Professional Documents
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Surveying Concept
1. What is Surveying?
y g is the art and science of
2. What are the general classifications of Surveying? measuring distances, angles, and
3. What are the different types of Surveying? positions of points, lines, areas on
or near the surface of the earth or
4. What are the different categories of units of measurement?
on other extra-terrestrial bodies
5. What is the importance of Surveying in Civil Engineering
through applied mathematics and
field?
the use of specialized equipment
and techniques.
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Types of Surveys:
6. Industrial Surveys
Ship building, aircrafts, machineries
TRANSIT
7
7. Mi Surveys
Mine S
Determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine
structures, surface boundaries, excavated volumes, and establish lines
DUMPY LEVEL
and grades
8. Photogrammetric Surveys (Aerial Survey)
Photographs taken from airplanes
9. Topographic Surveys
Determine the shape of the ground, location and elevations
10. Route Surveys
Construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines,
and other linear projects
Determines the alignment, grades, earthwork quantities
TRIPOD
TOTAL STATION
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Surveying Measurements
Measurement is the process of determining the extent , size
or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a
given standard.
METER
STEEL TAPE Two Kinds of Measurements
1. DIRECT MEASUREMENT
Comparison of measured quantity with a standard measuring
unit employed for measuring a quantity of that kind
LEVELING STAFF
THEODOLITE
2 INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
2.
Combination of many measurements
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
1 km = 1 000 m
2 rad = 360 deg 1 yard = 3 ft
1 m = 1 000 mm Sexagesimal Units
1 mm= 1 000 um
1 meter = 3.28 ft
1 deg = 60 mins
1 m = 10 ddm 1 min = 60 sec 1 km2 = 247.1
247 1 acres
1 dm = 10 cm
1 cm = 10 mm Centesimal Units 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 ha = 10 000 sq m 1 rev = 400 grads
1 grad = 100 centesimal mins
1 L = 1 000 cc 1 c.mins = 100 centesimal sec
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cc
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Theory of Probability
Precision
Refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any
physical measurement is made. mpv x
x x 1 x2 ... xn
n n
Residual
The difference between any measured value of a quantity and its mpv
v xx
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Probable Error
Illustrative Problem: Is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the mpv,
defines a range within which there is a 50% chance that the true value
The angles about a point Q have the following observed values: of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits
n 1
PEm 0.6745
v 2
n(n 1)
Interrelationship of Errors
Relative Precision
* Usually expressed in fraction having 1 as numerator
1. Summation of Errors (Perimeter)
magnitudeoferror
RP
magnitudeofrmeasuredquantity
PES PE12 PE22 .... PEn2
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Illustrative Problem
3. The two sides of a rectangular lot were measured with
certain estimated probable error as follows:
follows
W = 271.35 0.1m
L = 458.65 0.08m
Determine the area of the lot and the probable error in the
resulting calculation.