Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Published by:
International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)
Design:
International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)
Produced under:
Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific Phase 2
Acknowledgement:
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Asian Development Bank. The
contents of this document are the sole responsibility of International Institute for Energy Conservation
and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the Asian Development
Bank.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
GUIDELINES FOR STREET
LIGHTING IN THE PACIFIC
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives of the Guidelines 1
1.2 About the Guidelines 1
1.3 Who Should Read these Guidelines? 2
1.4 Other Energy Efficiency Guidelines 2
Contents
...
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46
.; Contents
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
FIGURES
Figure 3-1 Typical HID Lamp and Control Gear Circuit 7
Figure 3-2 Typical LED Array and Driver Circuit 7
Figure 3-3 Cobra Head Style Luminaires 8
Figure 3-4 High Mast Style Luminaires 8
Figure 3-5 Vertical Mount Style Luminaire 9
Figure 3-6 Shoebox Style Luminaires 9
Figure 3-7 LED Style Luminaire 9
Figure 3-8 Basic Functions of Reflector, Refractor and Lens in Street Lighting Luminaires 10
Figure 3-9 Reflectors used in HID and LED Luminaires 10
Figure 3-10 Refractor of a Cobra Type HID Luminaire 10
Figure 3-11 How LED Lenses Control Light Distribution 11
Figure 3-12 Cutoff Characteristics Full Cutoff 11
Figure 3-13 Cutoff Characteristics Cutoff 12
Figure 3-14 Cutoff Characteristics Semi-cutoff 12
Figure 3-15 Cutoff Characteristics Non-cutoff 12
Figure 3-16 IESNA Lateral Light Distribution Classification Types 13
Figure 3-17 Ingress Protection (IP) 14
Figure 3-18 Mechanical or Impact Protection 15
Figure 3-19 Internal and External Installation of Photoelectric Control 16
Figure 3-20 Single-sided Configuration 17
Figure 3-21 Staggered Configuration 17
Figure 3-22 Opposite Configuration 18
Figure 3-23 Twin Central Configuration 18
Figure 3-24 Mast Arms (Mounting Brackets) 19
Figure 3-25 Base and Foundation for Lighting Pole 19
Figure 3-26 Pad Mounted Service Cabinet 21
Figure 3-27 Pole Mounted Service Cabinet 21
Figure 4-1 Designing an Energy Efficient Street Lighting Project Flowchart 23
Figure 4-2 Geometry of Street Lighting 28
Figure 4-3 Illustration of Illuminance Field of Calculation and Measurement 31
Figure 4-4 Calculation of Lighting Quality Parameters using an Excel Spread Sheet 33
Figure 5-1 Comparison of Lamp Replacement Frequency of HID Lamp and LED 35
Figure 8-1 Sample of Lighting Measurement Sheet 42
Figure 9-1 Example of LCCA between 100 sets of MV and LED Street Lighting Systems 45
Figures
;
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
TABLES
Table 2-1 Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units 4
Table 3-1 Types of Lamp Technologies 6
Table 4-1 Recommended Illumination Level for Different Classification of Roads 25
Table 4-2 Recommended HPS Lamp Wattage and LED Luminaire for EE Retrofits 27
Table 4-3 Lighting Design Software Tools 29
Table 7-1 HPS Luminaire Requirements 38
Table 7-2 LED Luminaire Requirements 40
Table 9-1 Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Mercury Vapor Luminaire vs. LED Luminaires 44
;. Tables
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
ACRONYMS
ADB Asian Development Bank
CCT Correlated Color Temperature
Cd Candela
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CIE Commission Internationale de LEclairage
CRI Color Rendering Index
E Illuminance/ Illumination
EE Energy Efficiency
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Greenhouse Gas
HID High-Intensity Discharge
HPS High-Pressure Sodium
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IIEC International Institute for Energy Conservation
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
IK Mechanical Protection [from Impact]
IP Ingress Protection
J Joules
kWh Kilo Watt Hours
L Luminance
LCCA Life Cycle Cost Analysis
LED Light Emitting Diode
LLD Lamp Lumen Distribution
Lux Luminous Flux Per Unit Area
lm Lumen
MH Metal Halide
MV Mercury Vapor
PDMCs Pacific Developing Member Countries
PEEP2 Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific Phase 2
PNG Papua New Guinea
RETA Regional Technical Assistance
U0 Overall uniformity of Luminance
U1 Uniformity of Luminance
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
USD United States dollar
UV Ultra Violet
W Watt
Acronyms
;..
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives of the Guidelines
Based on a consultation process conducted in 2007 on behalf of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Pacific Alliance for Sustainability, five Pacific Developing Member Countries (PDMCs) the Cook
Islands, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu assigned high priority to reducing
their use of fossil fuel. In response, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved Regional Technical
Assistance (RETA) for promoting energy efficiency in the Pacific in September 2008. This project was
implemented in 2 phases. The first phase concluded in May 2011, and focused on identifying a pipeline
of specific energy efficiency projects for funding and co-financing by ADB, GEF, and other sources.
