Expressionism

Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.
Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke
moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic,
particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre,
dance, film and music.

The term is sometimes suggestive of angst. In a general sense, painters such as Matthias Grnewald and El Greco are sometimes termed
expressionist, though in practice the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual perspective
has been characterized as a reaction to positivism and other artistic styles such as Naturalism and Impressionism.

The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893), which inspired 20th-century Expressionists

Origin of the term

While the word expressionist was used in the modern sense as early as 1850, its origin is sometimes traced to paintings exhibited in
1901 in Paris by an obscure artist Julien-Auguste Herv, which he called Expressionismes. Though an alternate view is that the term was
coined by the Czech art historian Antonin Matjek in 1910, as the opposite of impressionism: "An Expressionist wishes, above all, to
express himself... (an Expressionist rejects) immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures... Impressions and
mental images that pass through mental peoples soul as through a filter which rids them of all substantial accretions to produce their
clear essence [...and] are assimilated and condense into more general forms, into types, which he transcribes through simple short-hand
formulae and symbols."

Important precursors of Expressionism were: the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), especially his philosophical novel
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (188392); the later plays of the Swedish dramatist August Strindberg (1849-1912), including the trilogy To
Damascus 1898-1901, A Dream Play (1902), The Ghost Sonata (1907); Frank Wedekind (1864-1918), especially the "Lulu" plays Erdgeist
(Earth Spirit) (1895) and Die Bchse der Pandora (Pandora's Box) (1904); the American poet Walt Whitman (181992): Leaves of Grass
(1855-91); the Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky (182181); Norwegian painter Edvard Munch (1863-1944); Dutch painter Vincent van
Gogh (185390); Belgian painter James Ensor (1860-1949);Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

In 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brcke (the Bridge) in the city of Dresden. This was
arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, though they did not use the word itself. A few years later, in
1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) in Munich. The name came from Wassily
Kandinsky's Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903. Among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and Auguste Macke.
However, the term Expressionism did not firmly establish itself until 1913. Though initially mainly a German artistic movement, most
predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 191030, most precursors of the movement were not German. Furthermore
there have been expressionist writers of prose fiction, as well as non-German speaking expressionist writers, and, while the movement
had declined in Germany with the rise of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s, there were subsequent expressionist works.
 Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele

Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it "overlapped with other major 'isms' of the modernist period: with
Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism and Dada." Richard Murphy also comments: "the search for an all-inclusive definition is
problematic to the extent that the most challenging expressionists such as Kafka, Gottfried Benn and Dblin were simultaneously the
most vociferous "anti-expressionists."

What, however, can be said, is that it was a movement that developed in the early twentieth-century mainly in Germany in reaction to
the dehumanizing effect of industrialization and the growth of cities, and that "one of the central means by which expressionism
identifies itself as an avant-garde movement, and by which it marks its distance to traditions and the cultural institution as a whole is
through its relationship to realism and the dominant conventions of representation." More explicitly: that the expressionists rejected the
ideology of realism.

"View of Toledo" by El Greco, 1595/1610 has been indicated to have a particularly striking
resemblance to 20th-century expressionism. Historically however it is an example of Mannerism.

The term refers to an "artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and
responses that objects and events arouse within a person." [15] It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there are many examples
of art production in Europe from the 15th century onward which emphasize extreme emotion. Such art often occurs during times of
social upheaval, such as the Protestant Reformation, German Peasants' War, Eight Years' War, and Spanish Occupation of the
Netherlands, when the rape, pillage and disaster associated with periods of chaos and oppression are presented in the documents of the
printmaker. Often the work is unimpressive aesthetically,[citation needed] yet has the capacity to cause the viewer to experience
extreme emotions with the drama and often horror of the scenes depicted.

Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art historian Michel Ragon [16] and German philosopher Walter Benjamin.
According to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that "Expressionism doesn't shun the violently unpleasant effect, while
Baroque does. Expressionism throws some terrific 'fuck yous', Baroque doesn't. Baroque is well-mannered."

