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1. Objective
a. Student can prepare acid standart solution
b. Student can determine the normality of the acid/base using a standart solution
c. Student can determine the equivalence point using titration curve
2. Theory
An acidbase titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base
by exactly neutralizing the acid or base with an acid or base of known concentration.
This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base
solution. It makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and bases.
(Wikipedia, 2009)
Indicators that change color at pH lower than 7(pH <7) are useful in determining
the equivalence point of strong acid/weak base titration. Methyl orange is an example
of this type. The equivalence point of a strong acid/weak base titration is acidic because
the salt forned is itself a weak acid. Thus the salt solution has a pH lower than 7.
Indicators that change color at pH higher than 7 (pH>7) are useful in determining the
equivalence point of weak acid/strong base titrations. Phenolphthalein is an example.
These reactions produce salt solutions whose pH is greater than 7. This occurs because
the salt formed is a weak base. The color transition of an indicator helps very little in
determining whether reactions between such acids and base are complete. In a titration,
successive additions of an aqueous base can be made to a measured volume of an
aqueous acid. As base is added, the pH changes from a low numerical value to a high
one. The change in pH occurs slowly at first, then rapidly through the equivalence point,
and then slowly again as the solution becomes more basic. (Holt, 2006)
2 10 mL + 2 mL 1
3 10 mL + 3 mL 1
4 10 mL + 4 mL 1
5 10 mL + 5 mL 1
6 10 mL + 6 mL 1
7 10 mL + 7mL 1
8 10 mL + 8 mL 1
9 10 mL + 9 mL 1
10 10 mL + 10 mL 2
11 10 mL + 11 mL 2
12 10 mL + 12 mL 2
13 10 mL + 13 mL 5
14 10 mL + 14 mL 6
15 10 mL + 15 mL 7
No Volume of NaOH pH
added to 10 mL
0,1M CH3COOH
1 10 mL + 1 mL 3
2 10 mL + 2 mL 4
3 10 mL + 3 mL 4
4 10 mL + 4 mL 4
5 10 mL + 5 mL 4
6 10 mL + 6 mL 5
7 10 mL + 7 mL 5
8 10 mL + 8 mL 5
9 10 mL + 9 mL 5
10 10 mL + 10 mL 5
11 10 mL + 11 mL 5
12 10 mL + 12 mL 5
13 10 mL + 13 mL 5
14 10 mL + 14 mL 6
15 10 mL + 15 mL 6
6. Analysis Data
a. Preparation of primary standat solution of H2C2O4(COOH)2.2H2O
V1 . N1 = V2 . N2
10 . 0,2 = 39,5 .N2
N2 = 10 . 0,2 / 39,5
N2 = 0,0506 N
M2 = 0,0506/1
= 0,0506 M
V1 . N1 = V2 . N2
15 . 0,0506 = 10 . N2
N2 = 15 . 0,0506 / 10
= 0,0759 N
M2 = 0,0759 / 1
= 0,0759 M
2) VNaOH = 2 mL
VHCl = 10 mL
MNaOH = 0,0506 M
MHCl = 0,0759 M
n HCl = 0,759 mmol
n NaOH = 0.1012 mmol
14) VNaOH = 14 mL
VHCl = 10 mL
MNaOH = 0,0506 M
MHCl = 0,0759 M
n HCl = 0,759 mmol
n NaOH = 0,7084 mmol
15) VNaOH = 15 mL
VHCl = 10 mL
MNaOH = 0,0506 M
MHCl = 0,0759 M
n HCl = 0,759 mmol
n NaOH = 0,759 mmol
pH =7
16) VNaOH = 16 mL
VHCl = 10 mL
MNaOH = 0,0506 M
MHCl = 0,0759 M
n HCl = 0,759 mmol
n NaOH = 0,8096 mmol
23) VNaOH = 23 mL
VHCl = 10 mL
MNaOH = 0,0506 M
MHCl = 0,0759 M
n HCl = 0,759 mmol
n NaOH = 1,1638 mmol
28) VNaOH = 28 mL
VHCl = 10 mL
MNaOH = 0,0506 M
MHCl = 0,0759 M
n HCl = 0,759 mmol
n NaOH = 1,4168 mmol
2 2 mL 1,26
3 3 mL 1,33
4 4 mL 1,40
5 5 mL 1,47
6 6 mL 1,55
7 7 mL 1,63
8 8 mL 1,70
9 9 mL 1,80
10 10 mL 1,89
11 11 mL 2,02
12 12 mL 2,16
13 13 mL 2,35
14 14 mL 2,66
15 15 mL 7
16 16 mL 11,29
17 17 mL 11,57
18 18 mL 11,74
19 19 mL 11,84
20 20 mL 11,92
21 21 mL 12
22 22 mL 12,04
23 23 mL 12,09
24 24 mL 12,12
25 25 mL 12,16
26 26 mL 12,19
27 27 mL 12,22
28 28 mL 12,24
29 29 mL 12,26
30 30 mL 12,28
Volume of NaOH added to 10 mL 0,0759 M HCl
14
12
10
8
pH
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Volume of NaOH added to 10 mL 0,0759 M
8
pH theoritical
6
pH experiment