The objective of the second phase Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific (PEEP2) was to
improve the efficiency of electrical power for end-users in the residential, commercial, and government
sectors across the 5 PDMCs. This goal was addressed with several complementary methods: building
stakeholder knowledge, mainstreaming government policies, implementing energy in new and existing
buildings, and disseminating information to build awareness and change behavior. These actions
resulted in: enhanced energy security, reduced energy costs for end-users, and overall reductions in
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific were developed under PEEP2 in
order to help achieve energy and financial savings, while increasing public safety for drivers and
pedestrians. The guidelines help achieve these goals by providing methods and techniques for
enhancing efficiency and quality of street and public lighting in the Pacific.
These guidelines employ a simple and effective approach for achieving such reductions; they provide
guidance on how utility and municipal staff can improve the energy efficiency and performance of
street and public lighting. They also provide methods for reducing the operation and maintenance cost
of public lighting in order to ensure on-going quality and functionality.
These guidelines provide a range of easy to follow techniques and methodologies on the different
steps in design, installation and maintenance of energy efficient street lighting in the Pacific.
Introduction
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
Introduction
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
2
OVERVIEW OF
STREET LIGHTING
2.1 Purpose of Street Lighting
Street Lighting (or Roadway Lighting) is one of the most common forms of exterior lighting 1. The gen-
eral purpose and importance of street lighting is to allow drivers and pedestrians to travel safely, see
hazards, recognize objects and have a sense of security, as a result of improved night time visibility.
Properly designed and maintained street lighting can provide comfort and safety during nighttime con-
ditions for both vehicle and pedestrian traffic.
In fact, street lighting does more than just reduce nighttime traffic accidents, and it can also:
r Reduce the level of petty crime and personal robbery, and give citizens a better feeling of security;
r Help road users without head lamps (e.g. the non-motorized, two-wheelers, etc.) to see potholes
and small obstacles;
r On multi-purpose roads, it can enhance commercial and social activity during the hours of dark-
ness, particularly after dusk; small installations in village centers, even operating for a few hours,
can enhance community life;
r Make urban centers more attractive, especially for visitors and tourists.
Some of the major issues concerning the design and specifications for roadway lighting include the
light level, colour quality, light distribution, maintenance and initial cost. In recent years, energy
efficiency has also become a priority consideration particularly in countries where electricity tariffs
are high due to the long operating hours of most outdoor lights.
Increased energy efficiency in street lighting systems significantly reduces operation and maintenance
costs. Through cost-effective energy efficiency measures, energy and monetary savings of 20%- 50%
can be achieved. The initial investment cost associated with more efficient lighting technologies is
easily outweighed by the lower overall life-cycle costs 2 of efficient lighting.
1 Other exterior lighting applications include landscape, building facades, monuments, and signage, retail and commercial establishments
2 A life-cycle cost is dened as a sum of an initial purchasing price of equipment, installation costs, as well as maintenance and energy costs
incurred throughout the equipment life time. More details on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) are given in Section 4 and Appendix 4.
The above-mentioned documents provide ways of improving nighttime visibility, and enhancing night-
time road safety. These CIE publications also give recommendations concerning average illuminance
levels and overall uniformity of illuminance for different classes of roads, as well as measurement of
street lighting illumination quality. CIE technical reports and recommendations have been referenced
by regional and national standards agencies around the world in the formulation of specific lighting
standards, including ones for roadway lighting applications.
The AMS-II.L CDM methodology on demand-side activities for outdoor and street efficient lighting
technologies, (approved by UNFCCC Executive Board in 2011) also references the aforementioned
CIE documents.
Keeping in line with recognized international recommendations and standards for roadway lighting,
this document references the recommendations for average illuminance levels and overall uniformity
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used in these guidelines, are fully consistent with the AMS-II.L CDM methodology. Detailed recom-
mendations concerning illumination and uniformity, as well as measurement guidelines, are discussed
in Section 4 of this document. For other applicable recommendations pertaining to street lighting lumi-
naires and their components, please see relevant recommended standards, published by the Interna-
tional Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 3.
3 The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), founded in 1906, is the worlds leading organization for the preparation and publica
tion of International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These are known collectively as electrotechnology.
During the design phase, these systems, and their component parts should be selected in order to
meet all road and lighting recommendations at a minimum life-cycle cost. To achieve an effective,
energy efficient design, it is essential to select the proper optical system. Careful selection of
lamp/ballast and luminaire combinations will yield higher system efficiency while meeting design
requirements and minimizing both glare and light pollution.
3.1.1 Lamps
The lamp is the most important component of the illumination system because it is largely responsible
for determining the quality of light, system efficiency, and operating costs of the overall illumination
system. The lamp transforms electrical energy into visible electromagnetic radiation, or light (lumens).