Formalism

Formalism is the study of art by analyzing and comparing form and stylethe way objects are made and their purely visual aspects. In
painting formalism emphasizes compositional elements such as color, line, shape, texture, and other perceptual aspects rather than
iconography or the historical and social context. At its extreme, formalism in art history posits that everything necessary to
comprehending a work of art is contained within the work of art. The context for the work, including the reason for its creation, the
historical background, and the life of the artist, that is, its conceptual aspect is considered to be of secondary importance. Anti-
formalism in art would assert the opposite ascription of respectively primary and secondary importance.
Background

The philosopher Nick Zangwill of Glasgow University has defined formalism in art as referring to those properties "that are determined
solely by sensory or physical propertiesso long as the physical properties in question are not relations to other things and other
times." The philosopher and architect Branko Mitrovic has defined formalism in art and architecture as "the doctrine that states that the
aesthetic qualities of works of visual art derive from the visual and spatial properties."

The historical origin of the modern form of the question of aesthetic formalism is usually dated to Kant and the writing of his third
Critique where Kant states: "Every form of the objects of sense is either figure (Gestalt) or play (Spiel). In the latter case it is either play
of figures or the mere play of sensations. The charm (Reiz) of colors... may be added, but the delineations (Zeichnung) in the...
composition (Komposition)... constitute the proper object of the pure judgment of taste." The philosopher Donald Crawford has
summarized Kant's position stating: "Thus, for Kant, form consists of the spatial... organization of elements: figure, shape, or
delineation... In the parts of the Critique of Judgment in which form is emphasized as the essential aspect of beauty, Kant is consistently
a pure formalist." A formal analysis is an academic method in art history and criticism for analyzing works of art: "In order to perceive
style, and understand it, art historians use 'formal analysis'. This means they describe things very carefully. These descriptions, which
may include subjective vocabulary, are always accompanied by illustrations, so that there can be no doubt about what exists
objectively". For a particular work of art, a formal analysis consists of a purely visual description of the work as if irrespective of cultural
context, history, or artistic motivation. As such, it is a basic tool for art historians and artists to understand the purely visual aspects of a
work of art. This is not to say that such cultural or motivational interpretations can be separated from the artwork, but that the visual
elements provide an essential starting point for understanding a work of art. Elements of a formal analysis include descriptions of color,
space, line, volume, mass, composition, and other perceptual aspects, and putting these together to analyse artistic style.

First introduced by Roger de Piles (16351709), in his book the Principles of Painting, the technique of formal analysis was more fully
developed by 19th-century art historians. Leading proponents of a formalist approach to art history were, from the Vienna School of Art
History, Moritz Thausing, who in 1879 became the second Ordinarius (full professor) of art history at Vienna, who advocated an
autonomous art history and promoted the separation of art history from aesthetics. Thausing's students Franz Wickhoff (Professor 1891)
and Alois Riegl (Professor 1897) furthered his approach, insofar as they developed the methods of comparative stylistic analysis and
attempted to avoid all judgements of personal taste. Thus both contributed to the revaluation of the art of late antiquity, which before
then had been despised as a period of decline. Riegl in particular, as an avowed disciple of positivism, focused on the purely formal
qualities of the work of art, and rejected all arguments about content as metaphysical speculation. Other leading figures noted for a
formalist approach were Heinrich Wlfflin (18641945) and Henri Focillon (18811943).

Formalism in the 20th century

Roger Fry in Vision and Design (1909) was an early Modernist critic to apply formalist analysis to contemporary art. Throughout the rest
of the early part of the 20th Century, European structuralists continued to argue that 'real' art was expressive only of a thing's
ontological, metaphysical or essential nature. But European art critics soon began using the word 'structure' to indicate a new concept of
art. By the 1930s and 1940s, structuralists reasoned that the mental processes and social preconceptions an individual brings to art are
more important than the essential, or 'ideal', nature of the thing. Knowledge is created only through socialization and thought, they said,
and a thing can only be known as it is filtered through these mental processes.

Formalism today

According to the observation that works of art can in general contain formal properties and nonformal properties, the philosopher Nick
Zangwill has delineated three types of formalism as they are encountered at the turn of the 21st century. First, Zangwill identifies
extreme formalists who think "that all works of art are purely formal workswhere a work is purely formal if all its aesthetic properties
are formal aesthetic properties," then he defines anti-formalist thinkers as those who "think that no works of art have formal aesthetic
properties." The third type which Zangwill identifies as representing the transition of the philosophy of aesthetics into the 21st century is
that of moderate formalism, where its principle exponents defend the principle "that all the aesthetic properties of works of art in a
select class are formal, and second, that although many works of art outside that class have nonformal aesthetic properties, many of
those works also have important formal aesthetic properties that must not be ignored."
Figure of speech

A figure of speech is figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of
words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words. There are mainly five
figures of speech: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification and synecdoche. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of
expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal
and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetorical figure or a locution.

