STUDENT INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME

JUNE 2009 - JANUARY 2010

AT

PETRONAS CARIGALI SDN BHD

PMO, PCSB
PENINSULAR WELL INTEGRITY ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

NUR KHAIRINA BINTI KOSNON

9066
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING PROGRAM
 VERIFICATION STATEMENT

I hereby verify that this report was written by Nur Khairina Binti Kosnon (I/C no:
881104-01-5040) and all the information regarding this company and the projects
involved are NOT confidential.

------------------------------
(Supervisor)

Name :
Designation :
Host Company : Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd.
Date :

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
University Technology Petronas, UTP was established with objectives of
producing well-rounded graduates who possess technical competence, lifetime
learning capacity, critical thinking, communication and behavioral skills, business
acumen, practical aptitude and solution synthesis ability. In order to achieve these
objectives, undergraduate students undergo industrial internship program. By that,
students have the opportunity to gain knowledge and experience from different types
of industrial practitioners. The Industrial Internship Program is a compulsory
exercise where every student is required to complete thirty (32) weeks of training in
a multinational or any designated company.This Industrial Internship Final Report
summarizes all the activities done by the author during the (32) weeks period of the
Industrial Internship Program at PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. started on 1st June
2009 until 7th January 2010. The final report is divided into 3 main parts. The
introduction is briefly focusing on the host company background, which is
PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd., the objectives and the scope of works during the
Industrial Internship Program. The body section is focused on the details of the main
activities and projects involved. The last part will contain on subjective matters such
as lessons learnt and experience gained, discussion and recommendations to the Host
Company and the Internship Unit. Conclusion and references also provided by the
end of the report.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to thank all parties involved in making the
internship programme a great educational session and a great success. Honorably
thanking PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB) and Industrial Internship Training
Program committee at Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) for giving me this
chance to learn and experience a real working culture and environment in the
industry and for all their support and integrity which played an ultimate roll in the
success of training.
I would like to thank the following for their respective professionalism and
contribution to the program.

Mrs Noriani Yati, Manager Well Integrity Engineering Department

Mr.Shahrizal Hasyim, Senior Well Services Engineer, Plant Supervisor
Mr Hairi Razak,Well Sevices Engineer, Mentor 1
Mr. Rohaizat Ghazalli, Well Services Engineer, Mentor 2
Mrs Mazlin Idris, UTP Supervisor
All staff in Well Integrity Engineering Department

Heartfelt appreciation goes to lecturers and UTP staff, which have spend time
to provide additional support and advice throughout the training.
Last but not least to all my fellow trainees, friends and my family who have
been giving me courage and advice throughout this course in order to complete my
Industrial Training

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Verification Statement....ii
Executive Summary..............iii
Acknowledgement.....iv
Table of Contents...v
List of Illustrations...............vii

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1

1.1. INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP ..................................................................... 1

1.2. HOST COMPANY OVERVIEW ................................................................ 2
1.2.1. PETRONAS ................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd ..................................................... 3
1.2.3. Peninsular Well Integrity Engineering Dep (PWE)...................... 4
1.3. SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................... 6

2. TRAINING AND ACTIVITIES ........................................................................ 7

2.1 ROUTINE ACTIVITIES................................................................................... 7

2.1.1. Database ....................................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Inspection of packages and equipments ........................................ 8
2.2.ATTENDED FORMAL TRAINING ............................................................... 11
2.2.1. Geowell Warehouse (Slick line) .................................................. 11
2.2.2. Schliumberger Wireline Testing Acquisition (WTA)................... 17
2.2.3. Dowell Schlumberger (Coiled Tubing) ....................................... 23
2.3.OFFSHORE VISIT EXPOSURE ................................................................... 26
2.3.1. Duyong Platform......................................................................... 26
2.3.2. Production facilities27
2.3.3 Inter - rig to Duyong Alpha....29

2.4.SPECIAL TOPIC........................................................................................... 22
2.4.1. Static Gradient Survey (SGS) interpretation .............................. 22
2.4.2. Overview ..................................................................................... 22
2.4.3. Conclusion .................................................................................. 24

3. LESSON LEARNED AND EXPERIENCES GAINED ................................ 25

3.1. TEAMWORK AND INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITIES ..................................... 26

3.2. LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS ....................................... 26

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 3.3. SAFETY TRAINING AND AWARENESS ................................................ 26
3.4. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED ............................ 26

4. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................... 29

4.1. UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS ................................................ 29

4.2. PETRONAS CARIGALI SDN. BHD. ....................................................... 42

5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 43

6. REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 44

7. APPENDICES ............................................................................................... I-VI

7.1. APPENDIX A: TRAINING SCHEDULE ................................................... I

7.2. APPENDIX B: TIMETABLE TRAINING PROGRAMME ........................ II
7.3. APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE OF MAWOP CALCULATIONS .................... IV
7.4. APPENDIX D: WELLBORE SKETCHES ................................................. V
7.5. APPENDIX E: TRAINING/ VISIT PICTURE GALLERY ......................... VI

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES

TABLES

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP

The Industrial Internship is coordinated by the Industrial Committee of UTP to
achieve the objectives of UTP establishment in producing well-rounded graduates. In
order to produce well-rounded graduates, UTP is responsible to provide the
undergraduate students with adequate theoretical knowledge as well as structure a
program for them to undergo a practical work.

