Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

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 Prestressed Concrete

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 Prestressed Concrete
11.1 PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSING

Plane concrete beam

Cracking in tension zone

Reinforced concrete solution

P P Prestressed concrete solution

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 Prestressed Concrete

Effect of Axial prestress

B

P P
Live + dead loading stress

C C
B
C C Axial prestress

+ = Combined effect : no
tensile stress whole
T C T C section is in a state of
B ending S train
distribution
P restress B ending Total
S tress Distribution - S ection B -B
compression
S ection B -B

Figure 11.2 Effects of axial prestress

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 Prestressed Concrete

Effect of eccentric prestress

B

e e Live + dead loading stress

P P

C C T
B
C
Eccentric prestress

+ + == Combined effect : no
tensile stress whole
C T C C section is in a greater
A xial B ending Total
P restress
E ccentricity of
P restress state of compression
S tress Distribution - S ection B -B

Figure 11.3 Effects of eccentric prestress

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.2 METHODS OF PRESTRESSING

11.2.1 Pre-tensioning

B eam with pretensioned
tendons
pre-tensioned
tendons usually straight
factory production
B efore
concrete can be steam cured
S tress in tendons

transfer
A fter
transfer
tendons released when the
& losses concrete reaches its transfer
strength
bond
length
bond relies on bond between the
length steel and the concrete
Figure 11.4 Tendon stresses - pretensioning

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.2.1Pre-tensioning
(a) Pre-tensioned construction - debonded tendons
Tendons may be wrapped or coated over a pre-determined
length to break the bond and hence vary the prestress force
along the length of the beam
(b) Pre-tensioned construction - deflected tendons
Deflection supports
(cut off after transfer)
P restressed tendons
Concrete

To jacks To jacks

Figure 11.5 Tendon deflection

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.2.2 Post-tensioning

post-tensioned
P arabolic tendons
tendons may be curved
on-site production
tendons anchored off when
P recast segments the concrete reaches its
transfer strength
relies on physical anchorage
Figure 11.6 Post-tensioned segmental construction between the steel end anchors
and the concrete

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.3 ANALYSIS OF SECTION UNDER WORKING LOADS

11.3.1 Member subject to axial prestress force

Under Mmax
P M
f t max (top ) (11.1)
A zt
P M
f b max (bottom ) (11.2)
A zb
Under Mmin
P M
f t min (top ) (11.3)
A zt
zb and zt are the elastic section moduli and P is the final prestress force P M min
fb (bottom ) (11.4)
Figure 11.7 Sign convention and notation A zb

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 Prestressed Concrete

B For no tension from equation 11.2:

P M max

P P
A zb
or
M max A
P /A M/z t ft
P minimum prestress force required
Zb

+ =
And from equation 11.1 the maximum stress
in the top of the section is given by::
P M max P Pz b P zb zt
P /A M/z b fb
ft
P restress B ending Total
A zt A Az t A zt
S tress Distribution - S ection B -B

Figure 11.8 Stress in member with axial prestress force

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.3.2 Member subject to eccentric prestress force

B
Under Mmax
P M max Pe
e e ft (11.5)
P P A zt zt
B
P M max Pe
P /A M/z t P e/zt ft fb (11.6)
A zb zt
+ + = Under Mmin
P M min Pe
ft (11.7)
P /A M/z b P e/z b fb A zt zt
A xial B ending E ccentricity of Total
P M min Pe
fb
P restress P restress
S tress Distribution - S ection B -B (11.8)
A zb zb
Figure 11.8 Stress in member with eccentric prestress force

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 Prestressed Concrete

For no tension at the bottom; from equation 11.6:

P M max Pe
0
A zb zb
or
M max A
P minimumprestress force required
Zb
e
A
zb
or Maximummoment M max P e
A
Hence increased moment capacity = Pxe compared to the axial prestress case
with no increase in maximum compressive stress at top of beam (see text)

See example 11.1 for calculation of stresses

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 Design for Serviceability Limit State

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.4 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

Design is based on maintaining concrete stresses within
acceptable limits at all stages in the life of the structure
allowable concrete compressive stress in bending is given in
EC2 as limited to:
(i) 0.6 f ck under the action of characteristic loads

and (ii) under the action of the quasi-permanent loads.

If the tensile stress in the concrete is limited to the values of

given in table 6.11 then all stresses can be calculated on the
assumption that the section is uncracked and the gross
concrete section is resisting bending.

