Exam 1 - Section 1

1 A recent memo from the Department of Youth Services reported the statistics of crimes
involving adolescents, defined as crimes in which the offender was 18 years old or younger.
For 1998, 6 percent of all violent crimes involved adolescents, but in 1999, only 5 percent of
all violent crimes involved adolescents. Based on this data, the Minister for Youth Services
delivered a press release to the media to report that the Department of Youth Services had
succeeded in reducing youth involvement in violent crimes.

If the Minister's press release was true, which of the following is the most likely
conclusion to draw from the information above?
Choose one answer.
A. In 1997, more than 6 percent of all violent crimes that were studied involved
adolescents
B. The number of violent crimes involving adults increased from 1998 to 1999
C. The number of violent crimes involving adults decreased from 1998 to 1999
D. There proportion of violent crimes involving adults increased from 1998 to 1999
The only conclusion that follows from the information is choice D, which states that the
proportion of violent crimes that involved adults increased in the year 1998 to 1999. If the
percentage of total crimes committed by adolescents decreased by 1%, then another group
must be responsible for the other 1% of crimes - this group would have to be non-adolescents
(ie. adults). Choice A, which involves statistics in 1997, cannot be concluded from the
information provided. Choices B and C also cannot be concluded, because they address the
number of adult crimes rather than the percentages.

2 The areas P, Q, R and S are all equal to one another. The Earth takes the same amount of
time to move from X 1 to X 2 as it does to move from X 3 to X 4 or from X 5 to X 6 or from X 7
to X 8 .

The speed of the Earth is greatest as it travels from

Choose one answer.
A. X 1 to X 2
 B. X 3 to X 4
C. X 5 to X 6
D. X 7 to X 8
They key point here is to pick up that the Earth takes the same time to travel all the intervals
shown. Since it travels the greatest distance between X1 and X2, it must be going the fastest
between these two points.

3 Alma, Bess, Cleo and Dina visited Edna on Saturday, either in the morning or the evening.
The time of each visit was as follows:

Alma at 8 oclock

Bess at 9 oclock

Cleo at 10 oclock

Dina at 11 oclock

At least one woman visited Edna between Alma and Bess. Alma did not visit Edna before
both Cleo and Dina. Cleo did not visit Edna between Bess and Dina.

Who visited Edna last?

Choose one answer.
A. Alma
B. Bess
C. Cleo
D. Dina

Try making a chart as follows:

Order of visits
Visiting times

Write Alma, Bess, Cleo and Dina in the same order along the top of the chart, and the
corresponding visiting times, 8, 9, 10 and 11, below so that no condition is contradicted.

Let us number the statements:

[1]: Alma, Bess, Cleo and Dina visited Edna on Saturday, either in the morning or the
evening. The time of each visit was as follows

[2]: At least one woman visited Edna between Alma and Bess.

[3]: Alma did not visit Edna before both Cleo and Dina.

[4]: Cleo did not visit Edna between Bess and Dina.
From [1] and any of [2], [3] and [4], at least one woman visited Edna in the morning and at
least one woman visited Edna in the evening. From [3], Alma did not visit Edna first. So,
from [1], the order of the visits must be one of the following:

Case I: Bess (9), Alma (8), Cleo (10), Dina (11)

Case II: Bess (9), Cleo (10), Alma (8), Dina (11)

Case III: Bess (9), Cleo (10), Dina (11), Alma (8)

Case IV: Bess (9), Dina (11), Alma (8), Cleo (10)

Case V: Cleo (10), Alma (8), Bess (9), Dina (11)

Case VI: Cleo (10), Dina (11), Alma (8), Bess (9)

Case VII: Dina (11), Alma (8), Bess (9), Cleo (10)

From [2], Cases I, V, VI and VII are eliminated. Then, from [4], Cases II and III are
eliminated. So Case IV is the right one and Cleo visited Edna last.

Questions 4 and 5

Many plants have, through physical adaptations, special means of storing and conserving
water that is typically scarce in the habitats they occupy. Desert plants have adapted to the
extremes of heat and aridity by using both physical and metabolic mechanisms, much like
desert animals. Specifically, plants that have adapted by altering their physical structure are
called xerophytes.

The plant body of a typical cactus is composed of one or more stem segments that are
succulent that is, having water storage tissue (parenchyma) in their central portions and a
outer skin that is covered by a thickened epidermis (outer layer of skin) and a thick layer of
cuticle (waxy covering). They often have few or no leaves, which reduces transpiration1.

At various places upon these stem segments are areoles from which both spines and flowers
arise. In some cacti, the stems have developed ribs that assist the plant by providing more
surface area to encourage heat loss, to accommodate rapid stem diameter increases following
up-take of large amounts of water during rare rain events, and to provide shade in some
species.

These anatomical adaptations, in addition to the evolution of crassulacean acid metabolism

for carbon fixation, have enabled the cacti to flourish in otherwise inhospitable habitats.
Some cacti have even become geophytic, with the largest portions of their biomass below
ground, where they store water in enlarged roots; the aboveground photosynthetic stems are
small by comparison.
1
Transpire: to lose water vapour from a plant's surface.
4 From the information above, it may be concluded that:
Choose one answer.
A. Physical adaptations are more pronounced in plants than metabolic adaptations
B. Cacti is a xerophyte
C. All desert plants have special means of storing and conserving water
D. Being geophytic allows cacti to take advantage of rain when it occurs
The only correct conclusion in the passage is that Cacti is a Xerophyte, because they have
adapted by altering their physical structure. Option A is incorrect because the passage does
not refer to the occurrence or relative importance of physical and behavioural adaptations.
Option C is incorrect because the passage does not state that all desert plants have special
means of conserving water, and option D is incorrect being geophytic allows cacti to store
water not to take advantage of rain when it occurs (this is done by rapid stem diameter
increases).

5 Which of the following cannot be concluded from the passage?

Choose one answer.
A. In most cacti, the majority of water storage occurs below ground
B. Crassulacean acid metabolism for carbon fixation is beneficial to plants in arid
conditions
C. Some desert plants have special means of storing and conserving water
D. Some desert animals have adapted their behaviour to suit their environment
According to the passage, cacti can store water in stem segments (above ground) and in
enlarged roots (below ground). The passage states that some cacti are geophytes and thus
most water storage occurs below ground. However, the passage does not state what
proportion of cacti are geophytic and thus we cannot conclude option A. Options B, C and D
are stated in / implied by the passage. Thus the correct answer is option A.

6 The number of false statements in this paragraph is one. The number of false statements in
this paragraph is two. The number of false statements in this paragraph is three. The number
of false statements in this paragraph is four.
How many false statements in the above paragraph are there?
Choose one answer.
A. There is 1 False Statement.
B. There are 2 False Statements.
C. There are 3 False Statements.
D. There are 4 False Statements.

If option A There is 1 False Statement is correct, the first statement would be true and the
other three statements would be false. This would mean there would be 3 false statements,
contradicting option A.
If option B There are 2 False Statements is correct, the second statement The number of
false statements in this paragraph is two is true, but the other three statements would be
false. Like option A, the outcome is contradictory.

If option D There are 4 False Statements is correct, the fourth statement The number of
false statements in this paragraph is four is true, but this is one of the four false statements.
This like options A and B is contradictory.

If option C There are 3 False Statements is correct, the third statement, the number of false
statements in this paragraph is three is true and the other three statements are false. Thus,
the only logically correct answer is C.

Questions 7 - 17

By using electrical recording devices, scientists have shown that many cells in the part of the
brain involved with processing visual information respond only to lines of a certain
orientation. For example, some brain cells fire when vertical lines are present but do not
respond to horizontal lines. Animals that rely on vision must have an entire set of cells so that
at least some part of their brains responds when lines of a given orientation are present in
their environment.

A major question is, how much is brain organization affected by the animal's environment?
The following series of studies investigates this possible environmental role in the
development of cat vision.

Study 1

Scientists presented lines of various orientations to newborn kittens while recording electrical
activity from the visual part of the brain. No matter what the orientation, some cells fired
while others did not. These kittens were able to walk around both vertical and horizontal
obstacles without bumping into them.

Study 2

Scientists conducted the same test used in Study 1 on 6-month-old kittens that were raised in
a normal environment. Results matched those of Study 1.

Study 3

Scientists raised newborn kittens for six months in a completely dark environment. The
scientists recorded very little brain cell activity when the kittens were presented with a wide
variety of stimuli. These kittens had great difficulty navigating around various mazes. They
bumped into both vertical and horizontal obstacles.

Study 4
Scientists placed newborn kittens in an environment in which all they saw were vertical lines.
At 6 months, none of their brain cells responded to horizontal lines, but their brain cells had
more activity than what was found in Studies 1 and 2 when vertical lines were present. These
6-month-old kittens easily walked around a maze of vertical obstacles but bumped into and
could not walk around horizontal obstacles placed in their paths.

Study 5

This study was identical to Study 4 except that the scientists exposed the kittens to only
horizontal lines. At 6 months, their brain cells showed no activity in response to vertical lines
and, when presented with horizontal lines, showed increased activity as compared to the
kittens in Studies 1 and 2. These kittens negotiated a maze of horizontal obstacles but could
not navigate around vertical obstacles.

Study 6

Scientists placed l-year-old cats that were raised in a normal environment and had normal
vision in a dark environment for six months. At the end of this time, these cats displayed a
brain-cell firing pattern similar to that of the cats used in Studies 1 and 2.

Study 7

For six months, scientists exposed l-year-old cats with normal vision and a prior normal
environment to only vertical lines. Results were identical to those of Study 6.

Study 8

For six months, scientists exposed 1-year-old cats with normal vision and a prior normal
environment to only horizontal lines. No difference was found between these cats and those
of Study 7.

7 On the basis of Study 1, can newborn kittens see vertical lines?

Choose one answer.
A. No, because newborn kittens have brain cells that respond to horizontal lines.
B. No, because newborn kittens can move around horizontal obstacles.
C. Yes, because newborn kittens have been exposed to many vertical lines in their
environment.
D. Yes, because newborn kittens have brain cells that respond to vertical lines.

The newborn kittens' brains responded the way that you would expect if the cats were to get
around in their environment, so the Yes answers (options C and D) are the most probable.
Further, options A and B give pretty weak reasons for the lack of responses. The ability to
respond to horizontal lines does not make it impossible to respond to vertical lines. Option C
is illogical. If the kittens are newborns, they could not have had much exposure. Option D
provides a good explanation. The kittens had brain cells that responded to vertical lines; you
can logically make the conclusion that the vertical-lines information gets to the kittens'
brains. This conclusion in turn makes it likely that the kittens can see the lines. Thus option D
is the best answer.

8 Scientists place a 1-year-old cat that was raised in a normal environment in a maze of
vertical and horizontal obstacles.

Which of the following is the most likely result?

Choose one answer.

A. The cat makes no attempt to get around the obstacles.
B. The cat negotiates around both vertical and horizontal obstacles.
C. The cat bumps into horizontal obstacles but gets around vertical obstacles.
D. The cat bumps into vertical obstacles but gets around horizontal obstacles.
In this question, the cat is twice as old as the oldest kitten in Studies 1 and 2, meaning that
you can't be sure that the present trend continues. (Common sense tells you that the trend
probably will continue, but you must be able to distinguish between what will probably
happen and what will necessarily happen.) A more definitive answer comes from looking at
Studies 6, 7, and 8. In these studies, scientists gave normal cats that had a normal
environment for one year an abnormal environment for six months. The cat in this question
still responded normally, the same way that the cats in Studies 6, 7, and 8 responded, but
didn't have to endure an abnormal experience. If the vision of the cats exposed to the
abnormal environments turned out okay, then the cat that was not placed in such an
environment should also be okay. Thus option B is the best answer.

9 Which of the following was not under the direct control of the experimenters?
Choose one answer.
A. The length of time that the cat spent in an abnormal environment
B. The number of brain cells that responded to horizontal lines
C. The age at which the cat was tested for visual response
D. The types of obstacles placed in a maze

When an experimental factor, or variable, is under the direct control of the experimenters, the
experimenters are able to decide exactly how much (or what type) of that factor to use
without having to depend on any intervening process. Option A is under the control of the
experimenters, as is option D and C. By process of elimination, option B is correct. The
experimenters can try to change this factor by changing the environment, but exactly how
many cells are going to respond depends on the way the cats brain is set up and on how the
cats brain interacts with the environment. Independent variables (options A, C, and D, in this
case) are those that can be manipulated independently of any other factor. A dependent
variable (option B in this case) depends on what else was done in the experiment.

10 Why is Study 6 so important in relation to Study 3?

Choose one answer.
 A. Study 6 shows that the effects of six months in darkness may depend on the cat's age
when scientists place it in such an environment.
B. Older cats have more reliable brain-cell responses than younger cats.
C. Study 6 extends the findings of Study 3 by showing that longer periods of darkness
also change brain-cell responses.
D. Study 6 contradicts the findings of Study 3 by showing that, when cats are placed in
darkness for a longer period of time, the effect found in Study 3 disappears.
Options C and D can be eliminated immediately. Study 6 used older cats (ones that have been
alive for a longer period of time), but these cats, as well as those of Study 3, were in darkness
for only six months. There is no evidence to support option B. Six months in darkness does
not have such a devastating effect when the cats are older. Thus option A is the best answer.

11 Some humans who have suffered brain injuries have been able to recover a lost brain
function by having the brain reorganize itself.

On the basis of all the cat-vision studies, which of the following humans would be most
likely to recover a lost function through brain reorganization?

Choose one answer.