This Industrial Internship carries 16 credit hours and last for 32 weeks. It is generally
to equip the students with technical competence, practical aptitude as well as
communication and behavioral skills. Apart from that, it also helps to enhance the
relationship between UTP and the industry including private and government sectors.
The following is the main objectives of this Industrial Internship.
To integrate the theoretical knowledge learned with practice
To introduce and familiarize the students with working culture and
industrial practices
To give opportunity for students to work with industrial practitioners
To develop and enhance students personal ability and skills in work
ethics, communication and management.
To expose students to potential employers
To acquaint UTP students with industries and their programs.

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 1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE HOST COMPANY

1.2.1 PETRONAS
PETRONAS, short for Petroliam Nasional Bhd, is Malaysia's national petroleum
corporation established on 17 August 1974. Wholly-owned by the Government, the
corporation is vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia and is
entrusted with the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources.
Since its incorporation PETRONAS has grown to be an integrated international oil
and gas company with business interests in more than 30 countries. As at end of
March 2003, the PETRONAS Group comprised 82 wholly owned subsidiaries, 24
partly owned outfits and 47 associated companies.

The Group is engaged in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities, including upstream

exploration and production of oil and gas to downstream oil refining; marketing and
distribution of petroleum products; trading; gas processing and liquefaction; gas
transmission pipeline network operations; marketing of liquefied natural gas;
petrochemical manufacturing and marketing; shipping; automotive engineering; and
property investment.

PETRONAS Vision:
A leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice

PETRONAS Mission:
We are a business entity
Petroleum is our core business
Our primary responsible is to develop and add value to this national
resource
Our objective is to contribute to the well being of the people and the
nation.

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PETRONAS Shared Values
Loyalty - Loyal to Nation and Corporation
Professionalism - Committed, Innovative and Proactive and Always
Striving for Excellence
Integrity - Honest and Upright
Cohesiveness - United in Purpose and Fellowship.

1.2.2 PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd(PCSB)

PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB) is a wholly owned subsidiary of

PETRONAS and it was incorporated on May 11, 1978. The PCSB's vision is to be a
multinational exploration and production company of choice, creating value through
continuous improvement and growth. Nowadays, the company has been rapidly
expanded its operations locally and internationally.

PCSBs operation in Malaysia is divided into three production divisions (see

figure 1), which are Peninsular Malaysia Operations (PMO), Sabah Operations
(SBO) and Sarawak Operations (SKO). The PMOs operation is based at
PETRONAS Office Complex in Kertih, about 110 km of south Kuala Terengganu.
The PMOs operation started in April 1984 with the commencement of gas
production from the Duyong gas field, the first field owned and developed by PCSB.
Its operations start to grow with the production of Dulang oil field in 1991. Effective
April 1, 1995, PCSB took the operatorship of 5 producing oil fields, known as PM-9
(see figure 2) from Exxon Mobil Exploration Production Malaysia Incorporated
(EMEPMI). With this acquisition, PMO became the largest production division in
PCSB. The takeover of PM9 also posed a greater challenge to PMO in managing
bigger and more complex operations with matured fields and aging facilities. PCSB,
PMO is headed by Mr. Abu Fitri Abd Jalil and there are 11 departments heading by
him which are Human Resource, Regional Planning, Health, Safety and
Environment, Administration, Finance, Performance Improvement, Supply Chain
Management, Maintenance Engineering, Production, Reliability & Integrity and
Well Integrity Engineering.

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 Figure 1:
PCSB, PMO Operations

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 1.2.3 Peninsular Well Integrity Engineering Department (PWE)

Well Integrity Engineering Department (PWE) is a new department born after

re-organization exercise in 2006. Previously, we were known as Well Services
fraternity and resided under Sub-surface Engineering (PTS1) section of Technical
Services Department (PTS).

PWEs Mission : To be a resource centre for PMO in providing strategic technical

solution in well integrity engineering and services towards operational excellence.

PWEs Vision : To be a custodian in PCSB, governing technical solutions in well

integrity engineering and services.

The department is headed by a manager, and anchored by three (3) sections

namely PWE 1 for operation section, PWE 2 for planning section and last but not
least PWE 3 which is for technical support section. Below is the organization chart of
PWE department.

The job scope of each of the sections is as below:

PWE - Operation Section

Lead execution operations on all Well Integrity activities.
Manage daily operations and contractors performance.
Interface SSI team and operations authority during work execution.
Lead new technology implementation.
Prepare/review work program and procedures for all Well Integrity activities.

PWE - Planning Section

Strategies Well Integrity work program and budget.
Strategize implementation plan on Well Integrity activities.
Contract holder for all Well Integrity contractors.
Focal point for management reporting on Well Integrity activities.
Focal point for Well Integrity database management.

PWE - Technical Support Section

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 Custodian for regional Well Integrity Management.
Provide technical support and consultancy on Well Integrity activities.
Review safety related procedures for Well Integrity activities.
Lead Well Integrity special projects or abnormal operations.
Custodian for new technology implementation.

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK

During 8 months for the industrial training in Peninsular Well Integrity
Department, there are several involvements, formal Well Intervention training
programme, familiarization at offshore and also assignments that have been
allocated to trainee in order to get better knowledge, further understanding on the
roles and responsibility of Well Integrity Engineers.
There are two main involvements during internship which are completing
database of the weekly activity well intervention update for each field and wellwork
summary for well intervention operation in each month. Other than that, acrivity of
inspection package and equipment is done routinely if there is any new job will be
operated.
The objective of these database is to perform an assessment to determine
opportunities for improvements in PWE Department in relation to operational
performance. Besides that, the purposes of inspections are to ensure that all the
equipments that will be sent to offshore follow Carigalis standards by the service
providers.

