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Characteristic Voltage Frequency

110% 90% 105% 95%


Torques* Increase 21% Decrease 19% Decrease 10% Increase 11 %
Starting and
Max Running
Speed
Synchronous No Change No Change Increase 5% Decrease 5%
Full-load Increase 1% Decrease 1.5% Increase 5% Decrease 5%
Percent Slip
Decrease 17% Increase 23% Little Change Little Change
Efficiency
Full-load Increase 0.5 to Decrease 2
Slight Increase Slight Decrease
1 point points
3/4-load Little Change Little Change Slight Increase Slight Decrease
1/2-load
1 to 2 points Increase 1 to 2
Slight Increase Slight Decrease
points

Power Factor
Full-load Decrease 3 Increase 1
Slight increase Slight Decrease
points point
3/4-load Decrease 4 Increase 2 to 3 Slight Increase Slight Decrease
points points
1/2-load Slight Increase Slight Decrease
Decrease 5 to Increase 4 to 5
6 points points

Current
Starting Increase 10 to Decrease 10 to Decrease 5 to Increase 5 to
12% 12% 6% 6%
Full-load Decrease 7% Increase 11% Slight Decrease Slight Increase

Temperature Decrease 3 to Increase 6 to Slight Decrease Slight Increase


Rise 4C 7C

Max Over-Load Increase 12% Decrease 19% Slight Decrease Slight Increase
Capacity
Magnetic Noise Slight Slight Decrease Slight Decrease Slight Increase
Increase
* Torques of an induction motor will vary as the square of the voltage.
The speed of an induction motor will vary directly with the frequency.

FIGURE 10. The effects of voltage and frequency variation on induction-motor characteristics.

niques use some method to apply partial voltage is applied. Detailed descriptions of
voltage to the motor during the initial starting these schemes may be found in the Instruction
sequence, then when the motor is at partial Manual for the Basler MPS210 relay.
speed, full voltage is applied to finish the start
sequence. The Basler MPS210 supports re- 3.3.3 Frequency Protection
duced voltage starting.
Frequency in excess of rated frequency but not
Wye-Delta starting applies a reduced voltage at in excess of 5% over the rated frequency
the beginning of the start sequence with a wye without a corresponding voltage increase is not
connection of the motor and then changes to considered to be a hazardous condition for
the delta connection of the motor to complete synchronous or induction motors provided the
the start sequence. This arrangement reduces driven equipment does not overload the motors
starting torque and voltage drop on the motor at the higher frequency.
bus.
At decreased frequency without a correspond-
Another method of reduced voltage starting is ing voltage drop, the flux requirements of a
autotransformer start. The autotransformer is motor are increased, thus increasing the
connected in wye with the supply voltage and, hysterisis and eddy current losses and heating.
during starting, the tapped partial voltage is Sustained operation at 5% below nominal
applied to the motor. When the starting frequency and rated or overvoltage is not
contactor makes its transition, the partial permissible per NEMA MG1-1993 section 20.45.
voltage source is opened, and full supply Protection against this type of operation is

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typically thermal overload or RTD temperature (1) Low oil level in reservoir: (device 71) level
measurement. However, more refined protec- switch
tion can be obtained with the Basler 81O/U
over/under frequency relay. Time delay settings (2) Low oil pressure: (device 63) pressure
of 20-30 seconds will allow it to ride though switch
transient conditions without nuisance tripping.
(3) Reduced oil flow: (device 80) flow switch
Many utility substations are equipped with
underfrequency load shedding relays to reduce (4) High temperature: (device 38) thermo-
the system load during a loss of generation and couples or resistance temperature detector
subsequent decay in system frequency. Large
motor loads connected to the distribution (5) Rate of temperature rise
substation may interfere with the normal opera-
tion of the underfrequency relay by allowing it to (6) Vibration (used on motors with anti-friction
see a decline in frequency without a complete bearings in place of thermal devices)
loss of voltage. This can happen when the
distribution bus is disconnected from the supply Large motor bearings are usually monitored by
transformer and the underfrequency relay is a resistance temperature detector (RTD) which
connected to the distribution bus. The relay will can be used as one of the inputs to the Basler
then see the residual voltage from the motor MPS200 or 210 relay. The dual-setpoint of the
load and may operate incorrectly. Relocating RTD function of the MPS allows for alarm and
the underfrequency voltage transformer to the trip settings at two different temperatures.
high side of the supply transformer or adding
additional time delay to the underfrequency time 4. BUS TRANSFER AND RECLOSING
delay may solve the problem.
Many motor busses are critical to process or
3.4 Mechanical or Process Protection plant operation and, therefore, must be main-
tained if at all possible. For static loads, high
3.4.1 Undercurrent speed reclosing or transfer to an alternate
source is appropriate. Motor loads require
We generally think of protective relays as special considerations. When the motor is
devices that protect electrical equipment. In the disconnected from the voltage supply, the
case of motor protection, there may be times voltage at the motor terminals does not go to
when they are used to protect the process. For zero. The machine generates a voltage at its
example, the water pumping station that is open-circuited terminals that decays with time.
intended to operate continuously at 90% of full A fast reclose applies the full bus supply voltage
load current. If the pump were to be damaged, in series with the residual motor voltage, pro-
lose its prime, or the shaft break, the load on ducing a total winding voltage that can be
the motor would be drastically reduced. The dangerously high. Capacitors in the circuit only
Basler MPS relay monitors for undercurrent or make the situation worse.
under power conditions. These elements are not
in service until the motor is running and can be A second complication is the decay in motor
set to detect these loss-of-load conditions to speed with respect to the supply system. The
alarm or trip. frequency of the residual voltage in the motor
will be a decaying value of frequency as the
motor begins to slow down. The worst case
3.4.2 Bearing Protection could be nearly 2.0 per unit voltage and 180
degrees out of phase with the supply voltage.
To minimize damage caused by bearing failure, The possibility of damage exists for local
protective devices should be used to sound an reclosing of the motor, high side reclosing from
alarm or de-energize the motor. Bearing protec- the utility, transferring to an alternate source, or
tive devices responsive to one or more of the reduced voltage motor starting; they all mean
following conditions may be included: the motor will be re-energized after some dead
time and the same principles apply.

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