list the properties distinguishing the reference of the word, e.g. a bird
has a beak [BEAKED(X)] and features [FEATHERED(X)]

4. Analyse the English word fan in its assimilated Serbian form.

scooter - skuter - fully assimilated: on the phonological level it is based on the original sound-
form, morphologically it belongs zero adaptation, it fully conforms to morphological rules that
govern native word-formation. Semantically its meaning is narrowed.

cabin - kabina - fully assimilated on the phonological level, Serbian orthography follows English
spelling, morphologically it belongs to third degree adaptation because it's fully integrated into
the morphological system of the Serbian language. Semantically its meaning is widened.

fancy - fensi - fully assimilated, on the phonological level it is based on the original sound-form.
morphologically it belongs to zero adaptation, it fully conforms to morphological rules that
govern native word-formation, semantically its meaning is at zero level, the loan word keeps its
original meaning

rent-a-car / rent-a-camci
establishment - establisment - fully assimilated, on the phonological level it is based on the
original sound-form, morphologically it belongs to zero adaptation, because it fully conforms to
morphological rules that govern native word-formation, semantically its meaning is widened.

5. Explain differential meaning. Consider the following minimal pair: management-

mismanagement . State the distinguishing meaning component in question.
The semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical
morphemes is referred to as differential meaning. This kind of meaning can be seen in minimal
pairs. The distinguishing component is a prefix - mis- denoting something wrong or badly done

masseur - masseuse (mail massager and female massager) the distinguishing component is the
suffix -euse (a suffix occurring in loanwords from French, forming feminine nouns,
corresponding to nouns ending in -eur.)

sultan - sultana (-ana suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun)

6. Figure of speech antipodal to euphemism is?
Euphemism is a polite word or expression used when talking about something unpleasant or
embarrassing (unprivileged - poor) Dysphemism is an antonym of euphemism - a statement
which is intended to sound much worse than in reality (brat - child)

7. Illustrate homonimy using the examples of the ly suffix in adjective and adverb formation.
She is a lovely girl. - an adjective / She looked lovely in that dress. - an adverb ?
adverbs: slowly, nicely, warmly / adjectives: lively, motherly, cowardly

8. Illustrate the principal kinds of alternation in approximate conversion.

Conversion is the process whereby a lexeme changes its word-class without adding affixes.
Approximate conversion - a word in the course of conversion may undergo a change of
pronunciation or spelling.
The principal kinds of alternation are:
voicing of final consonants in verbs - advice (noun) advise (verb)
vowel modification - blood, bleed
*shift of stress - when verbs are converted into nouns, the stress sometimes shifts from the
second to the first syllable - record, record, extract, extract ...

9. Rephrase the following so that you udr compound adjectives with present participle: a job
that consumes a lot of time, a car which is moving fast
time-consuming job, fast-moving car

10. Assign the appropriate semantic marker (purpose, habitual, habitual and profession and
species ) to the following words: lilac, teacher, cheese cutter, wet blanket
lilac - species / teacher - habitual and profession / cheese cutter - purpose / wet blanket -
habitual

go-between - habitual and profession

bookbinder - habitual and profession
happy-go-lucky - habitual
sneeze-weed - species
tuning-fork - purpose

parent - habitual ?
goal-keeper - habitual and profession
lady-bug - species
marry-go-round - habitual
book-keeper - habitual and profession
spoon - purpose
cake - species
11. Give an example of a pun involving sound similarity
One of the forms of word play is pun. Pun is the humorous use of polysemous, homonymous or
homophonous words for the sake of wordplay. What one says has two different meanings and
that can have comic effect.
Homophonic puns: When two egoists meet, its an I for an I (the word eye purposely replaced
by the personal pronoun I since egoists are self-centered) etc.
Homographic puns: My girlfriend ciriticized my apartment so I knocked her flat. (flat meaning an
apartment on one floor, and the phrasal verb knock someone flat meaning hit someone so hard
that he falls to the ground)