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 For formal well intervention training program, there are three course
of training such slickline training at Geowell warehouse, wireline training at
Schlumberger Wireline Testing Acquisition (WTA) and Dowell Schlumberger for
Coiled Tubing training.
Familiarization at offshore was conducted after completing safety training
course which is Malaysia Basic Offshore Safety and Emergency Training (M-
BOSET). The objective of the offshore familiarization is for exposure on actual
working environment in well intervention jobs.
Last but not least, there are assignement and and case study involved to
assisting engineers such as Static Gradient Survey (SGS) and Flowing Gradient
Survey (FGS) interpretation.

2. TRAINING AND ACTIVITIES

2.1 ROUTINE ACTIVITY
The objective of routine activity is to familiarize with the routine job of well
services engineer such as database for weekly well intervention activity update and
well work summary. Furthermore, other routine activity is such as do inspection for
package and equipment. Seems like this activity quit simple and easy, however it
gave good impact to me. By doing this activity, it help me to understand more about
well intervention and its tools, equipment and equipments
2.1.1 Database
a) Weekly well intervention activity update
This task is completed by summarize the daily operation report that we got everyday
by email or fax from contractor or supervisor in offshore. These reports contained the
type of wireline operation in each well. By doing this task, it can give me
information about the standard procedure for conducting wireline operation and
also tools used during the operation. If there is any problem during the operation,
engineer has to decide what to do next. We can see the solution of the problem by

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reading the daily operation report. Below is the example of weekly well
intervention activity update of Angsi field. It consisted of date of operation, platform
name, well number, type of job, and summary of activities. This is important for
engineers to make a review on condition of each well.

Figure 2 : Sample of weekly activity well intervention updated

b) Wellwork summary
This task is to be completed at the end of every month to make revision on wireline
operation along that month. Just like weekly activity well intervention update, this
wellwork summary is much simpler. It also consisted of date of operation, platform
name, well number, type of job, and summary of activities. By doing this, we can
know the performance of each field during the month.

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 Figure 3 : Sample of Wellwork summary

2.1.2 Inspection of tools and equipment

The inspection of tools and equipment is really important to ensure all the tools
and equipment follows the specification that has been highlighted by Carigali before
its mobilization to offshore and to ensure that the service provider follows the
requirements mobilization of the package based on contract. There are several
inspection that I able to inspect with engineers such as inspection on Tecwel Well
Leak Detector (WLD) , BJ engineering (Inject Safe), Dimension Bid - Multi Pulsed
Neutron-Neutron (MPNN). The details of the inspection will be explained below :

1. Tecwell - Well Leak Detector (WLD)

The Well Leak Detector (WLD) from TecWel is designed to identify the
exact location of a leak points (WLD). The Well Leak Detector (WLD), a cased hole
logging tool developed by TecWel, detects and locates leakage in a wellbore with a
depth accuracy of a few inches. Any oil, gas, water or multiphase fluid leak can be
detected with rates from as small as 0.02 liter/min (or 0.004 GPM) and upwards.
Also multiple leaks in a wellbore can be detected.
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Basic Principle
Energy caused by turbulent flow across the leak will generate low current out of
crystal sensor and being amplified and finally being processed in DSP which creates
the signature of the leaking. The leak must be kept active by maintining a differential
pressure.

Figure 4 : 2D principle od Well Leak Detector

2. BJ Engineering Inject Safe

InjectSafe SCSSV technology is applied to well Angsi E-06L which had a
problem with the SCSSV control line. The inspection for this tool had been done in
BJ warehouse. Below is the explaination of the InjectSafe SCSSV. The 3.500 IS-
SCSSV-R InjectSafe SCSSV Restire is a capillary controlled,wireline retrievable,
flat flapper,equalizing or non-equalizing, subsurface safety valve rated for 5000 psi
and 10000 psi working pressures. This system is deployed when conventional
wireline valve applications are not possible. This system provides capillary hydraulic
control of a wireline retrievable surface controlled sub-surface safety valve to
maintain fail safe control over the well if some catastrophic surface or subsurface
event were to occur. The system is deployed in wells where the subsurface Tubing
Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV) is no longer operational as aresult of a hydraulic
control system failure,eliminating the use of a conventional wireline retrievable
surface controlled sub-surface safety valve.

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 Figure 5 : Insert Valve

3. Dimension Bid Multi Pulsed Neutron-Neutron (MPNN)

The MPNN is a memory pulsed neutron logging tool which measures the
capture cross-sections of the formation and borehole. These tools are often referred
to as cased hole resistivity tools due to the correlation between the sigma log and the
resistivity log from the open hole. The MPNN can run using either slickline or coiled
tubing, and provides better porosity estimates in gas filled boreholes. The MPNN is
also better for identifying gas/water contacts. The MPNN provides high-quality data
at a fraction of the cost, thereby making reservoir monitoring in remote locations or
complex wellbores more economically feasible. This tool will be used in Resal well
which was gas well.

Figure 6: Memory Pulsed Neutron Neutron (MPNN)

2.2 ATTENDED FORMAL TRAINING

The purposes of attended formal training are to familiarization on the scope of

Wireline which are Slick line, e-line and coiled tubing used in well intervention.
Other than that, Well intervention training is really useful in order to familiarize with
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the scope, objective and deliverables from each of the Well intervention
method. Also, exposure to be familiar with the planning, execution and post job
process involve during well intervention job.

