Professional Documents
Culture Documents
21
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Guide for the
Design and
Use of
CONCRETE
POLES
Prepared by the
Concrete Pole Task Committee of the
Committee on Electrical Transmission Structures
of the Structural Division of the
American Society of Civil Engineers
April 1987
Published by the
American Society of Civil Engineers
345 East 47th Street
New York, New York 10017-2398
A Tad,
1984 to pr
Guide v.'
knowledge
it stands
in cluded. I
knowlec
The pot(
auspices
ABSTRACT have been
This guide outlines the information that is to be provided by the ASCE ..,1
line designer so that the engineer designing the structure has counterpr-
the facts he needs. It also presents the proper procedures for Th is la
the design, fabrication, inspection, testing and installation of knowled
concrete poles. Finally, it suggests a suitable quality assur-
ance program to ensure receipt of adequately designed and ACI. Indee
manufactured product. The guide addresses concrete poles the Task
which are either spun or statically cast and poles which are focal point
prestressed, partially prestressed or conventionally reinforced. responsil
This is a performance oriented guide. It presents certain the-
ories and methods that are generally recognized as good prac- group to
tice, but allows for innovative and unique circumstances to be The T
fully acceptable upon presentation of sufficient test data to incomplete
demonstrate that proper performance can be achieved. to be ablc,
able to wr"-.
also recoge:
knowle4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data undertaken
Users
Guide for the design and use of concrete poles information
committe,
"Apri 11987."
Bibliography: p. to the chairi
1. Concrete polesDesign and construction. 2. Electric a conunil
linesPoles and towersDesign and construction. I. Ameri-
can Society of Civil Engineers. Concrete Pole Task Committee.
TA683.5.P65G85 1987 621.319'22 87-1343
ISBN 0-87262-596-6
Respectfully Submitted,
iii
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 DESIGN 8
2.1 General 8
2.2 Design Theory 8
2.2.1 General 8
2.2.2 Bending 9
2.2.3 Column Loading 10
2.2.4 Shear 10
2.2.5 Torsion 10
2.3 Concrete Properties 11
2.3.1 Stress/Strain Relationships 11
2.3.2 Concrete Compressive Strengthsf' (C) 11
2.4 Reinforcing Steel 11
2.4.1 Stress/Strain Relationships 11
2.4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement 12
2.4.3 Circumferential Reinforcement 12
2.5 Concrete Cover Over Steel 13
2.6 Concrete/Steel Bond 13
2.7 Prestress Loads 14
2.7.1 Steel 14
2.7.2 Concrete 14
2.7.3 Loss of Prestress 14
2.8 Direct Burial Considerations 14
2.9 Guyed Structures 15
2.10 Grounding 15
2.11 Bolted Connections 16
2.12 Climbing Attachments 17
2.13 Inserts 17
2.14 Pole Splices 17
2.15 Pole Identification Data 18
2.16 Attachments and Accessories 18
3.0 FABRICATION 18
3.1 General 18
3.2 Concrete 19
3.2.1 Cement 19
3.2.2 Aggregate 19
3.2.3 Water 19
3.2.4 Admixtures 20
3.3 Reinforcing Steel 20
3.3.1 Prestress Steel 20
3.3.2 Reinforcing Bars 20
3.3.3 Spiral Wire 20
3.3.4 Welding 21
3.4 Accessories 21
3.5 Bolt Holes and Block-Outs 21
3.6 Finishing 22
3.7 Fabrication and Tolerances 22
3.8 Quality Control 23
3.8.1 General 23
3.8.2 Raw Materials 23
3.8.2.1 Cement 23
3.8.2.2 Aggregate 23
3.8.2.3 Reinforcement 23
3.8.3 Concrete 23
3.8.3.1 Wet Samples 23
3.8.3.2 Cured Samples 24
3.8.3.3 Meeting the Requirements of f' () 24
3.8.3.4 Use of Core Tests 25
3.8.3.5 Requirements for Tensioning Steel 25
3.9 Inspection 25
vi
4.3 Material 27
4.4 Fabrication 28
4.5 Stress Determination 28
4.6 Assembly and Erection 28
4.7 Test Loads 28
4.8 Load Application 28
4.9 Loading Procedure 29
4.10 Load Measurement 29
4.11 Deflections 29
4.12 Failures 30
4.13 Disposition of Test Structure 30
4.14 Report 30
4.15 Horizontal Testing 31
4.15.1 General 31
4.15.2 Test Arrangement 31
4.15.3 Equipment Used in the Test 31
4.15.4 Test Procedure for Pole TestVertical Pull 32