12. Give two examples illustrating Cockney rhyming slang and provide their stylistically neutral
counterparts.
chitty chitty bang bang - cockney rhyming slang
bangers and mash - cash
Adam and Eve - believe
bees and honey - money

13. Converseness refers to contrastive lexical relations involving logical reciprocity. Provide
examples.
purchase - sell / give - take /
Words that are reciprocal correlates - husband - wife / up - down, left- right

14. What do we mean by unilateral concord? Explain and illustrate.

Concord refers to the situation when 2 or more lexemes are obligatory marked for the same
morphological categories. It means formal agreement in person, number, gender or tense
between 2 or more lexemes.
Bilateral concord - This boy (this can be combined only with a noun in sg.number)
Unilateral concord - are (you, we, they) - one element can be combined with several other
elements

15. Translate the following Serbian idioms in English: zlata vredan, na sta ti ja licim, u svakoj corbi
mirodjija, tresla se gora, rodio se mis, drveni advokat, bacati biser pred svinje, ubiti nekoga u
pojam, podviti rep, Radio Mileva, okruglo pa na coso, dva losa ubise Milosa,

16. If something curls your hair or make your hair curl it makes you very.... ?
frighten/shocked

17. The new prefixes cyber and e- both meaning relating to electronic communication networks
produce many words. Provide examples.
e-mail, e-commerce, e-business, cyber-cafe, cyber-date, cyber-geek, cyber-name, cyber-market,
cyber-news ...
18. One new combination sometimes inspires another ( after road rage there has come air rage
and phone rage ) This kind of word formation process is referred to as?? Analogy?

19. Identify the word formation process that triggered the following words: infomercial,
edutainment
blending (combining two separate words to produce a new form)

20. Give two examples of Anglo-Serbian blends.2

21. Suffixes ist and an and ian are used to form nouns associated with people. Provide
examples
artist, Norman, magician

22. ism is found in nous referring to beliefs or to behaviour related to such belief. Provide 4
examples.
atheism, theism, feminism, heroism, nationism

23. Give a list of verb forming suffixes and provide examples.

Suffix - an obligatory bound morpheme which does not realize a lexeme and which follows the
base.
noun suffixes - er (stalker) , -dom (wisdom) , -ness (forgiveness), -ee (employee) , -ery (forgery) -
ance (tolerance)
adjective suffixes - able (notable), -less (homeless), -ful (mothful), -ic (heroic), -ous (humorous)
verb - en (sharpen), -ify (magnify), -ize (socialize)
adverb - ly (safely), -wise (likewise), -ward (upward)

Class-changing suffixes (beauty, beautiful, resent, resentment, close, closure)

Class-maintaining (king, kingdom ... )

Homonymous suffixes -ly as an adverb-forming suffix and -ly as an adjective-forming suffix

(slowly, lively ... )
Polysemous suffixes -ful can have two meanings (handful, cheerful)

Highly-productive suffixes -er, -ness, -able

Less frequent -ure, -ft (closure, gift)

24. Cliche formations fall into different categories. State which they are and provide examples.
Cliche is a stereotyped or excessively used expression.
individual words - cliff-hanger
phrases - to have the last laugh
proverbs and sayings - no news is good news, absence makes the heart grow fonder
metaphors - couch potato
 rhymes - chalk and talk
alliteration - live and let live

25. Analyse the following words by means of Immediate Constituent analysis: unsurpassably,
noncomformity
Immediate constituents: non and comformity / un- and surpassably
Ultimate constituents: non, conform, -ity / un- and -sur, pass, -ably

Unrealistically:
Immediate constituents:
unrealistical - ly
un realistical
realistic al
realist ic
real ist
ultimate constituents: are un real ist ic al ly

disdainful:
Immediate constituents: disdain ful

trivialization
interplanetary
bullfighter

good-neighbourliness
Immediate constituents: good-neighbourly, -ness, good-neighbour, -ly, good, neighbour
Ultimate constituents: good, neighbour, -ly, - ness

26. What is a word geography concerned with?

27. The book English Word-Formation by L. Bauer was published by.. ??

1983