The rate at which this conversion takes place is called luminous efficacy, and is measured in lumens
per watt (see Appendix 1 for more details).
The lamps luminous efficacy, the color and distribution of its light, the depreciation 4 of light output
over the lamps lifespan, and the lamps overall lifespan are all factors that affect the cost and effective-
ness of its installation and maintenance. As such, these factors should all be considered when select-
ing a given light source.
Various types of lamp technologies are currently available for street lighting application. These tech-
nologies vary greatly in their luminous efficacy, color rendering properties, lamp life, etc. (Please see
Appendix 2 for description of terms). Most roadway lighting installations over the past decades use
one of three types of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp: high-pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide
(MH) or mercury vapor (MV) lamps. Light-emitting diodes (LED) technologies have recently become
more popular and affordable for roadway lighting, and these solid-state lighting technologies are more
energy efficient than their predecessors, particularly in terms of the efficiency of overall optical system.
A brief description of the different types of lamp technologies that can be used for street and outdoor
lighting are provided in Table 3-1.
4 Depreciation refers to the degradation of light quality over a luminaires lifespan. Such depreciation occurs to all luminaires; however, the
rate at which this process occurs varies both by make, and individual unit.
Lighting Colour CRI (Colour
Lifespan Lumens Ignition
Technology Temperature Rendering Issues to Consider
(hours) per watt Time
Index)
LED Light 50,000 100,000 70 - 150 3,200 6,400K 85 90 instant Relatively higher initial cost
In the case of HID and fluorescent lighting, ballasts are the main component of the control gear. Some
HID lamps require an additional igniter to achieve proper starting voltage and current. For LED lighting,
a small electronic power supply, called an LED driver, converts the supply voltage into low voltage
direct current.
Ballast
Phase
Capacitor Lamp
Igniter
Capacitor Igniter
Neutrol
Ballast
LED
Driver
LED Array
_
Neutrol
3.1.3 Luminaire
The term luminaire can be defined as a complete lighting apparatus consisting of the housing and all
integral parts necessary for both mounting, and function. This includes the light source (lamps), optical
control parts, control gears, wiring assembly, and structure. Luminaires for roadway lighting are
typically made of metal or plastic, and are shaped in the "cobra head" style, high mast style, verti-
cal head style or shoebox" style (see Figure 3-3 to Figure 3-6). LED luminaires (Figure 3-7) are avail-
able in various designs and shapes. Most LED luminaires are available in modern flat rectangular
designs, and others look similar to luminaires for HID lamps (such as the cobra head design).
5 The specic IEC standard for luminaires for road and street lighting is IEC 60598-2-3 Particular requirements Luminaires for road and
street lighting.
Figure 3-8: Basic Functions of Reector, Refractor and Lens in Street Lighting Luminaires
Reector
Lens
Refractor
3.1.3.2.1 Reector
A reflector is used to change the direction of the light output. Its purpose is to redirect the otherwise
wasted light output in the desired direction. The reflector is intended to efficiently direct the light into
the required directions, while reducing it in directions where it might cause discomfort from glare.
Reector
Refractor
3.1.3.2.2 Refractors
Refractors are a type of lens that use a prismatic shape to redirect both the light emitted by the
systems lamp, and the light coming off the reflector. Refractors are often referred to as prismatic
lenses. Refractors are most often used in cobra head luminaires, and have the double function of help-
ing to protect the lamp from external damage.
Refractor
3.1.3.2.3 Lenses
Light from LEDs can be focused and shaped by lenses. Such lenses are being used with increasing
frequency in street lighting applications, as they can be used to redirect light, reduce glare, and even
serve to protect the LEDs from water and ingress. Lenses in LED luminaires are usually classified as
secondary optics and are fitted directly on the LED. Lighting manufacturers claim that LED lenses offer
an optical efficiency of more than 90%, while luminaires with traditional HID lamps generally offer
reflector efficiency of around 70%. Lenses allow light to be directed to exactly where it is needed,
reducing light pollution and dramatically improving system performance compared to conventional
light sources.
Figure 3-11: How LED Lenses Control Light Distribution
Type I Type II Type III
Type IV Type V
Source: Khatod - Optical Solutions for LED Lighting Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting International Co.,Ltd. ,
www.lumitronlighting.com
80o
90o
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A luminaires light distribution is considered to be a cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceed 25 (2.5%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir. This applies to any lateral
angle around the luminaire.
80o
90o
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A luminaires light distribution is considered to be a semi-cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceeds 50 (5%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 200 (20%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir. This applies to any lateral
angle around the luminaire.
Semi-Cutoff
80o
90o
Non-cutoff
When there is no candlepower limitation in the zone above maximum candlepower, the light distribu-
tion is considered to be non-cutoff.