4.15.4.1 Dead Load Pickup 32
4.15.4.2 Design Load Test 32
4.15.5 Test Procedure for Pole TestHorizontal Pull 32
vii
Appendix A BIBLIOGRAPHY 41
Appendix B NOTATIONS 43
Appendix C DEFINITIONS 45
Appendix D EXAMPLE 49
viii
CONCRETE POLE DESIGN AND USE GUIDE
William M. Howard
Committee Chairman
INTRODUCTION
*
President, Power Line Systems, Inc., 6701 Seybold Road, Madison, WI
53719
1
2 CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
1.1 General
1 .2 Load Expression
r-- LINE
AN C,1
r's 7- I A I
I\
- , 1, -
7I Mil a I I I. I li 1 I I
\ /
1177
\ -...0 S ,:----\."
Y
LONG;TUDINA1
PI A\
TRANSVERSA
T LONG; UDIN AL
VERTICAL
WI ND
ON STRUCTURE
ELEVATION
Figure 1-1
CONCRETE POLES DESIGN 5
1.7 Foundations
When specifying the maximum value for foundation rotation and de-
flection for all load cases, the user should establish the performance
requirements for the combined pole and foundation installation. In
determining this value, the user may consider aesthetics, phase-to-
structure clearances, phase-to-ground clearances, structure to ob-
struction clearances or even the ability to replumb a structure.
1.9 Deflection
1.9.1 General
1.9.2 Clearances
down drop and line angle at the structure and the required clearance.
This clearance should be maintained to the deflected structure under the
specified loading condition.
1.9.3 Appearance
1.12 Guying
1
8 CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
1.14 Grounding
Any other special conditions that may affect the design should be
considered (e.g. reverse wind on bisector guyed light angle structure
may control design or environmental conditions may suggest special
concrete mixes).
2.0 - DESIGN
2.1 General
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Bending
2.2.4 Shear
2.2.5 Torsion
Due to the fact that large moments are seldom applied near the ends
of poles, the analysis of the development of the bond between concrete
and steel is largely ignored. In circumstances where there are large
moments near the ends of poles (e.g. a davit arm at the top of a pole, a
joint connecting parts of a multi-piece pole or a pole set shallow into
a rock hole) it is necessary to examine the bond development. It is also
important to consider bond development in the event that some of the
steel is cut by drilling holes in a part of the pole in which the steel
is highly stressed.
2.7.1 Steel
In the case of spun poles which have thin walls and a large void,
consideration should be given to the magnitude of the down load and the
ability of the soil to keep the pole from being forced further into the
ground. In general, unguyed single poles do not need to have the bottoms
of the poles plugged. Guyed poles either need the bottoms plugged or may
need large bearing plates placed under the butt to resist the down load.
For unguyed H-frames, uplift shoes that are commonly used may provide
enough down load capability as well, to avoid the need for plugging the
pole bottom. When uplift shoes are not used, plugging or bearing plates
may be necessary in poor soil conditions.
2.10 Grounding
The reasonable choices are to use the steel in the pole as the
exclusive path to ground or to place a separate ground wire down either
the interior of a hollow pole or the exterior of any pole to carry some
of the current to ground. If a separate wire is used, it should be
16 CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
To spread the concentrated loads under the head of the bolt and
under the nut, a square curved washer or other similar plate should be
placed between the head or nut and the pole. For A 307 bolts over 1 inch
in diameter or A 325 bolts over 3/4 inch in diameter, use either two 1/4
inch thick washers or a single 3/8 inch washer. Use of cast washers is
not recommended.
For shear connections in which the bolt will bear against the side
of the through hole, the maximum bolt bearing load will be determined by
multiplying the diameter of the bolt times the wall thickness times f' .
