WCDMA Air Interface Training

Part 1
CDMA Wireless Technology

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 Agenda: Part 1
CDMA Wireless Technology

Evolution from 2G to 3G

The CDMA Transmitter

Voice Coding
CRC Coding
FEC Coding
Interleaving
Channelization Coding (Orthogonal/Walsh Codes)
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Coding (PN Codes)
Serial-to-Parallel Data Conversion
Spectral Containment Filtering
I/Q Modulation

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 From 2G to 3G
2G 9.6, 14.4 kbps

Circuit-Switched Voice

Circuit-Switched Data

Short Message Service (SMS)

3G up to 2 Mbps ?

Circuit-Switched Voice

Low-Speed Circuit-Switched Data

High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data

Packet Data

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 3G Wireless Multiple Access
Voice Conversation Uplink Packet Data
2 data channels
1 data channels
(voice, control)
(control)

2 data channels 2 data channels

(voice, control) (14 kbps data, control)

Videoconference Videoconference with 384 kbps Data

3 data channels 4 data channels
(voice, video, (384 kbps data,
control) voice, video, control)

3 data channels 4 data channels

(voice, video, (384 kbps data,
control) voice, video, control)

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 Multiple Access Approaches
F requency Time Spread Code
Division Division Spectrum Division
Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple
Access Access Access Access

Multiple
Transmitters

User N
User 2

User 3
User 1
and
User 1

User 2

User 3

Multiple Data
Channels

Frequency Time Frequency

Each User has a unique Each User has a unique Each Transmitter has a unique
frequency time slot spreading code

(1 voice channel per user) Each Data Channel has a unique Each Data Channel has a unique
position within the time slot orthogonal code

All users transmit at the Several users share the Many users share the same frequency
same time same frequency and time

IS-136, GSM, PDC IS-95, cdma2000, WCDMA

AMPS, NMT, TACS

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 The TDMA Transmitter
The Multiplexer allows various data channels
Sync. to share the same timeslot.
Bits
The timeslot selector allows multiple
transmitters to share the same carrier
Control/ Error frequency, by assigning a unique timeslot to
Signaling Protection each transmitter.
Data
Timeslot
Selector

Filtering RF
Error Data
Vocoder Transmit + Out
Protection Multiplexer
Gating RF
Modulation

User Data Error

Channel 1 Protection

User Data Error

Channel N Protection

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 The TDMA Transmitter
Example of IS-136 Downlink Transmission;
Sync, SCF, CDVCC, and CDL overhead information bits are multiplexed with the user data bits

Downlink Timeslot to User 1

Sync SACCH Data CDVCC Data Res. CDL

(28) (12) (130) (12) (130) (1) (11)

Data Multiplexing

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3

Data Multiplexing

Sync SACCH Data CDVCC Data Res. CDL

(28) (12) (130) (12) (130) (1) (11)

Downlink Timeslot to User 2

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 The CDMA Transmitter
Orthogonal Orthogonal Codes provide unique
Code 1
identification of each data channel

Sync.
Bits
Orthogonal Spread Spectrum (PN) Codes
Code 2
provide unique identification
of each transmitter
Control/ Error
Signaling Protection
Data
Spread
Spectrum
Orthogonal
Code 3 (PN or Gold)
Code

Error Linear Filtering RF

Vocoder Protection + Out
Summation
RF
Orthogonal
Code 4
Modulation

User Data Error

Channel 1 Protection

Orthogonal User 1
Code N User 2
User 3
...
User Data Error
Channel N Protection Frequency

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 Cellular CDMA Transmitter
Pre-coded
data (bits) Symbols Chips

Orthogonal
Code 1 Spread Spectrum Code
(PN Code or Gold Code)
Data CRC FEC Inter-
Channel
1
Coding Coding leaving + D/A SSC_I SSC_Q

I I Pulse I
Shaping
Linear Filter
1:2 Complex
I/Q RF
Summation Demu Multiplier
Modulator Out
x (I + jQ)
Orthogonal Pulse
Q Q Q
Code N Shaping
Filter
Data
CRC FEC Inter-
Channel
N
Coding Coding leaving + D/A

Allows for Allows for Improves Gives a unique Maps Provides 2x Gives a unique Contains Allows both signals
error detection error error identity to digital bits higher data identity to this transmitted from 1:2 Demux to
in the receiver correction correction each data to analog rate transmitter frequency share the same RF
in the in the stream signals spectrum bandwidth
(WCDMA,
receiver receiver
0 +1 cdma2000
downlink)
1 -1