Rhetoric originated as the study of the ways in which a source text can be transformed to suit the goals of the person reusing the
material. For this goal, classical rhetoric detected four fundamental operations[1] that can be used to transform a sentence or a larger
portion of a text: expansion, abridgement, switching, transferring and so on.

Figure of Speech Examples

A figure of speech is a word or phrase that has a meaning something different than its literal meaning. It can be a metaphor or simile
that is designed to further explain a concept. Or, it can be a different way of pronouncing a word or phrase such as with alliteration to
give further meaning or a different sound.

Examples of Figures of Speech

Using Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of beginning sounds. Examples are:

Sally sells seashells.

Walter wondered where Winnie was.

Blue baby bonnets

Nick needed notebooks.

Fred fried frogs.

Using Anaphora

Anaphora is a technique where several phrases or verses begin with the same word or words. Examples are:

I came, I saw, I conquered - Julius Caesar

Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition! King John - William Shakespeare

We laughed, we loved, we sang

With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, - Abraham Lincoln

We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. - Winston Churchill

Using Assonance

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together. Examples are:

A - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore (Poe)

E - Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee (Coleridge)

I - From what Ive tasted of desire, I hold with those who favor fire (Frost)

O - Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn (Wordsworth)

U - Uncertain rustling of each purple curtain (Poe)

Using a Euphemism

Euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces a word or phrase to make it more polite or pleasant. Examples are:

A little thin on top instead of bald

Homeless instead of bum

Letting him go instead of fired him

Passed away instead of died

Put to sleep instead of euthanize

Using Hyperbole

Hyperbole uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect. Examples are:

Ive told you a hundred times

It cost a billion dollars

I could do this forever

She is older than dirt

Everybody knows that

Using Irony

Irony is using words where the meaning is the opposite of their usual meaning. Examples are:

After begging for a cat and finally getting one, she found out she was allergic.

A traffic cop gets suspended for not paying his parking tickets.

The Titanic was said to be unsinkable.

Dramatic irony is knowing the killer is hiding in a closet in a scary movie.

Naming a Chihuahua Brutus

Using Metaphor

Metaphor compares two unlike things or ideas. Examples are:

Heart of stone

Time is money

The world is a stage

She is a night owl

He is an ogre

Using Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like what it is describing. Examples are:

Whoosh

Splat

Buzz
 Click

Oink

Using Oxymoron

Oxymoron is two contradictory terms used together. Examples are:

Peace force

Kosher ham

Jumbo shrimp

Small crowd

Free market

Using Personification

Personification is giving human qualities to non-living things or ideas. Examples are:

The flowers nodded

Snowflakes danced

Thunder grumbled

Fog crept in

The wind howled

Using Simile

Simile is a comparison between two unlike things. Examples are:

As slippery as an eel

Like peas in a pod

As blind as a bat

Eats like a pig

As wise as an owl

Using Understatement

Understatement is when something is said to make something appear less important or less serious. Examples are:

It's just a scratch - referring to a large dent

It is sometimes dry and sandy - referring to the driest desert in the world

The weather is a little cooler today - referring to sub-zero temperatures

I wont say it was delicious - referring to terrible food

The tsunami caused some damage - referring to a huge tsunami

These examples of figures of speech were selected to show a wide variety of types of words.

List of Figures Of Speech

Personification
Personification is all about adding a human trait to an inanimate object or an abstraction.
For example: The picture in that magazine shouted for attention.

Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things or ideas using "like" or "as" to accentuate a certain feature of an object
by comparing it to a dissimilar object that is a typical example of that particular trait.
For example: as big as a bus, as clear as a bell, as dry as a bone, etc.

Analogy
An analogy is a figure of speech that equates two things to explain something unfamiliar by highlighting its similarities to something that
is familiar. This figure of speech is commonly used in spoken and written English.
For example: Questions and answers, crying and laughing, etc.

Metaphor
A metaphor compares two different or unrelated things to reveal certain new qualities in the subject, which you might have ignored or
overlooked otherwise.
For example: The streets of Chennai are a furnace.

Alliteration
Alliteration is the duplication of a specific consonant sound at the start of each word and in quick succession. Although alliterations are
all about consonant sounds, exceptions can be made, when vowels sounds are also repeated. This figure of speech is commonly seen in
poems.
For example: "Guinness is good for you" - Tagline for Guinness

Hyperbole
A far-fetched, over exaggerated description or sentence is called as hyperbole and is commonly used in jokes and making backhanded
compliments.
For example: When she smiles, her cheeks fall off.