2.2.1. Geowell Warehouse (Slick line)

Wireline is a method used to convey downhole equipment or tools in and out of

the wells under pressure. The principle of wireline is that, any downhole tools or
equipment to be run into a well must acquire fishing neck and all its dimensions and
drawings must be logged. The slickline or solidline is made up of a single strand
wire. There are three common sizes of slickline which are: 0.108for soft job,
0.125for heavy job and 0.140 for fishing job. Wireline toolstring is the assembly
that is run downhole to perform a specific operation. The toolstring is run; retrieved
and manipulated by upward and downward movement of the wire, which is raised
and lowered by the wireline winch at the surface.. Thus, it is important for PWE
Engineers to be familiarized with the toolstring assembly so as to know its usage, and
functions. This can help choosing the right tool when planning for any well
intervention job. A typical wireline toolstring is shown below:

Figure 7: Typical tool string assembly

Rope Socket Function:

Connection between slickline to other downhole tools.

Features:
Commonly used: Tear Drop

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 Knot tied to allow rope socket to break at a pre-
determined pull
Weak point allows separation and retrieval of wire
downhole

Stem Function:

To provide additional weight to the toolstring.

Increase impact force delivered by the jars by
increasing weight of downhole tool

Features:
Normally available in 2ft, 3ft, and 5ft.

Roller stem Function:

Used for work on deviated wells,
Used in wells with paraffin, asphaltine etc. on the
tubing internal walls.
Allows the stem to roll down the tubing wall and
hence, cut down the friction incurred when using
regular stem.

Jar Function:
Act as downhole hammer
Provide impact foce to operate, set and retrieve
downhole equipment

Features:
Activated by hand or winch movement

Blind box
Function:
Used when heavy downward jarring is required to
dislodge a fish or push a tool down the hole.

Features:
It is flat on the bottom and hardened to reduce wear
and damage.

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 Kick over tool Function:
Required to run and pull valves and accessories into
and from SPMs and perform the following functions:
- locates the mandrel
- orientates the valve or pulling tool to the correct
position
- Laterally offsets the valve or pulling tool into
position over the pocket.

Knuckle jar Functions:

Allows angular movement in deviated wells.

Features:
Constructed of a special ball and socket design
Useful when light jarring is required.

Table 1: Down hole tools for slick line

Furthermore, Data Acquisition System provided by Geowell which cover the

function of Electronic Memory Recorder to record pressure and temperature is also
include during the training. Basically, there are two common survey job done by
Operation Engineers which are Static Gradient Survey and Flowing Gradient Survey.
The following describes each of these gradient surveys.
Electronic Tools :

1. Pressure and Temperature Gauge ( Gauge )

2. Memory Production Logging Tools ( MPLT)
3. Multi-finger Imaging Tools ( MIT )
4. Down-Hole Shut In Tools ( DHSIT

Pressure Temperature Gauge: To down hole pressure and temperature for

reservoir monitoring and production forecast.

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 Figure 8 : Electronic Memory Recorder (EMR) Gauge

Static Gradient Survey(SGS)

While conducting SGS, pressure is measured at different depths in the well

while the well is shut in. The well is usually shut in for a sufficient time to allow the
pressure to stabilize before starting the SGS.
A pressure from static gradient survey is used to:
To determine the fluid distribution in the well bore. This information is
required for pressure correction and locating the depth for the operating gas
lift valve.

To calculate the middle perforation and datum pressure.

Flowing Gradient Survey (FGS)

The flowing gradient survey involves measuring flowing pressure at different

depth in the well while the well is flowing. The well must have been flowed at
sufficient time for flowing pressure to stabilize. It can be done during run in hole
(RIH) or pull out of hole (POOH).
The result of FGS can be use for:

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 To determine appropriate correlation for modeling flow along the well bore.
To determine the gaslift optimization
To determine the flowing pressure at mid perforation (Pwf)

The following figure shows total vertical depth against pressure graph for both
Static gradient and flowing gradient survey. Based on the static gradient curve, it
indicate the level of properties in the wellbore which Gas Oil Contact (GOC) because
of different density or pressure gradient between oil and gas. Compare with flowing
gradient survey which shows the performance of gas lift manderal at second Side
Pocket Manderal (SPM#2). The purpose of gas lifting is to lighten up oil that can
increase production by reduce the density and pressure gradient of oil.

Figure 9: Total Vertical Depth against pressure for SGS and FGS

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Memory Production Logging Tools ( MPLT) : Production logging provides the
information that enables the diagnosis of well problems.

Some examples of problems that can

be identified are:
Water entry location
Non-performing perforations
Channeling behind casing
Tubing,Packer or casing leak
Figure 10 : MPLT

Multi-finger Imaging Tools ( MIT ) : To used to detect the corrosion and scale
deposition through the wells.

24 finger 1.75 to 4.5 Range

40 finger 3.0 to 7.5 Range
60 Finger 4.5 to 9 5/8
Range

Figure 11 : MIT

Down-Hole Shut In Tools ( DHSIT ) : To obtain sufficient Build-up and Draw-

down data with eliminating the well bore storage in order to get accurate skin,
permeability and boundary analysis.

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 Down Hole Shut-in Tool
Application :
PBU and IFO
Multi-zone test
Interference tests

Figure 12: DHSIT

2.2.2. Schliumberger Wireline Testing Acquisition (WTA)

Electric line is used for well logging involving deploying sensory tools
designed to provide some information about the properties of the well. Electric line
can be subdivided into open hole operations and cased hole operations. However,
PMO do not use all the E-line tools. We commonly use five tools, which are
Reservoir Saturation Tool(RST), Production Logging Tool(PLT), Mechanical Plug
Back Tool(MPBT), Perforating Gun, and Propellant Stimulation. The details about
all the five tools will be discussing later.
These are the comparison between slick line and e-line:

E-line Slick line

Electric power is supplied from
surface equipment to perform the
measurements.
Mainly used to evaluate and
measure reservoir performance.
Survey tools is run with memory
gauge and the power is supplied by
battery.
Mainly used to manipulate wells
accessories such as SSD, nipple,
GLM.