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 Voice Coding
Example: Two ways to hear the sax player

Record the sax player onto a CD... ... and play back the CD

20 MB per song

Write down the notes he plays... ... and have a friend play the same notes

20 kB per song

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 Voice Coding
Vocoding
Human Voice:

ss, ff, sh ~20% of time

ah, v, mm , ~80% of time
Voice Re-Synthesis at the Receiver

H(s)
White Noise Generator

Noise Speech
Vocoder parameters Output

H(s)
Pulse Generator
Filter poles
Pitch
correspond to
parameters
resonances of the
vocal tract

Transmitted Parameters
8~12 kb/s typical,
vs.
64 kbps for log-PCM
32 kbps for ADPCM

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 ACELP/AMR Voice Coding
A/D

Linear
Predictive Voice, Tone
Coding Activity
(LPC) Detectors

Speech
Generator Mode Indication bits
(+)
Comfort Noise
(-)
Codebook Filter Tone Emulation

DTX Indication

Codebook Prediction
Index Error Perceptual Error
Analysis Weighting

MUX Vocoder
Output Bits
Benefits of Activity Detection:

1)

2)

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 Digital Cellular Error Correction
Analog Cellular
Transmitted Signal Received Signal + Noise

Digital Cellular
Transmitted Signal Received Signal + Noise

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 Digital Cellular Error Correction
Example: Mailing a letter in the US
Extra (redundant) symbols in address help correct lost symbols

ZIP codes used to detect errors in the address

With minimal data... With redundant data...

Errors are uncorrectable Errors are correctable

JD John Doe
123 E 45 123 East 45th Street
NYC NY New York City, New York 10017

Bandwidth utilization: 13 bytes Bandwidth utilization: 48 bytes

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 CRC Coding
Cyclic-Redundancy Check (CRC) Coding
Identifies corrupted data

If there is an error, the receiver can request that data be re-sent

For voice data errors, the vocoder discards any bad data

Transmitter

Original Data CRC Original Data Checksum

100101101010 Generator 100101101010 011010

RF
Transmission Path

Receiver

Received Data Received Checksum If Checksums do not match,

100101001010 011010 there is an error

CRC Re-Generated Checksum

Generator 011011

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 CRC Coding
Cyclic-Redundancy Check (CRC) Coding: Example
22-bit in /6-bit out CRC: g(x) = [ x6 + x2 + x + 1 ]

Input Data b1b2b3b4b5 b22

0
clock

Output
D D D D D D

0
D Shift Register (one unit delay)

Output
All switches up for first 22 bits;
Input Data (22 bits) CRC (6 bits)
All switches down for last 6 CRC bits
b1b2b3b4b5 b 22 c1c2c3c4c5c6

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 FEC Coding
Error Correction
How do you correct errors at the receiver?
Send Forward
message Error
many times? Correction!

010010110,
010010110,
010010110,
010010110,
010010110,

Up to 6x data expansion...

But the most powerful results

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 FEC Coding
FEC Coding approaches
Block Codes (Hamming Codes, BCH Codes, Reed-Solomon Codes)
Data is processed into unique Codewords
Each Codeword can be positively identified even if one or more bits are corrupted
Example: New York City is a codeword for NYC

Continuous Codes (Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes)

Data is processed continuously through FEC generator
Resulting data stream has built-in redundancy that can be extracted to correct bit errors.

IS-95, cdma2000, and WCDMA utilize Convolutional Codes low-rate data

Powerful error correction
Simple implementation allows low-latency, real-time processing

cdma2000 and WCDMA utilize Turbo Codes for high rate data
Most powerful error correction
More processing power (MIPS) required for decoding

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 FEC Coding: The Convolutional Coder
Convolutional Coding
Transmitter

Original Data FEC FEC Encoded data

00011011... Generator 1010011100110110...

