Define plagiarism and avoid plagiarising
Quote appropriately When citing two or more authors within an in-text citation, use an ampersand in the
What is Plagiarism?
Using another persons words, images or ideas without acknowledgement of
that person as your source.
When you acknowledge the person and your version is similar.
What is Plagiarism?
When you quote, paraphrase or summarise another persons work, you
must show the source of the idea by putting certain information in
parenthesis immediately after the material used.
Why is Plagiarism a serious offence in universities?
How can you avoid Plagiarism?
Give credit when you take words, images and ideas from books, magazines,
Web pages, statistics etc.
All work taken from another source must be acknowledged and documented
When you borrow another persons words or ideas by quoting, paraphrasing or
summarizing them, you must show where you got the ideas by putting certain
information in parenthesis immediately after the material you have borrowed.
Source: Oshima & Hogue,1999
2 ways of giving acknowledgement:
1. Direct method i.e. quotation
2. Indirect method by summarizing and paraphrasing
Direct method
Copying word-for-word from a published text, transcript etc.
Do not change words or sentence structure from the original or this is no
longer a direct quote.
Statistics are good supporting details for opinions. Like quotations their
source must also be cited.
Ways of quoting
For a short quotation of less than 40 words, use a brief phrase as an introduction to
the quotation e.g.
Pennycook (1996) claims all language learning is to some extent a process of
borrowing others words.
Longer quotations stand alone in the text e.g.
In an article on plagiarism, Pennycook cautioned
All language learning is to some extent a process of borrowing others words and we
need to be flexible, not dogmatic, about where we draw boundaries between
acceptable and unacceptable textual borrowings(1996:227).
Documenting sources within the text
What?
The practice of citing original sources of information
When?
Direct quotations and paraphrased information from another source, except
dictionaries and encyclopedias
Why?
Readers can find the original source
Writer not responsible for all information
Plagiarism is avoided
There are a number of methods
APA or American Psychological Association
Number reference system (IEEE)
Are frequently used in natural science, social science and technical fields.
The conventions of the APA system are:
Convention 1
When authors name begins a sentence, place the date of the work in parentheses
immediately after the name of the author e.g.
As Neville (2007) emphasizes, you should cite all sources and present full details of
these in your list of references (p.36).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York
Convention 2
When an author is not referred to directly in a sentence, place both the authors last
name and the year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses e.g.
References list full details of all sources used (Neville,2007).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York
Convention 3
parentheses e.g. (Burns & Sinfield,2002)
However, when mentioning the authors in the text, use the word and e.g.
Burns and Seinfeld (2002) argue
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York
Convention 4
When citing two or more authors within the text, use the full list of names the first
time e.g.
(White, Green, Brown, Grey, Black & Pink, 2008)
Subsequently, use (White, et al.2008)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York
Convention 5
When the same author and text is referred to more than once in a single paragraph,
there is no need to give the date for the second reference.
Convention 6
When a direct quotation is used, give the year and page/s numbers immediately
after the quotation
Convention 7
Two works by the same author published in the same year are differentiated by
a,b,c and cross-referenced accordingly
e.g. In-text (Carroll, 2007a)
References:
Carroll, J. (2007a) A handbook for deterring plagiarism in higher education. Oxford
Centre for Staff and Learning Development: Oxford Brookes University
Carroll, J.(2007b) .
Adapted from : Wiggins, C . (2009) The University of York
Convention 8
Two works by the same author published in different years require the year of
publication for both works e.g.
Carroll (2005, 2007) maintains.
Convention 9
When pulling together several sources to support your argument, use one in-text
citation. List the names alphabetically as they appear in the bibliography e.g.
As widely stated in the literature. (Carroll,2002; Mallon, 1991;Neville,2007)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C . (2009) The University of York
Convention 10
When two authors have the same family name include initials to avoid confusion e.g.
Hyland,K. (2008) and Hyland,F. (2007) reportedVarious studies were conducted on
the effectiveness of written feedback (Hyland, K.,2008; Hyland, F., 2007).
Convention 11
When there is an omission in a direct quotation use an ellipsis (three spaced periods)
e.g.
Williams (2008) asks Is Persaud a narcissist, in other words, or a man so plagued by
self-doubt that he doesnt obey the rules of academia?He claims to have been so
busy he became confused (p.37).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York
Convention 12
When there is an omission in a direct quotation at the end of the sentence, use four
periods to close the quotation e.g.
Williams (2008) asks Is Persaud a narcissist, in other words, or a man so plagued by
self-doubt ?....(p.37)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C . (2009) The University of York
When the researchers ideas are considered important:
The researchers name/s take subject position e.g.
Pennycooks (1996) interviews with students at the University of Hong Kong revealed
plagiarism was usually due to carelessness rather than intention to deceive.
When the research is considered important:
The paraphrased information takes subject position e.g.
Plagiarism is regarded as dishonest conduct which is incompatible with the ideals of
academic integrity (University of Maryland, 1996).

Numbered Reference System

Organized in two ways:

1. List the items alphabetically by last name of author.

2. List the items in the order they are cited in the text.

Conventions of the numbered reference system:

Page numbers are included in the parentheses, separate from the reference number
by a colon.

Sentences may begin with Reference 6 states. However, for readability, rewrite
as often as possible to include the reference later in the sentence.

Example
An intelligent tutor is a form of interactive instructional material that trains a student
in how to perform a procedural task, and that tailors itself to the students progress,
Koedinger et al. [5]. Intelligent tutors had proven effective in teaching about
humanities [6], science [7], Math [8], Software Engineering [9] and introductory
programming concepts, such as loops and lists [10 12].
A question to end the lecture

Why is it necessary to provide in-text citations?

This is the final slide for today

Thank you for your kind attention