In the absence of confirming tests, it is assumed that the bolt 6
concrete interface carries all of the load and none of it is carried
through friction. For solid poles (or hollow poles with very thick
walls), a maximum effective wall thickness for calculating the bearing
load is 3 inches.
2.13 Inserts
All poles (including each piece of two piece poles) will have cer-
tain data indicated on a data plate or cast into the pole itself. At a
minimum, data to be shows will include:
Manufacturer's name.
Date of manufacture. 1
Identification number (to allow manufacturen to match a
specific pole with the manufacturing data records).
1
3.0 FABRICATION
3.1 General
concrete is being provided that meets the strength, durability and aes-
thetic requirements of the specifications.
3.2 Concrete
3.2.1 Cement
3.2.2 Aggregates
3.2.3 Water
20 CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
3.2.4 Admixtures
Cold drawn steel for the spiral wire will meet the provisions
of ASTM A82.
3.3.4 Welding
Mild steel reinforcing may be welded only near the ends of the
pole.
Where welds are to carry structural loads, they must meet the
provisions of AWS D1.1 and develop suitable strength.
3.4 Accessories
3.6 Finishing
Wall Thickness - Plus 20% and minus 10% with a minimum of 1/4
inch. Note that the wall thickness requirements are nor-
mally determined for some critica' section such as the
groundline. Other areas of the pole may not require as
much thickness. Therefore, greater minus tolerances are
acceptable in some areas of the pole where calculations
and/or tests indicate that the pole will perform satis-
factorily.
Weight - Plus 20% and minus 10% except that, with the approval
of the purchaser, poles heavier than 20% over the esti-
mated weight may be used. (Caution: Be certain that poles
are marked with actual or greater than actual weights to
avoid accidents during construction.)
Bolt Holes - Plus or minus 1/8 inch for holes within a bolting
group and plus or minus 1 inch for the centerline of the
group from the end of the pole. Bolt hole diameters will
be 1/8 inch greater than the bolt diameter.
3.8.1 General
3.8.2.1 Cement
3.8.2.2 Aggregate
3.8.2.3 Reinforcement
3.8.3 Concrete
ASTM C39, C172 and C192 as well as ACI 318 outline most
of the requirements for taking, curing and testing concrete samples.
(Note: Pad capping of samples will be acceptable if the manufacturer
presents satisfactory data correlating the results with standard ASTM
results.) These methods are very adequate for statically cast concrete,
but need some modifications for spun concrete.
In the case of spun poles which have thin walls and large
amounts of steel, it is not usually possible to take a core sample that
meets the ASTM requirements for overall size and dimensional ratios.
Therefore the use of core samples to determine concrete strength in spun
poles is inappropriate.
3.9 Inspection
not all cracks are detrimental to the product and, indeed, poles are
expected to crack under certain conditions.
Cracks within one or two feet of the ends of poles may occur during
the detensioning process. Unless they are open cracks, they will not
cause structural problems. Those cracks that are buried will never be a
problem. If there is concern about sufficient moisture penetrating
cracks near the top of the pole to cause freeze/thaw damage, those
cracks can be waterproofed. Structurally, they are not a problem unless
a very large moment is to be applied to the end of the pole.
4.1 General
points are the same as in the design model. This kind of test will
verify the adequecy of the main components of the structure and their
connections to withstand the static design loads specified for that
structure as an individual entity under controlled conditions. Proof
tests provide insight finto actual stress distribution of unique config-
urations, fit-up verification, performance of the structure in a de-
flected position and other benefits. The test cannot confirm how the
structure will react in the transmission line where the loads may be
more dynamic, the foundations may be less than ideal and there is some
restraint from intact wires at the load points.
4.2 Foundations
4.3 Material
4.4 Fabrication
After the structure has been assembled, erected and rigged for
testing the user or his designated representative should review the
testing arrangement for compliance with the contract documents.