RF
Transmission Path

Receiver

Viterbi Original Data

Decoder 00011011

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 FEC Coding: Convolutional Coder
Convolutional Coding: Example
X2k

clock
MUX Coder Output

Input Data 1010... D D

X2k+1

R = 1/2 , k=2 Convolutional Coder

For every input bit, there are two output bits

The maximum time delay is 2 clock cycles

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 FEC Coding: Convolutional Coder
State Diagram
FEC Coding: Example x2k x 2k+1 = Coder Output
X2k = (Dk) XOR (Dk-2)

X2k+1 = (Dk) XOR (Dk-1) XOR (Dk-2 )

State [00] 00 State [00]
Clock Current Delayed Outputs
11
Cycle Input Inputs

Dk Dk-1 Dk-2 X2k X2k+1

11
1 0 0 0 0 0 State [01] State [01]
00
2 1 0 0 1 1
3 0 1 0 0 1
01
4 1 0 1 0 0 State [10] State [10]
10
5 1 1 0 1 0
6 1 1 1 0 1
10
7 0 1 1 1 0
State [11] 01 State [11]
8 0 0 1 1 1

STATE

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 FEC Coding: Viterbi Decoder
Example:
Viterbi Decoding Process: Received Signal R 1,R2 = [0 1] = Branch Metric

1) Calculate Branch Metric for each possible

state transition State [00] T1,T 2 = [0 0] 1 State [00]

BM = (|R 1 - T1| + |R2 - T2|)2

T1,T 2 = [1 1] 1
R1 , R2 = Received data values

T1 , T2 = Transmitted data values

T1,T 2 = [1 1]
1
2) Calculate Cumulative Path Metric State [01] State [01]

Path Metric is sum of N previous T1,T 2 = [0 0] 0

Branch Metrics (N is memory depth
of Viterbi Decoder).

T1,T 2 = [0 1] 1
3) Calculate surviving Path
State [10] 4 State [10]
The surviving path is the path
T1,T 2 = [1 0]
with the lowest Path Metric.

4) Extract the error-corrected Data T1,T 2 = [1 0] 4

The error-corrected data sequence

is equal to the first bit of each state State [11] T1,T 2 = [0 1] State [11]
code along the surviving path 0

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 Viterbi Decoding (No noise)
Transmitted Data: 11 01 00 10

Received Data: 11 01 00 10

[0 0] 4 1 0 1 [0 0]

1
1 4
0

[0 1] 0 [0 1]

0 1

0
1 4

[1 0] 0 0 [1 0]

1 0 Path with lowest path

4 metric has the least
likelihood of error

[1 1] 4 0 [1 1]
1

Output --->> 0 1 0 1 1

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 Viterbi Decoding (With noise)
Transmitted Data: 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

Received Data: 1.1 0.8 -.3 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.3

[0 0] 3.61 2.25 1.21 1.15 1.21 2.36 [0 0]

0.81
0.81 0.81 0.81
2.25
0.09

[0 1] .34 3.80 [0 1]

1.21
1.21

.25 2.25

[1 0] .09 1.55 1.96 [1 0]

6.25

0.25

[1 1] 1.80 [1 1]

Output --->> 0 1 0 1 1

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 Multipath Fading
One users signal reflects off of many objects
The received signal contains many time-delayed replicas

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 Multipath Fading
Multipath Fading Direct Signal

Reflected Signal

Combined Signal

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 Block Interleaving
Transmitter
Interleaving
Matrix
Original Data Samples Interleaved Data Samples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
4 5 6
7 8 9

RF
Transmission Path
Amplitude

Receiver
De-
Time Interleaving
Interleaved Data Samples Matrix De-Interleaved Data Samples To Viterbi
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 decoder
4 5 6
Errors Clustered 7 8 9 Errors Distributed

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 Turbo Coding
Turbo Codes
Outperform Convolutional codes
Requires much more processing power; data packets may be decoded off-line
Used for high-bit rate data and packet data

Interleaving (time diversity) enhances error correction

Turbo Encoder Turbo Decoder

D D Decoded
Data Data
Decoder #1
P1

De-Interleaver
Interleaver
DE-
MUX Interleaver
P1 MUX
Encoder #1

P2 D
Interleaver Encoder #2
Decoder #2
P2

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 Cellular CDMA

Cellular CDMA = SSMA + Orthogonal Coding

(IS-95, cdma2000, WCDMA)

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA):

Allows multiple CDMA transmitters to share the same Radio Frequency

Orthogonal Coding:
Allows multiple data channels to co-exist within each CDMA transmission

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 The CDMA Cocktail Party
What do YOU hear...
If you only speak Japanese?
If you only speak English?
If you only speak Italian?
If you only speak Japanese, but the Japanese-speaking
person is all the way across the room?
If you only speak Japanese, but the Spanish-speaking
person is talking very loudly?