A. A 50-year-old man who suffers a stroke (lack of oxygen to a certain region of the
brain)
B. An 80-year-old woman who suffers a stroke
C. A 30-year-old combat soldier who suffers a bullet wound in the brain
D. A baby who has had part of the left side of his brain surgically removed along with a
tumor
The key is to pick up on the ages. Which cats showed a change from the ordinary response
pattern when the environment changed? The young cats. Similarly, a young human's brain is
likely to be more flexible than that of an older human. Option D, which features the youngest
human, is the correct answer.

12 Scientists exposed a 2-year-old cat that was raised in a normal environment and had
normal vision to only horizontal lines.

Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction?

Choose one answer.

A. After three months, the cells in the visual part of the cats brain fail to respond to
vertical lines.
B. After six months, the cells in the visual part of the cats brain fail to respond to
vertical lines.
C. After six months, the cells in the visual part of the cat's brain respond to vertical lines.
D. After 12 months, the cells in the visual part of the cats brain respond to vertical lines.

Study 8 shows that l-year-old cats exposed to only horizontal lines for six months still have
brain cells capable of responding to vertical lines. This information eliminates options A and
B. After one year, the wiring in the cats visual part of the brain seems to be fixed, so you can
assume that the 2-year-old cats brain has fixed wiring. Be careful of option D. You cannot
say for sure what effects an exposure longer than six months will have. Option C is a much
safer choice and is the correct answer.

13 In considering all the studies, which of the following is true regarding the brain-cell
electrical measurements and the maze results?
Choose one answer.
A. The measurements and results are consistent with each other.
B. The measurements and results are consistent with each other only for newborn
kittens.
C. The measurements and results are consistent with each other only for cats more than 1
year old.
D. The measurements and results are inconsistent with each other.

When the electrical measurements showed reduced response to vertical lines, the cats could
negotiate around vertical obstacles. Reduced response to horizontal lines corresponds to
failure to negotiate around horizontal obstacles. The electrical measurements and the maze
results always provided the same information regarding what type of lines the cats could
negotiate. Thus option A is the best answer.

14 Which of the following studies shows that environmental stimulation can lead to a
change in the way the cells in the visual part of a cat's brain respond?

I. Study 1

II. Study 4

III. Study 5

IV. Study 8

Choose one answer.

A. II only
B. II and III only
C. III and IV only
D. I, Ill, and IV only

Study 1 was performed with newborn kittens. With such minimal environmental stimulation,
this study cannot be used to show that the environment has an effect. This eliminates I and
option D. Study 4 looks good. Exposure to only vertical lines caused a loss of cells able to
respond to horizontal lines and a gain of those able to respond to vertical lines. Option II is
correct. Because the correct answer must have II in it, option C can be eliminated. Study 5 is
very similar to Study 4, except that the roles of the vertical and horizontal lines are

reversed. Study 5 shows a loss of cells able to respond to vertical lines and a gain of those
able to respond to horizontal lines. III is correct, as is option B. To verify that option IV does
not work, Study 8 shows that the environment has no effect on l-year-old cats. This study,
taken by itself, lends no support to an environmental contribution.

15 If Study 4 is conducted but Studies 3 and 5 are not, can the scientists conclude that
all cells in the visual part of a kitten's brain require stimulation in order to function?
Choose one answer.
A. Yes, because some brain cells stop responding to horizontal lines.
B. Yes, because some brain cells respond to vertical lines.
C. No, because some brain cells respond to vertical lines.
D. No, because Study 4 does not test whether vertical-responding cells require
stimulation.

This question tests whether you understand that experimental results are limited when only
certain conditions are tested. The results of Study 4 indicate only that horizontal-responding
cells require stimulation early in a kitten's life in order to function; Study 4 does not establish
whether vertical-responding cells require such stimulation because the study does not
examine what happens to the cells when they are deprived of vertical-line input. A conclusion
regarding all cells is not justified. Eliminate options A and B. Option C is incorrect because
all this study establishes in regard to vertical lines is that the cells continue to respond when
given vertical-line input. Perhaps the cells could have responded in the absence of such input.
Option D pinpoints the limitations of the study and is the correct answer. Studies 3 and 5 did
test this factor and allow for a more general conclusion regarding brain cells and
environmental input.

16 On the basis of all the studies, which of the following best summarizes the role of the
environment in the development of a cat's visual brain-cell responses?
Choose one answer.
A. The environment has no effect.
B. Environmental input early in a cat's life contributes to the continuation of normal
responding.
C. Environmental input can change the pattern of responses throughout a cat's life.
D. The environment is the only factor that influences the responses.
If option A is true, the kittens in Studies 3, 4, and 5 would have normal visual responses. If
option C were true, the cats in Studies 6, 7, and 8 would show a change in response patterns.
Option D is at odds with Study 1. If the environment is the only factor, why do newborn cats
show responses to all types of stimuli? This reasoning leaves only option B.

17
Which of the following studies would probably add the most new information to the
work done in this set of experiments?

Choose one answer.

A. A study identical to Study 3, except that the kittens are in the dark environment for
seven months.
B. A study identical to Study 6, except that the cats are in the dark environment for five
months.
C. A study identical to Study 6, except that the study uses 2-year-old cats.
D. A study identical to Studies 4 and 5, except that the cats are exposed only to diagonal
lines.
Study 3 shows that six months of darkness almost entirely wipes out the cells' ability to
respond. Perhaps seven months would cause a complete cessation of responding, but the
point made from Study 3 (namely, that lack of visual stimulation leads to impaired brain-cell
responding) is already established. Therefore, the study mentioned in option A will not add
much. Study 6 strongly suggests that the response patterns in the visual part of a cat's brain
are fixed enough at 1 year so that six months of an abnormal environment has no noticeable
effect. If six months has no noticeable effect, why would five months be any different? Thus
option B is not the best answer. If the brain-cell responses are fixed by the time that a cat is 1
year old, it seems reasonable to expect that a 2-year-old cat would show the same responses.
Thus option C is not the best answer. The study mentioned in option D would help because it
would show what happens to cells that respond to lines that are in between vertical and
horizontal. This study would add some information regarding how precise the brain cells are
in regard to lines in the environment. For example, is a diagonal line close enough to a
vertical line that the exposure only to diagonal lines still allows the cat to respond to vertical
lines? The answer to this question would increase understanding of how the environment
interacts with the visual part of a cat's brain.

18 The importance to a society of knowing the correct time is very telling about the nature of
that society. In Australia, people find it important to know the time, often down to the exact
second. In Spain, however, time is relative and looser, and people think it is more important o
be aware of the hour of a scheduled meeting, for instance, than its precise starting minute.
When people switch societies, it is difficult for them to get used to a different attitude about
times importance.

Which of the following can be inferred?

Choose one answer.
A. There are societies that only use time based on the day of the week.
B. Spanish people are more relaxed than people in Australia.
C. An Australian is more likely to be punctual in Australia than a newly arrived
Spaniard.
D. Societies that place a higher importance on smaller units of time are generally more
technologically advanced than other societies.
This passage argues that different societies attach different importance to knowing the exact
time. The passage notes the difference between Australian and Spanish attitudes about time,
and it then claims that it is hard for people to accustom themselves to new ideas about time
when they move from one place to another. The best answer is option C. This statement is
true because the passage states that Spanish people are less concerned about punctuality than
Australians are. Additionally, the statement claims that people have a hard time adapting to a
new societys attitudes about time. Option A is an inference that cannot be made from the
details of the passage it is beyond the scope of the passage. The Spanish general attitude
cannot be determined just on the basis of their relaxed view of time (option B). Although
option D may be true when comparing Australia and Spain, we are unable to determine from
the information in the passage that this is the case, and that this is always the case.

19 In living things, amino acids are coded for by triplets of four different DNA bases -
thymine (T), cytosine (C), adenine (A) and guanine (G).
For example, GCA codes for the amino acid alanine, which is circled in the table.
Sickle cell anaemia is a blood disorder due to a difference in one letter of the triplet code for
an amino acid.
Normal: - CCT - GAG - GAG -
Sickle cell: - CCT - GTG - GAG -
In this sequence, sickle cell anaemia sufferers carry

Choose one answer.

A. Glutamine instead of valine
B. Glutamic acid instead of valine
C. Valine instead of glutamine
D. Valine instead of glutamic acid
According to the chart, GAG codes for glutamic acid and GTG codes for valine. Therefore,
sickle cell anaemia sufferers carry valine instead of glutamic acid at that particular site. All
other options are incorrect interpretations of the chart.

20 In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) is three to seven times more expensive for women aged over
42 years old, a study has found. The direct healthcare costs of IVF for each live birth is, on
average, $24,809 for women aged 30 and under. But that increases to $97,884 for women
over 40 and $182,794 for women 42 and over. However, the study found that older women
accounted for only a very small percentage of overall IVF healthcare costs.

Which of the following can be inferred?

Choose one answer.

A. Women over 42 can expect to pay almost double for each IVF treatment than women
over 40
B. A woman aged 43 will pay $182,794 for IVF treatment
C. The overall cost of IVF services for older women is likely to be less than that for
younger women
D. The cost of IVF to the Australian community is relatively high
The costs stated in the passage refer to the costs of IVF for each live birth, not each treatment.
Thus option A is not necessarily true. The cost of each treatment may be the same, but the
decreased fertility in older women may make more IVF treatments necessary and therefore
increase the cost. The costs given are average figures, so option B is not necessarily true.
Some women will pay more than this amount, and some less, depending on their
circumstances. Option C can be inferred. The passage states that IVF treatment is three to
seven times more expensive for older women, but that older women make up only a very
small percentage of overall healthcare costs. Thus it can be inferred that overall, the cost of
IVF in older women overall is less than that of younger women. There is no comparison
between IVF treatments and other types of healthcare in the Australian community, therefore
option D cannot be concluded.

Questions 21 - 27

The organisms W, X, Y, and Z respond to the antibiotics ferromycin, ganocyclene, and

heptocillin in a manner consistent with the following:

Each of the organisms responds to at least one of the antibiotics.

No organism responds to all three antibiotics.

At least two but not all four of the organisms respond to ferromycin.

If W responds to any antibiotic, then X responds to that antibiotic.

If an organism responds to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene.

Y responds to ferromycin.

21 Each of the following can be true except

Choose one answer.
A. W responds to heptocillin
B. X responds to ganocyclene
C. Y responds to heptocillin
 D. Z responds to ganocyclene

Option A is incorrect. The following diagram has W responding to heptocillin and satisfies
all the conditions:

W X Y Z
H H F F
G G

Option B is incorrect. The following diagram has X responding to ganocyclene and satisfies
all the conditions:

W X Y Z
G G F F
G G

Option C is correct. Since Y responds to ferromycin, the condition If an organism responds

to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene forces Y to respond to ganocyclene. Now, if
Y responds to heptocillin, Y would respond to all three antibiotics, which violates the
condition No organism responds to all three antibiotics.

Option D is incorrect. The following diagram has Z responding to ganocyclene and satisfies
all the conditions:

W X Y Z
H H F F
G

22 Which one of the following could be true?

Choose one answer.
A. W, X, and Z all respond to ferromycin.
B. W, X, and Z all respond to ganocyclene.
C. W and exactly one other organism respond to ganocyclene.
D. More of the organisms respond to ferromycin than to ganocyc1ene.

Option A is incorrect. Since Y responds to ferromycin, this choice has four organisms
responding to ferromycin, which violates the condition At least two but not all four of the
organisms respond to ferromycin.

Option B is correct. The following diagram has W, X, and Z all responding to ganocyclene
and satisfies all the conditions:
W X Y Z
G G F F
G G

Option C is incorrect. Since Y responds to ferromycin, the condition If an organism responds

to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene forces Y to respond to ganocyclene:

W X Y Z
F
G

If W responds to ganocyclene, then the condition If W responds to any antibiotic, then X

responds to that antibiotic forces X to also respond to ganocyclene. However, this situation
has 3 organisms - W, X, and Y - responding to ganocyclene.

Option D is incorrect. This contradicts the condition If an organism responds to ferromycin,

then it responds to ganocyclene.

23 Which one of the following could be true?

Choose one answer.
A. All four of the organisms respond to heptocillin.
B. At least one of the organisms responds both to ferromycin and to heptocillin.
C. At least one of the organisms responds neither to ganocyclene nor to heptocillin.
D. At least one of the organisms responds to ganocyclene but does not respond to
ferromycin.

Option A is incorrect. Since Y responds to ferromycin, the condition If an organism

responds to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene forces Y to respond to ganocyclene.
Since this answer has all four organisms responding to heptocil1in, Y responds to heptocillin.
However, this has Y responding to all three antibiotics, which violates the condition No
organism responds to all three antibiotics.

Option B is incorrect. Since any organism that responds to ferromycin must also respond to
ganocyclene, this answer has at least one organism responding to all three antibiotics.
However, this violates the condition No organism responds to all three antibiotics.

Option C is incorrect. If an organism responds to neither ganocyclene nor heptocillin, then it

must respond to ferromycin (Each of the organisms responds to at least one of the
antibiotics). But If an organism responds to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene.
Thus, every organism must respond to either ganocyclene or heptocillin.

Option D is correct. The following diagram has W responding to only ganocyclene and
satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
G H F F
G G G

24 If X does not respond to ferromycin, then which one of the following must be true?
Choose one answer.
A. W responds to ganocyclene.
B. X responds to heptocillin.
C. Z responds to ferromycin.
D. Z responds to heptocillin.