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 Prestressed Concrete

Concrete stress limits are based on the acceptable degree

of flexural cracking

At initial transfer of prestress to the concrete:

The compressive stress at transfer should be limited to 0.6 where

is based on the strength on the concrete at transfer.
The tensile stress should be limited to 1N/mm2 for sections designed
not to be in tension in service.
Where limited flexural stress under service loads is permitted, some
limited tensile stress is permitted at transfer.

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 Prestressed Concrete

The design of prestressing requirements is based on the

manipulation of the four basic expressions given in section
11.3.2 describing the stress distribution across the concrete
section. These are used in conjunction with permissible
stresses appropriate to the type of member and covering
the following conditions:

Initial transfer of prestress force with the associated loading (often

just the beams self-weight),
At service, after prestress losses, with minimum and maximum
characteristic loading
At service with the quasi-permanent loading.

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 Prestressed Concrete

At transfer
wm i n P0 Po e M min
f t ' f min
'
(11.9)
ft > f'm i n A zt zt
Tension
Po Po P0 Po e M min
Transfer
fb < f'm a x
f b' f max
'
(11.10)
w m ax A zb zb
ft < f m a x
At service
K Po K Po
Tension
fb > f m i n KP0 KP0e M max
S ervice f t f max (11.11)
A zt zt
KP0 KP0e M max
Figure 11.10 Prestress beam at transfer and service f b f min (11.12)
A zb zb

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.4.1 Minimum Section Properties

The two pairs of expressions can be combined as follows:
11.9 and 11.11
(M max KM min ) ( f max Kf min
'
) zt (11.13)

11.10 and 11.12

(M max KM min ) ( Kf 'max Kf min ) zb (11.14)
Hence if (Mmax KMmin) is written as Mv, the moment variation then:
Mv
zt (11.15)
( f max Kf min
'
)
and
Mv
zb (11.16)
( Kf 'max f min
'
)
In equations 11.15 and 11.16 for zt and zb it can be assumed with sufficient accuracy, for preliminary
sizing, that; Mv Mmax - Mmin i.e depends on dead load only

See Example 11.2 for selection of cross-section

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 Prestressed Concrete
11.4.2 Design of prestress force
The inequalities of equations 11.9 to 11.12 may be re-arranged to give expressions for the
minimum required prestress force for a given eccentricity:

( zt f max M max )
P0 (11.17) Po is the prestressing force at transfer
K ( zt / A e)
( zt f 'min M min )
P0 (11.18)
( zt / A e)
( zb f min M max )
P0 (11.19)
K ( zb / A e)
( zb f 'max M min )
P0 (11.20)
( z b / A e)
Note that in equations 11.17 and 11.18 it is possible that the denominator term,(Zt/A - e),
might be negative if e > Zt/A. In this case, the sense of the inequality would have to change
as the effect of dividing an inequality by a negative number is to change its sense.

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 Prestressed Concrete

Although a range of values of permissible prestress force can be found, this makes no allowance for the
fact that the corresponding eccentricity must lie within the beam. It is therefore necessary to consider the
effect of limiting the eccentricity to a maximum practical value for the section under consideration. The
effect of this limitation will be most severe when considering the maximum moments acting on the section,
that is, the inequalities of equations 11.11 and 11.12.

If the limiting value for maximum eccentricity, emax depends on cover requirements; equation 11.11
becomes

z
M max f max zt KP0 t emax (11.21)
A
and equation 11.12 becomes

z
M max KP0 b emax - f min z b (11.22)
A

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 Prestressed Concrete

These represent linear relationships between Mmax and Po. For the case of a beam subject to sagging
moments, emax will generally be positive in value, thus equation 11.22 is of positive slope and represents a
lower limit to Po. It can be shown also that for most practical cases [(Zt/A) - emax] < 0, thus equation 11.21 is
similarly a lower limit of positive, though smaller slope.

Figure 11.11 represents the general form of these expressions, and it can be seen clearly that providing a
prestress force in excess of Y' produces only small benefits of additional moment capacity. The value of Y'is
given by the intersection of these two expressions, when
z z
KP0 b emax f min zb f max zt KP0 t emax
A A

thus

f maxzt f min zb
P0
z zt (11.23)
K b
A

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 Prestressed Concrete

Mm a x
22 21

f max zt f min zb
P0
zb zt
Max. moment
inequalities satisfied K
in this zone
A

Y' Po
Figure 11.11 Maximum moment and prestress force relationship

See Examples 11.3 and 11.4 for calculation of prestress force

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 Prestressed Concrete
11.4.4 Magnel Diagram construction
Equations 11.9 to 11.12 can be re-arranged into the following form:
1 K (1 / A e / zt )
(11.24)
P0 ( f max M max / zt )
1 (1 / A e / zt )
(11.25)
P0 ( f 'min M min / zt )
1 K (1 / A e / zb)
(11.26)
P0 ( f min M max / zb )
1 (1 / A e / zb )
(11.27)
P0 ( f 'max M min / zb )
These equations now express linear relationships between 1/P o and e. Note that in
equation 11.25 the sense of the inequality has been reversed to account for the fact
that the denominator is negative (f'min is negative according to the chosen sign
convention)
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 Prestressed Concrete

