Chaire de recherche du Canada

Titulaire : Xavier Maldague

InfraredThermographyforNDT: XavierMaldague
PotentialsandApplications MaldagX@gel.ulaval.ca
http://mivim.gel.ulaval.ca

XavierMaldague
November 2013
Outline

1. Infraredspectrum;
2. NonThermalinfraredNDT;
3. ThermalinfraredNDT:Passivethermography;
4. ThermalinfraredNDT:Activethermography;
5. ThermalinfraredNDT:MoreApplications;
6. Conclusions.

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1.Infraredspectrum

3
Infraredspectrum

Non-thermal Reflectography/
reflections transmittography

Thermal
emissions
Thermography

Terahertz imaging
THz
Electromagnetic
spectrum

4
Infraredspectrum

Non-thermal Reflectography/
reflections transmittography

Thermal
emissions
Thermography

Terahertz imaging
THz
Electromagnetic
spectrum

5
2.Nonthermal InfraredNDT

6
NonthermalIRvisionNDT:sample illumination

NIR/SWIR
reflectionsor
Reflectography
transmissions

Transmittography

7
NIR reflectography/transmittographyofGFRP
900 1700 nm
GFRP: Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic

front

back

visible images NIR: reflection NIR: transmission

8
Infraredspectrum

Non-thermal Reflectography/
reflections transmittography

Thermal
emissions
Thermography

Terahertz imaging
THz
Electromagnetic
spectrum

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3.Thermal InfraredNDT:Passive Thermography

10
Passive thermography:introduction

Thepassiveapproachisusedwhentheobjectof
interesthasenoughthermalcontrastwith
respecttothebackgroundinordertobe
detectedwithaninfraredsensor.Typical
applicationsinclude:surveillance,people
tracking,humidityassessmentinbuildings,
liquidlevelsinstoragetanks,insulation
problems,electricalcomponents,etc.

Sources : http://www.x20.org/thermal/ http://www.temperatures.com/thermalimaging.html

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Aeronauticalapplication:(1/4)
Wateringressdetectioninhoneycomb

Sectionofamilitary
aircraftcomponent
back front
Defective Cells filled Volume, V
area with water [ml]
D
A B C F
B
1
1
0.2
0.4
G 1 0.6
E F G H C 1 0.8
E 10 2
D 10 4
H 10 6
A 10 9

10cellswith9mlofwater

notfrozen frozen

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Aeronauticalapplication:(2/4)
Wateringressdetectioninhoneycomb

Theimpactofwatervolume

(a) Earlythermogramatt=295sshowingalldefects(AtoH);
(b) Thermogramatt=518sshowingalldefectsexceptdefectF;
(c) Thermogramatt=1315sshowingonlydefectsA,DandH.

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 Aeronauticalapplication:(3/4)
Wateringressdetectioninhoneycomb

Theimpactofwatervolume
Temperature profiles, Telops HD
2600

Inthepresenceofwater,
Thesoundarea(dotted 2400
temperatureprofiles
blackline)warmsup
2200 diverge fromlogarithmic
followingalogarithmic
behavior(sinceittakes
growthwithrespectto 2000
longertowarmup
T [arbitrary units]

time
1800 water).

1600
Sound area
0.2 ml
1400
0.4 ml
0.6 ml
1200 0.8 ml
2 ml
1000 4 ml
6 ml
9 ml
800
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
t [s]

Thedivergenttimeforalldefectsisapproximately
thesame(roughlyaround180s),regardlessofthe
waterextendandvolume

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 Aeronauticalapplication:(4/4)
Wateringressdetectioninhoneycomb

Datacorrelation
Temperature profiles, Telops HD
800
9 ml
6 ml
700
4 ml
2 ml
600 0.8 ml
0.6 ml V =f( tmax )
0.4 ml
500
0.2 ml
T [arbitrary units]

10
400

300

Water ingress volume [ml]

8
Maximun 200
V = 3.2E-08 t 2.685
contrast = 100 6 R = 0.9911
146.8
0
4
-100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
t [s]
2
Timeformaximum
contrast =336.2s
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Time for maximum contrast [s]

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Thermogramsatdifferentdistances
278

277 295
0.4ml 276

defect 275 290

274
285
273

272
280
271

270
275
1.5mfromtarget 269 4mfromtarget
268 270

305

295 300

295
290

290
285

285

280
280
10mfromtarget 20mfromtarget
275
275

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4.Thermal InfraredNDT:ActiveThermography

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ActivethermographyforNDT

ActivethermographyforNDTisbasedonthedetectionand
recordingbyaninfraredcameraofthermalradiationsemittedby
objectsurface.

Todetectdefects,itissometimesnecessarytodestabilizethe
objectthermalstate throughheatingorcooling( active
thermography ).

Thepresenceofaninternaldefectrevealsitselfonsurfaceasa
temperatureperturbationabovethisdefect.

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ThermalIRvision

Thermal
emissions

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Activethermography forNDT

Mainadvantages:

Possibilitytoperformonesidedinspection(inreflectionconfiguration);
Carriedoutinrealtime;
Appropriateonmostcompositesmaterialsandmultilayerstructures,
includingporousmaterialsandindustriallines;
Relativelyunaffectedby theobjectsgeometry,andwelladaptedfor
theinspectionoflargesurfaces.