Survey results can be monitored Survey results will only be

real-time. downloaded once the gauge is out at
the surface.

Table 2: Comparison between Slick line and e-line

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Cable

Wireline cable is used for electrical, depth and mechanical connection. The wireline
cable is divided into two types which are monocable and heptacable

Monocable Construction
A monocable has one conducting wire,
protected by insulation, a jacket and
two layers of armor (left). The armor
layers wind in opposing directions, so
that a twist that opens one layer will
tighten the other layer. A coaxial cable
is a monocable with a coaxial shield
between the insulation and the jacket
(center). A heptacable has seven
conductors (right).

Heptacable

The heptacable has filler strands to give

it a rounder shape and an interstitial
filler to prevent air pockets and to make
the core more rigid. A jacket and the
two armor layers complete the outer
layers. Conductor 1 here has a green
jacket to distinguish the conductors
when making connections.

Table 3 : Type of E-line cable

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Reservoir Saturation Tool (RST)

Figure 13 : Reservoir Saturation Tool
RST is a nuclear tool with different logging modes. The purpose of RST is to provide
unique data from cased well to help production and reservoir engineers :
To locate bypassed oil
To detect waterflood fronts
To fine tune formation evaluation
To monitor production profiles

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 Basic Sequences :

Tools generate neutron

Neutrons interact with the formation,
the borehole and tool creating gamma
rays
Tools detect gamma ray swith two
detectors ( Near and Far)
Saturation computed

Figure 14 : Neutron interacted

Production Logging Tool (PLT)

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 Production Logging Tool is used when
in production mode to get production split
ratio and also the high water zone. It can be
used to temperature survey

Production Logging Applications :

Evaluation
Production profile distribution
Zonal productivity
Monitoring
Production profile change
Fluid type changes : Water or Gas
breakthrough
Diagnosis
Source of high GOR or water cut
Detection of leaks or crossflow
Production Enhancement
Data of workover planning
Completion and treatment
effectiveness
Figure 15 : PLT application

Figure 16 : Standard Production Service Platform

Production Logging Interpretation

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 Single phase : determination of downhole profile and interpretation
of downhole data is straight forward
Tools used : Flow meter- to calculate total flowrate
Temperature fluid entries, flow behind pipe
Pressure well performance
Multiphase flow : phenomena like hold up, slippage velocity and phase
segregation complicates the flow behavior.
Tools used (additional) : Gradiomanometer Fluid mixture density
eProbes (PFCS or DEFT) water hold up
oProbes (GHOST) gas hold up

Mechanical Plug Back Tool (MPBT)

Purpose : Water Shut Off Isolating lower

perforated zone
MPBT features
Through tubing
Minimum 500psi differential pressure
Figure 17 : Mechanical rating without cement and working
Plug Back Tool temperature up to 340 F.
Anchors center plug & tool even in
horizontal well.
Plugs are drillable.

Perforating Gun
Perforation in the context of oil well refers to a hole punched in the casing, or liner of
well to connect it to the reservoir.

Figure 18: Perforating gun method

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Propellant for stimulation
A propellant is a material that is used to move an object by applying a motive force.
Involves a chemical reaction. Common chemical propellants consist of a fuel, like
gasoline, jet fuel , rocket fuel and an oxidizer.

Propellant application :
Method used to produce fractures that bypassed the damaged zone which was
created by the perforation.
The technique is used to increase or restore the rate which fluids can be
produced from the formation.
The surface area of the formation exposed to the borehole is increased.

The classification of type of surface equipment includes the following:

Type of Surface Equipment Explanation

Drum Skid Function: Stores and protects the E-line string

Power Pack Function: Provides the hydraulic power to

operate the E-line unit and pressure control
equipment
All power packs will include the following major
equipments:

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 Logging Cabin Contains all controls and instruments necessary
to allow the E-line operation to be run from one
control station
Function:
1) Control and monitor the operation of all
the E-line operating functions
2) Control and monitor the operation of well
pressure control equipment
3) Monitor and record the principle well and
E-line parameters, Ex: Voltage supplied
to E-line
4) Monitor real time logging using E-line

Table 4: Type of surface equipments for e-line

2.2.3. Dowell Schlumberger (Coiled Tubing)

The objectives of Coiled tubing training is to Familiarization on Coiled Tubing

Surface Equipment, Coiled Tubing Pressure Control Equipment, Bottom Hole
Assembly and to familiarization with common jobs conducted using coiled tubing.

Coiled Tubing unit is the package of equipment required to run a coiled tubing
operation. Four basic components are required:
1. The coiled tubing reel to store and transport the coiled tubing string
2. The injector head to provide the tractive effort to run and retrieve the
coiled tubing string
3. The control cabin from which the equipment operator controls and
monitors the operation
4. The power pack that generates the necessary hydraulic and pneumatic
power required by the other components.
The dimensions and capacities of the coiled tubing unit components determine
the size and length of coiled tubing string that can be used on the unit. Pressure-
control equipment (PCE) is incorporated into the equipment to provide the necessary
control of well pressure fluid during normal operating conditions and contingency
situations requiring emergency control.

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The classification of type of surface equipment includes the following:
Type of Surface Explanation
Equipment
Injector Head Provides effort and traction necessary to run and retrieve
the CT string into and out of a wellbore. The Injector head
also guides and supports the CT string

Function:

1) Safely pull, push and hold the CT string into and

out of a wellbore
2) Weight indicator mounted
3) Depth system mounted At least two independent
sensors are typically required on every CT
operation, such as one reel mounted and one
injector head mounted system.
4) Stripper mounted- Stripper secures the injector
head to the pressure control stack.
Coil Tubing Reel Function: Safely store and protect the CT string.