Option A is incorrect. The following diagram has W responding to only heptocillin and
satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
H H F F
G G

Option B is incorrect. The following diagram has X responding to only ganocyclene and
satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
G G F F
G G

Option C is correct. From the condition At least two but not all four of the organisms
respond to ferromycin, we know that either W or Z must respond to ferromycin (Y already
responds to ferromycin). Suppose W responds to ferromycin. Then from the condition If W
responds to any antibiotic, then X responds to that antibiotic we know that X responds to
ferromycin. This, however, contradicts the premise of the question. Hence, Z must respond to
ferromycin.

Option D is incorrect. The following diagram has Z responding to only ganocyc1ene and
satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
G G F F
G
 G

25 If any of the organisms responds to two of the antibiotics, then which one of the
following is true about such an organism?
Choose one answer.
A. It must respond to ferromycin.
B. It must respond to ganocyclene.
C. It cannot respond to ferromycin.
D. It cannot respond to ganocyclene.

Option A is incorrect. The following diagram has X responding to only heptocillin and
ganocyclene and satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
H H F F
G G G

Option B is correct. There are 3 different ways of pairing off the antibiotics:

Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3

F G F
G H H

The first two pairs both respond to ganocyc1ene. Since the third pair responds to ferromycin,
it must also respond to ganocyclene (If an organism responds to Ferromycin, then it
responds to ganocyclene). However, this violates the condition No organism responds to all
three antibiotics.

Option C is incorrect. The following diagram has Y responding to both ferromycin and
ganocyc1cne and satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
H H F F
G G

Option D is incorrect. The following diagram has Y responding to both ferromycin and
ganocyclene and satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
H H F F
G G

26 If none of the organisms responds to heptocillin, then which one of the following
must be true?
Choose one answer.
 A. X responds to ferromycin.
B. Z responds to ferromycin.
C. Exactly three of the organisms respond to ganocyclene.
D. Exactly four of the organisms respond to ganocyclene.

Option A is incorrect. The following diagram has X responding to only ganocyclene and
satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
G G F F
G G

Option B is incorrect. The following diagram has Z responding to only ganocyclene and
satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
G F F G
G G

Option C is incorrect. Since none of the organisms responds to heptocillin, each organism
must respond to either ferromycin or ganocyclene. Now, If an organism responds to
ferromycin, then it must respond to ganocyclene. Hence, all four organisms must respond to
ganocyclene.

Option D is correct. Since none of the organisms responds to heptocillin, each organism must
respond to either ferromycin or ganocyc1ene. Now, If an organism responds to ferromycin,
then it must respond to ganocyclene. Hence, in either case an organism must respond to
ganocyclene.

27 If three of the organisms respond to exactly the same set of antibiotics as each other, and if Z does
not respond to ferromycin, then each of the following must be true except
Choose one answer.
A. W responds to ferromycin.
B. Z responds to ganocyclene.
C. W responds to exactly the same set of antibiotics as Y.
D. X responds to exactly the same set of antibiotics as Y.

Option A is incorrect. Since Y responds to ferromycin, the condition If an organism

responds to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene forces Y to respond to ganocyclene.
Since At least two but not all four of the organisms respond to ferromycin, one other
organism must respond to ferromycin. Hence, there are always two organisms that respond to
both ferromycin and ganocyclene. Now, if three of the organisms are to respond to the same
combination of antibiotics, then that combination must be ferromycin and ganocyclene, since
there are only four organisms. However, we are given that Z does not respond to ferromycin.
Hence, the three organisms that respond to ferromycin and ganocyclene are W, X, and Y.
Thus, W must respond to ferromycin.

Option B is correct. The following diagram has three of the organisms responding to exactly
the same set of antibiotics, and it satisfies all the conditions:

W X Y Z
F F F H
G G G

Option C is incorrect. Since Y responds to ferromycin, the condition If an organism responds

to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene forces Y to respond to ganocyclene. Since At
least two but not all four of the organisms respond to ferromycin, one other organism must
respond to ferromycin. Hence, there are always two organisms that respond to both
ferromycin and ganocyclene. Now, if three of the organisms are to respond to the same
combination of antibiotics, then that combination must be ferromycin and ganocyclene, since
there are only four organisms. However, we are given that Z does not respond to ferromycin.
Hence, the three organisms that respond to ferromycin and ganocyclene are W, X, and Y.
Thus, W responds to exactly the same set of antibiotics as Y.

Option D is incorrect. Since Y responds to ferromycin, the condition If an organism

responds to ferromycin, then it responds to ganocyclene forces Y to respond to ganocyclene.
Since At least two but not all four of the organisms respond to ferromycin, one other
organism must respond to ferromycin. Hence, there are always two organisms that respond to
both ferromycin and ganocyclene. Now, if three of the organisms are to respond to the same
combination of antibiotics, then that combination must be ferromycin and ganocyclene, since
there are only four organisms. However, we are given that Z does not respond to ferromycin.
Hence, the three organisms that respond to ferromycin and ganocyclene are W, X, and Y.
Thus, X responds to exactly the same set of antibiotics as Y.

28 The ability to read, write, speak and understand is assigned to different regions of the
brain. Wernicke's area is responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language. In
97% of people, it lies in the left hemisphere. Wernicke's area formulates phrases according to
learned rules of grammar and transmits a plan of speech to Broca's area located in the same
hemisphere. Broca's area generates a motor program for the muscles needed to produce
speech.

The emotional aspect of language is controlled by regions in the opposite hemisphere that
mirror Wernicke's and Broca's areas. Opposite Broca's area is the affective (emotional)
language area. Lesions to this area result in emotionless speech. The cortex opposite
Wernicke's area is concerned with recognizing the emotional content of another person's
speech.

From the information above we can conclude:

Choose one answer.

A. A lesion in Brocas area and in the area opposite Wernickes area would result an
inability to tell or understand jokes.
 B. Anyone with a lesion in the left side of the brain will find it hard to order food at a
restaurant.
C. A person with a lesion in both the Brocas area and its opposite hemisphere, will find
it difficult to write down what he/she wants to say.
D. A person who speaks fluently but uses made-up words probably has a lesion in the
right hemisphere.
A lesion in the Brocas area would result in the inability to speak properly (hence be able to
tell a joke) and the lesion in the area opposite Wernickes area would result in the inability to
recognize emotional content (hence the inability to understand a joke). Thus option A can be
inferred. Option B is not necessarily the case. Since not all brains have the Brocas area on
the left side, this cannot be assumed. Brocas area is only used for speaking i.e. generating
motor programs for speech. The centres of the brain required for writing are not mentioned in
the text, thus option C cannot be concluded. The person mentioned in option D would
probably have a lesion in Brocas area which is usually located in the left hemisphere.

29 Cortisol is a stress hormone released by the body into the blood. A study of blood cortisol
was conducted on a number of people by hourly tests throughout the day. It was found that
people who got up earlier had higher cortisol levels than people who got up later, even when
they slept for the same amount of time.

Which conclusion cannot be drawn from this information?

Choose one answer.

A. Getting up earlier gives you a higher cortisol level
B. People who sleep for the same length of time have the same cortisol levels
C. Getting up later affects the cortisol level
D. Getting up later gives you a lower cortisol level
It is important to read the question stem carefully - it asks what conclusion can not be drawn
from the information. The only conclusion that cannot be drawn is that people who sleep for
the same amount of time have cortisol levels. The passage states that people who have slept
for the same amount of time, but have arisen at different times, have different cortisol levels.

30 One of Mr Horton, his wife, their son, and Mr Hortons mother is a doctor and another is a
lawyer. If the doctor is younger than the lawyer, then the doctor and the lawyer are not blood
relatives. If the doctor is a woman, then the doctor and the lawyer are blood relatives. If the
lawyer is a man, then the doctor is a man.
It is possible to determine the occupation of
Choose one answer.
A. Mr Horton
B. Mr Hortons wife
C. Mr Hortons son
D. Mr Hortons mother

Let us number the statements:

 [1]: If the doctor is younger than the lawyer, then the doctor and the lawyer are not blood
relatives.

[2]: If the doctor is a woman, then the doctor and the lawyer are blood relatives.

[3]: If the lawyer is a man, then the doctor is a man.

In each numbered true statement, any assumption (an if part of a statement) that makes a
conclusion (a then part of a statement) false must be a false assumption; any assumption
that does not make a conclusion false may be true or false. Doctor and lawyer are
placeholders for two unknown people; when a conclusion becomes false after substituting an
ordered pair of people for doctor and lawyer, the ordered pair must be the wrong pair.

Try making a chart with a column labelled doctor and a column labelled lawyer. Write
Mr Horton, wife, son or mother in each box in as many ways as possible, crossing off
unused boxes, so that no condition is contradicted.

The two women are not blood relatives. So, from [2], if the doctor is a woman, the lawyer is a
man. Then, from [3], the doctor is a man. Because a contradiction arises from assuming the
doctor is a woman, the doctor must be a man.

Mr Hortons son is the youngest of the four and is a blood relative of each of the other three.
So, from [1], the doctor is not Mr Hortons son. Then you know the occupation of Mr Horton:
he is the doctor.

From [1], then, the lawyer cannot be Mr Hortons mother. So the lawyer is either his wife or
his son. (The doctor may be older than the lawyer). Then you do not know the occupation of
anyone else.

Questions 29 - 32

MAMMOGRAMS REPORTED BY WOMEN AGED 40 YEARS AND OVER(a) - 2001

Frequency
of mammograms
Less often
Every 2
than Never had a
years or
every 2 years mammogram
more often
(b)
% % %
Region of birth
 Australia 52.2 19.7 28.1
Other Oceania(c) 38.2 28.1 33.7
United Kingdom and Ireland 50.4 24.8 24.8
Other North-West Europe 47.5 20.5 32.0
Southern and Eastern
44.8 23.9 31.4
Europe
North Africa and Middle
27.7 25.3 47.0
East
South-East Asia 39.7 16.8 43.5
Other Asia 49.4 16.8 33.7
Americas 45.5 15.1 39.4
All other countries 37.2 34.1 28.6
Income unit
quintile
Lowest 46.3 21.4 32.3
Second 50.5 17.9 31.6
Third 50.5 22.2 27.3
Fourth 49.2 24.7 26.1
Highest 60.1 22.3 17.6

50.8 20.8 28.4

Australia (Residents)
(a) Age standardised. Women who did not state frequency of mammograms were excluded
prior to the calculation of percentages.
(b) Includes those who have had only one mammogram, or who have mammograms
irregularly.
(c) Includes New Zealand.
Source: ABS 2001 National Health Survey.

31 According to the table, the group of Australian women who had mammograms more
often than those born in the Americas but less often than those born in Australia as of
2001 were born in
Choose one answer.
A. Asian countries other than those in South-East Asia
B. The United Kingdom and Ireland
C. North-West European countries other than the United Kingdom and Ireland
D. Southern and Eastern Europe
The question deals with how often certain groups have mammograms. As such, the correct
answer must have a percentage for every two years or more often between 45.5 and 52.5
and a percentage for less often than every two years between 15.1 and 19.7. With
percentages in these two categories of 49.4 and 16.8, Other Asia is the only group to fit
these criteria, making A the correct response. The groups named in B, C and D all have at
least one of their two percentages outside the range needed to make them correct responses.

32 According to the table, of the below groups the one with the most members in 2001
was
Choose one answer.
A. Women in the highest income quintile
B. Women of all incomes who have mammograms less often than every two years
C. Women in the second and third income quintiles who have mammograms every two
years or more often
D. Women who have incomes in the lowest 60% of incomes and have never had a
mammogram
Each quintile has the same number of members and so each of the percentages below the
Income unit quintile heading can be considered equitable. Therefore, the answer can be
determined by adding the relevant percentages for each of the options, A, B, C and D. Adding
the three percentages in the row given by option A gives 100%. The five percentages in the
column given by B gives 108.5%. The two percentages in the column given by C gives
101%. The three percentages in the column given by D gives 91.2%. Since B gives the
highest result, B is the correct answer. Note that the four percentages given here are of one
fifth of the Australian population and not of the whole, which is why B and C are able to be
greater than 100%.

33 Assuming that the number of Australian women born in each of the countries and
regions specified in the table above is the same and that the spread of incomes across
women born in different areas is even, then of the options below, if in 2001 an
Australian woman were selected at random she would be least likely to have
Choose one answer.
A. A mammogram every two years or more often, have been born in the North Africa
and Middle East region and be in the lowest income quintile.
B. Never had a mammogram, be born in the South-East Asia region and be in the highest
income quintile.
C. A mammogram less often than every two years, have been born in Australia and be in
the 2nd income quintile.
D. A mammogram less often than every two years, be born in a North-West European
country outside of the United Kingdom and Ireland and be in the Third income quintile.
Since we are assuming an even spread of population amongst birth regions and an even
spread of incomes, we can simply multiply the relevant two percentages for the woman
described in each option. Our answer will be given by the lowest result. A gives 27.7 x 46.3;
B gives 43.5 x 17.6; C gives 19.7 x 17.9 and D gives 20.5 x 22.2. Although we are not
allowed calculators in the UMAT, it is clear that C will give the lowest number (as it is the
product of two of the smallest numbers). Therefore C is the correct response.