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 Code Correlation
Case I: Autocorrelation using a PN Code
Receiver and Transmitter use identical code at same time offset

Input Data +1 -1 +1

x x x
PN code used
in Transmitter +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1
Transmitter
= = =
Transmitted +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1
Sequence

x x x
PN Code +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1
Used in Receiver
= = =
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 Receiver

Integrate Integrate Integrate

Integrate
Result +8 -8 +8

Divide by
Code Length
+1 -1 +1

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 Code Correlation
Case II: Cross-Correlation using PN Codes
Receiver and Transmitter use different codes

Input Data +1 -1 +1

x x x
PN code used
in Transmitter +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1
Transmitter
= = =
Transmitted +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1
Sequence

x x x
PN Code -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 +1
Used in Receiver
= = =
-1 1 1 +1 1 +1 1 -1 -1 1 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 Receiver

Integrate Integrate Integrate

Integrate
Result -4 0 2

Divide by
-0.5 0.25
Code Length 0

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 Code Correlation
Case III: Correlation using Orthogonal Codes
(a) Same Orthogonal code; (b) Different Orthogonal codes; (c) Same code with non-zero time offset

Input Data +1 -1 +1

x x x
Orthogonal code
in Transmitter -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1
Transmitter
= = =
Transmitted -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 1 1 +1 1 +1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1
Sequence

x x x
Orthogonal Code -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1
used in Receiver
= = =
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1 +1 1 1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 1 1 +1 1 1 -1 Receiver

Integrate Integrate Integrate

Integrate
Result 8 0 -4

Divide by
Code Length +1 0 -0.5

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 Code Correlation: Key Points
TX, RX use same codes, at the same time offset

PN Codes: 100% correlation

Orthogonal Codes: 100% correlation

TX, RX use different codes

PN Codes: Low (noise-like) correlation at any time offset

Average correlation level proportional to 1/(code length)

Orthogonal Codes: 0% Correlation

TX, RX use same codes, but at different time offsets

PN Codes: Low (noise-like) correlation for any offset > +1 chip

Orthogonal Codes: Unpredictable results

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 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access

PN 1
Transmitter 1

RF
Modulation

PN 2 Receiver
Transmitter 2
PN 3
RF
Modulation
RF
Demod

PN 3
Transmitter 3
RF In this example, the receiver correlates the
Modulation
composite received signal using PN code 3.

The result is the recovered transmission

PN 4 from Transmitter #3, plus some spread spectrum
Transmitter 4 interference from transmitters #1, #2, and #4

RF
Modulation

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 Why is it called Spread Spectrum?
Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Transmitter
10 10
80

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

0
60

-10
-10 40
-20

-20 20
-30

-30 0
-40

-40 -20
-50

-50 -60 -40

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
7
Frequency Frequency Frequency x 10

Nulls @ N*Rc Frf

Bits

RF
Filter
Modulator

Chips

cos( rf*t)

PN Code PN Code
Generator Mask

Chip Clock
Fc >> Fd

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 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Case II: Two Transmitters at the same frequency
Amplitude

Signal 1

Frequency PN Code 1

Both signals combined

in the air interface
Amplitude

Signal 2

Frequency
PN Code 2

AT THE RECEIVER... Spread Spectrum

Processing Gain
Both signals are
received together PN Code Rate
=
Data Rate

PN Code 1 Signal 1 is reconstructed

Signal 2 looks like noise

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 PN Code Properties
PN Codes: Properties
PN codes may be generated using Linear Feedback Shift Registers

PN Codes are repeating, defined-length blocks of 1s and 0s

Approximately equal number of 1s and 0s

The statistics appear randomly distributed within the block

Good Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation properties

PN Code cross-correlation properties do not depend on time alignment

Example of a 32-bit (25) PN code:

01101000110101001010011010100111

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 PN Code Generation
PN Codes: Generation using a Shift Register

1 2 3 N

D D D D
1010010010001110101...

clock

b n values are 0 or 1 (determined by the specified generator polynomial)

Maximal-length (m-sequence) has a repetitive cycle of ( 2N - 1 ) bits
A code of 32,768 bits can be replicated using only a 15-bit key

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 PN Code Correlation Plots
Autocorrelation of 2000-bit PN sequence
Time offset = 0
600