Features:
1) Swivel and manifold to enable fluids to be pumped
through tubing string while the reel drum rotates.
All reels should have a valve fitted as close as
practical to end of CT string. This valve can be
closed in the event of a swivel seal failure while
the CT is being run, thereby isolating the contents
of the string.

2) Level wind assembly for accurate and even

spooling of reels onto the drum.
3) Tubing measurement accessories for depth
measurements. Depth measurements are important
for correlation with open log.
4) Tubing Lubrication Equipment

CT Power Pack Function: Provides the hydraulic power to operate the coil
tubing unit (CTU) and pressure control equipment, ex:
BOP system.

All power packs will include the following major

equipments:

9 Engine
9 Hydraulic Pumps
9 Pressure Control Valves
9 Hydraulic Reservoir
9 Filters and Strainers

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 Control Cabin Contains all controls and instruments necessary to allow
the CT operation to be run from one control station

Function:
Control and monitor the operation of all the
CTU operating functions
Control and monitor the operation of well
pressure control equipment
Monitor and record the principle well and
CT parameters of wellhead pressure,
circulating pressure, tubing weight at the
injector head and tubing depth.

Table 5: Type of surface equipments for Coiled tubing

Besides that, There are several common jobs conducted using Coiled tubing
such as Nitrogen kick off, zonal isolation, wellbore fill removal and acidizing. Thus,
It is important to learn the job application of coiled tubing so that we will know the
suitable well intervention job to overcome any problem occurs in well.
Squeeze cementing Process of forcing cement slurry,
under pressure, through
perforations or holes in the casing
or liner. This is done to
permanently block the intrusion of
undesirable fluids to the wellbore.
In oil wells, this is done to reduce
excessive water or gas production,
which limits downstream
separation or process capacity.

Nitrogen lift The use of nitrogen gas circulated

into the production conduit to
displace liquids and reduce the
hydrostatic pressure created by the
fluid column. Nitrogen lifting is a
common technique used to initiate
production on a well following
workover or overbalanced
completion.

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 Wellbore Fill Removal Fill removal operations are
conducted to:
a) Restore full productivity of
the well

b) Improve access for

running/retrieving tool

c) Maintenance of wellbore
below perforation

Table 6: Common jobs conducted by Coiled Tubing unit

2.3 OFFSHORE VISIT EXPOSURE

On 8th of October 2009, Well Integrity Department had given golden opportunity
to trainees to go offshore. The platform that had been visited is Duyong. The
objectives of the visit are as below: .
To gain experience and get opportunity to see the real work in platform
To familiarize the work procedure in offshore
To gain knowledge about surface facilities, and improve my understanding
regarding the well intervention job

2.3.1 Duyong Platform

History of Duyongs platform
The first PCSBs platform in Terengganu which built in 1983
This platform start produced in 1984
Duyong Platforms division
Duyong-Alpha platform (DDP-A)
Duyong-Bravo platform (DDP-B)
Duyong-Charlie platform (DDP-C)
Living Quarters platform (LQ)
Central Processing Platform (CPP)
Gas Compression Platform (GCP)

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Process Flow Diagram of Duyong Production

Figure 19 : Central Processing Platform (CPP)

2.3.2 Production facilities

Slug Catcher :
A slugcatcher is a vessel with sufficient buffer volume to store the largest slugs
expected from the upstream system. The slugcatcher is located between the outlet of
the pipeline and the processing equipment. The buffered liquids can be drained to the
processing equipment at a much slower rate to prevent overloading the system.

Seperator :
A device used to separate entrained gas from production liquids. Surface processing
facilities generally use gas separators to render the liquids safe for further processing
or disposal. Gas-separation equipment is also used in downhole applications, such as
the protection of pumping equipment against gas lock by separating and redirecting
free gas at the pump suction or inlet.

Scrubber :
A device to remove dirt, water, foreign matter, or undesired liquids that are part of
the gas flowstream. Air can be used to absorb water; also an oil bath might be useful
to remove dust, dirt or other liquids. A scrubber is used to protect downstream
rotating equipment or to recover valuable liquids from gas.

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Compressor :
A device that raises the pressure of air or natural gas. A compressor normally uses
positive displacement to compress the gas to higher pressures so that the gas can
flow into pipelines and other facilities.

Pig :
A device with blades or brushes inserted in a pipeline for cleaning purposes. The
pressure of the oil stream behind pushes the pig along the pipeline to clean out rust,
wax, scale and debris. These devices are also called scrapers.

2.3.3 Inter-rig to Duyung Alpha

On 13th of October, we had a permission from Platform Superintendent, Mr

Che Wan Faizal to go to Duyong-B platform which were having drilling job there. I
had a chance to transfer to the boat by basket and got the experienced to visit a RIG,
Jack Up Rig.(JUR). There were some job that i able to see in the A-01 well,which is
set bridge plug by E-line and workover. The details of the job will be explained
below.

Figure 21 :Drilling Rig ENSCO 52 (Jack Up Rig)
Jack-ups are used for most of the offshore exploration drilling world-wide
This rig has spud cans or tanks mounted on the base of the legs
These are usually round and are equipped with a jetting system to allow them
to be jetted into the sea bed.