34 Of the options below, which is not a possible flaw in the research and reporting
method that could reduce the usefulness of the results in correlating frequency of
mammogram checks to area of birth amongst Australian women?
Choose one answer.
 A. Some countries with large populations were lumped in with other smaller countries,
possibly skewing the information.
B. The fact that women who did not report the frequency of their mammograms were
excluded from the results means that potentially a large number of women were omitted
from the data.
C. Not enough frequency categories were included.
D. No information on number of women from each birth area.
A is a possible flaw and thus incorrect in that a greater number of birth region categories
would improve the usefulness of the information and prevent any skewing by countries with
comparatively large populations. B is similarly a flaw as there were quite possibly a
significant number of women omitted from the results because they didnt report particular
information. Thus B is wrong. If more frequency categories were included, the data might be
made more useful, as perhaps some groups had large proportions taking mammograms every
three years, which wouldnt show up on this table. Therefore C is wrong. D is not a possible
flaw since the usefulness of the results only depends on percentages. Knowing the number of
women from each birth area would not contribute to our understanding of the relationship
between frequency of mammogram checks and area of birth. Hence, D is the correct
response.

35 Larry and Harry are twins. Harry always lies on Mondays and Wednesdays but tells the
truth on other days while Larry always lies on Tuesdays and Thursdays but tells the truth on
other days. It is not Friday, Saturday or Sunday.

Larry says It is Monday today

Harry says It is not Thursday today

What day is today?

Choose one answer.

A. Monday
B. Tuesday
C. Wednesday
D. Thursday
The question asks you to determine what day it is today. The stimulus clearly states that it is
not Friday, Saturday or Sunday, so only Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday are
remaining. Harry says 'It is not Thursday today' so if it were a Monday, this would be true.
However, Harry lies on Mondays which means that it cannot be Monday. Harry says It is not
Thursday today. If it were a Wednesday, Harry would be telling the truth with this statement,
but we know that he lies on a Wednesday. Thus it is not Wednesday. Harry tells the truth on a
Thursday, so his comment It is not Thursday today would be a lie. Thus, it is not a
Thursday. Harry tells the truth on a Tuesday, and his comment stands true if it were a
Tuesday. Furthermore, Larry lies on Tuesdays and since he says It is Monday today, today
can be Tuesday. Thus the answer is option B.
Questions 36 - 40

Developmental responses are usually permanent and irreversible; they become fixed in the
course of the individual's development in response to environmental conditions at the time
the response occurs. One such response occurs in many kinds of water bugs. Most water bug
species inhabiting small lakes and ponds have two generations per year. The first hatches
during the spring, reproduces during the summer, then dies. The eggs laid in the summer
hatch and develop into adults in late summer. They live over the winter before breeding in
early spring. Individuals in the second (overwintering) generation have fully developed wings
and leave the water in autumn to overwinter in forests, returning in spring to small bodies of
water to lay eggs. Their wings are absolutely necessary for this seasonal dispersal. The
summer (early) generation, in contrast, is usually dimorphic - some individuals have normal
functional (macropterous) wings; others have much-reduced (micropterous) wings of no use
for flight. The summer generation's dimorphism is a compromise strategy, for these
individuals usually do not leave the ponds and thus generally have no use for fully developed
wings. But small ponds occasionally dry up during the summer, forcing the water bugs to
search for new habitats, an eventuality that macropterous individuals are well adapted to
meet.

The dimorphism of micropterous and macropterous individuals in the summer generation

expresses developmental flexibility; it is not genetically determined. The individual's wing
form is environmentally determined by the temperature to which developing eggs are
exposed prior to their being laid. Eggs maintained in a warm environment always produce
bugs with normal wings, but exposure to cold produces micropterous individuals. Eggs
producing the overwintering brood are all formed during the late summer's warm
temperatures. Hence, all individuals in the overwintering brood have normal wings. Eggs laid
by the overwintering adults in the spring, which develop into the summer generation of
adults, are formed in early autumn and early spring. Those eggs formed in autumn are
exposed to cold winter temperatures, and thus produce micropterous adults in the summer
generation. Those formed during the spring are never exposed to cold temperatures, and thus
yield individuals with normal wings. Adult water bugs of the overwintering generation
brought into the laboratory during the cold months and kept warm, produce only
macropterous offspring.

36 The passage supplies information to suggest that which one of the following would happen if
a pond inhabited by water bugs were to dry up in December?
Choose one answer.
A. Both micropterous and macropterous water bugs would show an acclimatory
response.
B. The generation of water bugs to be hatched during the subsequent spring would
contain an unusually large number of macropterous individuals.
C. The dimorphism of the summer generation would enable some individuals to survive.
D. The dimorphism of the summer generation would be genetically transferred to the
next spring generation.
The information needed to answer the question is found in the second half of paragraph two. There it
is stated: The summer (early) generation, in contrast, is usually dimorphic - some individuals have
normal functional (macropterous) wings; others have much-reduced (micropterous) wings of no use
for flight. But small ponds occasionally dry up during the summer, forcing the water bugs to search
for new habitats, an eventuality that macropterous individuals are well adapted to meet. So if a pond
dries up, the water bugs with normal wings (macropterous) can still survive by flying to another pond.
The best answer is C. Note the underlined pivotal words.

37 It can be inferred from the passage that if the winter months of a particular year were
unusually warm, the
Choose one answer.
A. eggs formed by water bugs in the autumn would probably produce a higher than usual
proportion of macropterous individuals
B. eggs formed by water bugs in the autumn would probably produce an entire summer
generation of water bugs with smaller than normal wings
C. eggs of the overwintering generation formed in the autumn would not be affected by
this temperature change
D. overwintering generation of water bugs would most likely form fewer eggs in the
autumn and more in the spring

The passage states: Those eggs formed in autumn are exposed to cold winter temperatures,
and thus produce micropterous adults in the summer generation. So if the winter is unusually
warm, there should a higher than usual percentage of macropterous individuals. The answer
is therefore A.

38 According to the passage, the dimorphic wing structure of the summer generation of water
bugs occurs because
Choose one answer.
A. the overwintering generation forms two sets of eggs, one exposed to the colder
temperatures of winter and one exposed only to the warmer temperatures of spring
B. the eggs that produce micropterous and macropterous adults are morphologically
different
C. water bugs hatching in the spring live out their life spans in ponds and never need to
fly
D. the overwintering generation, which produces eggs developing into the dimorphic
generation, spends the winter in the forest and the spring in small ponds

The passage states that the overwintering adults form two sets of eggs, one in early autumn
and one in early spring. The passage indicates that eggs formed in autumn are exposed to
cold winter temperatures, and thus produce micropterous adults and that [eggs] formed
during the spring are never exposed to cold temperatures, and thus yield individuals with
normal wings. This establishes the mechanism for dimorphism and the answer is therefore
option A.

39 The generation of water bugs hatching during the summer is likely to

Choose one answer.
A. be made up of equal numbers of macropterous and micropterous individuals
B. show a marked inability to fly from one pond to another
C. exhibit genetically determined differences in wing form from the early spring-hatched
 generation
D. contain a much greater proportion of macropterous water bugs than the early spring
hatched generation
According to the passage, those water bugs which hatch during the summer have fully
developed wings (all are macropterous), unlike the generation laid and hatched during the
spring. The answer is therefore option D.

40 The passage mentions laboratory experiments with adult water bugs in order to
illustrate which one of the following?
Choose one answer.
A. the function of the summer generation's dimorphism
B. the irreversibility of most developmental adaptive responses in water bugs
C. the effect of temperature on developing water bug eggs
D. the functional adjustment of water bugs in response to seasonal temperature variation
The purpose of the last paragraph is to show that the varied wing development of water bugs
is determined by environment, not genetics. By showing that changes in temperature affect
wing development in water bugs, the passage is presenting evidence that wing development is
environmentally determined. The answer is therefore option C.

41

A recent study regarding childhood eating habits demonstrated that preadolescent children
who are messy eaters are more likely to grow up as disorganized adults. On the other hand,
preadolescents who are taught to be clean and to chew their food without spilling it normally
grow up to be organized adults. The study also found that those children who are sometimes
messy eaters and sometimes clean eaters normally grow up to be organized adults, because
they were at least sometimes clean as children.

Which of the following can be inferred?

Choose one answer.
A. Children who are messy eaters never grow up to be organized adults.
B. Unorganised adults were messy eaters when they were children.
C. Childrens eating habits show their predilection for organization as adults.
D. Toddlers who are messy eaters are more than likely going to be disorganized adults.
This study shows that preadolescents who are consistently messy eaters are likely to grow up
to be disorganized. Clean eaters and eaters who are only sometimes clean are both likely to
become organized adults. The best option is C; this claim is true based on the results of the
study. Option A is not the best answer because the passage states that messy eaters usually
grow up to be disorganized, but not always. Option B is incorrect because sometimes clean
eaters become disorganized adults. Option D is not the best answer because the passage does
not mention toddlers it is beyond the scope of the passage.

42 Baby mice raised in captivity display consistently competitive and confrontational

behavioural patterns, tending, rather unusually, to coexist peaceably with same-gender mice
close to their age, while quarrelling, clawing and wrestling with the opposite sex. Indeed, this
behaviour is at times so extreme that it seems a wonder that these same mice will ever learn
to get along well enough to propagate their species.

Which of the following can be concluded?

Choose one answer.
A. Young mice raised in the wild tend to get along better with their same-sex peers than
they do with the opposite sex
B. Male and female mice, with age, eventually become less antagonistic toward one
another.
C. Antagonism toward the opposite sex is a result of the mice being raised in captivity.
D. While competition between opposite-gender mice occurs at early stages of
development, once mice reach procreative age, their antagonism naturally turns toward
mating competitors.
The passage states that baby mice in captivity do not get along well with the opposite sex. It
then asks how they ever procreate (reproduce) with so much aggression between the sexes.
Option B is the best answer this would have to take place for reproduction to occur. You
cannot be sure how mice in the wild behave based on the information in the passage it is
beyond the scope of the passage (option A). There is no way of telling if the mice in the wild
behave any differently from those in captivity (option C). There is also no way of telling if
male mice become more aggressive toward other males as they grow older (option D).

Questions 43 - 44

Four friends, Tom, Jo, Peter and Mark are in the 100m final at an athletics meet. Incredibly,
they come in as the four fastest runners, gaining places 1st to 4th inclusive.

It is known that Tom ran faster than Peter, but did not come 1st. It is also known that Jo had a
worse placing than Mark.

43 From the above information, whose placing may be correctly deduced?

Choose one answer.
A. Tom
B. Jo
C. Peter
D. Mark

Of the friends, only Marks placing may be found without any doubt. It is known that Tom
did not come 1st, and as Peter had a worse placing than her, he could not plausibly have come
1st either. As Jo was beaten by Mark, he is the only person who could possibly have won the
race. Of the other friends, Tom may have come 2nd or 3rd, Peter 3rd or 4th and Jo 2nd, 3rd or 4th.

44 Which additional piece of information, if correct, would allow the final placing of Jo
to be deduced?
Choose one answer.
 A. Tom came 2nd
B. Jo ran slower than Tom
C. Peter came in 4th
D. Peter came in 3rd

From the above solution, we see that Jo could have come in any place except 1st. If Peter is
revealed to have come 3rd, then Tom must have come 2nd, leaving only 4th place for Jo.

Option A is not helpful as Peter or Jo could have been 3rd or 4th. Option B has Jo coming
either 3rd or 4th and Option C could have Tom or Jo in 2nd and 3rd. Hence D is the only option
that allows us to conclude Jos placing.
Exam 1 - Section 2
Questions 1 - 3
A station wagon has collided head-on with a sedan. It was overloaded with junior cricketers aged
twelve and thirteen on their way home from a night game and victory party. Pennants and trophies
litter the road among the bodies. Some boys are still trapped in the station wagon.
Webber is grim-faced as he assists Borland. Borland works like a madman along with ambulance men
and firemen. They have been working for some time and show signs of exhaustion. A small crowd
watches on. An ambulance man was giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Borland, Webber and O'Rourke assist at the station wagon, pulling at the crushed metal with their
bare hands. An ambulance man pushes his head and shoulders into the wreck and calls for assistance.
Borland quickly reaches down into the wreck beside the ambulance man.
Borland: It won't be long now, lads, it's going to be all right, just hang on, don't give up on us
O'Rouke, shaken and exhausted, a boy's blood on his hands and smeared across his forehead, wanders
away. He is on the verge of tears. He sees Webber dry-retching and crosses to him.
O'Rouke: You get used to it, son.

1 The crowd of onlookers are likely to be

Choose one answer.
A. In a state of shock
B. Fascinated by the scene before them
C. Unemotional
D. Concerned
The passage describes an horrific scene. In light of this, the crowd is unlikely to feel 'fascinated'
(option B) or 'unemotional' (option C). While they may be feeling 'concerned' (option D) about the
welfare of the boys, they would probably be feeling a more intense emotion than the word 'concerned'
suggests. Shock is likely to be the most powerful emotion.

2 Borland's reaction to the accident shows us he is

Choose one answer.
A. Overwhelmed by the situation
B. Furious at the needless waste of life
C. Frustrated by how long the process is taking
D. Compassionate towards the injured
Borland works like a 'madman' and he also tries to comfort the boys. From this we can tell he is
compassionate towards the injured. There is no indication in the passage that he is furious at the
needless waste of life (option B) even though one could expect him to be. He may be frustrated
(option C), but the passage does not illustrate him in this manner. Borland is not overwhelmed by the
situation (option A); he actually seems more in control than the other officers.