Non-Cutoff
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Types II, III and IV are regularly mounted at the edge of areas needing light. Type II luminaires are used
on narrow streets; type IIIs are used on medium width streets, and type IVs are used on wider streets.
Type IV Type V
Figure 3-17 illustrates how IP Codes work. Different ratings are assigned to different levels of protec-
tion against threats of intrusion a higher rating indicates a higher degree of protection from harmful
intrusion, and a 0 or X rating indicates no protection at all. For example, IP54 refers to protection
against dust (no harmful deposits), and protection against water splashing in all directions.
6 IEC 60529 .- Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) describes a system for classifying the degrees of protection provided
by the enclosures of electrical equipment. The current edition at the time of preparation of the guidelines was published in September 2013.
IP IP
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tion against external impact a higher rating indicates a higher degree of protection, and 0 or x
rating indicates no protection.
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3.2.1 Poles
The poles have an average luminaire mounting height of 8-10 meters for the single and double arm
installation, and high mast poles have an average luminaire mounting height of 20 meters. Pole height
affects the illumination intensity, uniformity of brightness, area covered, and relative glare of the unit.
Higher mounted units provide greater coverage, more uniformity, and a reduction of glare, but provide
a lower light level. Pole height should be based on recommended values for average luminance and
uniformity for the target area (See Table 4-1). Since regulations are sometimes imposed by electricity
distribution utilities, nearby airports and residential neighborhoods, it is important to coordinate with
relevant officials before purchasing or installing posts.
(a) Single-sided. In this arrangement, all luminaires are located on one side of the road. This is the
most common type of arrangement employed by electric utilities.
(b) Staggered. In this layout, lights are installed in an alternating pattern, on each side of the road in
zigzagging, or staggered locations.
(c) Opposite. In this configuration, streetlight poles are placed directly opposite each other along the
road.
Figure 3-22: Opposite Conguration
(d) Twin Central. A twin central arrangement is usually adopted on dual carriageways. The luminaires
are mounted on T-shaped masts in the center islands of the road. In essence, this is a two (2)
single-sided arrangement, placed back-to-back with the two mast arms mounted on a shared
steel pole.
(e) Twin Central in Combination with Opposite Arrangement. In certain instances, where adequate
illumination cannot be met, a single-sided arrangement is integrated with twin central or staggered
arrangements.
Typically, streetlights along major roadways are staggered on single-sided posts, on opposite sides of
the road. Pole-mounted street lights are typically installed 30-40 meters apart, but this distance can
reach 100 meters when using high masts.
Roadside conditions may require that pole spacing be adjusted. Such adjustments should be
determined based on the recommended levels of illumination, as indicated in the guidelines (see Table
4-1). Higher levels of illumination than the base levels are justified when overhead structures, safety,
and object clearance restrict the placement of poles. It is also advisable to provide higher illumination
levels at diverging and merging areas.
3.3.1 Grounding
The metal ground box lids, exposed metal conduit, metal poles, and supplemental ground rods at pole
foundations should be connected to the grounding conductor.
Street lighting systems should be organized to account for all components, ensuring that even the
furthest luminaires in the lighting circuit are able to receive their minimum required level of voltage
supply. The amount of voltage drop between the power supply connection point (or feed point) and the
furthest luminaires should not excess 3% of the system voltage.
Street lighting service cabinets should include the following accessories and features:
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Service cabinet structures should be rain-tight enclosures with a pad-mounting gasket. The cabinets
roof should extend beyond the outer edge of the front door and back wall of the cabinet in order to
reduce water build-up in and around sealed areas, such as the cabinets door.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY
EFFICIENT STREET
LIGHTING PROJECT
The design and planning process is an important step in implementing any street lighting project. It is
very important to coordinate the interest of municipality, utility and other stakeholders, as it helps
provide an effective public service while avoiding ineffective investment. Project designers must
understand street lighting recommendations and evaluate the area to be lit in order to make informed
decisions on the kinds of lighting technologies to be used, and where luminaires should be placed.
Implementing an effective street lighting project is largely dependent on a strong project design.
Analyzing local needs, existing infrastructure, and available technology will give project designers a
clear understanding of the potential cost and energy savings to be achieved by the overall project. This
section provides guidelines on how to design an EE street lighting system it can be applied to both
new and retrofitting project designs.
The following flowchart in Figure 4-1 illustrates the steps to be taken when designing a street lighting
project. Each box in the following chart is marked with a number that corresponds to sections in this
chapter (Section 4). Please refer to the flowchart and the corresponding sections for detailed
information on how to design a street lighting project.