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 Additional jetting systems are installed on he top of the spud cans to
allow the can to be pulled out of the formation should penetration into the sea
bed be too great

Draft Plan at Well A-01

1. Cut the tubing at 2227m-MDDF by using Power Cutter (E-line)

2. Set Bridge Plug at 185m-MDDF by using CPST(E-line)
3. Nipple down X-mas tree
4. Nipple up Blow Out Preventer (BOP)
5. Workover
6. Start drilling

Figure 22 : Power Cutter-Cut the tubing

E-line Set Bridge Plug

Problem :
X-mas Tree cannot be nipple down because the SSSV is not functioning
Solution :
Set bridge plug using Casing Packer Setting Tool (CPST) above SSSV to be
the second barrier

Casing Packer Setting Tool (CPST)

Provides a reliable method of deploying plugs and packers in the wellbore during
completion, isolation, or abandonment.

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Workover Pull out the tubing

For the last day in the rig, i had a chance to see how the tubing had been pulled out of
the hole. They used Spear as the picture below. The depth of the tubing is 2227m-
MDTHF. It took about two days to complete the job.

Figure 23 : Spear

2.4 SPECIAL TOPIC : STATIC GRADIENT SURVEY (SGS)

INTERPRETATION
2.4.1. Introduction
Static Gradient Survey (SGS) interpretation is important to know the pressure
and temperature gradient tracking, static Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) and Bottom
Hole Temeperature (BHT) monitoring and fluid level inside the tubing. This
interpretation is done by Services Company before. The cost for this interpretation is
quit high. However, in this year, PWE department had decided that the interpretation
will be done by all the engineers in PWE department to make cost saving as we
know that our economic is in crisis right now. This decision make proud of PWE
department because engineers can enhance their capability, knowledge and skills as
what contractor done. However, this training also gives me big opportunity to get
very precious knowledge that has the same level with the engineers.

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 2.4.2. Detail of SGS Interpretation
The details about this training are as below.
Objectives of this training:
Increase internal workforce capability by enhancing the departmental scope
of work.
Estimated cost saving for interpretation of RM 2.88 million within 5 years
contact period (RM 3062.5 X 939 strings).

Why SGS & FGS Data Required

Static Gradient Survey (SGS) Flowing Gradient Survey (FGS)

Static BHP & BHT monitoring Flowing BHP & BHT monitoring

Pressure & temperature gradient tracking Measure flow gradient (above & below
injection points)

FL inside tubing Cooling effect detection (point of injection,

leaking tubing, valve or mandrel)

PI determination

Table 7: Differences between Slickline and E-line

Data Requirement
1. From Reservoir Management (SSI).
- Datum depth.
- Reservoir pressure gradient.
- Stationary depth which include time for each stop.
- Advise on total well shut-in time (for modified SGS).
2. PWE Existing Data.
- Well schematic.
- Well survey data.
3. Data delivered from contractor to PWE (after job).
- Total job sequence & well intervention report during the job.
- Raw data (in .txt & .rec).

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Interpretation tool
Standard template for interpretation is ready to be utilized by PWE group.
Software (PPS Smartview) available.

How to interpret?
1. Paste Well schematic diagram and well survey data inside the standard
template.
2. Convert raw data received (using PPS Smartview) for upper and bottom
gauge into excel format and paste into "ASCII sheet" - Refer to Guide#1
3. Fill up job event (from Operator) into the "working sheet". Take note on "off-
depth" contributed by wireline equipment - Refer to Guide#2
4. Fill up Gradient Survey sheet with using the reference on gradient stop period
and pressure and temperature data (for upper and bottom gauge) taken from
ASCII sheet - Refer to Guide#3
5. Convert all grad. stop (initially in MD) to TVD with using TVD calculation
sheet - Refer to Guide#4
6. Note: Each sheet are linked each other. Never attempt to edit any of the box
which contain the formula.
7. All data in "interpretation sheet" will automatically generated once all the
sheet before it is completely fill (except for datum depth and reservoir
gradient) - Refer to Guide#5
8. The most trickiest part in SGS interpretation are the graph plot where the
fluid gradient shall be properly distributed before generate the graph - Refer
to Guide#6
Pressure and temperature graph plot for each gauge (to observe data quality
from each gauge) using PPS smartview Reference#7

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35
36
37
Guideline for Graph Plot procedure:
1. Identify pressure gradient at each grad stop.
Note: Type of fluid for each depth determine based on the following range:
- 0.01 psi/ft - 0.09 psi/ft : Gas
- 0.30 psi/ft 0.39 psi/ft : Oil
- 0.40 psi/ft 0.49 psi/ft : Water
2. Plot different graph for each fluid distribution (number of Pressure line
requirement may different depending on the well fluid condition e.g. water, oil,
gas) for upper and bottom gauge.
3. Plot temperature trending for each gauge.

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 2.4.3. Conclusion
As for the conclusion, this interpretation makes contribution most in cost
saving for PWE department. For only one interpretation, it cost almost RM3000. It
gives a big opportunity to me to contribute in cost saving in my host company. In
future, with my knowledge and capability in this interpretation, could make me
easier to get a job in any services company.

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3. LESSON LEARNED AND EXPERIENCES GAINED

3.1. TEAM WORK AND INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITIES

For most of the tasks undertaken during the internship, the author has
experienced and observed the significance of teamwork in accomplishing any of
them. In completing departmental initiatives, all the trainees had faced many
challenges, especially due to time-constraint. It is without a doubt that without
teamwork, and the selfless attitude to lend a hand when needed, most of the tasks
may not have been completed accordingly.
For any project embarked by PCSB, a group of engineers from different
background disciplines will be assigned to dedicatedly involve in completing all
undertakings related to carry out the project. This group of engineers will need to
work out the best solution in executing the project. Engineers from the PWE would
also assist in providing all required information, as well as sharing experiences,
which are acquired through lessons learned to attain the best and practical solution in
the execution of the project. Each engineer must also have a sense of responsibility in
completing the tasks assigned, as their jobs are interrelated. Therefore, failure to
accomplish ones job may contribute to the failure of the whole team members in the
projects execution.