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Volume of NaoH added tp 10 mL 0,0759 M HcL
V CH3COOH = 10 mL
M CH3COOH = 0,1 M
MNaOH = 0,0506 M
1) VNaOH = 1 mL
Initial : 0,0506 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,9494 mmol/ 0,0506 mmol
= 3,37. 10-4
pH = - log 3,37 . 10-4
= 4 log 3,37
= 3,47
2) VNaOH = 2 mL
Initial : 0,1012 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,8988 mmol/ 0,1012 mmol
= 1,5984 . 10-4 M
pH = - log 1,5984 . 10-4
= 4 log 1,5984
= 3,796
3) VNaOH = 3 mL
Initial : 0,1518 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,8482 mmol/ 0,1518 mmol
= 1,002 . 10-4 M
pH = - log 1,002 . 10-4
= 4 log 1,002
= 3,999
4) VNaOH = 4 mL
Initial : 0,2024 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5. 0,7974 mmol/ 0,2024 mmol
= 7,09. 10-5 M
pH = - log 7,09 . 10-5
= 5 log 7,09
= 4,14
5) VNaOH = 5 mL
Initial : 0,253 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,747 mmol/ 0,253 mmol
= 5,32 10-5 M
pH = - log 5,32 10-5
= 5 log 5,32
= 4,27
6) VNaOH = 6 mL
Initial : 0,3036 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,6964 mmol/ 0,3036 mmol
= 4,13 . 10-5 M
pH = - log 4,13 . 10-5
= 5 log 4,13
= 4,38
7) VNaOH = 7 mL
Initial : 0,3542 1 - -
Reaction : 0,3542 0,3542 0,3542 0,3542
Remain : - 0,6458 0,3542 0,3542
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 .. 0,6458 mmol/ 0,3542mmol
= 3,28. 10-5 M
pH = - log 3,28 . 10-5
= 5 log 3,28
= 4,48
8) VNaOH = 8 mL
Initial : 0,4048 1 - -
Initial : 0,4554 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,5446 mmol/ 0,4554 mmol
= 2,152 . 10-5 M
pH = - log 2,152 . 10-5
= 5 log 2,152
= 4,67
10) VNaOH = 10 mL
Initial : 0,506 1 - -
11) VNaOH = 11 mL
Initial : 0,5566 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,4434 mmol/ 0,5566 mmol
= 1,44 . 10-5 M
pH = - log 1,44. 10-5
= 5 log 1,44
= 4,84
12) VNaOH = 12 mL
Initial : 0,6072 1 - -
Reaction : 0,6072 0,6072 0,6072 0,6072
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,3928 mmol/ 0,6072 mmol
= 1,16 . 10-5 M
pH = - log 1,16 . 10-5
= 5 log 1,16
= 4,94
13) VNaOH = 13 mL
Initial : 0,6578 1 - -
Reaction : 0,6578 0,6578 0,6578 0,6578
Remain : - 0,3422 0,6578 0,6578
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,3422 mmol/ 0,6578 mmol
= 9,36. 10-6 M
pH = - log 9,36 . 10-6
= 6 log 9,36
= 5,03
Initial : 0,7084 1 - -
Reaction : 0,7084 0,7084 0,7084 0,7084
Remain : - 0,2916 0,7084 0,7084
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,2916 mmol/ 0,7084 mmol
= 7,41. 10-6 M
pH = - log 7,41 . 10-6
= 6 log 7,41
= 5,13
15) VNaOH = 15 mL
Initial : 0,759 1 - -
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,241 mmol/ 0,759 mmol
= 5,71 . 10-6 M
pH = - log 5,71 . 10-6
= 6 log 5,71
= 5,24
Initial : 0,8096 1 - -
Reaction : 0,8096 0,8096 0,8096 0,8096
Remain : - 0,1904 0,8096 0,8096
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,1904 mmol/ 0,8096 mmol
= 4,23. 10-6 M
pH = - log 4,23 . 10-6
= 6 log 4,23
= 5,37
Initial : 0,8602 1 - -
Reaction : 0,8602 0,8602 0,8602 0,8602
Remain : - 0,1398 0,8602 0,8602
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,1398 mmol/ 0,8602 mmol
= 2,93. 10-6 M
pH = - log 2,93 . 10-6
= 6 log 2,93
= 5,53
18) VNaOH =18 mL
Initial : 0,9108 1 - -
Reaction : 0,9108 0,9108 0,9108 0,9108
Remain : - 0,0892 0,9108 0,9108
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,0892 mmol/ 0,9108 mmol
= 1,76. 10-6 M
pH = - log 0,098 . 10-6
= 6 log 1,76
=5,75
Initial : 0,9614 1 - -
Reaction : 0,9614 0,9614 0,9614 0,9614
Remain : - 0,0386 0,9614 0,9614
[ H+ ] = Ka . a/g
= 1,8 . 10-5 . 0,0386 mmol/ 0,9614 mmol
= 7,22. 10-7M
pH = - log 7,22 . 10-7
= 7 log 7,22
= 6,14
Initial : 1,0626 1 - -
Reaction : 1 1 1 1
Remain : 0,0626 - 1 1
No Volume of NaOH pH
added to 10 mL
0,1M CH3COOH
1 0 mL 2,9
2 1 mL 3,86