4.2.1
4.2 Advantages of LEDs and
Short Listing the Appropriate HPS Lamps
Lighting Technologies
4.2.1
Advantages of LEDs and
HPS Lamps
4.2.2
A Quick Guide for Replacing
FL and MV Lamps with LED
and HPS Lamps (Retrofit
Projects)
4.3
Simulating Lighting Design and
Calculating Costs
4.3.1 Design Components to Consider
4.3.2 Simulating Lighting Design with
Computer Programs
4.3.3 Conducting a Life Cycle Cost
Analysis (LCCA)
4.4
Measuring and Calculating Average
Illuminance of Retrofitting / New Systems
In cases where recommended lighting standards cannot be met with the available budget, it is gener-
ally accepted that some lighting is better than no lighting. Retrofits are generally directed at increasing
efficiency to reduce costs and energy use with better (or at least equivalent) lighting quality. Implement-
ing new lighting systems, by contrast, should aim to meet applicable lighting recommendations while
achieving cost effective EE.
5. Glare: In highly motorized countries a 10% maximum (of direct luminance) is recommended on
highways, while a range between 5% and 30% is acceptable for general traffic routes. These
percentages are determined by the amount of light the luminaires project near the horizontal.
Decreased glare results in decreased nighttime glow (or light pollution).
6. Guidance: Although glare should be kept low, a small amount of direct light from the luminaires
gives a useful sense of the "run" of the road ahead, and can forewarn drivers of upcoming junctions
or roundabouts.
With an understanding of both the roadways function and the lighting quality recommendations,
project designers can determine the relative lighting needs of their roadway. Recommended illumina-
tion levels for different roadways are given in Table 4-1, and can be used to determine respective light-
ing needs.
Residential Areas, Pedestrians and many Non-motor Vehicles 1-2 lux 0.2 n/a
Largely Residential, but some Motorized Vehicles 4-5 lux 0.2 n/a
0.5 cd/m2
Major Access Roads, Distributors and Minor Main Roads 8 lux 0.4 0.5
1.0 cd/m2
Important Rural and Urban Traffic Routes 15 lux 0.4 0.6
In cases where sufficient funding for new lighting systems is not available (and when existing infra-
structure already exists), retrofit projects are an effective way of enhancing energy efficiency while
maintaining current light quality. When funding is available and new infrastructure is being built, it is
important that project designers implement projects that both meet current and anticipated future
needs while optimizing installation and system costs by considering high-efficiency luminaires.
IMPORTANT NOTE: In the case of retrofitting projects, designers should carefully measure existing
lighting quality levels prior to implementation. This provides a quality baseline against which to com-
pare project results. Detailed instruction on how to conduct measurements can be found in Section
4.4. See flowchart at the beginning of this section (Figure 4-1) to understand how measurement should
be factored into the project planning process.
Most street lighting installations use one of three types of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps;
high-pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide (MH) and mercury vapor (MV) lamps. HPS is the most
commonly used light source for street lighting due to its high efficiency and long service lamp life. MH
lamps provide efficiency values often equivalent to those of HPS, but have a significantly shorter
lifespan. MV lamps are the least efficient technology for street lighting applications; however they are
inexpensive to purchase, and have a relatively long service life. As a result, MV lamps are still prevalent
in many Pacific Island Countries.
When making street lighting purchasing decisions, it is important to consider more than initial
investment costs; this means factoring in luminaire lifecycle and post-installation costs, such as
operation, maintenance, and replacement. Higher efficiency and longer expected service life results in
considerable reductions to maintenance and operation costs. In many cases, this means that a higher
up front investment in durable, high efficiency lighting systems, will result in lower overall costs than
cheaper, lower efficiency counterparts. Having factored in current trends and future predictions about
efficiency, lifetime cycles, and the supply of commercially available lighting technologies in the Pacific,
these guidelines recommend using HPS and LED lighting technologies. Section 4.3 outlines ways to
simulate different options of selected lighting technologies and conduct life cycle cost analysis (LCCA).
Basic minimum technical requirements and specifications pertaining to HPS and LED luminaires can
be found in Appendix 2 these should be referred to as part of the procurement process. Box1 and
Box2 give further information pertaining to HPS and LED lamps.
4.2.2 A Quick Selection Guide for Replacing FLs and MVs with LED and HPS Lamps (for
Retrot Projects)
When selecting LED or HPS lamps/luminaires, project designers should ensure that the downward
lighting output of new luminaires is equivalent to (or better than) the existing ones. Table 4-2 provides
recommendations on HPS lamp wattages and LED luminaire wattages for replacing existing
fluorescent and MV street lighting in order to achieve energy savings while maintaining similar or better
lighting quality.