Lines 1 to 4 correspond to equations 11.24 to 11.27 resp

Line 5 corresponds to the maximum geometrically possible eccentricity
Line 1 can have (a) a negative slope or (b) a positive slope

Minimum P

Maximum P

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 Prestressed Concrete

Example 11.5 Construction of Magnel Diagram

Construct the Magnel diagram for the beam given in example 11.2 and determine the minimum
and maximum possible values of prestress force. Assume a maximum possible eccentricity of 125
mm allowing for cover etc. to the tendons.

From equation 11.24:

1 K 1 / A e / zt 1 e 59.4 10 6
0.8 10 3 24
6
P0 f max M max / zt 70 000 4.08 10
6
4.08 10
which can be re-arranged to give:
10 6
1210 20.77 e
P0
and similarly from the other three inequalities, equations 11.25 to 11.27:
10 6 10 6 10 6
2243 38.50e 785 13.5e 669 11.5e
P0 P0 P0
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 Prestressed Concrete

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 Prestressed Concrete
11.4.5 Design of tendon profiles
The design expressions can be re-written as:
At Transfer

zt f 'min zt M min
e (11.28)
A Po Po

zb f 'max zb M min
e (11.29)
A Po Po
At Service

zt f max zt M max
e (11.30)
A KPo KPo
z f z M
e b min b max (11.31)
A KPo KPo

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 Prestressed Concrete

The above four equations can be evaluated at any section to determine the
range of eccentricities within which the resultant force P0 must lie. The moments
Mmax and Mmin are those relating to the section being considered.

See Example 11.6 and section 11.4.6 for calculation of cable zone

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.4.7 Prestress losses

Prestress losses occur due to

elastic shortening of the concrete
creep of the concrete under sustained compression
relaxation of prestressing steel
shrinkage of the concrete
and for post-tensioned construction
friction between duct and tendon
anchorage slip

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 Prestressed Concrete
Elastic shortening:
To account for losses attributable to shortening of the
concrete when immediately subject to stress
Po Initial force
P'
Ast 2 A
Final force 1 e 1 e
A I

In post-tensioned construction losses occur sequentially

and it can be assumed that 50% losses occur:
Po
P'
A A
1 0.5 e st 1 e 2
Ast = total cross-sectional area
e=Es Ecm
A I
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 Prestressed Concrete

Creep of concrete:

To account for losses attributable to shortening of the

concrete when subject to sustained stress over a period of
time
ApP' 2 A
loss P Es 1 e Ast specific creep strain
A I
ApP' 2 A
loss P Es 1 e Ast specific creep strain
A I

See table 6.12 in chapter 6 for values of

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 Prestressed Concrete

Relaxation of steel:
Long term losses based on 1000 hour relaxation values
see EC2 section 3.3.2(7) for detail
Typically 4-10% depending on steel transfer stress

Shrinkage of concrete:
To account for losses attributable to shortening of the concrete
due to long term shrinkage
lossP cs Es Ap

See table 6.13 in chapter 6 for values of cs

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 Prestressed Concrete

Friction in ducts:

Applies to immediate losses in post-tensioning only

(a) wobble effects in straight ducts
Px P0 e mkx
k varies in typical range of 0.005 to 0.01 radians/metre

(b) curvature effects in curved ducts

Px Po e m
m = coefficient of friction (range 0.17 to 0.19 for internal tendons)

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 Prestressed Concrete

Losses at anchorages (post-tensioned only)

When post-tensioned tendons are locked off at the anchorages there
is invariably some loss of prestress due to slippage of the anchorage.
Advice should be sought from the manufacturers of the anchorage
systems or from European technical approval documents

Code Formula for Time-Dependent Losses

cs Es 0.8 pr ae t , t0 c ,Qp
p ,c s r (11.32)
Ap A 2
1 e 1 e 1 0.8 t , t0
A I
See Example 11.7 for estimation of prestress losses

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.4.8 Calculation of deflections