3 2 mL 4,2
4 3 mL 4,47
5 4 mL 4,7
6 5 mL 4,99
7 6 mL 5,1
8 7 mL 5,4
9 8 mL 5,8
10 9 mL 11,3
11 10 mL 11,88
12 11 mL 12,1
13 12 mL 12,1
14 13 mL 12,3
15 14 mL 12,8
Volume of NaOH added to 10 mL of 0,1 M CH3COOHl
14 12.8
12.3
11.88 12.1 12.1
12 11.3
10
pH theoritical
8
5.8
5.1 5.4
6 4.7 4.99
4.2 4.47
3.86
4 2.9
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
pH 2.9 3.86 4.2 4.47 4.7 4.99 5.1 5.4 5.8 11.3 11.88 12.1 12.1 12.3 12.8
Volume of NaOH
pH
Chart Title
18
16
14
12
Axis Title
10
8 pH theoritic
pH based on experiment
6
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
pH theoritic 2.93.94.24.54.7 5 5.15.45.8 11 12 12 12 12 13
pH based on experiment 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 16
Volume of NaOH added to 10mL of 0,1
CH3COOH
14
12
10
8
pH
6
pH based on experiment
4
pH theoritical
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Volume of NaOH added to 10mL of 0,1 CH3COOH
7. Discussion
a. Preparation of primary standard solution of H2C2O4(COOH)2.2H2O
In this experiment, we have to calculate the molarity and the normality of oxalic
acid. The mass of oxalic acid = 1,2607 grams and volume of solution =100 ml.
Because we have the mass and the volume of oxalic acid so we can find the molarity
of the solution by the formula :
Molarity of Oxalic acid = mass/Mr. Volume
=1,2607/1.2607 . 0.1
= 0,1 M
Based on the formula, we know the molarity of oxalic acid solution is 0,1 M. To
calculate the normality of oxalic acid solution we can use the formula :
Normality of oxalic acid = M . valence
= 0,1 . 2
= 0,2 N
The equivalence point of titration is marked by colour change. The colour of this
solution will change from transparent into pink. And when this solution has been
changed into pink, the titration must be stopped. Because the equivalence point
have left.
V1 . N1 = V2 . N2
0,0506 = 10 . N2
N2 = 15 . 0,0506 / 10
= 0,0759 N
M2 = 0,0759 / 1
= 0,0759 M
8. Conclusion
1. The standard solution is a solution which has known of its concentration and
usually as acid or base (its has constant concentration ). In this experiment Oxalic
acid as standart solution. Because oxalicc acid is stable.
2. Molarity of NaOH is 0,0506 M and normality is 0,0506 N. And then, the molarity
of HCI is 0,0759 M and normality is 0,0759 N
3. The pH of equivalence point of titration between strong acid and strong base is 7,
while for weak acid and strong base is more than 7.
9. Suggestion
1. We must know the procedure well before doing the experiment
2. We must use the apparatus carefully especially buret
3. We have to look the solution until it reach the equivalence point
4. We should do the experiment quietly and carefully.
10. Reference
McGraw-Hill Reyerson. 1996. Chemistry 11.pdf.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_titration
Holt,Rinehart and Winston.2006.Modern Chemistry. United States of America:
National Science Teachers Association
Question :
Answer :
V1 . N1 = V2 . N2
10 . 0,2 = 39,5 .N2
N2 = 10 . 0,2 / 39,5
N2 = 0,0506 N
M2 = 0,0506/1
= 0,0506 M
c. Volume of HCl 0,1 M = 10 mL
Volume of NaOH(1) 0,1 M = 15 mL
Volume of NaOH (2) 0,1 M = 15 mL
Volume of average NaOH = 15 mL
V1 . N1 = V2 . N2
15 . 0,0506 = 10 . N2
N2 = 15 . 0,0506 / 10
= 0,0759 N
M2 = 0,0759 / 1
= 0,0759 M
d. Graph
12
10
8
pH
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Volume of NaOH added to 10 mL 0,0759 M
Volume of NaOH added to 10 mL of 0,1 M CH3COOHl
14 12.8
12.3
11.88 12.1 12.1
12 11.3
10
pH theoritical
8
5.8
5.1 5.4
6 4.7 4.99
4.2 4.47
3.86
4 2.9
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
pH 2.9 3.86 4.2 4.47 4.7 4.99 5.1 5.4 5.8 11.3 11.88 12.1 12.1 12.3 12.8
Volume of NaOH
pH
1 = 0,115 . V2
V2 = 1 : 0,115
=8,7
[OH-] = . []
[OH-]2 = 10-14 / Ka 1/22
Ka = 1,75 . 10-5