6/30/2017 ShrimpfarmingWikipedia

Shrimpfarming
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Shrimpfarmingisanaquaculturebusinessthatexistsineitheramarineor
freshwaterenvironment,producingshrimporprawns[Note1](crustaceansof
thegroupsCarideaorDendrobranchiata)forhumanconsumption.

Contents
1 Marine
2 Freshwater Thegateofatraditionalshrimpfarm
3 Animalwelfare inKerala,Indiawhichusesthetideto
4 Seealso harvestshrimp
5 Footnotes
6 References

Marine
Commercialmarineshrimpfarmingbeganinthe1970s,andproduction
grewsteeply,particularlytomatchthemarketdemandsoftheUnited
States,Japan,andWesternEurope.Thetotalglobalproductionoffarmed
shrimpreachedmorethan1.6milliontonnesin2003,representingavalue
ofnearlyUS$9billion.About75%offarmedshrimpisproducedinAsia,
particularlyinChinaandThailand.Theother25%isproducedmainlyin
LatinAmerica,whereBrazil,Ecuador,andMexicoarethelargest
producers.ThelargestexportingnationisThailand.

Shrimpfarminghaschangedfromtraditional,smallscalebusinessesin
Shrimpgrowoutpondonafarmin
SoutheastAsiaintoaglobalindustry.Technologicaladvanceshaveledto
SouthKorea
growingshrimpateverhigherdensities,andbroodstockisshipped
worldwide.VirtuallyallfarmedshrimpareofthefamilyPenaeidae,and
justtwospeciesLitopenaeusvannamei(Pacificwhiteshrimp)andPenaeusmonodon(gianttigerprawn)
accountforroughly80%ofallfarmedshrimp.Theseindustrialmonoculturesareverysusceptibletodiseases,
whichhavecausedseveralregionalwipeoutsoffarmshrimppopulations.Increasingecologicalproblems,
repeateddiseaseoutbreaks,andpressureandcriticismfrombothNGOsandconsumercountriesledtochangesin
theindustryinthelate1990sandgenerallystrongerregulationbygovernments.In1999,aprogramaimedat
developingandpromotingmoresustainablefarmingpracticeswasinitiated,includinggovernmentalbodies,
industryrepresentatives,andenvironmentalorganizations.

Freshwater
Freshwaterprawnfarmingsharesmanycharacteristicswith,andmanyofthesameproblemsas,marineshrimp
farming.Uniqueproblemsareintroducedbythedevelopmentallifecycleofthemainspecies(thegiantriver
prawn,Macrobrachiumrosenbergii).[1]Theglobalannualproductionoffreshwaterprawnsin2010wasabout
670,000tons,ofwhichChinaproduced615,000tons(92%).[2]

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Animalwelfare
Eyestalkablationistheremovalofone(unilateral)orboth(bilateral)
eyestalksfromacrustacean.Itisroutinelypracticedonfemaleshrimps(or
prawns)inalmosteverymarineshrimpmaturationorreproductionfacility
intheworld,bothresearchandcommercial.Theaimofablationunder
thesecircumstancesistostimulatethefemaleshrimptodevelopmature
ovariesandspawn.[3] Afarmerconstructingashrimpfarm
inPekalongan,Indonesia
Mostcaptiveconditionsforshrimpcauseinhibitionsinfemalesthat
preventthemfromdevelopingmatureovaries.Eveninconditionswherea
givenspecieswilldevelopovariesandspawnincaptivity,useofeyestalkablationincreasestotaleggproduction
andincreasesthepercentageoffemalesinagivenpopulationthatparticipateinreproduction.Oncefemaleshave
beensubjectedtoeyestalkablation,completeovariandevelopmentoftenensueswithinaslittleas3to10days.

Seealso
Painininvertebrates

Footnotes
1.Theterminologymaybeconfusingasdifferentagenciesdrawdifferentdistinctionsbetween"shrimp"and"prawns".

References
1.New,M.B.:FarmingFreshwaterPrawns(http://library.enaca.org/Shrimp/Publications/FAO_Macrobrachium_manual_
2003.pdf)FAOFisheriesTechnicalPaper428,2002.ISSN04299345.
2.DataextractedfromtheFAOFisheriesGlobalAquacultureProductionDatabase(http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/static?d
om=collection&xml=globalaquacultureproduction.xml)forfreshwatercrustaceans.AsofOctober2012,themostrecent
datasetsarefor2010andsometimescontainestimates.AccessedOctober21,2012.
3.Uawisetwathana,ULeelatanawit,RKlanchui,APrommoon,JKlinbunga,SKaroonuthaisiri,N(7September2011).
"InsightsintoEyestalkAblationMechanismtoInduceOvarianMaturationintheBlackTigerShrimp"(http://journals.plo
s.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0024427).PLOSONE.6:e24427.PMC3168472(https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168472) .PMID21915325(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21915325).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024427(https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024427).

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