Onomatopoeia
This figure of speech is partly pleasure and partly business. It is used to replicate sounds created by objects, actions, animals and people.
For example: Cock-a-doodle-do, quack, moo, etc.

Imagery
Imagery is a figure of speech, which employs words to create mental images in the mind of the reader. It is a powerful tool and mostly
used by poets, lyricists and authors. For example: "Cloudless everyday you fall upon my waking eyes inviting and inciting me to rise, And
through the window in the wall, Come streaming in on sunlight wings, A million bright ambassadors of morning." - A portion of the lyrics
to the song 'Echoes' by the band Pink Floyd

Symbol
Symbol refers to the use of an object or symbol to represent or indicate something else.
For example: The symbolism of a red rose (love), the symbolism of a white flag (peace), etc.

Pun
A pun is a figure of speech that plays with words to give away obscured meanings. A pun is also known as paronomasia.
For example: My son wanted a scooter. When I told him they are too dangerous, he moped around the house.

Allegory
An allegory is nothing but an improvised metaphor. It is a figure of speech, which involves the use of characters or actions in a piece of
literature, wherein the characters have more to them than meets the eye.
For example: The Trojan Women by Euripides,
Aesop's Fables by Aesop.

Tautology
Tautology is needless repetition of words to denote the same thing.
For example: CD-ROM disk, PIN number, ATM machine, etc.

Palindrome
A palindrome is a series of numbers, words or phrases that reads the same in either direction.
For example: Malayalam, A Toyota's a Toyota, etc.

Euphemism
Euphemism is a figure of speech where an offensive word or expression is replaced with a polite word.
For example: David: Do you have a few minutes?
Ryan: No, I'm busy.
David: Ok, listen...
Ryan: No, you listen, when I said 'busy', I meant leave me the hell alone.

Assonance
Assonance is a repetition of the vowel sounds. Such a figure of speech is found most commonly in short sentences or verses.
For example: And murmuring of innumerable bees.

Idiom
An idiom is a phrase, expression or group of words whose implication is not clear when you go by the literal meaning of words.
For example: As easy as pie, at the eleventh hour, pull someone's leg, etc.

Funny Metaphors
Funny metaphors are metaphors that ring aloud with humor.
For example: That's like trying to thread a needle with a haystack.

Allusion
An allusion is an indirect or subtle reference made about a person, place or thing in a work of literature.
For example: I am no Prince Hamlet.

Antecedent
An antecedent, in grammar, is a word, a phrase, or a clause that is usually replaced by a pronoun in a sentence, but regularly so in a
following sentence.
For example: When I arrived to meet Caleb, he wasn't to be seen.

Jargon
Jargon is the kind of language that is specific to a particular trade, occupation, professionals or group of people.
For example: I need your vitals.

Double Negative
A double negative is a figure of speech that occurs when two negative words or two forms of negation are used in one sentence.
For example: I won't not use no ladder to climb the building.

Adjunction
An adjunction is a phrase or a clause that is placed at the start of a sentence. An adjunction, in most cases, is a verb.
For example: Runs the leopard past us as we stray deeper into his territory.

Antithesis
An antithesis is a figure of speech where two very opposing lines of thought or ideas are placed in a somewhat balanced sentenced.
For example: Man proposes: God disposes.

Apostrophe
An apostrophe is used when a person who is absent or nonexistent is spoken to.
For example: "Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky."

Climax
In a climax, the words are placed in an ascending order, depending on their significance. These words generally revolve around a central
theme and are arranged in an increasing order to create a strong impression on the mind of the reader.
For example: "There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love." - 1 Corinthians 13:13

Metonymy
A metonymy is a figure of speech where one word or phrase is used in place of another. With metonymies, a name of a particular thing
is substituted with the name of a thing that is closely related to it.
For example: "We have always remained loyal to the crown."

Oxymoron
Oxymoron involves the usage of contradictory terms to describe an object, situation or incident.
For example: open secret, tragic comedy, exact estimate, original copies, etc.

Synecdoche
This is figure of speech where a part of a particular object is employed to throw light on the whole thing.
For example: Describing a whole vehicle as just "wheels".

Stereotype
A stereotype, as far as the figures of speech are concerned, is a convention, a predisposition or a set approach to any particular issue.
For example: All blondes are dumb.