3.2. LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS

Leadership skills can only be developed through practices. Throughout this

industrial placement, the author had observed how managers, lead engineers, and
other personnel handle various staffs with different needs and temperament. In order
to understand the staffs needs as well as to meet the predetermined objectives of
jobs or project-related matters, all leading personnel should be able to communicate
and approach them wisely in ensuring the staffs perform their responsibilities
efficiently.
When working in an environment that requires various duties and
responsibilities to be performed, time and self-management would determine ones
performance. An individual who can prioritize his works and has a sense of urgency
in doing them would able to manage his time and works well.

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 3.3. SAFETY TRAINING AND AWARENESS

Throughout this Industrial Internship, trainees have been exposed to safety

related matter and awareness to ensure that trainees have profound knowledge on
safety related-matters as parts of PCSB engineers working scope involves activities
in hazardous environment.
Safety awareness is essential in order to avoid any fatalities or injuries to
personnel, when performing their duties. For this reason, each personnel would be
informed on safety-related matters to inculcate safety awareness among the
personnel and to educate them on potential hazards existing in the working area. For
personnel that go to offshore, they are required to attend safety briefing before
boarding the helicopter and again on the arrival at the platform.. All of these were
done to ensure that Safety First at all the time and especially at the workplace.
During the plant visits, visitors are compulsory to attend the plant safety
briefing. The safety briefing mainly covers the safety guidelines and procedures,
which have been structured, based on the OSHA Act 314/1994. The most valuable
safety training when attended the Combined Safety Course and Underwater
Helicopter Escape training at Terengganu Safety Training Centre. During the
training, trainee has been exposed to the safety equipments that can be used when we
are faced to the fire or when the room was filled with smoke .

2.3. PROBLEMS & CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED

Throughout the industrial internship program, I had some problems and

challenges to be faced such as, the expectations from the engineers in Well Integrity
department from student that comes from Petroleum Engineering background was
very high. They expect us to be fast learning in PE job scope since we are in same
background. and knowing the basic Petroleum Engineering course. Other than that,
working with different gender workers made me difficult to work in comfort
condition at the early phase. However, I faced the challenges very well. From their
expectation, made me to be fast learner and made revision on Petroleum Engineering
subject that I have learned and also I am able to adapt the working style in oil and
gas industry throughout the 8 months working experiences very well.

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4. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Industrial Internship Training has proven to be very beneficial to
undergraduate trainees, in providing them with sufficient knowledge, experiences
and a general overview of working environment, specifically related to engineering
disciplines. Nonetheless, there are still rooms that the author has identified to be
improved.

4.1. UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

a) UTPs own Internship Website
UTP internship unit should take an initiative to develop a dedicated website where
undergraduate trainees undergoing internship and host company can have online
communication directly with the internship unit. The website may also include
materials for students who will undergo internship training to refer to.

b) Training Budget
UTP should allocate budget for undergraduate trainees to acquire own Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) for site visits purposes, or tasks which require trainees
to be stationed in plant or operation site.

c) Introduction Session Prior to Internship Program

It is suggested that UTP can initiate a collaboration with Host companies to have an
induction session on internship program, that is on what to expect as an
undergraduate begin the internship journey. The introduction session does not has
to be by all host companies, but rather by selected companies that UTP has deemed
as able to provide a birds eye view on their operation.

4.2. PETRONAS CARIGALI SDN. BHD.

a) Field jobs
For the benefits of undergraduate trainees, the host company could provide more
opportunities for them to have field jobs, so as to provide better understanding,
concerning engineering discipline of interest. The trainees may also contribute by
assisting engineers in the execution of tasks related.

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 5. CONCLUSION
The Internship Programme has achieved all UTP objective such as exposing to
industrial practices and integrating theories with practical work. During the 32 weeks
of internship with PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd., the author has been exposed to
instrumentation and control though attachment to the Well Integrity Engineering
Department.

Experience and knowledge are the two main elements that the author feels really
appreciate during the internship. The combination of technical and non-technical
skills has provided an opportunity for the author to be prepared for the real working
life culture. The understanding about working environment is not only limited to
Carigalis work scope but also to other parties like vendor, consultants, contractors
and subcontractors.

Personal skill development formed part of the training. Interaction with various
people from the company and corporate level has enhanced communication skills
while working with personnel of all levels promotes teamwork and leadership.

PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. has given a good exposure to the students about
instrumentation and control application in oil and gas industry. PETRONAS Carigali
Sdn. Bhd. objectives were met throughout the entire training and students personal
goals were met beyond expectation.

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REFERENCES

1. UTP Industrial Internship Program Guidelines (for Student).

2. Williams, B. B., and Nierode, D.E.: Design of Acid Fracturing

Treatments, Trans. SPE of AIME (1972)

3. Central Processing Platform Operating Manual, PETRONAS Carigali Sdn

Bhd

4. PCSB, Wellbore Risk Management, PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd., 2009.

5. Schlumberger Perforating Services Catalog 2008

6. Stone, J. B. and Hefley, D. G.: Basic Principles in Acid Treating Limes

and Dolomites, Nov. 11, 1940.

7. Geowell Basic and Training Manual, Basic of Electronic Memory Recorder

(EMR).

8. Jounal of Petroleum Technology (JPT), December 2008.

9. Annular Casing Pressure Management for Offshore Wells API

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 90 FIRST EDITION, Aug 2006

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