3 When O'Rourke says 'You'll get used to it, son,' we know that
Choose one answer.
A. His experiences have made him immune to such tragedy
B. His aim is to encourage Webber to control his emotions
 C. He feels that attending accidents is part of a policeman's job
D. He is trying to comfort Webber despite how he feels himself
O'Rourke is trying to comfort Webber despite how he feels himself. He is 'shaken and exhausted', but
takes the time to comfort the less experienced police officer. O'Rourke has not become 'immune to
such tragedy' as indicated by option A (this is the clichd answer - it is important not to bring set
assumptions to a question). It is also not O'Rourke's aim to get Webber to control his emotions (option
B) because he understands just how Webber feels. We cannot tell from his words of comfort whether
or not he feels that attending accidents is part of a policeman's job (option C).

Questions 4 - 12

The following passage is adapted from a short story.

It was his fourteenth summer. He was thinning out, becoming angular and clumsy, but the
cautiousness, the old-man seriousness he'd had as a baby, kept him contained, ageless and safe. His
humor, always dry and to the bone since a small child, let you know he was watching everything.

He seemed always to be at the center of his own universe, so it was no surprise to his mother to hear
Ted say: "I'm building a fort and sleeping out in it all summer, and I won't come in for anything, not
even food. Okay?"

This had been their silent communion, the steady presence of love that flowed regularly, daily - food.
The presence of his mother preparing it, his great appetite and obvious enjoyment of it - his nose
smelling everything, seeing his mother more vividly than with his eyes.

He watched her now for signs of offense, alarm, and only saw interest. "Where will you put the fort?"
Vida asked.

She trusted him to build well and not ruin things, but of course she had to know where.

"I'll build it by the redwoods, in the cypress trees. Okay?"

"Make sure you keep your nails together and don't dig into the trees. I'll be checking. If the trees get
damaged, it'll have to come down."

The cypress was right next to the redwoods, making It seem very remote. Redwoods do that - they
suck up sound and time and smell like another place. So he counted the footsteps, when no one was
looking, from the fort to the house. He couldn't believe it was so close; it seemed so separate, alone -
especially in the dark, when the only safe way of travel seemed flight (invisible at best).

Ted had seen his mother walk out to the bridge at night, looking into the water, listening to it. He
knew she loved to see the moon's reflection in the water. She'd pointed it out to him once by a river
where they camped, her face full of longing. Then, she swam out into the water, at night, as though
trying to touch the moon. He wouldn't look at her. He sat and glared at the fire and roasted another
marshmallow the way he liked It: bubbly, soft and brown (maybe six if he could get away with it).
Then she'd be back, chilled and bright, and he was glad she went. Maybe I like the moon too, he
thought, involuntarily, as though the thought weren't his own - but it was.

He built the ground floor directly on the earth with a cover of old plywood, then scattered remnant
rugs that he'd asked Vida to get for him. He concocted a latch and a door. He brought his sleeping
bag, some pillows, a transistor radio, some clothes, and moved in for the summer.

He began to build the top floor now but he had to prune some limbs out of the way. Well, that was
okay as long as he was careful. So he stacked them to one side for kindling and began to brace things
in place. It felt weird going up into the tree, not as safe as his small, contained place on the ground.

Vida noticed Ted had become cheerful and would stand next to her, to her left side, talking
sometimes. But she realized she mustn't face him or he'd become silent and wander away. So she
stood listening, in the same even breath and heart beat she kept when she spotted the wild pheasants
with their long, lush tails trailing the grape arbor, picking delicately and greedily at the unpicked
grapes in the early autumn light. So sharp, so perfect, so rare to see a wild thing at peace.

Ted was taking a makeup course and one in stained glass. There, he talked and acted relaxed; no one
expected any more or less. The colors of the stained glass were deep and beautiful, and special - you
couldn't waste this glass. The sides were sharp, the cuts were slow and meticulous with a steady
pressure. The design's plan had to be absolutely followed or the beautiful glass would go to waste, and
he'd curse himself.

The stained glass was finished and he decided to place it in his fort facing the back fields. In fact, it
looked like the back fields - trees and the sun in a dark sky. During the day the glass sun shimmered a
beautiful yellow, the blue a much better color than the sky outside: deeper, like night.

He was so used to sleeping outside now he didn't wake up during the night, just like in the house. One
night, toward the end when he'd have to move back with everyone (school was starting, frost was
coming and the rains), Ted woke up to see the stained glass full of light. The little sun was a golden
moon and the inside glass sky and the outside sky matched.

In a few days he'd be inside, and he wouldn't mind at all.

4 Vida and Ted have all of the following traits in common except
Choose one answer.
A. a willingness to accommodate the requests each makes of the other.
B. a response to elements of nature.
C. a perception of others that surfaces in humour.
D. an awareness of what delights the other.
This is an EXCEPT question, which asks you to find the answer choice that is not supported by the
passage. The best answer is C because neither Vida nor Ted has a perception of others that surfaces in
humor. The other three answer choices are supported by the passage. Vida and Ted do share a
willingness to accommodate each other's requests. When Ted asks Vida if it is OK if he builds and
moves into a fort for the summer, she does not respond with "offense" or "alarm, "but only with
"interest". Vida sets the rules Ted has to follow: "Make sure you keep your nails together and don't
dig into the trees". Though Ted never directly says he'll obey, the fact that he builds and is allowed to
keep the fort suggests that he does. Thus option A is not the best answer. Vida and Ted do share a
response to elements of nature. For example, the eighth paragraph illustrates Ted's response to the
redwoods, while the ninth paragraph shows Ted's and Vida's responses to the moon (option B). Vida
and Ted know what delights the other. They have a "silent communion" through food, which Vida
prepares knowing Ted's "great appetite and obvious enjoyment of it". Ted, for his part, knows Vida
"loved to see the moon's reflection in the water" and that she seemed to want to "touch the moon".

5 Which of the following is not an accurate description of the passage?

Choose one answer.
A. A story about a teenager whose summer experiences building and occupying a fort near his
house have a positive effect on his relationship with his mother
B. A glimpse at what connects a mother and son and what separates them as the boy tests his
 own limits with a summer project
C. A look at how two characters-one grown, one young-behave when each perceives the fragility
of someone or something he or she holds dear
D. A portrait of two family members whose painful disagreements force one to seek shelter
outside the home until they reach an understanding
This is a NOT question, which asks you to find the answer choice that is not supported by the passage.
The best answer is D because nothing in the passage indicates Ted and Vida have painful
disagreements that force Ted to move out. When Ted asks Vida if it's OK if he builds and moves into
a fort for the summer, she doesn't respond with "offense" or "alarm," but only with "interest". The
passage lists the reasons why Ted moves back into the house-"school was starting, frost was coming
and the rains"-but these reasons don't include reaching an understanding with Vida. The other three
answer choices are supported by the passage. The passage shows Ted's relationship with Vida
improving after he builds and occupies the fort: "Vida noticed Ted had become cheerful and would
stand next to her, to her left side, talking sometimes", which leads Vida to think of him as "a wild
thing at peace". Thus option A is not the best answer. The passage shows what connects and separates
Vida and Ted and how Ted tests his limits. Ted and Vida are connected by, among other things, food
and their fondness for the moon. They're separated by physical distance, when Ted moves out into the
fort, and by emotional distance, since Vida "realized she mustn't face [Ted] or he'd become silent and
wander away". The passage implies in many ways that Ted is testing his limits, such as by showing
him asking for privacy and privileges from Vida and working on the upper floor of the fort. Thus
option B is not the best answer. The passage shows how Vida and Ted behave when each sees the
fragility of someone or something held dear. To observe Ted, Vida "stood listening, in the same even
breath and heart beat she kept when she spotted the wild pheasants". Ted would "curse himself" if he
wasted the "beautiful glass". Thus option C is not the best answer.

6 In both the twelfth paragraph (Vida noticed Ted had become cheerful) and the thirteenth
paragraph (Ted is taking a makeup course) the author is portraying characters who
Choose one answer.
A. feel compelled to act carefully in order to avoid shattering something precious.
B. are frustrated to the point of indignation that success seems always slightly out of reach.
C. are at first excited by a project but later lose interest as others get involved.
D. discover that a personal weakness in some situations can be a personal strength in others.
The best answer is A because in the twelfth paragraph, the author says Vida avoided facing Ted and
remained still to keep from disturbing "a wild thing at peace", while in the thirteenth paragraph, the
author describes Ted making cuts in glass that "were slow and meticulous with a steady pressure" and
carefully following the design in order to avoid wasting the glass. Vida is neither frustrated nor
unsuccessful in the twelfth paragraph, while the thirteenth paragraph only says Ted became frustrated
when he failed, not that success was always slightly out of reach for him (option B). Neither the
twelfth nor the thirteenth paragraph shows a character losing interest in a project as others get
involved (option C) or discovering a personal weakness in some situations becoming a personal
strength in others (option D).

7 As it is used in the twelfth paragraph, the term wild thing refers not only to a pheasant but also to
Choose one answer.
A. Ted as Vida somewhat reverently sees him.
B. Vida as seen by Ted when she visits the fort.
C. Ted as he imagines himself to be.
D. what Vida wishes Ted would cease to be.
The best answer is A because the twelfth paragraph shows Vida carefully and reverently observing
Ted in the same way she used with the wild pheasants. She realized she mustn't face him or he'd
become silent and wander away". She "stood listening" to Ted "in the same even breath and heart beat
she kept when she spotted the wild pheasants" in order to avoid disturbing Ted. When the paragraph
concludes, "So sharp, so perfect, so rare to see a wild thing at peace", it's clear the phrase wild thing
refers both to the pheasants and to Ted. The phrase refers to Ted, not Vida (option B). The phrase
refers to how Vida sees Ted, not to how Ted sees himself (option C). The twelfth paragraph shows
Vida appreciates how Ted "had become cheerful and would stand next to her, to her left side, talking
sometimes", and she respects that Ted is like a wild thing, even though it means she has to act
carefully around him (option D).

8 Which of the following best describes the difference between Ted as a little boy and Ted at the time
he builds and occupies the fort?
Choose one answer.
A. By the time Ted builds the fort he has lost the lighthearted manner he had as a child and has
become more of a brooder who avoids the company of others.
B. As a teenager Ted is physically clumsier and more angular than he was as a child, but he
retains the humor, cautiousness, and seriousness that distinguished him at an early age.
C. As a child Ted was constantly observing others for indications of how he should behave, but
as a teenager he looks more to nature for guidance.
D. As a child Ted was outgoing in a way that appealed to adults, but as a teenager he was
introspective in a way that alarmed them.
The best answer is B because the passage describes the teenage Ted as "thinning out, becoming
angular and clumsy" and retaining "the cautiousness, the old-man seriousness he'd had as a baby" as
well as his sense of humor, "always dry and to the bone since a small child". Ted had always been
cautious and serious, not lighthearted, and because Ted "had become cheerful" and more talkative, not
brooding and isolated, since moving into the fort (option A). While the passage says Ted even as a
small child "let you know he was watching everything", it doesn't say that he watched others for
indications of how he should behave or that as a teenager he looked to nature for such guidance
(option C). Ted was cautious and serious, not outgoing, as a child, and no adult, including Vida, is
alarmed by Ted's introspection as a teenager. When Ted watches Vida "for signs of offense, alarm,"
he "only saw interest" in his plan for building and moving into a fort for the summer. Thus option D is
not the best answer.

9 The passage indicates that Vida was not surprised by Ted's decision to build a fort because she
Choose one answer.
A. knew that more often than not he was inclined to take projects she had started a step farther.
B. sensed that it fit with his tendency to approach life as if he were self-contained.
C. had noticed that ever since their camping trip he had been putting more and more distance
between himself and her.
D. had noticed that he no longer worried that his fascination with nature would interfere with his
longstanding craving for the company of others.
The best answer is B because the passage states that to Vida, Ted "seemed always to be at the center
of his own universe, so it was no surprise to his mother" to hear Ted's plan to build and move into a
fort for the summer. The passage presents the fort as Ted's project, not as something Vida started
(option A). There is no evidence in the passage that Ted had put more and more distance between
himself and Vida since the camping trip (option C) or that he had a longstanding craving for the
company of others (option D).

10 As it is used in the passage, the term silent communion (third paragraph) refers to the
Choose one answer.
 A. way that without using words Ted communicates his disappointments to Vida.
B. promise Ted made to himself that he would not return to the house all summer, even for food.
C. way a thought shifted in Ted's mind from feeling like someone else's to feeling like his own.
D. exchange of warm emotions between Ted and Vida during the preparation and sharing of
food.
The best answer is D because the passage describes the silent communion as "the steady presence of
love that flowed regularly, daily" through food: "the presence of his mother preparing it, his great
appetite and obvious enjoyment of it-his nose smelling everything, seeing his mother more vividly
than with his eyes". Ted isn't disappointed but instead pleased by the food and his mother's
preparation of it (option A). While Ted does promise not to return to the house all summer, even for
food, he makes this promise aloud to Vida, and in any case this promise isn't what the phrase silent
communion refers to (option B). While Ted's thought about liking the moon does shift from seeming
like someone else's to seeming like his own, this shift is not what the phrase silent communion refers
to (option C).