As the test structure deflects under load, load fines may change
21
Loads are normally incremented to 50, 75, 90 and 100 percent of the
maximum specified load and to the load at which the concrete first
cracks (usually in the range of 50 to 60 percent). If the test facility
does not have the capability for continous recording of loads, an ad-
ditional increment to 95 percent may be added. After each increment is
applied there shall be a hold to allow time for reading deflections and
to permit the engineers observing the test to check for signs of struc-
tural distress. The maximum load for each load case shall be held for
five minutes.
Loads should be removed between load cases except that in some non-
critical situations, with the permission of the Responsible Test
Engineer, the load may be adjusted as required for the next load case.
Unloading shall be controlled to avoid overstressing any members.
4.11 Deflections
acceptable.
4.12 Failures
After the structure has successfully withstood all load cases, and
assuming that the structure was not tested to destruction, the structure
shall be dismantled and all members inspected.
The test specification should state what use, if any, may be made
of the test structure after the test is completed. Undamaged components
are usually accepted for use in the line. If an overload test to failure
has been performed, caution should be exercised in accepting the parts
that appear to be undamaged since they may have been overloaded.
4.14 Report
The name of the organization that specifed the loading and test
arrangement of the structure.
CONCRETE POLES DESIGN 31
4.15.1 General
4.15.4 Test Procedure for Pole Test - Vertical Pull (Fig. 4-1)
4.15.5 Test Procedure for Pole Test - Horizontal Pull (Fig. 4-2)
5.1 General
U Li FT
FOUNDATION
COMPRESSION
PAD
Figure 4-1
DEFLECTION
DY N AMOMETER
LOAD
REACTION 4-WHEEL z
u
FRAME DOLLY -J
(FRICTION)
-J
O Fl
a_
1--
REACTION
(SLIP AT POLE )
REACTION
(SLIP)
CONCRETE SLAB
Figure 4-2
34 CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
5.2 Handling
One of the most critical handling phases for any pole is lifting it
clear of all supports while it is in the horizontal position because the
moment generated by its own weight may be significant. Since concrete
poles tend to be heavier than other types, more attention must be paid
to the manner in which they are lifted.
5.3 Hauling
5.4 Framing
Concrete poles are generally framed like wood poles, (i.e. with the
use of through bolts) but they will be easier to frame than wood poles
because the boles can be more accurately drilled. Bolts should be tight-
ened according to the assembly drawings but in the absence of any tight-
ening instructions, reference to paragraph 2.11 of this guide and some
common sense will work well. In most cases, the bolts will generally
break before any damage is done to the poles. Near the ends of the pole,
however, it is possible to tighten the bolts to the point where longitu-
dinal cracks develop. If this occurs, loasen the bolts slightly but be
sure they are still snug.
CONCRETE POLES DESIGN 35
5 . 5 Field Drilling
Most concrete poles will be sent from the factory with the neces-
sary holes already in place. Occasionally, however, it will be necessary
to drill one or more holes in the field. This can be easily accomplished
with a rotary hammer drill, a carbide tipped bit of the appropriate size
and a cutting torch. First determine which of the following two types of
poles is to be drilled and then follow the appropriate set of instruc-
tions.
As the need for steel decreases toward the top of the pole,
some manufacturers stop a portion of the steel by dropping the tendons
out through the side wall of the pole or they may install additional
steel in critical areas by the use of post tensioned strand. In these
methods, there is not the excess of steel near the pole tops and the
steel should not be cut. This does not preclude drilling these poles. It
means, however, that care should be used to insure that steel is not
cut. Since there is less steel in pole tops of this type, there is more
space between the tendons and it is easier to miss the tendons during
the drilling process but cutting a strand means that the pole may be
weakened below its design strength.
manner as for the previous poles. A cutting torch will still be neces-
sary because even though the tendons are to be avoided, there is still a
high probability of having to cut through the spiral steel. :3
5.5.3 Circumferential Steel
5.7 Erection
Guyed poles, whether or not they are raked, should be initially set
in what ever positions they will be under normal every-day loads. This
means that regardless of what ever bending and flexing occurs during
construction and long term use, once the conductor installation is com-
plete and the guys are adjusted under normal everyday loads, the top of
the pole should be in the same location as it was originally set.