Anastrophe
An anastrophe refers to an inversion or rearrangement of a group of words that usually appear in a certain order.
For example: Gold that glitters is not all that not. (All that glitters is gold)

Anaphora
An anaphora is an expression, which refers to another and can be ambiguous.
For example: The tiger ate the snake and it died. Longfellow

Antonomasia
This figure of speech uses the name of a person on another person or persons possessing characteristics that are similar to the
characteristics of the former.
For example: He was the Adolf Hitler of the school.

Litotes
Litotes are nothing but an understatement. It can be used when you are looking to underplay a positive with a negative.
For example: The food at that restaurant is not bad at all.

Paralipsis
A paralipsis is a figure of speech that focuses on any particular thing without really making it obvious.
For example: I know who ate the last apple, but I will not mention Karen's name.

Rhetoric
Rhetoric in writing refers to an unexplained and undue use of exaggeration.
For example: When I reached the peak of the mountain, I stretched out my hands, touched heaven and took a quick look at the
Almighty!

Zeugma
Zeugma refers to the employment of a word to bridge two or more words, but here the word makes sense to one word or all words in
dissimilar ways.
For example: She lowered her standards by raising her glass, her courage, her eyes and his hopes.

Anticlimax
An anticlimax as a figure speech refers to the building up a climax that results in something that cannot really be described as a climax.
For example: On discovering that his friend was murdered, with vengeance on his mind Ravi rushed back to his college, only to find his
friend sipping on coffee in the college canteen.

Consonance
Consonance refers to the repetition of consonant sounds, within the limits of a sentence or a certain number of sentences.
For example: "Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here. To watch his
woods fill up with snow." - Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost

Irony
Irony is used to stress on the opposite meaning of a word. When people are looking to be sarcastic, they employ irony.
For example: He was so intelligent, that he failed all his tests.

Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton refers to that figure of speech which makes good use of conjunctions and in close succession.
For example: He ran and jumped and laughed for joy.

Rhetorical Question
A rhetorical question is a question wherein the answer is more than obvious.
For example: A person enters a dark room and asks out loud - 'Has someone turned off the lights?'

Anadiplosis
Anadiplosis refers to the repetition of a significant word in a sentence in the second part of the same sentence, usually with a slight
change in its meaning or an exaggerated word for the same.
For example: "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." -Yoda, Star Wars
Appositive
Appositive is a word or phrase that is used in juxtaposing related issues.
For example, Jeanne, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living room carpeting as if he were still a puppy.

Enthymeme
An enthymeme is a figure of speech where an argument that is being made has no definite conclusion or is not completely expressed.
For example, "With a name like Smucker's, it has to be good."

Parallelism
In the English language, parallelism refers to balance created between two or more similar words and sentences.
For example, I like rich desserts, fast card-games, and difficult riddles.

Asyndeton
This is a figure of speech that conveniently ignores the use of conjunctions.
For example, She has provided with a chance to earn a living, with self-respect, with satisfaction.

Parenthesis
Parenthesis refers to a self explanatory and contradicting word or sentence that breaks the flow in a series of sentences, often without
affecting the flow in an obvious manner. Commas and dashes are employed when a parenthesis is used.
For example, Would you, Kris, listen to me?

Antimetabole
An antimetabole is a figure of speech, where the second half of a sentence, phrase or series is in the exact opposite order of the first
part.
For example, E,F,G - G,F,E

Epistrophe
Epistrophe or epiphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the end of consecutive phrases, clauses or sentences. It is
extremely emphatic and is usually employed to stress the last word in a phrase or sentence.
For example, "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." -Emerson

Understatement
Understatement is a figure of speech that is used to undermine the due importance of a statement.
For example, "A soiled baby, with a neglected nose, cannot be conscientiously regarded as a thing of beauty." - (Mark Twain)

Chiasmus
hiasmus is another important figure of speech wherein two or more clauses are joined together through a reversing the syntax to convey
a bigger point.
For example, "I flee who chases me, and chase who flees me." - (Ovid)

Epithet
An epithet can be best defined as a descriptive title that commonly involves a word or a phrase that is used in lieu of the real name.
For example: Alexander the Great.

Verbal Irony
Verbal irony is one of the most commonly employed tropes in literature that is pregnant with hidden connotations and usually has more
to eat than meets the eye. It usually denotes the opposite of what is expressed.
For example: "Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man." - Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

False Analogy
An elaborate comparison of two dissimilar things is called false analogy.
For example: There has to be life on other planets because as of today no one has been able to conclusively prove that there is no life.