11 Which of the following best describes the way the seventh paragraph (Make sure you keep your
nails together) functions in the passage?
Choose one answer.
A. It reinforces the image of Vida established elsewhere in the passage as someone whose
sceptical nature disheartens Ted on the brink of new projects.
B. It foreshadows events described later in the passage that lead to the dismantling of the tree
house once Ted is back in school.
C. It reveals that Vida takes an interest in Ted's project to the extent that she determines ways in
which he needs to carry it out to avoid problems.
D. It reveals that Vida's willingness to shift responsibility to her son for his actions is greater
than his willingness to accept such responsibility.
The best answer is C because the seventh paragraph illustrates both Vida's interest in Ted's project and
her concerns about it. Earlier, the passage says Vida showed "interest" in Ted's plan and that "she
trusted him to build well and not ruin things". The seventh paragraph shows Vida anticipating
possible problems with the proposed fort and indicating how to avoid them: "Make sure you keep
your nails together and don't dig into the trees. I'll be checking. If the trees get damaged, it'll have to
come down." There is no evidence in the passage that Vida has a sceptical nature or that Ted feels
disheartened (option A) or that Vida wants to give Ted more responsibility than Ted himself wants to
take on (option D). The passage never says the fort was dismantled, only that Ted would have to
move back inside in a few days" (option B).

12 According to the passage, Ted attributes which of the following characteristics to the redwoods?
Choose one answer.
A. They make ideal supports for a fort because they are strong and tall.
B. They create a sense of remoteness by absorbing time and sound and by smelling like another
place.
C. They lend a feeling of danger to whatever surrounds them because they themselves are
endangered.
D. They grace their surroundings with a serenity that softens disturbing emotions like fear of the
dark.
The best answer is B because in Ted's view, redwoods "suck up sound and time and smell like another
place", making the cypress near the redwoods seem like a very remote" location for the fort. The
passage doesn't say that Ted will use the redwoods as supports for the fort, only that Ted will build the
fort "by the redwoods, in the cypress trees" (option A). While the passage does say that the site for the
fort "seemed so separate, alone-especially in the dark, when the only safe way of travel seemed flight
(invisible at best)", it doesn't say that this was because redwoods are endangered (option C). The
passage states that the redwoods increased, rather than softened, disturbing emotions such as fear of
the dark, thus option D is not the best answer.

Questions 13 - 15
The following extract is from an interaction between Steven Harris and his doctor. Steven has just
been told he has epilepsy. His cousin also has the condition.
Doctor: Theres one last thing we need to discuss. Its about driving. What was your cousins
experience?
Steven: Oh, no. That is simply out of the question. I am totally dependent on my car. I drive for over
an hour to work each day. Theres no way I can manage without driving.
Doctor: It must seem like adding insult to injury to tell you not to drive. I know how essential
transport is. I wish I could make an exception for you but unfortunately the law is very clear.
Steven: What the hell am I supposed to do?
Doctor: For some people the requirement of being seizure free for one year is the most burdensome
part of the treatment. It sure is the part that interferes with normal life the most.
Steven: You got that right.
Doctor: It must be difficult to imagine how this will affect so many parts of your life.
Steven: I guess Ill just have to deal with it. But I sure as hell dont have to like it.

13 The doctor
Choose one answer.
A. Is overly forceful towards Steven
B. Understands Stevens concerns
C. Fulfils Stevens requests
D. Is patronising towards Steven
In this interaction, the doctor demonstrates empathy and understanding of Stevens situation
(demonstrated explicitly in Stevens comment, you got that right). Steven is clearly very angry about
the impact the condition will have on his life, yet through appropriate communication the doctor is
able to assuage this to some extent. The doctors manner is not overly forceful (option A) or
patronising (option D). The doctor in fact refuses Stevens implicit request for an exception to the
driving rule, so option C is incorrect.

14 In this interaction, Steven can best be described as

Choose one answer.
A. Angry
B. Resigned
C. Determined
D. Fearful
The overall tone of Stevens comments is one of anger (What the hell am I supposed to do? I sure
as hell dont have to like it), so option A is the best answer. Steven appears to resist the diagnosis,
rather than be resigned to it (option B). There is some sense of determination in the final comment,
but this is not the overwhelming emotion. Fear would be a natural emotion given the circumstances,
but it cannot be assumed that Steven would feel this emotion (option D).

15 In the doctors first comment, he mentions Stevens cousin. This is

Choose one answer.
A. Appropriate, since it reassures Steven that he is not alone in his experiences
 B. Inappropriate, as it is a deceitful way of introducing the topic of driving
C. Inappropriate, because the experience of Stevens cousin may be different to Stevens
D. Appropriate, because it draws upon Stevens previous experience and knowledge
The comment is appropriate, but not because it lets Steven know he is not alone - he already knows
that his cousin has epilepsy, and probably knows that it is a relatively common condition (option A).
The comment is not deceitful (option B). Option C may be true, but the doctor simply asks for the
cousins experience; he does not draw any comparisons. Option D effectively identifies the purpose of
the comment - to invite Steven to contribute to the discussion, to build on what he already knows and
to allow him to better understand the implications of his condition.

Questions 16 - 19

The following is taken from an interview with Louise, a 26 year old woman.
I have a phobia of being sick. My problem started when I was about five. I was staying at my
grandparents, the whole family was there. I don't know if it was something I'd eaten or if I'd caught a
bug, but that whole night I was vomiting violently and I've just remembered that feeling and how I
felt that night.
It's the whole experience of being sick that frightens me. It makes me shake, I shiver, and it gives me
panic attacks. When I actually vomit I'm in a total state, I have to have someone with me, I don't feel I
can cope on my own. I have difficulty going out, socializing, going out to pubs or going out to
restaurants. I have difficulty eating out.
I realized this problem was a phobia from speaking to the doctor, and reading up. I found it actually
has a name - emetophobia. That's comforting.
I now rely on anti-emetic tablets, and I take them every day. I feel anxious about the future - I'm
thinking about settling down and having children but I think that's going to be a problem for me,
because I don't think I'll be able to look after a child and I'm also terrified of morning sickness as well.
I think it's something I'm going to have to live with and adapt to, really.

16 Louise's state of mind when she thinks about being sick can best be described as
Choose one answer.
A. Embarrassed
B. Anxious
C. Disgusted
D. Depressed
It is evident from the passage that thinking about vomiting and the act of vomiting make Louise feel
anxious (option B). She is not self-conscious about the act of vomiting (option A), nor is disgust
apparent from the piece (option C). She does not appear to be depressed (option D).

17 Louise appears to cope with her anxiety primarily by

Choose one answer.
A. Being with other people
B. Avoiding situations that may precipitate being sick
C. Learning more about her phobia
D. Ignoring her anxiety
Louise states that she avoids going out and socializing, which are indirect causes of her anxiety. This
appears to be her primary method of dealing with her phobia (option B). She does require the
company of other people when actually being sick (option A), and does look for information about her
phobia (option C) but these are not her primary coping methods. She is unable to simply ignore her
anxiety (option D).

18 It's 'comforting' to Louise that her phobia has a name because

Choose one answer.
A. It makes her seem like she is not alone in her experiences
B. It makes it seem like a 'real' illness
C. It makes it easier for her to find out about the illness
D. She feels less abnormal for having the phobia
Answer: B
All of the options could be right, but the one we can determine with most certainty is option B. Louise
was obviously very distressed by her condition, and it is a human reaction to fear what we do not
understand. She most likely was experiencing a myriad of emotions - confusion, terror, anxiety.
Knowing that a certain illness has a name and has a treatment would be reassuring to her, as it
legitimises and explains the symptoms she is experiencing. This is a comforting thought.

19 Louise
Choose one answer.
A. Believes she has to learn to cope with her phobia
B. Does not accept that her phobia is a problem
C. Believes that she needs to get over her phobia
D. Believes she needs to seek more help to cope with her problem
In the final sentence of the passage, Louise states that the phobia is 'something [she is] going to have
to live with and adapt to'. Option A best captures this sentiment. It is clear throughout the passage that
Louise knows she has a problem, so option B is not the best answer. There is no indication that Louise
thinks she can (actually the option is 'needs' not 'can') 'get over' or cure her problem, so option C is
incorrect. While option D may be true, there is no mention of gaining extra help.

Questions 20 - 24

The following passage is based upon an introduction to the memoirs of James, a grandson of Great
Depression-era immigrants.
So often we tend to take for granted the freedoms and liberties that we enjoy; it is only by revisiting
our past and discovering the places that we are from that we are able to attain an awareness of our
good fortune. I grew up in a middle-class neighbourhood, where only forty years earlier my
grandparents had concluded their trans-Atlantic journey. Yet the sacrifices that such an endeavour
necessitated were lost upon me. As a young man, I had neither the time to spend nor any interest in
delving into my familys recent - and what was sure to be very boring - history. The first university-
bound member of my family, I was far too arrogant and proud to allow that my grandparents had
accomplished anything truly impressive. Had it not been a chance for discovery, I never would have
realised how sorely mistaken I was.
One day during the holidays before I was to leave for university, I was home alone, rummaging
through my fathers old suitcase. As I pawed through the old books and pamphlets and clothes, I
uncovered an old, tattered photograph. It was of a young, handsome man sitting on the riverfront.
Though the passage of time had aged the face, I instantly recognised the figure in the picture as my
grandfather. After taking a moment to scan the old black-and-white, I placed it back in the trunk, and
would not have given it anymore thought except the doorbell rang, and I heard the voice of the old
man himself. He had stopped by to say hello on his way home from the bakery. Such a unexpected
appearance, I thought, and with the photograph in hand, I went to greet him and show him my find.
My grandfather took the photo and looked it over for a long time, his minds eye wandering to some
far-off place. He was normally quite talkative, so to see him silenced for so long caught me a bit off-
guard. After what seemed like an age, and a little lost for words, I asked him when the photograph
was taken. I was certainly not prepared for the answer I received. He sat me down and launched into
the story of the journey that had brought him and his young wife to our country. From fleeing death
and persecution in Russia, to changing his last name to secure safe passage across Eastern Europe, to
the voyage across the Atlantic, to his arrival, he laid down the most mesmerising story I had ever
heard. The hardships that he, my grandmother, and untold number of immigrants like them had
overcome had been unknown, and more significantly, unimportant to me, until that very instant. In the
span of two hours, my grandfather had endowed me with a new knowledge, one that would forever
alter my perspective on the privileges and opportunities that his actions had afforded me.

20
The passage shows how James
Choose one answer.
A. Developed an arrogant attitude towards the rest of his family
B. Discovered a new outlook on his prospects through a chance conversation
C. Learned to appreciate his grandfather at last
D. Overcame his shame from being the only educated individual in the family
James states in the first paragraph that had it not been for a chance discovery, he would have always
taken his freedom and liberty for granted (option B). Although James mentions being arrogant, it is a
small detail. Further, it appears his encounter with his grandfather helped overcome the arrogant
attitude he had towards his family. Thus option A is not the best answer. There is nothing to suggest
that the author did not appreciate his grandfather prior to the conversation (option C). Nowhere in the
piece is there a suggestion that James felt ashamed (option D).

21 The first paragraph suggests that the authors awareness (first sentence) initially was
Choose one answer.
A. Non-existent
B. Very limited
C. Misdirected
D. In line with that of his parents
First make sure you know what awareness is referring to, and then use the information in and around
the given sentence to help answer the question. The first sentence tells you that the author is talking
about his and others awareness of the freedoms enjoyed in his country. He then goes on to state that
such an awareness was lost upon me and that he came to realise how sorely mistaken he was. This
suggests his awareness was limited (option B). Option A is extreme; though the author admits to
being sorely mistaken, non-existent is too strong to describe his awareness. The authors awareness
was limited, not askew (option C). This is supported by the fact that the simple telling of his
grandfathers story forever alter[ed] [his] perspective. His parents awareness of their good fortune
was not addressed (option D).

22 James implies that he had adopted an arrogant attitude towards the rest of his family because he
Choose one answer.
A. Believed that they were not intelligent
B. Was the first person in the family to go to university
C. Thought that anyone who left their home country must be misguided
 D. Was the first family member to be born in the new country
James states that the was the first university-bound member of my family and far too arrogant
(option B). Option A is outside the scope; there is nothing that suggests that he thinks the rest of his
family is unintelligent. Although James initially lacks appreciation for their sacrifice, he never implies
that immigrants are misguided (option C). There is no evidence that he was the first family member
born in the new country (option D), and this is not linked to his arrogant attitude.

23 James describes his grandfather as normally quite talkative in order to

Choose one answer.
A. Illustrate why he would be so eager to tell the story of his journey from Europe
B. Explain his decision to talk about the photograph
C. Provide a reason for his grandfathers reticence
D. Emphasise his reaction to the photograph
Because his grandfather was usually so talkative, James states that his silence while looking at the
photograph took him by surprise; it is the grandfathers reaction that is being highlighted here (option
D). Although the grandfather does relate his story to James, this doesnt address the function of the
comment (option A). The point of his reference is his grandfathers hesitation, thus option B is not the
best answer. Option C is an opposite; if the grandfather was very talkative, this would not explain his
unwillingness to talk.

24 James' tone throughout the passage can best be described as

Choose one answer.
A. Appreciative and nostalgic
B. Regretful and gloomy
C. Patriotic and exasperated
D. Reflective and indifferent
James seems to stress how grateful he is that his grandfather taught him a greater understanding of his
own fortunes, so grateful or appreciative (option A) is a good option. James also spends time
reminiscing about the specifics of his encounter. Although James expresses regret at times over
having been so arrogant, the overall tone is much more positive, therefore option B is not the best
answer. Although the tone is somewhat patriotic, there is nothing exasperated about it (option C). The
tone of the passage is certainly reflective, but James seems to care very much about this material, so
indifferent is not an accurate descriptor (option D).