Table 4-2: Recommended HPS Lamp Wattage and LED Luminaire for EE Retrots
Estimated
Existing Typical Average Downward Recommended Recommended
Lighting Wattage Efcacy Luminaire Light HPS Lamp LED Luminaire
22
Technology (W) (lm/W)
Output (lm) 11 Wattage Wattage 33
Fluorescent 40 80 2,080 35 30
Fluorescent 80 80 4,160 70 50
To further illustrate these design parameters, below is a diagram illustrating street lighting geometry:
Mast Arms
(Mounting Brackets) Luminaire
Mounting
Height
Edge of
Spacing
Roadway
Width of Roadway
After having selected several viable options for luminaires and luminaire layouts (based on Figure 4-2),
it is necessary to evaluate the functionality and overall life cycle costs of each respective option before
making any final selection and proceeding with procurement and installation. The final selection should
be made based on a clear understanding of how each respective system will look, and how much it
will cost for the duration of its life cycle. These two factors allow the project designer to make informed
purchasing choices, and to provide municipalities and utilities with estimates concerning performance,
economic, and environmental costs
Calculux Calculux Road is a software tool that can help lighting designers Free
Road select and evaluate lighting systems. The software is relatively
easy to use. Although the built-in choices of luminaires are only
limited to products from Philips Lighting, the software can read
additional photometric files in IES and other formats.
(http://www.lighting.philips.com/gb_en/
connect/tools_literature/software.wpd)
DIALux DIALux is a free and complete software developed by DIAL GmbH Free
for professional light planning is open to luminaires of all manufac-
turers for calculation and visualization of indoor and outdoor lighting
systems. DIALux can calculate daylight, interior and exterior
lighting, road lighting and emergency lighting. DIALux can import
from and export to all CAD programs (e.g. DXF, DWG, SAT) and has
photorealistic visualization with an integrated ray tracer. More than
66 free electronic catalogues and photometric files (e.g. IES,
EULUMDAT, CIBSE) can be read in. (www.dial.de)
SEAD The SEAD Street Lighting Tool is a free, easy-to-use calculator Free
that can help purchasers make more informed choices regarding
street lighting fixtures to help achieve up to 50 percent in energy
savings. Supported by Mexico's National Commission for Energy
Efficiency, India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources
Canada, Swedish Energy Agency and U.S. Department of Energy,
the tool is designed to make the fixture evaluation process easier
by assisting street light purchasers with evaluating light quality,
energy use and costs for the most common road layouts.
(www.superefficient.org/sltool)
NOTE: Light quality (color) is not factored in to LCCA. LCCA is a tool for comparing economic, and not
visual value. As a result, it should be conducted in congruence with aforementioned computer simula-
tions.
An alternate configuration of the LCCA formula and a practical example which may be useful for
engineering staff can be found in Appendix 4.
Example: The ABC municipality is considering replacing 100 sets of 250 watts mercury vapor (MV)
luminaires with 100 sets of 90 watts LED street lighting luminaires. The electricity cost is $0.3 per kWh.
The yearly operating hours of the system is 4,300 hours.
In general, a simple financial payback under 3 to 5 years is considered favorable. In case a more
rigorous financial analysis is required to determine financial Return On Investment (ROI) of the project
before the final investment decision can be made, many online tools are available for helping with the
calculations, for example: http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/financial-analysis.
Roadway Illuminance is a measure of the amount of luminous flux falling per unit area lumens/m2, or
lux (lx) and can be used as a method of comparing and verifying illuminance. In the case of retrofits,
the baseline measurement taken before replacement of systems should be compared to illuminance
present after retrofits. In the case of new roadway lighting systems, this measurement should be com-
pared to the projected illuminance levels anticipated during the simulation process. This measurement
and calculation process should be based on specifications provided in CIE 140:2000.
CIE 140:2000 provides the basis for determining fields of calculation, the location of measurement or
simulation points for lighting calculations, and calculation methods for average illuminance values, as
well as uniformity and glare values across the field of calculation as described below.
(a) The field of calculation should be typical of the area of the road or intersection that is of interest to
the driver and pedestrian, and may include the footways, cycle-ways, and verges. As shown in
Figure 4-3, adapted from CIE 140:2000. It should be bound by the edges of the roadway and by
transverse lines through two consecutive luminaires.
D/2 D=S/N
Edges of lane
Centre-line of lane
WL
d=WL/3
Field of calculation
d/2
(b) For staggered installations, consecutive luminaires will be on opposite sides of the road.
(c) The calculation points should be evenly spaced in the field of calculation (see Figure 4-3) and their
number should be chosen as follows.
(d) In the longitudinal direction, the spacing in the longitudinal direction should be determined from
the equation.
D = S/N
where:
D is the spacing between points in the longitudinal direction (m);
S is the spacing between luminaires (m);
N is the number of calculation points in the longitudinal direction with the following values:
for S 30 m, N = 10
for S > 30 m, the smallest integer giving D 3 m.
The first row of calculation points is spaced at a distance D/2 beyond the first luminaire (m).
d = Wr /3
where:
d is the spacing between points in the transverse direction (m);
Wr is the width of the carriageway or relevant area (m).
The spacing of points from the edges of the relevant area is D/2 in the longitudinal direction, and d/2
in the transverse direction, as indicated in Figure4-3.