5.8 Climbing
Concrete poles are climbed in the same manner as steel poles. Just
as most steel poles are climbed with the standard climbing ladders, all
of the manufacturers provide attachments to concrete poles to accomodate
the same ladders. Other climbing arrangements are also available and may
have been selected by the user.
CONCRETE POLES DESIGN 37
Longitudinal cracks are less common. At either end, they may have
been caused by the application of prestress loads. If longer longitu-
dinal cracks occur near the bottom of the pole, they have likely been
caused by stacking the poles. Longer longitudinal cracks near the top
may be caused by over tightening of the through bolts. As long as the
cracks are only hairline cracks, as opposed to open cracks, they are not
detrimental to the long life of the pole.
Any open cracks should be investigated for the cause and a deter-
mination should be made as to the structural adequacy of the pole. If it
is decided that the pole is to remain in service, the cracks should be
filled and sealed from the weather to prevent further degradation of the
pole.
6.1 General
6.3 Fabrication
6.3.1 Materials
The user may specify that either he or his agent inspect the
manufacturer's equipment and process facility to ascertain that the
procedures are satisfactory, the tolerances are within specified limits
and the existing quality control program is satisfactory. (Refer to
Section 3.8 Testing.)
6.3.4 Tolerances
6.3.6 Shipping
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of Precast and
Prestressed Concrete Products, MNL-116-85, Prestressed Concrete
Institute, Chicago, 1985.
41
Appendix C
DEFINITIONS
CASTING METHODS
Spun Cast Member - A member cast in a mold that spins during the
consolidation phase. The resulting centrifugal force causes the pole to
be hollow and the concrete to be highly consolidated. Since this force
is very large, dry (low water/cement ratio) concrete can be consolidated
in this manner, usually with some of the water spinning out to reduce
the water/cement ratio even further. Because spun concrete has a lower
than normal water/cement ratio and a higher than normal density it is
much stronger and more durable than static cast concrete. The end result
is that the member can be lighter because less concrete is required when
it is stronger. The concrete is much more impermeable and, therefore,
more durable.
Static Cast Member - A member which is cast in a mold that does not
move during the casting and consolidating of the concrete (except for
the possibility of vibrating the mold as an aid in consolidating the
concrete).
LOADINGS
Maximum (Ultimate) Design Load - The load that the pole is designed
to resist. This load is the maximum service load multiplied by some
overload factor. The user must select not only the load and the load
factor, but also must determine whether the pole is to resist the maxi-
mum design load without permanent unacceptable deformation (damage) or
without failure (collapse). A stronger pole is required to resist
without permanent deformation than without collapse.
Maximum Service Load - The maximum load that the pole is ever
expected to encounter (exclusive of overload factors). This load may be
used for checking deflections and clearances.
MOMENTS
45
46 CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
REINFORCEMENT
TENSIONING
Example Problem:
Determine (a) the Cracking Moment (M cr ) and (b) the Ultimate Moment capacity
(m u ) for the following hollow, circular, cross section: 24" outside diameter;
18" inside diameter. The materials are normal weight concrete; f 'c = 10,000
psi; fr = 7.5 lTj; ultimate compressive strain = 0.003; 10 1/2", 7vire grade
270K strand; initial prestress = 0.5 fpu; 3/4" concrete cover; and total
prestress is assumed to be 25%.
Cracking Moment
M-
cr - fr I + F I
d A d
Mcr = 179 k ft
49
50
CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
Cc = (0.85)(131)(fic)(Aa)
Ts (fsei)(Apsi)
where
Cc = total compressive force in concrete, lbs.
(2) Solve for X (the location of the centroid of the compressive area of
M n = (Cc)(X) + (fsei)Apsi)(ei)
I
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 51
Mu = 4 Mn
Mu = (0.9)(Mn)
= (0.9)(490,000)
Mu = 441,000 lbft
= 441 kft
0.85 f'
c
20-1/2" strands F' '1
Neutral Axis
Pole Cross-Section Stress Distribution at Ultimate
11 11 fi 11 11 :a :1 11 t I i I I-11 LI LatinutiutitILIUUULJULJULAULAU
4 CONCRETE POLES DESIGN
1.6 Geometry