Questions 25 and 26
'I give up,' said Jo. 'We seem to lose ground every time. We dig her out, then she crawls back in, only
deeper.'
Linda loyally and staunchly defended the fortress in which her mother seemed to have taken refuge.
Jo defiantly wanted to break through. 'Like shock treatment,' she said. 'It's the only way to bring her
out.'
Sharon, the middle daughter, gave her mother a loom1.
And so, late in life, she took up weaving. She attended a class and took detailed notes, then followed
them step by step, bending to the loom with painstaking attention, threading the warp tirelessly,
endlessly winding, threading, tying. She made sampler after sampler, using the subdued, muted
colours she liked: Five inches of one weave, two inches of another, just as the teacher instructed.
For a year she wove samplers, geometric and repetitious, all in browns and neutral shades, the colours
she preferred. She was fascinated by some of the more advanced techniques she began to learn. One
could pick up threads from the warp selectively, so there could be a colour on the warp that never
appeared in the fabric if it were not picked up and woven into the fabric. This phenomenon meant she
could show a flash of colour, repeated flashes of the colour, or never show it at all. The colour would
still be there, startling the eye when the piece was turned over. T he backside would reveal long
lengths of a colour that simply hadn"t been picked up from the warp and didn"t appear at all in the
right side of the fabric.
She took to her loom with new excitement, threading the warp with all the shades of her life: Gray, for
the cold, foggy mornings when she had, pieces by pieces, warmed little clothes by the heater vent as
Jo, four, stood shivering in her underwear; brown, the colour of the five lunch bags she packed each
morning with a sandwich, cut in half and wrapped in waxed paper, napkin, fruit, and potato chips;
Dark brown, like the brownies they had baked 'to make Daddy come home' from business trips -
Sharon and Jo had believed he really could smell them, because he always came home.
1
Loom: frame used for weaving

25 The emotions the mother shows at weaving and the colours she uses suggest that
Choose one answer.
A. she is concerned about what her children may think of her new hobby.
B. her life has been dull thus far and provides little inspiration for this activity.
C. she is fascinated by this new skill and takes her inspiration from memories.
D. she accepts the gift from her daughter, but does not take the activity seriously.
While the mothers children are concerned about her, there is no indication that she is concerned
about what her children think of her weaving (option A). There is little to suggest that her life has
been dull, and it is clear from the final paragraph that her life provides inspiration for her weaving.
Thus option B is not true, and option C is the best answer. The vigour with which the mother takes up
the new activity suggests that she does take it seriously (option D).

26 The the three daughters can best be described as

Choose one answer.
A. Jo: anxious; Linda: optimistic; Sharon: considerate
B. Jo: angry; Linda: faithful; Sharon: optimistic
C. Jo: frustrated; Linda: faithful; Sharon: sensitive
D. Jo: angry; Linda: unrealistic; Sharon: considerate
Answer: C
Each of the three incorrect responses can be eliminated by one word which is an inaccurate
description. In the case of A, this is optimistic as a description of Linda: there is no indication that
Linda thinks her mother is all right, or will recover, she merely seems to defend her mothers coping
style. In option B, Jo does not seem angry, more dispirited. In option D, the description of Linda as
unrealistic seems inappropriate. It is not a judgement we can make without knowing more about the
mothers circumstances.

Questions 27 - 29

The following interaction occurs between Jason and his parents.

"Have you done your homework?"

"Oh mum!"

"Quit playing with the dog and get in that bedroom and do your homework!"
Jason reluctantly released the sock that he had been pulling from Cocoa's mouth and the dog stood
there in silence, waiting for her master to return to playing their game of tug-of-war.
"Can't a kid have some fun?"

"You've had enough fun today. Right now, it's time for your homework."

"Listen to your mother," the father insisted. "I told you how important your homework is."

"Oh yeah, like my whole life's gonna end if I don't do my stupid homework."

"Hey, young man, you watch your mouth!" The father had been reading the evening paper from the
family room couch but now he directed his full attention to his sarcastic son. Jason remained on the
floor near Cocoa, fully expecting a tongue-lashing by his father. He was determined to remain defiant,
but his father's large imposing stature and the swiftness with which he was capable of pulling out his
belt, quickly diminished his boldness. "We've been too lenient on you this year and your grades are
down. But that's gonna change. From now on I want you to automatically do that homework of yours
after dinner. And I don't want to have to tell you about it, again."

Jason slammed his fist into the soft, carpeted floor before rising. He was aware of his disobedience,
yet he wished to make a stand. "I don't know what the big deal is," he sharply replied.

"The big deal is: we want you to have a future."

"I don't understand what's wrong with you kids today," the mother chided him. "They can't make it
any easier for you."

"Oh right, like it was so much harder when YOU were kids." Jason's insolent response surprised even
him.

"You're damn right it was," the father argued. He hopped off the couch and approached his defiant
son. "We didn't have all the luxuries like you kids have today. And we didn't talk back to our parents
the way you kids do."

"It's tougher being a kid today," Jason declared, slowly backing away from his father. "You didn't
have all the problems we have. We have a lot more pressure today."

"All right, just for that, you're grounded! Now get in that room of yours and do your homework! And
stay there for the rest of the night."

"What did I do?" Jason cried out in surprise.

"You know very well what you did! You better start watching that mouth of yours, boy, 'cause I've
about had it with your sarcastic remarks!"

Jason stormed out of the family room and headed down the hallway to his bedroom. Cocoa loyally
followed him, wagging her tail.

The mother and father gazed at each other in silence for several lingering moments.

27 The parents gazed at each other for several lingering moments because
Choose one answer.
A. They were shocked and were dealing badly with Jasons behavioural problems
B. They were concerned about their Jasons attitude and were not sure how to deal with it
C. They were unable to talk to each other about the problems they have dealing with Jason
 D. There was no support they could provide to each other to deal with their sons disrespect
Although the parents would be shocked by Jasons insolent response (which surprised even him), it
is important to firstly eliminate option A because it is a judgement on parenting. In Section 2 you
should empathise with the characters instead of passing judgment. There is nothing to suggest that the
parents could not talk to each other (option C). In the passage, the parents seem to support each
others decisions, for example the father says, "Listen to your mother. For this similar reason, the
answer is not D.

Thus the answer is B. It is evident throughout the passage that the tempers of all characters escalated
and the several lingering moments indicates a sudden change to a more reflective mood. Thus B is
the best answer as it expresses the thoughts of the parents.

28 From this passage, it is possible to conclude that

Choose one answer.
A. Jason often disobeys his parents and disrespects them by talking back
B. The father does not carry out physical force to discipline Jason
C. The parents are doing what they think is best for Jason
D. Jason is ungrateful for the sacrifices his parents have made for him
Although the tension between Jason and his parents seem to has built up over some time, Jason says
that his insolent response surprised even him. Thus option A is incorrect. Throughout the passage
we see that Jason fears his father's large imposing stature and the swiftness with which he was
capable of pulling out his belt. This indicates past experiences which involved discipline using the
belt, and rules out option B. Further, Jasons act to slowly backing away from his father suggests he
is intimidated by him.

As in the previous question, option D must be eliminated because it is a judgement on Jason, and
instead you should understand the circumstances and thoughts of everyone involved. Thus it is
possible to conclude that the parents are doing what they think is best for Jason. This is particularly
highlighted when his parent says "The big deal is: we want you to have a future."

29 At the end of the passage Jason is most likely to

Choose one answer.
A. Continue to rage at his parents but realise that ultimately they are doing what is best for him
B. Emerge from his room to apologise to his parents
C. Complete his homework as he begrudgingly understands his parents good intentions
D. Sulk in his room, not understanding why his parents are being so hard on him
In the passage it is evident that Jason does not understand why his parents are being so hard on him as
he asks "Can't a kid have some fun?" and states I don't know what the big deal is. Although his
parents believe they are giving him a better future, he believes that they are purely exercising their
authority over him. Thus B and C are incorrect. A and D are both possible courses of action, however
D is more likely because it is evident that he is very upset when he stormed out of the family room
and does not believe his parents are doing it for his benefit.

Questions 30 and 31
The following excerpt is from a book by Alana R. Theriault.
I went to Mills College, a liberal arts school for women, expecting a supportive environment in which
I would learn to write and otherwise express myself more effectively. I did indeed learn at Mills,
though found adversity to often be a better teacher than my professors and peers.
In one fiction writing workshop I was asked to explain the metaphorical significance of my
protagonist's disability. My response to the group could be nothing other than a request that they
explain the significance of my own 3-D, Technicolor physical limitations. Was I crippled because of
some sin my mother committed? Or maybe I symbolized our society's ills. Likely, many saw me as a
reminder from the Creator to count one's blessings.
It hadn't occurred to them that a character in a story might incidentally have a disability, much like
she could have red hair, brown skin or a mother-in-law who's allergic to cats. While all of these
characteristics, including a disability, are significant in certain situations some of the time in both
fiction and real life, they do not always carry a weighty metaphor. They just are.
My challenge to the group was met with averted eyes. Despite an appreciation of our cultural
diversity, and even the presence of another disabled classmate, I felt them slipping away. I realized
they saw my wheelchair, ventilator, and thin arms in relation only to themselves and their own fears
and limitations. They didn't really see me in all my complexity. I was invisible unless my 'condition'
served to explain or represent an injustice or failing.
I carried this challenge with me as I went from class to class, and discovered the depth of discomfort
people felt when asked to look at all of me. That I might be a lot like them, meant that they too were
like me. It's easier to look away.
I keep my challenge with me seven years later, holding on to the expectation that I be seen. The
strength that fuels this effort is the small victories out of which come respect and sometimes great
friendships.

30 According to the writer, what is the attitude of her peers towards her disability?
Choose one answer.
A. They would rather not have a disabled person in their class because it makes them feel
uncomfortable
B. They fail to see beyond her disability
C. They believe her disability represents the injustices and failings of the world
D. They would rather not look at her physical appearance
The writer states the group has 'an appreciation of the presence of another disabled classmate'.
There is no suggestion she is unwanted in the class (option A). The writer discusses the inability of
her classmates to see beyond her physical appearance to her individuality: They didn't really see me
in all my complexity. I was invisible unless my condition served to explain or represent an injustice
or failing, therefore option B is correct. The writer does discuss the tendency of her classmates to
view her disability in terms of metaphor, such as for an injustice or failing (option C). However, the
writer does not suggest that her classmates actually believe she represents the worlds failures. Rather,
the writer focuses on their failure to view her disability as incidental and not central to her character
as an individual. When the writer states Its easier to look away, she is describing how people feel
when asked to look at all of me. There is no implication in the text that her classmates find her
disability unappealing to look at (option D). The writer is describing how her classmates do not make
the effort to look past her physical appearance for a person who is just like them.

31 Which statement best describes the response of the writer to her classmates?
Choose one answer.
A. Critical of their attitudes but determined to change perceptions
B. Offended by their attitudes but not wanting to show it
C. Indifferent about their attitudes but frustrated by their unwillingness to change
D. Annoyed at their attitudes but accepting of their reasons
The writers tone indicates clearly that she disapproves, and is even disappointed in, the attitudes of
her classmates. However she maintains her determination to be viewed in all her complexity: I keep
my challenge with me seven years later, holding on to the expectation that I be seen. Thus option A is
correct. Option B is not the best answer. While the writer would have been justified in feeling
offended, she does not express this in the passage. Moreover, her challenge to the group illustrates
that she is not afraid to express herself. The writers determination to challenge the perceptions of
her classmates indicates she is anything but indifferent. She does not discuss their possible
unwillingness to change, and while she may be justified in doing so, she does not express frustration.
Thus option C is incorrect. The writer does not describe her own emotional reaction, but simply
discusses attitudes of her classmates. While it is evident that the writer does not approve of their
perceptions, to classify the nature of her reaction as annoyed is speculation. Further, she is certainly
not accepting of their reasons, seeking to challenge them. Thus option D is not the best answer.

Questions 32 - 34

The following extract is taken from an interview with Julie, who has an illness that causes Chronic
Fatigue Syndrome.
The main symptom of my disease, fatigue, is often displayed as severe weakness in the arms and legs.
The weakness in my legs makes walking a real struggle. Its almost as if they are made of jelly and
cannot take my weight but feel really heavy at the same time. A few people think its just an overall
feeling of tiredness. I wish it was! In fact, even exhausted is a bit of an understatement. I can only
dream of the amount of energy I once had.
At work, people, and even some of my family assume Im well. After all, I look well and you
wouldnt know by speaking to me that there was anything wrong. They dont see me at home or on
the bad days when I cant get out of bed at all. Going to work for a limited time means I have no
social life at all. In the evenings and at the weekends I just rest because I am so exhausted from doing
just a few hours at work. But for the time being, I have to accept that this is how my life has to be.
I have a wonderful family and my daughter, Kylie, keeps me occupied, although it breaks my heart
that I cannot do simple things with her, like take her to the movies or to MacDonalds. Shes stopped
asking me now as she knows mummy is ill. She doesnt miss out on anything though because I have
an excellent support network which consists of grandparents and aunts who all do their bit and for
which I am truly grateful.

32 Julie feels that

Choose one answer.
A. Her condition prevents her from doing anything worthwhile
B. Other people do not understand her condition
C. She is a disappointment to her family
D. She should not have to go to work since it leaves her exhausted
Julie describes how other people assume [shes] well because they cannot see the disease and do not
witness the impact it has on her life. Thus, option B is correct. It cannot be inferred that Julie is unable
to do anything worthwhile - for example, she is still able to work and care for her child. Thus option
A is not the best answer. Although Julie expresses her disappointment at not being able to take her
daughter out, this does not mean she feels she is a disappointment (option C). Julie admits that work
leaves her exhausted, but she does not state that she does not want to go to work (option D).