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Activethermography forNDT

Mainproblems:

Sensibletoheating sources(type,duration,location);

Response time(very fast formetals =>need forfast acquisitionrates);

Affected bytheobjects surfaceconditionand thickness;

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Nonuniformheating

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Advancedsignalprocessingtechniques

Thermalcontrastbasedtechniques(max.contrast,FWHM,etc.)
T (t ) Td (t ) TS (t )
a

DifferentialAbsoluteContrast,DAC 3D diffusion
equation
t
Tdac Td (t ) Tt 1 T
t 2T 0
t
ThermographicSignalReconstruction,TSR
Q 1
lnT ln lnt
e 2

PrincipalComponentThermography,PCT 1D solution for a

Dirac pulse
A=USVT
T 0, t T0
Q
e t
PulsedPhaseThermography,PPT
N 1
Fn t T kt exp( j 2nk N)
Ren Imn
k 0

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Example:DAConCFRP

DAC Absolute
contrast

24
Activethermography:approaches,techniques

25
Pulsedthermography

26
Pulsedthermography,PT

Metalcorrosion,crackdetection,disbonding,impactdamagein
composites,turbineblades,delaminations,porosity,defect
characterization:depth,size,thermalproperties,artworks.

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Activethermography:approaches,techniques

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 Lockinthermography,LT

input:
permanent regime
sine wave heating

output:
Thermal waves same frequency
temporal shift

Phase

29
Lockinthermography,LT

Crackidentification,disbonding,
impactdamage,culturalheritage
inspection,artworks,cultural
buildings.

30
Activethermography:approaches,techniques

31
Eddycurrent(orInductive)thermography,ECT

Crackdetectioninelectroconductivematerials,detectionofimpact
damageincomposites,inspectionofsolderingjoints.

32
Inspectionofhoneycombsandwichstructures

Movie:
Eddy current thermography

33
Crackinspection:simulation
Geometry of the specimen Simulation

The approach for

crack detection

34
 Crackinspection:experimental
Experimental setup Coil and specimen

Segmentaion result

35
Activethermography:approaches,techniques

36
Vibrothermography,VT

Coatingwear,fatiguetest,crackdetection.

37
Openmicrocracksinthermallysprayedcoatings

Thecoating(~100200m)is
formedbyamixtureofTungsten
CarbideandCobaltpowder
acceleratedandheatedina
plasmajetandsprayedontoa1
mmthicksteelsubstrate.

12.8
mm

~0.8 mm

16 mm

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Comparativeexample:PT,LT,VT,ECT

Optical PT Paint detached Optical LT

from the surface

Burst VT Line-scan ECT

Real crushed core produced

during VT inspection

39
InspectionofCF18rudders(1/3)

40
InspectionofCF18rudders(2/3)

Impactofdenoisingwithsyntheticdata

PPTfromraw
pulseddata

PPTfrom
synthetic
pulseddata

f=0.015Hz f=0.04Hz f=1.2Hz

41
InspectionofCF18rudders(3/3)

Depthretrievalwith
phaseprofiles
z
1
z Sa
2

0.15 z
1,raw
z1=0.5 mm z
2,raw

0.1 z2=2 mm z
1,synt
z
[rad]

2,synt

0.05

-0.05
0 0.2 0.4 0.58
f [Hz]

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5.Thermal InfraredNDT:MoreApplications

43
Roadandbridgesinspection(1/3)

ViaducdelaConcorde,
Montral,Canada
September 30th,2006

Interstate35
Minneapolis,
August3rd,2007 NotreDamestreet
Montral,Canada
November 4th,2008

44
 Roadandbridgesinspection(2/3)

Reinforcement
usingcomposite
layers

Traditional
inspectionwith
the"taptesting"
ToutryBridge,France technique

45
Roadandbridgesinspection(3/3)

Thermalstimulation

Imagesacquisition

46
Fiberdistributionandorientation

RandomlyOrientedStrands(ROS)

Heat+Pressure

47
Fiberdistributionandorientation

Complexshapedparts

Fiberorientationmeasurement

Strengthandstiffness

48
 Fiberdistributionandorientation:pointscan
Results show the ellipses major axes
indicating the fiber direction for the
Laserpointscanexperimentalsetup same area at two different positions
rotated 90o

Laboratory setup

85.19

6.37
Errorof1.5

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Artworks inspection(1/3)

50
Artworks inspection(2/3)

Visiblephotograph Overlay NIRcamera(0.91.7m)

Hiddendrawings incandescentlamp90V
Artworks inspection(3/3)

Visiblephotograph Overlay Thermalcamera(35m)

Defects PPTphasef=75mHz
6.Conclusions

53
Conclusions
Infraredreflectographyandtransmittography employthenon
thermal partoftheinfraredspectrum,wherethe
opacity/transparencyofmaterials,subjectedtoaspecificinfrared
radiation,areexploitedtodetectinternalanomaliesinmaterials.

Infraredthermographyworksinthethermal partoftheinfrared
spectrum undertheprinciplethatdissimilarmaterialsprovide
differentthermalsignatures,usefulforsurface/subsurfacedefect
detection.

Passivethermography istypicallyusedinthefieldofsecurityand
surveillance,biologicalapplications,theinspectionofelectricaland
electroniccomponents,andbuildingsamongothers.

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Conclusions(cont.)
Activethermography iswidelyusedinaerospaceandautomobile
industriesandisfindingnewapplicationssuchastheinspectionof
bridgesandroadsandtheassessmentofartworksandcultural
heritage.

Dataprocessingtechniquesarerequiredtoenhancecontrast,to
improvethespatialresolutionandtoincreasethesignaltonoiseratio
oftheinfraredsignal.

Continual technologicalprogressincommercialinfraredcamerasand
computers ,aswellastheconstantdevelopmentofnewprocessing
techniques,havepromotedtheappearanceofnewandinnovative
applicationsforinfraredvision.

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Thankyouforyourattention!

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