Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MATTER AROUND US
You may have heard the phrases like We say that solids, liquids and gases are
what is the matter?' "The Matter was three different states of matter. Water can
closed". Have you ever wondered what this be found in all these states.
matter is? Meaning of this term is very Is there any substance which can be
different for scientists that of from a found in three states like water?
common man.
Now let us look carefully at different
We have read about metals, non- objects which we find around us. We can
metals; synthetic and natural materials, classify most of them, quite easily into one
acids and bases etc., in previous classes. of the three states of matter.
These are all examples of matter.
For example, you can say that wood and
All the things around us which exist in coal are solids and petrol is a liquid.
a variety of shapes, sizes and texture are Milk also is a liquid like petrol. But the
also examples of matter. properties of petrol and milk are quite
The water we drink is a matter. different from each other.
Similarly our food, clothes and various What are the properties that lead us to
things that we use in our day to day life, consider petrol or milk as liquids?
the air we breathe, even our body etc., are
Let us do some activities to understand
examples of matter.
the properties of solids, liquids and gases.
In a simple way anything in this world
Properties of solids, liquids and
that occupies space and has mass is
gases
considered as matter.
States of matter Do solids have definite shape and fixed
volume?
In previous classes, you learnt that If we take two solid objects, say a pen
water can exist either as a solid (ice), as a and a book, and put them in different
liquid or as a gas (water vapour). containers, do you find any change in their
Andhra Pradesh Government Free Distribution 1
shape or volume? Imagine dropping a book What is the shape of the water in
on the floor. It does not flow but remains different containers?
rigid with a definite shape, distinct
Is it same in all cases?
boundaries and a fixed volume. This shows
that solids have a definite shape, a fixed What shape does water take if it spill
volume. on the floor?
2 Matter Around Us
Activity-2
Activity-6
Observing the diffusion of Fig - 7
particles of solids into liquids
Note: Teacher should take care of
Take a beaker full of water and add a
handling hydrochloric acid and prevent
small potassium permanganate crystal to it
the children from touching the acid.
and observe the changes.
Procedure: Take a 1 m long narrow glass
Repeat the experiment with a crystal
tube.
of copper sulphate.
Do you observe diffusion? Take two pieces of cotton wool; soak
one in hydrochloric acid solution and
Is it faster or slower than that observed
another in ammonia solution.
in other two activities?
From activities 4, 5, and 6 it is clear Put them separately at the two ends of
that solids and liquids diffuse into liquids the tube. Block the ends of the tube and
and gases diffuse in to gases. observe.
Certain gases from atmosphere The hydrochloric acid gives off
particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride gas and ammonia
diffuse and dissolve in water. and support solution gives off ammonia gas.
the survival of aquatic animals and plants, Both gases react together to form a
Diffusion therefore is a very important white substance called ammonium
process for living things. chloride.
Oxygen diffuses from lungs into blood. Observe where the ammonium chloride
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into is formed in the tube.
lungs. Explain.
Solids, liquids and gases diffuse into How the two gases traveled along the
liquids and rate of diffusion of gases is tube?
higher than that of liquids or solids. Which gas traveled faster?
Do this
Andhra Pradesh Government Free Distribution 5
So far you have studied some What is matter made up of ?
properties that can be used to distinguish All matter is made of very tiny particles.
between solids, liquids and gases. Fill the
table given below based on your knowledge. This looks as simple statement but it is very
difficult to explain and understand about
Property Solid Liquid Gas matter.
Shape fixed For this we need more details about
Volume fixed these particles and their arrangement inside
various forms of matter.
Compressibilty
Diffusion Activity - 8
Can matter change its state? How small are the particles of a
We started our discussion by recalling matter?
that water exists in all the three states. Take a beaker with water. Mark the level
You must have seen many other of water. Add 1 or 2 crystals of potassium
materials that can exist in different states. permanganate and dissolve them in water.
For example, coconut oil is usually
What does happen to the colour of
liquid. But if it is too cold it becomes solid.
water?
Camphor is a solid but if we leave it in
the open air for some time it directly Now take out approximately 10ml of
changes to gas. this solution and add it to 90ml of clear
You may have seen moth (naphthalene) water in another beaker.
balls being placed in clothes. The smell
What does happen to the colour of
remains even when they disappear. This is
water?
because the solid balls have changed from
solid state to gaseous state.
Solids, liquids and gases are states of
matter but you need to think about, why are
the properties of matter different in
different states?
When does water change into ice and
then into vapour?
Fig - 8
Why do gases diffuse faster than solids
Again take out 10ml of this solution
or liquids?
and add to another 90ml of clear water.
Scientists have tried to explain these
Carryout this process 4, 5 times as shown
facts by examining the physical nature of
in figure 8 and observe changes in colour
matter.
of the solution.
6 Matter Around Us
Is the water still coloured?
How is it possible for two small
crystals of potassium permanganate to
colour a large volume of water?
What do understand from this activity?
Repeat the activity by taking a few
crystals of copper sulphate instead of
Fig - 9
potassium permanganate.
Several interesting conclusions can be Does the level of water change?
drawn from the above activity. What did happen to the salt?
Can you see it in the water?
We can conclude that there must be
From the activities 8 & 9 we can
several tiny particles in just one crystal of
conclude that both solid and liquid particles
potassium permanganate, which are
have some space between them and the
uniformly distributed in water to change
solid particles enter in to the space
its colour.
between the liquid particles on dissolving
Similarly a few crystals of copper
solid in liquid.
sulphate too has several tiny particles which
Recall the incense stick activity. Do
are distributed in large quantity of water to
you agree that gas is also made up of
give colour.
particles and they have large space between
So both solid and liquids (including
them.
water) are made up of tiny particles.
How do the particles of the solid Particles of matter attract each
distribute in the liquid? other
Let us find Activity - 10
Activity - 9 Observing the force of attraction
There exists space between between the particles of the
particles matter
Take a beaker and fill it with some Open a water tap and allow the water to
water and mark the water level. reach the ground. Now try to break the
Add some salt and stir it thoroughly stream of water with your finger.
with a glass rod. Observe if there is any Can you break the stream permanently
change in water level. Add some more salt or momentarily?
and stir it again. Are you able to break the stream of
Observe the change in level of water. water any where from the tap to ground?
10 Matter Around Us
Effects of change of pressure You have exerienced drying of wet
clothes in air. In this process water directly
We already know that various kinds of
changes into vapour form without reaching
states are due to the differences in the
its boiling point.
distances between the constituent particles.
Can you give few more examples for
What will happen when we apply
this type of change?
pressure and compress a gas enclosed
in a cylinder? What could be the reasons for this type
of changes in states?
Will the particles come closer?
The particles of matter irrespective of
Do you think that increasing or
the state at the given temperatures possess
decreasing the pressure can change the
different energies.
state of matter?
For example, in liquids the particles at
"" Can we liquify gases by applying
the surface posses higher energy than
pressure or reducing temperature?
particles in the bulk of water. The particles
Recall that solid carbon dioxide (from
on the surface are able to break away from
the chapter "Combustion, fuel and flame"
the force of attraction of other particles
of last year) is stored under high pressures. and change into vapour state.
Solid carbon dioxide converts directly This phenomena of change of a liquid
in to gaseous state when the pressure is into vapours at any temperature below its
decreased to 1 atmosphere. Due to this
boiling point is called evaporation.
reason solid carbon dioxide is also known
as dry ice. Activity-12
Thus we can say that pressure and Effect of surface area, Humidity
temperature determine the state of a
and wind speed on evaporation
substance - whether it will be solid, liquid
Take 5ml of water in a test tube and in a
or gas.
china dish separately and keep them under
Let us use our understanding of particle
the fan. Take 5ml of water in another china
nature of matter to explain some day to day
dish and keep it in the cupboard.
observations.
Record room temperatures and time
Evaporation taken for evaporation of water in all three
Do we always need to supply heat or cases. If possible, repeat the activity on a
change the pressure for changing the rainy day and record your observations.
state of matter? In which case evoparation is fast?
Can the change of state from liquid to What do you infer about the effect of
vapour take place without the liquid surface area and wind speed on
reaching its boiling point? evaporation?
Andhra Pradesh Government Free Distribution 11
You must have noticed that the rate of Experience with evaporation
evaporation in china dish is faster. Why do you feel cooler after sweating?
Since evaporation is a surface When you get sweat, on working or
phenomena, during evoparation process the physical excercise the sweat evaporates
particles escape from the surface of liquid. from surface of your body by absorbing the
The increase in the surface area provides heat from your body. The particles of liquid
more scope for particles to escape from absorb energy required for evaporation
the surface. Hence, increases the rate of from your body and escape to the
evaporation. surroundings. This make you to feel cool.
Humidity is another factor that effects Can you give some more examples
evaporation. The amount of water present from daily life where we can feel the
in air is called humidity. effect of evaporation?
The air around us cannot hold more than Why do we store water in matkas
a definite amount of water vapour at a given (earthern pots)?
temperature. Discuss these topics with your friends.
If the amount of water vapour is high in
air the rate of evaporation will decrease. Think and discuss
So clothes dry slowly during rainy season
but fast on a sunny and windy day. Why do we wear cotton clothes in
summer?
Because of increase in wind speed,
water vapour particles move away with the Why do we see water droplets on outer
wind, decreasing the amount of water surface of a glass containing ice - cold
vapour in the surroundings. water?
Why do pigs toil in the mud in hot days?
Key words
Matter, states of matter, solid, liquid, gas, particles, diffusion, forces of
attraction, evaporation, compressed natural gas, melting point, fusion, boiling
point, sublimation, evaporation, latent heat of fusion.
14 Matter Around Us