33 Julie is
Choose one answer.
A. Depressed by her condition
B. Angry with herself
C. Resigned to her condition
D. Positive about her future
Answer: C
The comment, for the time being, I have to accept that this is how my life has to be suggests that
Julie is resigned to her condition. While she points out the various challenges she must face, she states
that she has significant support from her family. This suggests she is not depressed by her condition
(option A). While frustration or anger (option B) would be a natural response, this is not suggested in
the passage. Julie does not express any thoughts about her future (option D).

34 Kylies attitude towards her mother can best be described as

Choose one answer.
A. Upset
B. Understanding
C. Embarrassed
D. Frustrated
Kylie could be experiencing any of these feelings towards her mother. However, in the scenario Julie
says that Kylie has stopped asking me now as she knows mummy is ill. From this, the best
alternative is option B - understanding.

Questions 35 and 36

The following passage is narrated narrated by Kate.

My friend Gabrielle met this guy when she was sixteen, and moved in with him the next day - but
thats beside the point. She met him on a Saturday night and he invited her out to dinner with his
mates on the Sunday. So she went and started drinking with him and these blokey types.
Eight drinks later she was passed out over her pub meal. This guy and his mates all hid around the
corner and got the manager to come out and wake her up and say, All your mates have gone and you
have a $200 bill. Youve got to pay. Shed only met this guy the night before.
She was saying, Oh my god I havent got anything on me. Take my jewellery. Take my watch. Ill
come back as soon as I go to the bank.
The manager was saying, No, Im not going to let you leave the premises. Im going to call the
police.
They waited until she was at the point of hysterics and they all came out going, Ha, ha. What a good
joke.
Not a very good story, is it? Shes still with him. Thats four years later.

35 Which of the following would Kate be least likely to use in describing Gabrielle?
Choose one answer.
A. Impulsive
B. Thoughtless
C. Gullible
D. Trusting
The fact that Gabrielle moved in with someone she met the day before is a clear indication that she is
impulsive (option A) and trusting (option D). The pub story highlights her gullibility (option C).
There is little to suggest that Kate would view Gabrielle as thoughtless (option B).

36 It is possible to tell that Kate

Choose one answer.
A. Is disappointed in Gabrielles behaviour
B. Finds some humour in the pub story
 C. Feels sorry for Gabrielle
D. Dislikes Gabrielles boyfriend
In the passage, there is a strong sense of dislike for the boyfriend (option D) - a clear example being
the pub story, which is related in a negative, unamused manner. Kate does appear to disapprove of
Gabrielles behaviour (option A), but this is secondary to her disapproval of the boyfriend. There is
little indication that Kate finds humour in the pub story (option B) and a sense of pity does not come
through in the passage (option C).
Top of Form
Exam 1 - Section 3
1 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The correct sequence is shown below (it could be in the reverse order too):

The tall rectangle moves one left then back one right, while the shortest one moves right one
throughout the sequence. There are three column spaces so the shortest ones returns to the
first column space in the fourth part of the sequence (A). The middle sized one is stationary
throughout.

2Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The sequence is C E B D A:

In this problem one number is squared (this is the number of the picture in the sequence) and
the total of the other two numbers gives the square of the first. This means that the square of
the number of the picture in the series minus either of the other numbers gives the third. In C
12 minus 1 equals zero, in E 22 minus 3 equals 1, in B 32 minus 4 equals 5, in D 42 minus 8
equals 8 and in A 52 minus 10 equals 15.
3 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The correct sequence is shown below (it could be in the reverse order too):

Using the 3-2 rule, the middle shape must have an arch and is either A, B or E.
If we start with B and assume that C comes after, the bottom right circle has not moved while
the bottom left circle has moved one spot clockwise. When we apply this pattern, neither A or
E follow.

The alternative pattern from B to C is that the bottom left circle has moved one spot
anticlockwise while the bottom right circle has moved two clockwise. When we apply this
pattern, D follows, however it does not have an arch. Thus the sequence does not begin with
B then C.

If we try the sequence B then D, the bottom left circle has moved two spots anticlockwise
while the bottom right circle has moved one anticlockwise. When we use this patter again, E
follows. Then C and A do as well. Thus the sequence is BDECA, or ACEDB. Thus E is the
middle shape.

4 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

This is a very difficult problem. Assign each of the blocks numbers - the lowest one being 1,
the second being 2, the third 3, the fourth 4 and the top block being 5. The placement of the
hexagon(s) in each figure determines how many points that figure has. So the (A) has 1 + 5 =
6 points; (B) has 1 + 2 = 3 points; (C) has 2 + 3 = 5 points; (D) has 1 + 3 = 4 points and the
(E) has 2 points. Therefore, if we arrange this in order, we would get (E) 2 points, (B) 3
points, (D) 4 points, (C) 5 points and (A) 6 points. Therefore, (D) is the middle answer. The
correct sequence is:

5 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The arrow moves 90 degrees clockwise every move. The normal line moves to the opposite
side of the circle every move. The correct sequence is:

6 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The black line moves around clockwise one corner at a time. The circle moves around in a
clockwise manner one corner, then two corners, then three corners etc.

7 Fourth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fourth in the series.

Choose one answer.

 A. B. C. D. E.

There are two lines within the circle. The first one stays in the same position (vertical) in all
images. The second one moves in an anticlockwise direction 45o at a time. Thus the answers
(B), (D) and (E) can be excluded. The next component is the diamonds. The number changes
from one to two to four. Thus there will be eight in the answer therefore (A) is also wrong.

8 Fifth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fifth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. E.
D.

This question is one of the hardest. The important thing to recognise is that the balls can
change colour (you need to keep your mind open!). Rule 1: The first ball is grey and it moves
one unit to the right each time. However, it alternates between being grey and white. Rule 2:
The fourth ball is white in the first figure and alternates each move turning grey and then
back to white and so on. Thus, in the fifth figure, the fourth ball will turn back to white (rule
2). According to rule 1, the fifth ball will be grey.

9 Fifth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fifth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The arrow moves 45 degrees clockwise then 90 degrees anticlockwise then 135 clockwise (i.e
it alternates between clockwise and anticlockwise adding 45 degrees each move). Thus the
arrow will be pointing down and towards the left (thus B, D and E are wrong). The normal
line moves clockwise 45 degrees, then 90 degrees, then 135 degrees. Thus it will be pointing
down (after moving 180 degrees). Thus the answer is A.

10 Fifth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fifth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

Consider the width of the rectangle in the first figure to be one unit. The width changes
from one unit, to three units to two units to four units. Therefore, it is add two units, take
away one unit, add two units etc. Therefore, the width of the rectangle will be three units
wide in the answer. Therefore (C) and (D) are incorrect. The pentagon alternates being on the
left hand side of the rectangle and the right hand side. Therefore in the answer, the pentagon
will be on the left hand side of the traingle - making (A) the right answer.

11 Fifth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fifth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.
The top numbers are increasing by one each move. Therefore, (B) is wrong. Let x equals
the top number divided by the left number. Then you need to multiply x by twice the top
number. This equals the right hand number. The only answer that fits this rule is (C).

12 Third in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the third in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.
The pattern is 2 black balls, then 3, then 2 etc. Only black balls are touching edge.

13 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.
The first two rows make up the third row and the first two columns make up the third
column. Lines that are in the first two rows/columns are carried forward unless they are in
BOTH of the first two columns/rows - if they are in BOTH, the line disappears.

14 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.
The first two pictures in each row add to make the third. Any lines that are the same cancel

15 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. C. E.
B. D.
Starting from column A, the number of "tails' drops by one across each row such that if there
are 4 tails in column A, there are 3 in B and 2 in C. In the third row, there are 2 tails in A, 1 in
B and so there must be 0 in column C (therefore options A, B and E are wrong). Down each
column, the arrows move 90o anticlockwise, thus the missing arrow must point to the left (so
option D is wrong).

16 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

In this problem the relationship is between the pictures is rows rather than columns. The first
two pictures in a row add to make the third. Any lines or dots that are the same cancel while
any lines that are different in the first two pictures are present in the third.
17 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The figure that has an octagonal surrounding it is transposed to the opposite side by removing
the octagonal and reflecting whatever is inside it vertically. Therefore, B is the right answer.

18 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

In this problem there are three patterns, one in the inner circle, one in the middle circle and
the other in the outer circle. The most central picture alternates between a hexagon and
pentagon while the outer two alternate between stars and circles.

19 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.
Choose one answer.

A. B. D. E.
C.
First let us identify the components of the figures. In each of the figures, there is an 'inside
shape', an 'outside shape' and a line.

The first part of the relationship is that the inside shape becomes the outside shape and the
outside shape becomes the inside shape. Therefore, in the question, the outside shape will be
the + sign and the inside shape will be the triangle (thus options B and E are wrong).

If we look closer, the inside shape never touches the edge of the outside shape, thus option A
is wrong.

The final part of the relationship is that the line changes from a vertical line that goes through
the two shapes and beyond, to a horizontal line that ends at the margins of the big shape.
Thus the reverse would happen for the shape in the question (the line would become a
vertical line that goes through the two shapes and beyond), so option D is wrong.

20 This is to That

Select the figure that would make a second pair of figures with the same relationship as the
first pair.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The example shows two horses turning into four bikes. The horse is rotated 90 degrees
anticlockwise and then flipped on the vertical axis when changing into the bike (with down
being where the ground would be). There is animal turning into a mechanical object,
therefore we can assume that the car being a mechanical object will turn into something
animal, making us able to exclude option C. Since we are going backwards (i.e from the
machine to the animal rather than the other way around as given in the example), we need to
divide the number by two instead of multiplying by two. Therefore, B is incorrect. The
direction can be found by looking at how the direction of the bike is transformed into the
direction of the horse (i.e machine -> animal transformation). The bike rotates 90 degrees
anticlockwise and being flipped on the vertical axis to get the horses. Therefore, we need to
rotate the car 90 degrees anticlockwise and flip on the vertical axis to give us the direction
(i.e pointing to the down and with the ground on the left). Thus the answer is D.

21 Missing Numbers

Select the triangle that would most logically and simply complete the pattern.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

Within each figure, the numbers are related as follows:

The top-number is divided by the bottom-right number. The remainder is then squared, with
this square number being the bottom-left number.

The only alternative which follows this relationship is B (i.e. 54 13 = 4 with 2 remainder,
and 22 = 4).

22 Fourth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fourth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.
In each square, the top left number multiplied by the top right number, minus the bottom
number is equal to the number of arrows in the next shape.

23 Fifth in the Series

Select the picture that would most logically and simply be the fifth in the series.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

One cross (the one hugging the left edge in the first image) alternates between hugging the
left edge and hugging the right edge. Thus, in the answer, it must be hugging the left edge.
Therefore, (B) and (E) are wrong. The other cross moves from hugging an edge to the
middle, then moving clockwise to hug another edge. Thus in the answer, it is hugging the
bottom edge. Thus (A) is right.

24 Missing Segment

Select the segment that would most logically and simply complete the picture.

Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.

The big shape becomes the small shape, the middle shape becomes the big shape and the
small shape becomes the middle shape (thus options A and D are wrong). White shapes
become grey (thus option E is wrong), grey shapes become white, stripy shapes stay as stripy
shapes (always left to right) - thus option C is wrong.
25 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The sequence is shown in order below (it could be in reverse order too).

This question has three elements. The line rotates around as if on a central pin, in an
anticlockwise direction. This rotation alternates between 90o and 45o (first 90, then 45, then
90 etc). The horse is pushed around by the line if the line is rotating on a central pin, the
horse must always remain on the same side of the line. The grey dot begins in the top left
corner and moves clockwise around the corners of the square, first one space, then two, then
one, then two.

26 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
B. C. D. E.
A.

The correct sequence is shown below (it could be in the reverse order too):

As the sequence progresses, the number of legs each animal has increases by two. Thus, the
snake (D) has 0 legs, the kangaroo (A) has 2 legs, the sheep (E) has 4 legs, the and (B) has 6
legs and the spider (C) has 8 legs

27 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
 A. B. C. D. E.

The sequence is shown in order below (it could be in reverse order too):

To solve this, consider the tall white column, which appears in each image, to be fixed in
place. Using this as a fixed starting point, it can be seen that the small white column begins
one space to the left of the tall column and moves one space further to the right with each
move. In the second image the tall and short columns occupy the same space, and the short
column is hidden. The grey column alternates between appearing to the right of the tall
column and hiding behind this column. Noticing that there are three images where the grey
column appears and two where it does not will help you solve this problem. Consider the
group of three (those where the grey column appears) in 1st, 3rd and 5th position. Now look
for the connection between other elements in the images ie. in this case the small column
moves to the right of the tall column. Now correct the order of the images and fill in the
positions of the other images in the sequence.

28 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The sequence is shown in order below (it could be in reverse order too):

The white star alternates between appearing in the centre of the square and not being present
at all. The black star begins in the top right hand corner and moves clockwise around the
corners of the square, first one space, then two, then three, then four spaces on each move.

29 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.
A. B. C. D. E.

The sequence is shown in order below (it could be in the reverse order too).

The face moves anticlockwise around the pentagon one side at a time. Every move, it
alternates between being half-in-half-out of the pentagon and inside the pentagon.

30 Middle of the Sequence

The following five figures can be rearranged to form a logical sequence.

Select the alternative (A, B, C, D or E) that most logically and simply fits in the middle of
the sequence.
Choose one answer.

A. B. C. D. E.
The sequence is shown in order below (it could be in the reverse order too).

The disc moves two spikes to the left every move and changes sides. When it gets to the end
of the spikes on the right, it goes to the start of the left.