500 Single, centered correlation peak

400 indicates that two signals
300
are identical, with zero time offset

200
100

0
-100
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Cross-correlation of two different PN sequences

600

500

400

300
200

100

-100
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000

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 SSMA PN Code Planning
Uplink: PN Code used to distinguish each Mobile Station
Downlink: PN Code used to distinguish each Base Station

Cell Site 1 transmits using PN code 1

PN1 PN1

PN3 PN4

Cell Site 2 transmits using PN code 2

PN2 PN2

PN5 PN6

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 SSMA PN Code Planning
Spread Spectrum Code Planning Example

PN2
W E
PN7 PN3 PN2

PN7 PN3 PN2

PN1

PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3

S
PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1

PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4

PN1 PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5

PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3

PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1

PN5 PN6 PN4

PN5

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 SSMA: Summary
Spread SSMA Utilization
Spectrum Used to distinguish the transmission source (Base
Multiple Station or Mobile Station) in cellular CDMA systems
Access
Provides good (but not 100%) separation between multiple
transmissions in the same geographic area, on the same
Tx 1 frequency
Tx 2
Works regardless of time-of-arrival delays
Tx 3
Code Planning instead of Frequency Planning
...
Frequency Reuse = 1
Frequency

Each Transmitter SSMA Limitations

has a unique
PN spreading code Imperfect signal separation
Number of simultaneous transmitters in one area
is limited by the Spreading Factor
Several Transmitters share
the same frequency Not good for transmitting multiple data streams from
and time one transmitter

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 Orthogonal Data Channelization
Transmitter

OC 1
Data Channel 1

OC 2
Data Channel 2

Receiver OC 3

Linear RF RF
OC 3 Addition Modulation Demod
Data Channel 3

In this example, the receiver correlates the

composite received signal using Orthogonal
OC 4 Code 3.
Data Channel 4
The result is a perfect reconstruction of Data
Channel #3, with no interference from the other
data channels.

To realize this perfect cross-correlation

property, it is essential that the orthogonal
codes be received in perfect timing relation to
each other.

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 Orthogonal Code Correlation
Orthogonal Code correlation
Code correlated with itself --> 100% correlation

Code is correlated with another orthogonal code --> 0% correlation

Code time alignment is essential

60 Autocorrelation of Walsh 34, Walsh 34

Integration Sum = 64 at time offset = 0
40

20

-20

-40

-60

10 20 30 40 50 60

60 Cross-correlation of Walsh 34, Walsh 47

Integration Sum = 0 at time offset = 0
40

20

-20

-40 Poor cross-correlation properties at time shifts other than zero!

-60

10 20 30 40 50 60

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 Orthogonal Codes
When you send data using Orthogonal Codes...
Orthogonal Code

Transmitted chips
Data

User 1 Data: XOR with Walsh Code User 1 Walsh-spread Data:

1 0 1 1010 0101 1010 0101

You send one orthogonal (e.g., Walsh) code for every data bit!

If you want to send a 0, you transmit the assigned Walsh Code

If you want to send a 1, you transmit the inverted Walsh Code

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 Orthogonal Codes
Orthogonal Code Transmitter
Data Channel 1 XOR with OC1 After XOR After D/A Mapping

0 1 0 ( 1111 ) (1111)(0000)(1111) (----)(++++)(----)

Data Channel 2 XOR with OC2 After XOR After D/A Mapping

0 0 1 ( 1100 ) (1100)(1100)(0011) (--++)(--++)(++--)

Data Channel 3 XOR with OC3 After XOR After D/A Mapping

1 0 1 ( 1010 ) (0101)(1010)(0101) (+-+-)(-+-+)(+-+-)

Data Channel 4 XOR with OC3 After XOR After D/A Mapping

0 0 0 ( 1001 ) (1001)(1001)(1001) (-++-)(-++-)(-++-)

Composite Transmitted Data:

4-chip (-2 -2 +2 -2) (-2 +2 +2 +2) (0 0 0 -4)
Orthogonal Code Set
1) 1 1 1 1
2) 1 1 0 0
3) 1 0 1 0
4) 1 0 0 1

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 Orthogonal Codes
4-chip Orthogonal Code Set
Orthogonal Code Receiver Analog representation)
1) -1 -1 -1 -1
Composite Received Data: 2) -1 -1 +1 +1
3) -1 +1 -1 +1
(-2 -2 +2 -2)(-2 +2 +2 +2)(0 0 0 -4) 4) -1 +1 +1 -1
Correlation

XOR with OC1 Integrate & Result: Map A D

(-1 -1 -1 -1) Normalize 1 -1 1 0 1 0

XOR with OC2 Integrate & Result: Map A D

(-1 -1 +1 +1) Normalize 1 1 -1 0 0 1

XOR with OC3 Integrate & Result: Map A D

(-1 +1 -1 +1) Normalize -1 1 -1 1 0 1

XOR with OC4 Integrate & Result: Map A D

(-1 +1 +1 -1) Normalize 1 1 1 0 0 0
XOR: Exclusive-Or multiplication
Integrate: Sum four consecutive values after XOR
Normalize: Multiply by [ 1 / code length]

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 Orthogonal Codes
Downlink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels
Coming from each Base Station

OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2

OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels

coming from each Mobile Station

OC1, OC2
OC1 , OC2, OC3

OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

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 Orthogonal Code Generation
Generation of Orthogonal (Walsh) Codes
1

11 10

1111 1100 1010 1001

11111111 11110000 11001100 11000011 10101010 10100101 10011001 10010110

1100110011001100 Digital/Analog Mapping

logic 0 analog +1
logic 1 analog - 1

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 TIA/EIA-95 CDMA Walsh Codes
Code 63

Code 32
(Sync)

Code 0
(Pilot)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

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 OVSF Codes
OVSF Code Space: 8 users; one 8-bit code per user
1
Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps

11 10

1111 1100 1010 1001

11111111 11110000 11001100 11000011 10101010 10100101 10011001 10010110

480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s

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 OVSF Codes
OVSF Code Space: 5 users; one user has 4x data bandwidth
1
Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps
User with 4x Bit Rate

11 1.92 Mb/s 10

1111 1100 1010 1001

11111111 11110000 11001100 11000011 10101010 10100101 10011001 10010110

480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s

= Unusable Code Space

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 Orthogonal CDMA: Summary
CDMA allows multiple data streams to be sent
Code
Division on the same RF carrier
Multiple
Perfect isolation between data streams
Access
Timing between data streams must be exact
Data 1
Maximum number of data channels = orthogonal
Data 2 code length
Data 3 The longer the code, the slower the data rate
...

Frequency
Code space can be rapidly re-allocated to
match user data rate requirements
Each Data Stream has
a unique
Orthogonal
spreading code CDMA advantages are limited in practice
Multipath, small timing errors, and motion-
Many users share the same related effects diminish the usable code space
frequency and time

IS-95, cdma2000,
WCDMA

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 Cellular CDMA (SSMA + OC)
Spread Code Cellular CDMA (IS-95, cdma2000, WCDMA)
Spectrum Division
Multiple Multiple
Access Access PN Codes are used:
To distinguish between Mobile Stations
User 1 To distinguish between Base Stations

User 2 Orthogonal Codes are used:

User 3 To distinguish between data channels coming from each MS
To distinguish between data channels from each BS
...

Frequency

PN Spreading Codes

and

Orthogonal Codes

are simultaneously utilized

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 Cellular CDMA (SSMA + OC)
Pilot, Broadcast
PN1 + OCP + OCB
2 data channels
1 data channels
Voice (voice, control)
(control)
Conversation PN1 + OC1 + OC2
PN1 + OC3 Uplink
Packet Data

2 data channels 2 data channels

(voice, control) (14 kbps data, control)
PN3 + OC1 + OC2 PN4 + OC1 + OC2

Pilot, Broadcast
PN2 + OCP + OCB

3 data channels 4 data channels Videoconference

(voice, video, control) (384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
PN2 + OC1 + OC2 + OC3 PN2 + OC4 + OC5 + OC6 + OC7
with Data
Videoconference

3 data channels
(voice, video, control) 4 data channels
(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
PN5 + OC1 + OC2
PN6 + OC1 + OC2 + OC3 + OC4

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 Cellular CDMA Code Layering
Function IS-95A/B cdma2000 WCDMA
(1x, RC 3~9)

Data Orthogonal OVSF OVSF

Channelization 64 chip 4 ~ 256 chip 4 ~ 512 Chip

BTS Separation Short PN Code Same as 38,400 chips

Downlink 215 chip IS-95 of 2 18 Gold code

Data Long PN Code Same as None*

Encryption (242 1) chip IS-95

Data None OVSF OVSF

Channelization (only one data 4 ~ 256 chip 4 ~ 256 Chip
channel at a time)

MS Long PN Code Same as 38,400 chips

Uplink Separation (242 1) chip IS-95 of 2 25 Gold code

Data Due to MS Same as None*

Scrambling Separation Code IS-95

*WCDMA implements encryption at higher layers

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 I/Q Modulation
I/Q (In-phase/Quadrature) Modulation: Definition
Two data streams are multiplied by a common carrier frequency, but at
phase offsets of 0 degrees (cosine)and 90 degrees (sine)

Data Stream #1 I
+1

-1

I sin ( 2 f RF t)
90o
+ Q cos ( 2 f RF t)
SUM

cos ( 2 fRF t)

Data Stream #2 Q
+1

-1

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 I/Q Modulation
Graphical representation of an I/Q modulated signal

( I = -1, Q = 1 ) ( I = 1, Q = 1 )

RF Carrier amplitude

RF Carrier phase angle

( I = -1, Q = -1 ) ( I = 1, Q = -1 )

1 Modulation Symbol represents 2 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 2 bits/symbol

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 I/Q Modulation
By multiplying by the sin and cosine at the receiver, the original I
and Q data streams are recovered

Data Stream #1 I
+1
LPF -1

I sin ( 2 f RF t)
+ Q cos ( 2 f RF t) 90o
SUM

cos ( 2 fRF t)

Data Stream #2 Q
+1
LPF
-1

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 Data Filtering
Data Filtering: Why?

20

10

-10

RF Modulator -20

-30

-40

-50

-60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Frequency

Baseband filtering of data stream is

required to contain RF bandwidth

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 Data Filtering
Ordinary Channel Filter: Impulse Response

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Channel Filter

(Digital Chebyshev, 10-tap, Fc = 0.2Fs)

-5
x 10
6

4
Ringing may interfere
with subsequent bit decisions
2

-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

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 Raised-Cosine Data Filter
Raised Cosine Filter: Equations

T;
0 w (1 a )p / T

T T p
H (w ) = 1 sin w ; (1 a )p / T w (1 + a )p / T
2 2a T

w (1 + a )p / T
0;
= 0.1

1 = 0.3
0.9 = 0.5
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

= 0.7
0.4 WCDMA uses alpha = 0.22
= 0.9
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

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 Raised-Cosine Data Filter
Raised Cosine Filter: Impulse Response

0.8
= 0.3 = 0.01
0.6
(Wide filter) (Narrow filter)
0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9

Notes:

1) Ringing = 0 at exact time instants where future data points are to be sampled

2) Low alpha provides narrowest spectrum; best for reducing adjacent channel interference

3) High alpha provides lowest ringing amplitude; best for reducing ISI

4) Theoretically, even filters with very low alpha provide zero ringing at future sample points

5) Practically, low-alpha filters create greater ISI when there is timing jitter present

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 Data Filtering: The RRC Filter
Eye Diagram
1.4

1.2

Raised
0.8

0.6
Cosine
0.4 Filter
0.2

-0.2

-0.4
0 50 100 150

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6
Chebyshev
0.4 Filter
0.2

-0.2

-0.4
0 50 100 150

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 The IS-95 CDMA Transmitter
1.25 MHz BW
IS-95 Downlink

Users Long Long Walsh Short

Code Mask PN Code PN - I
Code Code Fc F

FIR
Filter
I/Q
RF
Data Add Add Inter- Mod.
011010 CRC FEC leave Out
1. Bits Bits

FIR
Filter

Short
V V V 1.2288 Mcps PN - Q 1.2288 Mcps
Code
19.2 kb/sec
8.6 kb/sec

F F F F

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 The WCDMA Transmitter

BS code (DL) or Spread Spectrum

Code Scrambling
UE code (UL)
Code
(Gold Code)
Channelization
Data Code
Channel OVSF Code
Code Generator FIR
Complex Filter
Spreading RF
Data Add Add Inter- (DL) Out
0110101 CRC FEC leaver S/P I/Q
. Bits Bits HPSK Mod.
Spreading
(UL)
FIR
Filter

Error Error Fading Orthogonal SSMA Spectral RF Modulation

Detection Correction Resistance Coding Spreading, Containment
PAPR
Reduction

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