(f) Luminaires that are situated within five times the mounting height from the calculation point should
be included in the calculation.
Calculation of average illuminance based on the measurement data can be performed using any
spreadsheet tools. Illustrated in Figure4-4. is calculation of lighting quality parameters (average
maximum, and minimum illuminance, and uniformity) of measurement data using Excel. A sample of
lighting measurement sheet is given in Appendix 3.
Figure 4-4: Calculation of Lighting Quality Parameters using an Excel Spread Sheet
7.0
5.9 15 13 10 8 6 5.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 5.5 6.4 7.9 10.4 13.8 15.3
3.5 24 17 14 10 6.8 5.5 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.4 6.7 9.1 14.5 18.5 21.5
1.1 25.7 16.6 11.4 7 3.6 4.7 3.9 4.5 3.7 4.9 7 10.1 15.7 21.7 22.7
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 42.0
3.
5
1.
1
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 39.0
0
0-2.5 2
2.5-5 5
5.75 7
7.5-10 1
10-12.5 1
12
12.5-15 15
15-17.5 17
17.5-20 20
20-22.5 2
22.5-25
MAINTENANCE OF
EE STREET LIGHTING
Street lighting is a necessary but costly public service, requiring a great deal of investment in the
overall design, procurement, installation, operation and maintenance of street lighting systems. In
order to maximize the value while keeping costs at a minimum, it is important to carry out regular
maintenance projects to ensure cost effective, and energy efficient lighting services. The scope of such
maintenance projects should include: cleaning luminaires and all corresponding parts (including
refractors/lenses, reflectors, lamps, and control gear components); inspection of electrical wiring;
measurement of input voltage; and replacement of broken or dysfunctional luminaires lamp, and
component of the control system (such as photoelectric controls). The frequency of maintenance must
be based on the degree of local pollution, and take into account pedestrian and vehicular traffic, safety,
security, and economic constraints.
As shown in Figure 5-1, HID lamps require more frequent replacement than LEDs due to shorter
average lamp life.
Figure 5-1: Comparison of Lamp Replacement Frequency of HID Lamp and LED
100
10+yrs
HID
80
% Initial Lumens
75% Output
70 LED
70% Output
2yrs
60 L70
HID Relamping
HID Relamping
20
0
1000 12,500 25,500 37,500 50,000
(2.8) (5.5) (8.4) (11.2)
Hours
(Years)
APPENDIX 1: LIGHTING
TERMINOLOGIES AND BASIC UNITS
Ballast. A device designed to operate electric-discharge lamps by providing a starting voltage and
current, and limiting the current from reaching a level high enough to destroy the lamp during normal
operation.
Color Rendering. A term used to describe the effect that a light source has on the apparent
(conscious or unconscious) color of an object when it is compared to a reference light source.
Color Rendering Index or CRI (of a Light Source). This is measurement system used to evaluate
color rendering. This measures the degree to which the apparent color of a single object changes from
one light source to another. It makes this measurements based on reference to a single light source,
emitting a particular color temperature. Subsequent ratings are based on variance from apparent color
from the constant light source. Values assigned to common light sources tend to vary between 20 to
100 CRI units, in which 100 indicates no color shift, and a low CRI rating suggests that the color of an
object will appear unnatural under the particular source.
Color Temperature. A form of specifying the color appearance of a light source, relating the color to
a reference source heated to a particular temperature, measured by the thermal unit Kelvin. The meas-
urement can also be described as the warmth or coolness of a light source. Generally, sources
below 3,200 K are considered warm, while those above 4,000 K are considered cool sources.
Electric Utility. A private or government corporation, mainly responsible for the distribution of elec-
tricity to end-users or consumers.
Efcacy. The number of lumens produced by a lamp for each watt of electrical power it consumes.
The unit for measuring efficacy is lumens per watt.
Illuminance. The density of luminous flux on a surface, measured in footcandles, fc (or lux, lx). One
footcandle is the illumination of a surface one square foot in area on which there is a uniformly distrib-
uted luminous ux of one lumen. One footcandle is 10.76 lux.
Illumination. Illumination is the density of luminous flux per unit area on an intercepting surface at any
given point.
Lumen. This is the unit used to describe the quantity of light radiated from a light source. The lumen
is the unit for measuring luminous flux, or light flow. It is the amount of luminous flux of light radiated
into a solid angle of one steridian by the uniform light source of one candela used to describe the quan-
tity of light radiated from a light source.
Luminaires. Luminaires are complete lighting systems: they consist of the lamps, lens, wiring, and
reflective materials used to direct light.
Luminaire Efciency. The ratio of total lumen output of a luminaire and the lumen output of the
lamps, expressed as percentage.
Luminance (Photometric Brightness). This describes the property of light we can see with our
eyes. It is the quantity of luminous flux emitted, reflected, or transmitted from a surface in a particular
direction, and is measured in candelas (cd) per unit area cd/ft2 or cd/m2.