Kinds of Poetry and Prose

Poetry
A language arranged in lines with regular rhythm, meter and often with definite rhyme scheme
Use figurative language
rhythmical creation of beauty - Edgar Allan Poe

a. Narrative Poetry
- intends to tell a story
- Usually relates the events in an order of time

^ Types ^
1. Epic tells about the adventures of a traditional hero important to the history
2. Ballad meant for singing &usually deals with subject such as love, honor or death
3. Metrical Romance is a long rambling love story in revolving around knights, lords and their ladies
4. Metrical Tale deals with any emotion or phrase of life & is often told in simple manner

b. Lyric poetry - meant to be sung

- focus on the writers feeling

^ Types ^
1. Ode most majestic type
2. Elegy poetic lamentation for the dead
3. Sonnet can be distinguished by its form for it always consist of 14 rhymed lines
4. Idyll a descriptive poem of rural or pastoral character which expresses the poets feeling of his immediate landscape
5. Song has a particular melodious quality
6. Simple Lyric includes all those lyric poems that dont belong under the other types

c. Dramatic Poetry
- focus on the characters feelings
- designed to be spoken or acted on stage

These are plays whose dialogues are written in the form of poetry
1. Comedy a dramatic play of light and humorous character w/ a cheerful or happy ending
2. Tragedy portrays struggle of a strong willed protagonist against fate
Ex. 5 great Shakespearean Tragedies
~ Hamlet indecision
~ King Lear parental love
~ Macbeth ambition
~ Othello conjugal love
~ Romeo and Juliet young love
3. Dramatic History a dramatic play dealing w/ past historical event
4. Farce a comic play marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot
5. Melodrama characterized by heavy use of suspense, sensational episodes, romantic sentiment and conventional happy
ending
6. Masque a form of dramatic entertainment of the 16th & 17th century performed by masked actors
7. Dramatic Monologue a long speech In a play or a story delivered by a single person

Prose
- Its structure is in terms of sentences and paragraphs

Types of Prose
I. Prose Drama
- Like poetic plays but written in prose form
II. Essay
- A prose composition w/c discusses a particular subject.
III. Prose Fiction
- A prose composition w/c imaginatively created
A.Prose Allegory
- Is a narrative prose from in w/c abstract ideas are personified
- Prolonged metaphor or symbolic representation
B. Prose Romance
- A prose narrative treating imaginary characters, events, time or place, and usually heroic, adventure or mysterious.
C. Tales of Adventure
 - Deals w/ stories involving danger & unknown risks or mans encounter w/ nature
D. Novel
-a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length, portraying characters, actions, and scenes representative of real life in a
more or less intricate plot
E. Novelette
- Shorter than a novel, longer than a short story
F. Short Story
- A prose narrative about 10,000 words to be read in 1 sitting
G. Fable
- Stories about animals
H. Parable
- Stories from the bible
I. Myth
- Deals w/ supernatural beings, gods, and goddess

J. Legend
- Deals w/ the origin of things
K. Folktale
- Is characteristically anonymous, timeless and placeless tale circulated orally among people

L. Fairytale
- Is a narrative of adventures involving fantastic forces and beings
- Happy ending

IV. Biography
Biography written by someone else
Autobiography written by himself/herself
V. Letter
A. Letter written message address to a person or organization
B. Journal a prose composition published periodically for an exclusive readership
C. Diary a daily account of what happened in someones life

VI. Other Prose Forms

Works About
- Travel
- History
- Scientific Prose
- Current Publications
- Literary criticisms and Book Reviews
- Philosophical and Religious Writings

Types of Literature

Here are some of the popular categories of books and stories in literature.

An autobiography is the story of a person's life written or told by that person.

Bill Peet: An Autobiography

A biography is the story of a person's life written or told by another person.

Eleanor, by Barbara Cooney

A fable is a story that teaches a moral or a lesson. It often has animal characters.
The Tortoise and the Hare

Fantasy novels are often set in worlds much different from our own and usually include magic, sorcery and mythical creature.
The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling

A folktale is a story that has been passed down, usually orally, within a culture. It may be based on superstition and feature supernatural
characters. Folktales include fairy tales, tall tales, trickster tales and other stories passed down over generations.
Hansel and Gretel

A legend is a story that has been handed down over generations and is believed to be based on history, though it typically mixes fact and
fiction. The hero of a legend is usually a human.
 King Arthur and the Roundtable

A myth is a traditional story that a particular culture or group once accepted as sacred and true. It may center on a god or supernatural
being and explain how something came to be, such as lightning or music or the world itself.
The Greek story of the Titan Prometheus bringing fire to humankind

Science fiction stories examine how science and technology affect the world. The books often involve fantasy inventions that may be
reality in the future.
The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula Le Guin

Humanities Report
Impressionism was a period which emerged in the Nineteenth century and was prominent during the 1870s and 1880s.
Impressionistic literature characteristically detailed the author's impression (idea, opinion, or feeling about something) regarding a
scene. Impressionism is sometimes related to symbolism given that impressionists characteristically offer a description of life using
emotions and sensations.

Expressionism was a period which emerged during the late Nineteenth century and moved into the early Twentieth. This movement
was most prominent from 1910 to 1925. Expressionistic literature characteristically detailed

distorted objective features of the sensory world using symbolism and dream-like elements in their works illustrating the alienating
and often emotionally overwhelmed sensibilities.

While both movements relied upon the senses, Expressionists focused upon the overwhelming aspects of emotions while
Impressionists used emotions to describe life in general.

Basically, Expressionists are using their emotions to define their words and Impressionists are using their words to define their
emotions.

General Overview

The Expressionist movement started in Germany. These artists wanted to paint about emotion. It could be anger, anxiety, fear, or
peacefulness. This wasn't a completely new idea in art. Other artists like Vincent van Gogh had been doing the same thing. However,
this was the first time this type of art had been given a name.

When was the Expressionism movement?

The Expressionist movement occurred during the early part of the 1900s.

What are the characteristics of Expressionism?

Expressionist art tried to convey emotion and meaning rather than reality. Each artist had their own unique way of "expressing" their
emotions in their art. In order to express emotion, the subjects are often distorted or exaggerated. At the same time colors are often
vivid and shocking.

Examples of Expressionist Art

The Scream (Edvard Munch)

This painting shows a man standing on a bridge. His hands are on his face and he is screaming. The sky behind him is red and
swirling. The picture expresses the emotion of a person alone in their anguish and anxiety. Munch made four versions of this picture.
One of them sold for over $119 million in 2012.

The Large Red Horses (Franz Marc)

The Large Red Horses uses color and movement to express the energy and power of nature. Franz Marc often used colors to
represent certain emotions; blue meant spirituality, yellow femininity, and red power and violence. He also painted a lot of pictures
of horses and other animals.

Lady in a Green Jacket (August Macke)

In this painting a lady is standing in the foreground wearing a dark green jacket. She is looking sort of down and to the side. There
are two couples in the background walking away from her. You get the feeling that maybe she is lonely or has lost someone recently.
One of the ladies in the background has turned to look back at her, perhaps feeling sorry for her.

Famous Expressionist Artists

 Max Beckman - Beckman was a German painter who was against the Expressionist movement. However, many of his
paintings are described as Expressionist.

James Ensor - A Dutch painter who had great influence on the Expressionist movement in Germany.

Oskar Kokoschka - An Austrian artist whose artwork was displayed in the German magazine The Storm when
Expressionism became a true art movement.

August Macke - A leading member of the Expressionist group The Blue Rider in Germany, he also painted some Abstract
Art.

Franz Marc - A founding member of The Blue Rider group, Franz Marc was one of the leaders in the Expressionist
movement.

Edvard Munch - A Symbolist and Expressionist, Munch is best known for his famous painting The Scream.

Egon Schiele - An early adopter of Expressionism, Egon died at the young age of 28.
Interesting Facts about Expressionism
Another movement was taking place in France at the same time called Fauvism. It was lead by artist Henri Matisse.

Groups of Expressionist artists formed in Germany. One was called The Bridge and the other The Blue Rider.

Many Expressionist artists also overlap into other movements such as Fauvism, Symbolism, Abstract Art, and
Surrealism.

There was also Expressionist literature, dance, sculpture, music, and theatre.

Many of the German Expressionists artists had to flee Germany during World War II.
Louis H. Sullivan (1856-1924) was one of the most influential architects to come out of the Chicago School of architecture in the late
1800s. He is often called the father of the skyscraper, the prophet of modern architecture and conceived the most famous phrase
ever to come out of his profession, form follows function (or, more accurately, form ever follows function). Among his most
outstanding surviving works are the Auditorium Theater, the Carson, Pirie Scott department store, and the Charnley House in Chicago,
the Wainwright Building and Union Trust Building in St. Louis, the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York, and eight small Jewel Box
banks that are among the most treasured pieces of historic architecture in the United States.

Louis Sullivan was committed to establishing an authentic, American style of architecture, free of historic imitations like
the Beaux Arts style that fellow Chicagoan Daniel Burnham of the firm Burnham and Root helped make wildly popular as a result of
the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893. Sullivans most profound influence can be found in the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, who
spent more than six years as Sullivans chief draftsman before going on his own to advance Sullivans idea of American architecture
into his Prairie Houses and, more generally, the Prairie School of the early 1900s.

Louis Sullivans architecture is a mixture of plain geometry and undisguised massing punctuated with elaborate pockets
of ornamentation in stone, wood and terra cotta. Fragments of his ornamentation hang in some of the most prestigious museums in
the world, including the Art Institute of Chicago, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York. He died in
1924, penniless and forgotten to the public, and was buried in Chicagos Graceland Cemetery.

Functionalism
The notion of functional art, most actively promoted by German writers and termed by them Zweckkunst, is most appropriately related
to architectural theory under three headings, namely (1) the idea that no building is beautiful unless it properly fulfills its function, (2)
the idea that if a building fulfills its function it is ipso facto beautiful, and (3) the idea that, since form relates to function, all artifacts,
including buildings, are a species of industrial, or applied, art (known in German as Kunstgewerbe).

"Nature contains the elements, in colour and form, of all pictures, as the keyboard contains the notes of all music. But the artist is born
to pick, and choose, and group with science, these elements, that the result may be beautiful - as the musician gathers his notes, and
forms his chords, until he bring forth harmony."
 James McNeill Whistler
Key Characteristics of Formalist Art Theory
A painting's form is composed of its basic elements: color, line, composition, and texture. These elements constitute the fundamental
language used by formalist art critics to examine and analyze works of art.
Whether an artwork is a pure abstraction or representational, a formalist looks for the same basic elements and judges a painting's value
based on the artist's ability to achieve a cohesive balance in the composition.
If a painting is deemed deficient in value, it was because the artist had failed to create a visual balance of the formal painterly elements.

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Plato's Theory of Forms
Philosopher Plato developed a "Theory of Forms" based on the idea of eidos, roughly translated to mean "stature" or "appearance."
Plato applied the term broadly in his various dialogs to suggest a rudimentary universal language. Every earthly object, he posited,
whether tangible (like a chair) or abstract (like human virtue), shared one aspect: they all had a form.
Plato's theory of Forms can be best understood through his "Allegory of the Cave." He envisioned a cave which held prisoners who
had been held captive their entire lives; all they could see were the shadows of workers cast along the cave's walls, and all they could
hear were the echoes of their voices resonating throughout the cave. Since this was all they knew, the prisoners perceived these
shadows and echoes as the actual form of real objects and were therefore completely unaware that those forms were just mimicries
of the real things. Plato ultimately stated that the prisoners' perception of things was not false; by their understanding of the world,
the shadows and echoes were the actual forms, just as a painting of a woman is as real, if not more real, than the actual woman who
is depicted on the canvas.
In the early twentieth century, modern artists experimenting with styles of Fauvism,Expressionism, and Surrealism were influenced by
many of the problems raised in Plato's "Theory of Forms." The most profound of these problems was humankind's attempt to
reconcile permanence and change, which invited the following questions: how can the world appear to be both permanent and
changing? If the world we perceive through the senses seems to be always changing and the world that we perceive through the mind
seems to be permanent and unchanging, then which of these perceptions is more real, and how can we explain the existence of both?

Pieter Cornelis "Piet" Mondriaan, after 1906 Mondrian (Dutch pronunciation: [pit mndrijan], later [mndrijn]; March 7, 1872
February 1, 1944) was a Dutch painter.

He was an important contributor to the De Stijl art movement and group, which was founded by Theo van Doesburg. He evolved
a non-representational form which he termed neoplasticism. This consisted of white ground, upon which was painted a grid of vertical
and horizontal black lines and the three primary colors. [1]

Between his 1905 painting, The River Amstel, and his 1907 Amaryllis, Mondrian changed the spelling of his signature from Mondriaan
to Mondrian.[2]