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 Prestressed Concrete

Ec t 0
Ec t0
Ec ,eff
1 , t0
t ,t 0

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 Prestressed Concrete

Calculation of deflection due to prestressing

5 Pec L2
y
48 EI

Pe0 L2 5 Pe' c L2
y
8EI 48 EI

See Example 11.8 for calculation of deflection

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.4.8 End blocks

Limiting bearing stress, f Rdu 0.67 f ck Ac1 / Aco 2.0 f ck
0.5

Aco is the loaded area of the anchorage plate

Ac1 is the maximum area, having the same shape

as Ac0 which can be inscribed in the total area Ac

See Example 11.9 for

design of end block
reinforcement

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 Design for Ultimate Limit State

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.5 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN AT THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

11.5.1 Analysis of the section

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.5.1 Analysis of the section

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 Prestressed Concrete

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 Prestressed Concrete

1390
Stress in steel after losses 0.9 1120 0.7 705 N/mm 2
f 705
Strain in steel after losses s 0.0034
943 Es 205 103

Try neutral axis depth = 130mm

(a) Steel Strains
Final strain = prestress strain + bending strain
Top layer:
(175 x)
sa 0.0034 0.0035 0.0046
x
Similarly bottom layer strain = 0.0073

(b) Steel stresses

Top layer f sa 943N / mm2
Bottom layer f sb 1390 N / mm2

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 Prestressed Concrete

(c) Forces in steel and concrete

Steel tensile force Fs f s As f sa f sb As 229kN

Concrete compressive force 0.567 f ck b 0.8x 248kN

248
Strains Stresses Forces
x
sa sb f sa f sb Fs Fc
mm 10 3
N / mm 2
kN
229 130 4.6 7.3 943 1390 229 248

125 5.5 8.6 1121 1390 246 210

120 5.0 7.9 1026 1390 237 229

118 . 4.9 7.7 1000 1390 234 234

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 Prestressed Concrete

234

(d-0.4x)

(d) Moment of resistance

Ultimate momentof resistance Fs z
f s As (d 0.4 x)
43.1kNm > applied ultimate moment ?

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 Prestressed Concrete

11.5.3 Shear

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 Prestressed Concrete

Sections that do not require designed shear reinforcement

Where shear forces are small the concrete section on its own may have
sufficient shear capacity (VRd,c) to resist the ultimate shear force (VEd)
resulting from the worst combination of actions on the structure although in
most cases a nominal or minimum amount of shear reinforcement will usually
be provided.
The concrete shear strength (VRd,c) is given by the empirical expression

VRd ,c 0.12k (1001 f ck )1/ 3 0.15 cp bwd (11.40)
200
k 1 2.0
With a minimum value of: d

VRd ,c 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck1/ 2 0.15 cp bwd (11.41)

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 Prestressed Concrete
.
Shear strength without shear reinforcement regions uncracked in
bending (special case of a single span beam)
vc o From a Mohrs circle analysis for a
solid rectangular section:
fc fc VRd ,c
bI
Ay

f ctd2 f c f ctd
Modified in EC2 :
vc o
VRd ,c
bw I
Ay
f 2
ctd 1 cp f ctd (11.42)
A
y
centroidal
axis
b

0
Cross-section S hear stress vc o

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 Prestressed Concrete
.

Variable Strut Inclination method where shear reinforcement

is required

VRd ,max cwbw 0.9d 0.6(1 f ck / 250) f ck

1.5cot tan
(11.43)
Assumed cw 0.36bw d (1 f ck / 250) f ck
z=0.9d cot tan
where:
cw 1 1.5 cp / f ck for 0 cp 0.167 f ck

cw 1.25 for 0.167 f ck cp 0.333 f ck

cw 2.5(1 1.5 cp / f ck ) for 0.333 f ck cp 0.667 f ck

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 Prestressed Concrete

(2) The vertical shear reinforcement

As for reinforced concrete it is assumed that if shear reinforcement is
required then all shear is carried by the reinforcement with no contribution
from the concrete

Asw VEd Asw,min 0.08 f ck1 / 2 bw

(11.47)
s 0.78df yk cot s f yk

Asw VEd VEd VEd

with cot 2.5 : (11.48)
s 0.78df yk cot 0.78df yk 2.5 1.95df yk
.

Asw VEd VEd VEd

with cot 1: (11.49)
s 0.78df yk cot 0.78df yk 1.0 0.78df yk

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 Prestressed Concrete

Td 0.5VEd cot 0.87 f yk Asl (11.50)

See Example 11.12 for

design of shear
reinforcement

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 Prestressed Concrete

End of chapter 11

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