Luminous Flux. Time rate flow of light, measured in lumens (lm). One lumen is the amount of light
which falls on an area of one square foot, every point of which is one foot from the source of one
candela. A light source of one candela emits a total of 12.57 lumens.
Luminous Intensity. The force of luminous flux in a specified direction, measured in candela (cd).
Lux (lx). The illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lumen, uniformly distributed over a
surface of one (1) square meter.
APPENDIX 2: LAMP
REQUIREMENTS AND SAMPLE
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
7.1 HPS Luminaire Requirements
4 Protection Class r IP 55 (for the entire luminaire, inclusive of the cable entry
(IP rating) and gland).
5 Supply Voltage r 220V - 240V, 50Hz (or the nominal system voltage used in
the country).
6 Lamp and Control Gear r Lamp Color Temperature (CCT): not less than 2100K
r Lamp Color Rendering Index (CRI): a minimum of 21
r The lamp shall have a rated average life of 24,000 burning
hours
r Lamp shall be clear, elliptical or tubular glass envelope
r Lamp dimensions shall conform to the requirements of
either IEC standard, latest revision
r Screw caps (bases) shall be E27 for 70-watt and E40 for
150-watt and 250-watt high-pressure sodium lamps.
r All lamps shall be externally ignited and designed to
operate in a universal burning position.
r The following information shall be distinctly and durably
marked on each lamp:
a. Mark of Origin in the form of trademark or the
manufacturers mark.
b. Rated wattage and voltage.
r The electronic ballast shall be equipped with thermal
protection with a max Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of
15%.
r All tests on lamp and control gear shall be performed in
accordance with applicable testing procedures and accept-
ance criteria of IEC standard, latest edition.
6 Protection Class (IP r IP 66 (for the entire luminaire, inclusive of the cable entry
rating) and gland)
7 Supply Voltage r 220V to 240V, 50Hz (or the nominal system voltage used in
the country)
APPENDIX 3: SAMPLE OF
LIGHTING MEASUREMENT SHEET
Figure 8-1: Sample of Lighting Measurement Sheet
PROJECT: PEEP2
Place: Bypass Road, Maufanga (60m from the corner of Salote Road), Nuku'Alofa, Tonga
Measurement Grid
D = 3.0 meters
d = 2.4 meters
Site Picture:
Condition:
Date: 28 May 2014 Moon Phase: New Moon
Time: 2100-2130 hours Sky condition: Clear
Result:
7.0
5.9 15 13 10 8 6 5.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 5.5 6.4 7.9 10.4 13.8 15.3
3.5 24 17 14 10 6.8 5.5 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.4 6.7 9.1 14.5 18.5 21.5
1.1 25.7 16.6 11.4 7 3.6 4.7 3.9 4.5 3.7 4.9 7 10.1 15.7 21.7 22.7
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 42.0
Where
Ci ($) = the initial cost of the bulbs or the systems
Cm ($) = the cost incurred to maintain it in good operating condition.
Ce ($) = the total cost of electricity/ fuel required to run the bulb for its lifetime (usually
cost per kWh ($/kWh))
Cr ($) = the cost to replace the bulb (labor and equipment costs)
S ($) = the value that the bulb/ luminaires can be sold for after its lifetime is over
Example:
The following example shows how this formula might be applied:
Example: The ABC municipality is considering replacing 100 sets of street lighting. They conduct the
LCCA between a set of 250 watts mercury vapor (MV) and 90 watts LED street lighting set. The cost
of a single set of LED lamp and mercury vapor is $700 and $100, respectively. The electricity cost is
$0.3 per kWh. The yearly operating hours of the system is 4,300 hours.
Table 9-1: Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Mercury Vapor Luminaire vs. LED Luminaires
Mercury Vapor Luminaire LED luminaire
Lamp Replacement
333 lamps = $16,650 2 No replacement = $0
needed for 50,000 h (Cr)
Cost of Electricity 14,500 kWh X 0.30/kWh X 100 4,500 kWh X 0.30/kWh X 100
needed for 50,000 h
= $435,000 = $135,000
(100 luminaires) (Ce)
In this example, the initial cost of LED luminaires is clearly higher than that of the MV system; however,
after an approximate 13,000 hours (3 years period, 4,300 hours. of usage per year), the MV systems
overall costs exceed that of the LEDs due to higher energy consumption costs of the MV system.
Figure 9-1: Example of LCCA between 100 Sets of MV and LED Street Lighting Systems
$350,000
$300,000
LED,
$250,000
2 0
$223,000
$200,000
$150,000
$100,000
$50,000
$
0 10,000 0
20,000 30,000
0 40
40,000 50,000
0
4,300 8,600 12,900 17,200 21,500 25,800 30,100 34,400 38,700 43,000 47,300 51,600 55,900
hours
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Bibliography
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific